Anthony Scott

Promotion to hospital consultant: regression analysis using NHS administrative data.

Publisher: BMJ

Date: 31-10-2006

DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.38628.738935.3A

Identifying and analysing dominant preferences in discrete choice experiments: An application in health care

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2002

DOI: 10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00082-X

International medical graduates mandated to practise in rural Australia are highly unsatisfied: Results from a national survey of doctors

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2012

DOI: 10.1016/J.HEALTHPOL.2012.10.003

Abstract: Rural communities worldwide are increasingly reliant on international medical graduates (IMGs) to provide health care access, with many countries utilising health policies which mandate IMGs to practise only in rural designated areas of (medical) workforce shortage for many years. The objective of this study is to analyse the satisfaction of IMGs in their current work location, particularly in relation to the effect of mandating IMGs to small rural communities. We used data of 3502 general practitioners (GPs) from Wave 2 of the Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life (MABEL) longitudinal study of Australian doctors. The main outcome measures were the level of professional and non-professional satisfaction expressed by GPs with respect to various job and social aspects. We found that non-professional satisfaction of mandated IMGs was significantly lower across all social aspects, whilst professional satisfaction was also significantly lower for most job aspects relating to their professional autonomy. In contrast, non-mandated IMGs were similarly satisfied compared to Australian trained GPs. Mandated IMGs are currently filling a critical shortage in rural areas of Australia. However, long-term success of this policy is problematic unless outstanding issues affecting their significantly reduced professional and non-professional satisfaction can be addressed.

The effect of an incentive program on quality of care in diabetes management

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2009

DOI: 10.1002/HEC.1536

Abstract: An incentive program for general practitioners to encourage systematic and igh-quality care in chronic disease management was introduced in Australia in 1999. There is little empirical evidence and ambiguous theoretical guidance on which effects to expect. This paper evaluates the impact of the incentive program on quality of care in diabetes, as measured by the probability of ordering an HbA1c test. The empirical analysis is conducted with a unique data set and a bivariate probit model to control for the self-selection process of practices into the program. The study finds that the incentive program increased the probability of an HbA1c test being ordered by 20 percentage points and that participation in the program is facilitated by the support of Divisions of General Practice.

Reforming the health system: Paradise lost?

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 03-2010

DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-8462.2009.00578.X

Voluntary or compulsory health care reform? The case of primary care organisations in Scotland

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2005

DOI: 10.1016/J.HEALTHPOL.2004.09.011

Abstract: Previous studies have suggested that voluntary reform of the delivery of primary care services is more likely to occur in affluent areas. Health system reforms that include voluntary participation of GPs may therefore lead to a two-tier service in terms of access to and utilisation of medical services. New primary care organisations in Scotland (local health care co-operatives) were introduced in 1999. These are groups of general practices and membership was voluntary. The aim of this study is to examine whether the voluntary nature of membership was likely to exacerbate or reduce inequalities in the provision of primary care services. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify differences in population, practice, and GP characteristics between general practices that have joined a co-operative and those that have not. The results indicated that practices located in deprived areas and covering populations with high levels of morbidity were more likely to join a co-operative. High workload decreased the probability of membership. General practices that found it difficult to obtain access to local authority residential care homes were more likely to join a co-operative. The number of fee claims for minor surgery sessions per whole-time equivalent GP increased the probability of membership. There is therefore some evidence indicating that general practices located in areas of high need are more likely to join a co-operative. This suggests that voluntary participation in these new primary care organisations may reduce rather than exacerbate inequalities in the provision of primary care.

Do rural incentives payments affect entries and exits of general practitioners?

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2018.08.014

Abstract: Many countries use financial incentive programs to attract physicians to work in rural areas. This paper examines the effectiveness of a policy reform in Australia that made some locations newly eligible for financial incentives and increased incentives for locations already eligible. The analysis uses panel data (2008-2014) on all Australian general practitioners (GPs) aggregated to small areas. We use a difference-in-differences approach to examine if the policy change affected GP entry or exit to the 755 newly eligible locations and the 787 always eligible locations relative to 2249 locations which were never eligible. The policy change increased the entry of newly-qualified GPs to newly eligible locations but had no effect on the entry and exit of other GPs. Our results suggest that location incentives should be targeted at newly qualified GPs.

Financial incentives and the health workforce

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2011

DOI: 10.1071/AH10904

Abstract: Changes to the remuneration of medical practitioners are currently being considered in Australia. In this paper, we provide a discussion of financial incentives in healthcare markets and their effects on health professionals’ behaviour. After defining incentives, the paper focuses on the design of incentive schemes for the health workforce. It discusses several issues that should be considered when designing incentives, illustrated with some Australian ex les. What are the objectives of the incentive scheme? What types of incentives can be used and under what circumstances? What is the empirical evidence around the effects of incentive schemes? What unintended consequences might exist? The paper concludes with a set of principles around which incentives can be designed. These principles might be used to inform the current debate about revisions to the incentives that are faced by medical practitioners in Australia.

Devolved government and public sector pay reform: Considerations of equity and efficiency

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 06-2005

DOI: 10.1080/00343400500128655

The value of early discharge: Dispelling some myths

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-1993

DOI: 10.1016/0168-8510(93)90111-2

Abstract: Our objective in this paper is to assess the value of early discharge schemes following the economic evaluation of three such schemes in New South Wales, Australia. An early discharge programme for obstetric patients, a fractured hip management programme and a continuing community cancer care programme were evaluated. The results of the economic evaluation of these schemes are discussed in the light of four commonly held beliefs about the value of early discharge: that early discharge schemes succeed in reducing length of stay, that early discharge schemes save money, that the welfare of patients is not reduced by early discharge and that early discharge schemes are cost-effective. The caution expressed by previous authors about the perceived advantages of early discharge schemes is still warranted.

Splash!: A prospective birth cohort study of the impact of environmental, social and family-level influences on child oral health and obesity related risk factors and outcomes

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 27-06-2011

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-505

Evaluating the effect of new hospital specialties on GP prescription costs

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2000

DOI: 10.1016/S0168-8510(00)00075-0

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to examine whether the introduction of new hospital specialties contributed to an increase in GP prescription costs. New specialties were introduced in Dr Gray's hospital, Gr ian, North-East Scotland in 1994. Data on prescription costs and volume for groups of drugs associated with the new specialties were obtained for all GP practices in Moray (study practices) and Kincardine and Deeside (control practices). Comparing the periods January-April in 1994 with 1995, and 1995 with 1996, an upward trend in GP prescription costs was detected for ulcer healing drugs and anti-depressants. The trend in Kincardine and Deeside also pointed to rising prescription costs, although to a lesser extent. The number of patients referred to the psychiatric and gynaecology specialties expanded after the introduction of these specialties at Dr Gray's. In conclusion, there is some evidence to support the proposition that the introduction of new specialties at Dr Gray's was associated with an increase in the growth of prescription costs within Moray. Further research should establish more clearly whether this is as a result of increased referrals by GPs or the prescribing of more expensive drugs by consultants. The results have implications for the setting of prescribing budgets.

Ultrasound scanning by general practitioners: is it worthwhile?

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 06-2002

DOI: 10.1093/PUBMED/24.2.88

Abstract: There are several alternatives for providing ultrasound scanning, besides traditional hospital-based services. One such alternative is for general practitioners (GPs) to perform scanning in the community. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of GP ultrasound scanning on the use of National Health Service (NHS) resources in the United Kingdom (UK), and elicit patients' preferences for having an ultrasound scan. A cost analysis and an assessment of quality of GP scans, based on a clinical audit and a postal survey of patients' preferences, were carried out. The setting was a rural general practice and urban teaching hospital in the Gr ian region of Scotland. The analysis of costs and assessment of the quality of GP scans were based on 131 patients scanned at the practice in a 6 month clinical audit period. The survey of patients' preferences was undertaken on a random s le of 500 patients from the GPs' list and 250 consecutive patients scanned at the practice. The assessment of the management of patients during audit revealed that the scanner at the practice reduced the number of hospital scans, number of out-patient and in-patient visits, and emergency admissions. The unit cost of a scan was higher in the practice than at the hospital. However, when all the costs for a scanning episode were considered, the total and average costs were lower in the practice because of the avoidance of hospital visits. The results showed that the quality of GP scanning, subject to further training, was considered to be sufficient to continue scanning at the practice. Patients preferred to be scanned at the practice, and were prepared to wait up to an extra 5 days, and accept a reduction in the accuracy of scanning of up to 3.5 per cent for their choice. Who carried out the scan was not important to patients. Although the results of the study provide some evidence to support GP scanning in this setting, further research on diagnostic accuracy and alternative models of care need to be conducted.

Unprofessional behaviour in Australian hospitals

Publisher: AMPCo

Date: 08-12-2021

DOI: 10.5694/MJA2.50891

Rural Amenity and Medical Workforce Shortage: Is there a Relationship?

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 23-02-2011

DOI: 10.1111/J.1745-5871.2011.00690.X

The effects of shifts in the balance of care on general practice workload

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 02-1999

DOI: 10.1093/FAMPRA/16.1.12

Abstract: The consequences of the move towards a primary-care-led NHS are shifts in activity from secondary care to primary care and more involvement of GPs in purchasing decisions. Although there are many anecdotal reports of an increasing primary care workload, there is little empirical evidence on the extent of such shifts. This paper reports the results of a survey of GPs in Gr ian, in the north-east of Scotland, in which we attempted to gather information on the effects of shifts in the balance of care on general practice. We aimed to examine GPs perceptions of the extent to which general practice workload has changed due to planned and unplanned shifts in the balance of care. The design of the study was a self-reported questionnaire, which was administered in general practices in the Gr ian Health Board, Scotland. The subjects were senior partners of all general practices and the main outcome measures were the types of changes which have taken place in general practice, their source, their effect on practice workload and how practices have reacted. A 60% response rate was achieved (52/86) 85% (44/52) of GPs claimed that their workload had increased due to shifts in the balance of care and that 72% of the shifts were initiated outside the practice. Geriatric care, early discharge and psychiatric and psychology services, as well as nursing home care, were reported to have had the greatest impact on workload. The main aspects of practice workload which had increased included the number of GP consultations, general stress at work and number of home visits, whereas the net income of the practice and health outcome of patients were reported to have decreased. Practices have dealt with the increase in workload by shifting tasks from GPs to nurses and absorbing the workload into existing practices atterns. Responders reported that ideally more nursing and GP staffing would be required. Overall, GPs welcomed the shifts in the balance of care, were more concerned about poor communication rather than actual increases in workload and claimed that morale had fallen. GPs perceive that the move towards a primary-care-led NHS is increasing the workload in general practice. If the shift in the balance of care away from secondary care is to be successful, then more information is required about such shifts to support practices as change continues.

Retaining rural doctors: Doctors' preferences for rural medical workforce incentives

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2014.09.053

Abstract: Many governments have implemented incentive programs to improve the retention of doctors in rural areas despite a lack of evidence of their effectiveness. This study examines rural general practitioners' (GPs') preferences for different types of retention incentive policies using a discrete choice experiment (DCE). In 2009, the DCE was administered to a group of 1720 rural GPs as part of the "Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life (MABEL)" study. We estimate both a mixed logit model and a generalized multinomial logit model to account for different types of unobserved differences in GPs' preferences. Our results indicate that increased level of locum relief incentive, retention payments and rural skills loading leads to an increase in the probability of attracting GPs to stay in rural practice. The locum relief incentive is ranked as the most effective, followed by the retention payments and rural skills loading payments. These findings are important in helping to tailor retention policies to those that are most effective.

Determinants of successful clinical networks: The conceptual framework and study protocol

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 13-03-2012

DOI: 10.1186/1748-5908-7-16

Loss aversion, reference dependence and diminishing sensitivity in choice experiments

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.JOCM.2020.100230

The Productivity of the Health Workforce

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2006

DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-8462.2006.00420.X

Eliciting GPs' preferences for pecuniary and non-pecuniary job characteristics

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2001

DOI: 10.1016/S0167-6296(00)00083-7

Abstract: This study examines General Practitioners' preferences for pecuniary and non-pecuniary job characteristics in the context of choosing a general practice in which to work. A discrete choice experiment is used to test hypotheses about the nature of the utility function. Marginal rates of substitution between income and non-pecuniary characteristics are calculated. The results suggest that policies aimed at influencing General Practitioners' location choices should take account of both non-pecuniary and pecuniary factors, particularly out of hours work commitments.

Getting doctors into the bush: General Practitioners' preferences for rural location

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2013.07.002

Abstract: A key policy issue in many countries is the maldistribution of doctors across geographic areas, which has important effects on equity of access and health care costs. Many government programs and incentive schemes have been established to encourage doctors to practise in rural areas. However, there is little robust evidence of the effectiveness of such incentive schemes. The aim of this study is to examine the preferences of general practitioners (GPs) for rural location using a discrete choice experiment. This is used to estimate the probabilities of moving to a rural area, and the size of financial incentives GPs would require to move there. GPs were asked to choose between two job options or to stay at their current job as part of the Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life (MABEL) longitudinal survey of doctors. 3727 GPs completed the experiment. Sixty five per cent of GPs chose to stay where they were in all choices presented to them. Moving to an inland town with less than 5000 population and reasonable levels of other job characteristics would require incentives equivalent to 64% of current average annual personal earnings ($116,000). Moving to a town with a population between 5000 and 20,000 people would require incentives of at least 37% of current annual earnings, around $68,000. The size of incentives depends not only on the area but also on the characteristics of the job. The least attractive rural job package would require incentives of at least 130% of annual earnings, around $237,000. It is important to begin to tailor incentive packages to the characteristics of jobs and of rural areas.

A framework for priority setting

Publisher: BMJ

Date: 29-03-1997

DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.314.7085.980

Abstract: There is no proven therapy for chronic-active antibody-mediated rejection (caABMR), the major cause of late kidney allograft failure. Histological and molecular patterns associated with possible therapy responsiveness are not known. Based on rigorous selection criteria this single center, retrospective study identified 16 out of 1027 consecutive kidney transplant biopsies taken between 2008 and 2016 with pure, unquestionable caABMR, without other pathologic features. The change in estimated GFR pre- and post-biopsy/treatment were utilized to differentiate subjects into responders and non-responders. Gene sets reflecting active immune processes of caABMR were defined A reductionist approach applying very tight criteria to identify caABMR and treatment response excluded the vast majority of clinical ABMR cases. Only 16 out of 139 cases with a written diagnosis of chronic rejection fulfilled the caABMR criteria. Histological associations with therapy response included a lower peritubular capillaritis score ( In caABMR active microvascular injury, in particular peritubular capillaritis, differentiates treatment responders from non-responders. Transcriptome changes in NK cell and endothelial cell associated genes may further help to identify treatment response. Future prospective studies will be needed which include more subjects, who receive standardized treatment protocols to identify biomarkers for treatment response. [ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT03430414].

An empirical analysis of public and private medical practice in Australia

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.HEALTHPOL.2013.03.011

Abstract: The combination of public and private medical practice is widespread in many health systems and has important consequences for health care cost and quality. However, its forms and prevalence vary widely and are poorly understood. This paper examines factors associated with public and private sector work by medical specialists using a nationally representative s le of Australian doctors. We find considerable variations in the practice patterns, remuneration contracts and professional arrangements across doctors in different work sectors. Both specialists in mixed practice and private practice differ from public sector specialists with regard to their annual earnings, sources of income, maternity and other leave taken and number of practice locations. Public sector specialists are likely to be younger, to be international medical graduates, devote a higher percentage of time to education and research, and are more likely to do after hours and on-call work compared with private sector specialists. Gender and total hours worked do not differ between doctors across the different practice types.

THE 2ND AUSTRALASIAN WORKSHOP ON ECONOMETRICS AND HEALTH ECONOMICS

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 03-05-2012

DOI: 10.1002/HEC.2825

Preferences of physicians for public and private sector work

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 10-08-2020

DOI: 10.1186/S12960-020-00498-4

Abstract: The public-private mix of healthcare remains controversial. This paper examines physicians’ preferences for public sector work in the context of dual practice, whilst accounting for other differences in the characteristics of jobs. A discrete choice experiment is conducted with data from 3422 non-GP specialists from the Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life (MABEL) panel survey of physicians. Physicians prefer to work in the public sector, though the value of working in the public sector is very small at 0.14% of their annual earnings to work an additional hour per week. These preferences are heterogeneous. Contrary to other studies that show risk averse in iduals prefer public sector work, for physicians, we find that those averse to taking career or clinical risks prefer to work in the private sector. Those with relatively low earnings prefer public sector work and those with high earnings prefer private sector work, though these effects are small. Other job characteristics are more important than the sector of work, suggesting that these should be the focus of policy to influence specialist’s allocation of time between sectors.

Do new workforce roles reduce waiting times in ED? A difference-in-difference evaluation using hospital administrative data

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.HEALTHPOL.2014.11.018

Abstract: This paper evaluates the effect of introducing two new workforce roles under a pilot program conducted in Victoria, Australia. The trial took place at a regional hospital's emergency department (ED) between 1 July 2008 and 30 June 2009. The evaluation is based on three outcome measures: waiting time (in minutes) at ED before treatment proportion of presentations with waiting time on target and length of stay (in days), for ED presentations that led to in-patient admissions. The technique of difference-in-differences analysis is used. A total of 142,980 patient records from the pilot hospital and three comparison hospitals were extracted from the Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset (VEMD). Further, 21,925 records of patients whose ED presentations led to in-patient admissions were extracted from the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset (VAED). The evaluation finds the piloted roles have lowered waiting time and raised the proportion of on-target presentations. These effects were found to be the strongest for less urgent triage categories. However, the evidence on in-patient length of stay was mixed. The results provide positive evidence that new workforce roles can be effective in improving the efficiency of emergency care delivery.

The impact of changes in a physician fee schedule on medical expenditures, fees, and volume of services. Evidence from a national fee schedule reform in Australia

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2023

DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2023.116269

Chapter 22 Economics of general practice

Publisher: Elsevier

Date: 2000

DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0064(00)80035-9

Has payment by results affected the way that English hospitals provide care? Difference-in-differences analysis

Publisher: BMJ

Date: 27-08-2009

DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.B3047

What do hospital consultants value about their jobs? A discrete choice experiment

Publisher: BMJ

Date: 26-06-2003

DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.326.7404.1432

Intergen+10: Clarifying the Crystal Ball

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 28-08-2012

DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-8462.2012.00698.X

Determinants of provider choice for malaria treatment: Experiences from The Gambia

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2008

DOI: 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2008.04.007

Abstract: Malaria is responsible for an estimated one million deaths per year, the vast majority in sub-Saharan Africa. Many of these deaths are attributed to delays in seeking treatment and poor adherence to drug regimes. While there are a growing number of studies describing the factors influencing treatment seeking for malaria, far less is known about the relative weight given to these factors in different settings. This study estimates two models of demand for malaria treatment in the Farafenni region of The Gambia. The first examines the determinants of seeking malaria treatment outside the home versus no treatment or self-care while the second identifies the determinants of provider choice conditional on having decided to seek malaria treatment outside the home. Providers included hospital health centre and 'other' which included pharmacies, kiosks petty traders neighbours and traditional healers. Results show that older people were more likely to opt for self-care, or no treatment. The longer the time spent ill or the more severe the fever, the more likely a treatment was sought outside the home. Time of the year and availability of community infrastructure played a key role in both models. Poorer households and those from the Fula ethnic group were much more likely to visit an 'other' provider than a hospital. The policy and methodological implications of these findings are discussed.

Scottish community pharmacists' current involvement in and attitudes towards ‘extended service’ provision: a national survey

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 12-2005

DOI: 10.1211/IJPP.13.4.0008

Abstract: To determine Scottish community pharmacists' present involvement with ‘extended’ service provision, as outlined in ‘The right medicine’ policy document, as well as an insight into the attitudes of pharmacists in delivering such services. All community pharmacists working in Scotland. A questionnaire was developed, piloted and refined before mailing to all community pharmacists working in Scotland (n = 1621). Two reminders were sent to non-responders. Data on current service provision was analysed using SPSS version 11 for windows. An overall response rate of 56.4% (914/1621) was achieved for pharmacists. The survey revealed that the majority of respondents either agreed or strongly agreed with the ‘key service areas’ being provided from community pharmacies. Some services were obviously agreed with more than others. In particular repeat dispensing and emergency hormonal contraception (EHC) were rated highly. Least agreement was provided for needle exchange and schemes for supporting carers. There appears to be wide variation in current service provision in the ‘key service areas’ considered. The highest involvement included EHC and methadone supervision. The lowest involvement was for needle exchange and schemes for supporting carers. Community pharmacist's attitudinal ratings were generally positive towards the ‘key service areas’ suggested.

How do rural GPs' workload and work activities differ with community size compared with metropolitan practice?

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2012

DOI: 10.1071/PY11063

Abstract: Rural communities continue to experience shortages of doctors, placing increased work demands on the existing rural medical workforce. This paper investigates patterns of geographical variation in the workload and work activities of GPs by community size. Our data comes from wave 1 of the Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life longitudinal study, a national study of Australian doctors. Self-reported hours worked per usual week across eight workplace settings and on-call/ after-hours workload per usual week were analysed against seven community size categories. Our results showed that a GP’s total hours worked per week consistently increases as community size decreases, ranging from 38.6 up to 45.6 h in small communities, with most differences attributable to work activities of rural GPs in public hospitals. Higher on-call workload is also significantly associated with smaller rural communities, with the likelihood of GPs attending more than one callout per week ranging from 9% for metropolitan GPs up to 48–58% in small rural communities. Our study is the first to separate hours worked into different work activities whilst adjusting for community size and demographics, providing significantly greater insight to the increased hours worked, more erse activities and significant after-hours demands experienced by current rural GPs.

Primary or secondary care? What can economics contribute to evaluation at the interface?

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 03-1996

DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.PUBMED.A024456

Abstract: The substitution of primary for secondary care is progressing at a fast pace, yet there has been little evaluation of the appropriateness of such a fundamental change in health service organization. The aim of this paper is to raise some issues for discussion about the contribution of economics to future research on the substitution of primary for secondary care. Given the central role general practitioners (GPs) will play in a "primary care led' National Health Service, the paper concentrates on the replacement of secondary care by GP-based services. The existing empirical evidence relevant to the replacement of secondary care by GP-based services is summarized. From this, issues for further research from an economic perspective are identified and discussed. The evidence comprises studies examining the efficiency or cost-effectiveness of substituting GP-based care for secondary care and studies examining the effects of incentives on the mixture and range of services provided. Cost-effectiveness evidence is scarce and inconclusive. The evidence on incentives suggests that new services are being provided in local areas which need them least. Several avenues of further research are suggested. As well as more economic evaluation, future research should concentrate on developing methods to elicit patients' and communities' preferences for GP-based care versus secondary care. Research into incentives should concentrate on assessing those factors, beyond practice characteristics, that influence GP's decisions about whether to provide services and how much to provide. This would help to design more appropriate incentives for GPs. The appropriate balance between primary and secondary care is unknown. The transfer of services from secondary care to general practice (and other primary care providers) should be based on empirical evidence on cost-effectiveness, as should the incentives given to GPs. Although the research agenda is challenging, it is necessary in ensuring that a "primary care led' health system is the right way forward for the NHS.

A randomised controlled trial of the effects of note-based medication review by community pharmacists on prescribing of cardiovascular drugs in general practice

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 03-2007

DOI: 10.1211/IJPP.15.1.0007

Abstract: Objective Recent trends in primary care have seen closer working relationships between community pharmacists and general practitioners (GPs) in an attempt to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of prescribing. Community pharmacists are appropriate for a role in the management of prescribed medicines because of their detailed training in pharmacology, therapeutics and pharmaceutics. The aim of this project was to quantify the benefit of a general practice-based, community pharmacist-led, note-based medication review of patients with hypertension or angina. Method Trained community pharmacists (20), attached to Gr ian general practices (43), reviewed repeat prescriptions of a random s le of patients taking cardiovascular drugs for the treatment of angina or hypertension, and made recommendations to the GP for changes, where appropriate. The effect of the pharmaceutical intervention was measured in terms of prescribing indicators, patient outcomes (quality of life, symptom control), and physiological and biochemical markers at baseline, 6 and 12 months. A control group was treated following standard practice. An economic evaluation of the interventions was also conducted. Key findings The baseline standard of treatment as measured against guidelines was good. At 12 months, there was a small improvement in prescribing of antiplatelet drugs, but overall changes were minimal. Average overall cost per patient was higher in the intervention group. The quality of life measures showed no change between the groups. Conclusions Improvements in the intervention group were small and less than in other reported studies of pharmacist interventions. The National Health Service (NHS) costs of the intervention group were higher than those of the controls. Note-based medication review by community pharmacists was found to be associated with minimal changes in prescribing.

What do nurses and midwives value about their jobs? results from a discrete choice experiment

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 20-11-2015

DOI: 10.1177/1355819614554924

Abstract: To examine nurses’ and midwives’ preferences for the characteristics of their jobs. A discrete choice experiment of 990 nurses and midwives administered as part of a survey of nurses and midwives in Victoria, Australia. Autonomy, working hours, and processes to deal with violence and bullying were valued most highly. Nurses and midwives would be willing to forgo 19% and 16% of their annual income for adequate autonomy and adequate processes to deal with violence and bullying, compared to poor autonomy and poor processes for violence and bullying. They would need to be paid an additional 24% to increase their working hours by 10% ($73 per hour). Job characteristics that were less important were shift work, nurse to patient ratios, and public or private sector work. Policies to improve retention and job satisfaction of nurses and midwives should initially focus on autonomy, processes to deal with violence and bullying, and reasonable working hours. Further research on the cost-effectiveness of these different policies is needed.

Mixed integer programming of multiobjective hydro-thermal self scheduling

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2012

DOI: 10.1016/J.ASOC.2012.03.020

Improving knowledge and data about the medical workforce underpins healthy communities and doctors

Publisher: AMPCo

Date: 07-03-2021

DOI: 10.5694/MJA2.50962

Integrated primary care organizations: to what extent is integration occurring and why?

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 02-2005

DOI: 10.1258/0951484053051951

Abstract: Integration in primary health care is occurring in many health-care systems without a clear understanding of the meaning of integration, its form and rationale. This literature review examines the definition and extent of integration, as well as the factors that might encourage it in the context of British integrated primary care organizations (IPCOs). Integration is complex and multifaceted. No commonly agreed definitions of integration have been developed and the range of dimensions examined in the empirical literature was limited. However, some of the dimensions examined in studies of IPCOs may be useful in better understanding the form integration takes. Few studies were designed to examine the determinants of integration or were explicitly based on theory. Research showed that the level of production and transaction costs was not related to the size of the IPCO, although in practice the attitudes of health professionals are likely to be more important influences on the extent of integration. To date, little progress has been made in explaining and measuring integration. If further integration in primary health care is warranted, more research is required to understand its nature, form and rationale.

Geographically differentiated pay in the labour market for nurses

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2007

DOI: 10.1016/J.JHEALECO.2006.05.002

Abstract: This novel application of spatial wage theory to health service labour markets analyses the competitiveness of nurse's pay and how this differs between local labour markets in Britain. A switching regression model is estimated to derive standardised spatial wage differentials (SSWDs) for nurses and their comparators. An SSWD gap is constructed and its relationship to vacancies estimated. A reduction in the gap in a local area is shown to result in an increase in the long-term vacancy rate for National Health Service (NHS) nurses. The competitiveness of nursing pay is shown to have a strong effect on the ability of the NHS to attract and retain nurses.

The effect of financial incentives on the quality of health care provided by primary care physicians

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 07-09-2011

DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008451.PUB2

Job satisfaction and quitting intentions: A structural model of British general practitioners

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2006

DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-8543.2006.00511.X

General practitioner non-principals benefit from flexible working.

Publisher: Emerald

Date: 02-2005

DOI: 10.1108/14777260510592103

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to explore non‐principals’ working patterns and attitudes to work. The article is based on data provided by a questionnaire survey. Gender ision was apparent among the non‐principals. Males were more likely to work full‐time, because their spouses modified their working hours. It was impossible to identify all non‐principals in Scotland or to compare responders and non‐responders, due to the lack of official data. Hence, the results might not be representative. More flexible posts would enable GPs to more easily combine paid work with family commitments. It is anticipated that the new GP contract should deliver this. This was the first time a study of all non‐principals in Scotland had been attempted. The findings provide a more comprehensive picture of GPs in Scotland and provide valuable information for policymakers.

A randomized controlled trial of direct access for laparoscopic sterilization

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 2001

DOI: 10.1093/FAMPRA/18.1.1

Abstract: The aim of this study was to establish and evaluate a direct access service for laparoscopic sterilization. A pragmatic randomized controlled trial was carried out on a total of 232 women referred to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary for sterilization between 1 June 1996 and 31 March 1997, from 57 general practices around Aberdeen, Scotland, comprising 75 from general practices that had received criteria for direct access, and 157 from control practices. The main outcome measures were: patients' waiting times to appointments and operation, satisfaction, short-term regret, operative complications and costs conjoint analysis of patient preferences GPs' adherence to referral criteria GP and gynaecologist satisfaction and NHS costs. Analysis was by intention to treat. There were no inappropriate direct referrals. Waiting time was lower in the intervention group, but there were more visits post-operatively to the GP. Patient and doctor satisfaction was equally high in both groups. There was no difference in operative complication rate, nor in total cost to patients or to the NHS. GPs and gynaecologists strongly supported direct access, but women preferred to meet both a gynaecologist and a GP before sterilization (routine referral). Other attributes of care important to patients included written information, although waiting time was not important. Of all women referred for sterilization during the study period, only 31% were suitable for direct referral. Patients preferred routine referral, and there were no differences in patient costs or satisfaction. There was, however, strong medical support for direct referral. Restrictive direct referral criteria may limit the uptake. These findings are important for future planning of direct referral services. Important methodological lessons were also learnt about the conduct of trials involving the primary-secondary care interface.

Is general practitioner decision making associated with patient socio-economic status?

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 1996

DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(95)00063-1

Abstract: This paper presents a preliminary exploration into the relationship between decisions made by general practitioners (GPs) and the socio-economic status (SES) of patients. There is a large literature on the association between SES, health state and the use of health services, but relatively little has been published on the association between SES and decisions by clinicians once a patient is in the health system. The associations between GP decision making and the patient's SES, health status, gender and insurance status are examined using logit analysis. Three sets of binary choices are analysed: the decision to follow up to prescribe and to perform or to order a diagnostic test. Secondary data on consultations for a check up/examination were used to explore these relationships. The results suggest that SES is associated independently with the decision to test and the decision to prescribe but not with the decision to follow up. Patients of high SES are, ceteris paribus, more likely to be tested and less likely to receive a prescription compared with patients of low SES. Women are more likely to be tested and to receive a prescription than men. These findings have implications for the pursuit of equity as a goal of health services policy.

General Practice Statistics in Australia: Pushing a Round Peg into a Square Hole

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 09-02-2022

DOI: 10.3390/IJERPH19041912

Abstract: In Australia, general practice forms a core part of the health system, with general practitioners (GPs) having a gatekeeper role for patients to receive care from other health services. GPs manage the care of patients across their lifespan and have roles in preventive health care, chronic condition management, multimorbidity and population health. Most people in Australia see a GP once in any given year. Draft reforms have been released by the Australian Government that may change the model of general practice currently implemented in Australia. In order to quantify the impact and effectiveness of any implemented reforms in the future, reliable and valid data about general practice clinical activity over time, will be needed. In this context, this commentary outlines the historical and current approaches used to obtain general practice statistics in Australia and highlights the benefits and limitations of these approaches. The role of data generated from GP electronic health record extractions is discussed. A methodology to generate high quality statistics from Australian general practice in the future is presented.

Primary Care

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Date: 07-04-2011

DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199238828.013.0020

Abstract: The aim of this article is to review the evidence on the role of primary care in health care systems. It focuses on the key issues and evidence from both developed and developing countries and from an economics perspective. It defines the main features of primary care and how these are evolving across countries. It provides an overview of the evidence on whether an expansion or strengthening of primary care improve health outcomes, reduce costs, and improve access. This article also addresses issues around the financing of primary care and the remuneration of primary care workers. It examines the most cost-effective ways to ensure the adequate supply of the primary care workforce in the context of the labor market for primary care workers and global health workforce shortages.

Changing Clinicians’ Behavior: a Randomized Controlled Trial of Fees and Education

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 07-2008

DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700701

Abstract: The fissure-sealing of newly erupted molars is an effective caries prevention treatment, but remains underutilized. Two plausible reasons are the financial disincentive produced by the dental remuneration system, and dentists’ lack of awareness of evidence-based practice. The primary hypothesis was that implementation strategies based on remuneration or training in evidence-based healthcare would produce a higher proportion of children receiving sealed second permanent molars than standard care. The four study arms were: fee per sealant treatment, education in evidence-based practice, fee plus education, and control. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted. Analysis was based on 133 dentists and 2833 children. After adjustment for baseline differences, the primary outcome was 9.8% higher when a fee was offered. The education intervention had no statistically significant effect. ‘Fee only’ was the most cost-effective intervention. The study contributes to the incentives in health care provision debate, and led to the introduction of a direct fee for this treatment.

Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life (MABEL)

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 28-02-2011

DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-8462.2010.00627.X

Analysing the effect of competition on general practitioners' behaviour using a multilevel modelling framework

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 11-1997

DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1050(199711)6:6<577::AID-HEC291>3.0.CO;2-Y

Abstract: This paper examines the effect of competition on the behaviour of Australian general practitioners. The paper represents a considerable improvement on the methods of previous studies by using a random effects probit model in a multilevel modelling framework to obtain a more robust estimate of the effect of GP density, by including data on GP and practice characteristics and by using data with the actual GP consultation as the unit of observation which are disaggregated by medical condition. This latter characteristic enables us to test the hypothesis that the effect of competition varies across medical conditions. The main hypothesis tested is that GPs in areas of high competition are more likely to recommend a follow-up consultation compared to GPs in areas of low competition. The results suggest that the density of GPs influences the decision to follow up for one out of the four medical conditions analysed. However, there are other issues to be resolved before such results can be confidently interpreted as evidence of the effect of competition and as evidence of supplier-induced demand.

An overview of reviews evaluating the effectiveness of financial incentives in changing healthcare professional behaviours and patient outcomes

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 06-07-2011

DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009255

Evaluating innovation in general practice: a pragmatic framework using programme budgeting and marginal analysis

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 06-1998

DOI: 10.1093/FAMPRA/15.3.216

Abstract: Innovation in primary care in the UK, in terms of new service developments, is occurring at a fast pace. However, little information is available on the costs and benefits of these changes. We aimed to illustrate the use of programme budgeting and marginal analysis (PBMA) as a framework for evaluating innovation in primary care, using an ex le of practice-based diabetes care. The aim was to examine changes in the use of practice resources and the changes in benefits to patients, following the introduction of a diabetes clinic. PBMA is a form of pragmatic economic evaluation combining practice data for the 'before' period and data from the literature to model the 'after' period. In 1995/6, the total amount of resources devoted to diabetes care in the two practices was 145813 pound sterling (634 pound sterling per patient). Of this sum, 62% was allocated to out-patient visits, 28% to prescribing, 5% to hospital admissions, 2% to GP consultations and 2% to tests. The literature suggests that a nurse-run diabetes clinic would result in similar health outcomes and better access for patients. The introduction of such a clinic could potentially save each practice between 2000 pound sterling and 16000 pound sterling per year. This result takes into account a wide range of assumptions about changes in resource use, but does depend on the findings of previous studies. The results of this study show that PBMA is a useful framework for helping practices be accountable and make 'evidence-based' decisions about service innovations in primary care.

Paying for the health workforce

Publisher: AMPCo

Date: 23-07-2012

DOI: 10.5694/MJAO12.10330

Regional-scale subsurface sand remobilization: Geometry and architecture

Publisher: Geological Society of London

Date: 09-04-2008

DOI: 10.1144/0016-76492007-096

Improving Chinese primary care providers’ recruitment and retention: a discrete choice experiment

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 18-12-2013

DOI: 10.1093/HEAPOL/CZT098

Abstract: Local primary care facilities in China struggle to recruit and retain doctors and nurses. Implementing policies to address this issue requires detailed knowledge of the preferences of primary care workers. The aim of this study is to find out which job attributes affect Chinese primary care providers' choice of job and whether there are any differences in these job preferences between doctors and nurses. A discrete choice experiment was used to analyse the job preferences of 517 primary care providers, including 282 doctors and 235 nurses. Chinese primary care providers in Community Health Organizations (CHOs) considered monetary factors and non-monetary factors when choosing a job. Doctors' and nurses' preferences over job attributes were similar. Though income was important, Chinese primary care providers had strongest preferences for sufficient welfare benefits, sufficient essential equipment and respect from the community. Younger primary care providers were more likely to value training and career development opportunities. In order to retain skilled primary care providers to work in CHOs, policymakers in China need to improve primary care providers' income, benefits and working conditions to fulfil their basic needs. Policymakers also need to invest in CHOs' infrastructure and strengthen training programmes for primary care providers in order to raise the community's confidence in the services provided by CHOs.

Agency in health care. Examining patients' preferences for attributes of the doctor-patient relationship

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-1998

DOI: 10.1016/S0167-6296(97)00035-0

Abstract: Recently, some health economists have re-examined the nature of the agency relationship in health care. This paper presents a study conducted to establish the relative value to patients of various attributes of the general practice consultation. In the s le of patients recruited, the most important attribute was 'being able to talk to the doctor', whilst 'who chooses your treatment' was the least important. Although patients preferred more information to less, only females and highly qualified respondents preferred to choose the treatment themselves. The results of this study have implications for the education of doctors in communication skills and for further research into the agency relationship in health care.

Eliciting preferences of the community for out of hours care provided by general practitioners: a stated preference discrete choice experiment

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 02-2003

DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00079-5

Abstract: Access to primary care services is a major issue as new models of delivering primary care continue develop in many countries. Major changes to out of hours care provided by general practitioners (GPs) were made in the UK in 1995. These were designed in response to low morale and job dissatisfaction of GPs, rather than in response to patients' preferences. The aim of this study is to elicit the preferences of patients and the community for different models of GP out of hours care. A questionnaire was sent to parents of children in Aberdeen and Glasgow in Scotland who had received a home visit or attended a primary care emergency centre, or were registered with a GP. The questionnaire used a discrete choice experiment that asked parents to imagine their child had respiratory symptoms. Parents were then asked to choose between a series of pairs of scenarios, with each scenario describing a different model of out of hours care. Each model varied by waiting time, who was seen, location, and whether the doctor listened. The response rate was 68% (3,893/5,718). The most important attribute was whether the doctor seemed to listen, suggesting that policies aimed at improving doctor-patient communication will lead to the largest improvements in utility. The most preferred location of care was a hospital accident and emergency department. This suggests that new models of primary care emergency centres may not reduce the demand for accident and emergency visits from this group of patients in urban areas. Preferences also differed across sub-groups of patients. Those who had never used out of hours care before had stronger preferences for waiting time and the doctor listening, suggesting higher expectations of non-users. Further research is required into the demand for out of hours care as new models of care become established.

What factors influence the earnings of general practitioners and medical specialists? Evidence from the medicine in Australia: balancing employment and life survey

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 15-09-2012

DOI: 10.1002/HEC.1791

Abstract: To date, there has been little data or empirical research on the determinants of doctors' earnings despite earnings having an important role in influencing the cost of health care, decisions on workforce participation and labour supply. This paper examines the determinants of annual earnings of general practitioners (GPs) and specialists using the first wave of the Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life, a new longitudinal survey of doctors. For both GPs and specialists, earnings are higher for men, for those who are self-employed and for those who do after-hours or on-call work. GPs have higher earnings if they work in larger practices, in outer regional or rural areas, and in areas with lower GP density, whereas specialists earn more if they have more working experience, spend more time in clinical work and have less complex patients. Decomposition analysis shows that the mean earnings of GPs are lower than that of specialists because GPs work fewer hours, are more likely to be female, are less likely to undertake after-hours or on-call work, and have lower returns to experience. Roughly 50% of the income gap between GPs and specialists is explained by differences in unobserved characteristics and returns to those characteristics.

When financial incentives do more good than harm

Publisher: BMJ

Date: 13-08-2012

DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.E5047

The road less travelled: supporting physicians to practice rurally

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 04-07-2021

DOI: 10.5694/MJA2.51125

Designing choice experiments with many attributes. An application to setting priorities for orthopaedic waiting lists.

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 06-2009

DOI: 10.1002/HEC.1396

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to undertake a discrete choice experiment using a 'blocked attribute' design. To date in the health economics literature, most discrete choice experiments have used only a relatively small number of attributes due to concerns about task complexity, non-compensatory decision rules, simplicity of experimental designs, and the costs of surveys. This may lead to omitted variable bias and reduced explanatory power when attributes have been pre-selected from a longer list. There may be situations where it is desirable to include a longer list of attributes, such as attaching weights to quality-of-life instruments to obtain single index scores. We examine this issue in the context of attaching weights to a disease-specific quality-of-life instrument used to prioritise patients on orthopaedic waiting lists in Victorian hospitals. Eleven attributes are allocated across three separate experimental designs and the data pooled for analysis. Pooling is justified given the specific context of the study, including attempts to minimise the effect of unobserved heterogeneity across the three models when designing the study and collecting data. Blocked attribute designs may offer flexibility to researchers when it is not possible or desirable to reduce the number of attributes.

The costs of caring for stroke patients in a GP-led community hospital: an application of programme budgeting and marginal analysis

Publisher: Hindawi Limited

Date: 07-2001

DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-2524.2001.00300.X

Abstract: There has been little evaluation of the role of community hospitals in the provision of integrated health care services in a primary care-led health system. The aim of this study was to model the probable changes in the use of NHS resources from the introduction of integrated stroke care in a general pracititioner-led community hospital. A programme budgeting and marginal analysis (PBMA) exercise was conducted combining practice data for the 'before' period and data from the literature to model the 'after' period. Data were collected from all patients discharged with a primary diagnosis of stroke 1994-96 in Nairn and Ardersier Total Fundholding pilot site, Highland Health Board, Scotland. Under several assumptions, a policy of early discharge of patients to the community hospital, and/or avoiding admission at the acute trust and admitting patients to the community hospital directly (except emergencies), is likely to result in a reduction of the total annual costs of treating stroke patients, from 183,000 pounds per annum to, at most, 74,000 pounds. The analysis of routine discharge data since integrated stroke care was set up has shown that progress has been made in shifting the treatment of patients from the acute trust to the community hospital. The care of stroke patients in a GP-led community hospital is likely to reduce the use of scarce health service resources. Current evidence suggests that health outcomes are unchanged due to early discharge, but further research is required to ensure that patients' health status and quality of life are maintained before such a policy is widely adopted.

A randomised controlled trial of email versus mailed invitation letter in a national longitudinal survey of physicians

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 22-08-2023

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0289628

Abstract: Despite their low cost, the use of email invitations to distribute surveys to medical practitioners have been associated with lower response rates. This research compares the difference in response rates from using email approach plus online completion rather than a mailed invitation letter plus a choice of online or paper completion. A parallel randomised controlled trial was conducted during the 11 th annual wave of the nationally representative Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life (MABEL) longitudinal survey of doctors. The control group was invited using a mailed paper letter (including a paper survey plus instructions to complete online) and three mailed paper reminders. The intervention group was approached in the same way apart from the second reminder when they were approached by email only. The primary outcome is the response rate and the statistical analysis was blinded. 18,247 doctors were randomly allocated to the control (9,125) or intervention group (9,127), with 9,108 and 9,107 included in the analysis. Using intention to treat analysis, the response rate in the intervention group was 35.92% compared to 37.59% in the control group, a difference of -1.66 percentage points (95% CI: -3.06 to -0.26). The difference was larger for General Practitioners (-2.76 percentage points, 95% CI: -4.65 to -0.87) compared to other specialists (-0.47 percentage points, 95% CI: -2.53 to 1.60). For those who supplied an email address, the average treatment effect on the treated was higher at -2.63 percentage points (95% CI: -4.50 to -0.75) for all physicians, -3.17 percentage points (95% CI: -5.83 to -0.53) for General Practitioners, and -2.1 percentage points (95% CI: -4.75 to 0.56) for other specialists. For qualified physicians, using email to invite participants to complete a survey leads to lower response rates compared to a mailed letter. Lower response rates need to be traded off with the lower costs of using email rather than mailed letters.

A randomised trial and economic evaluation of the effect of response mode on response rate, response bias, and item non-response in a survey of doctors

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 05-09-2011

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-11-126

Abstract: Surveys of doctors are an important data collection method in health services research. Ways to improve response rates, minimise survey response bias and item non-response, within a given budget, have not previously been addressed in the same study. The aim of this paper is to compare the effects and costs of three different modes of survey administration in a national survey of doctors. A stratified random s le of 4.9% (2,702/54,160) of doctors undertaking clinical practice was drawn from a national directory of all doctors in Australia. Stratification was by four doctor types: general practitioners, specialists, specialists-in-training, and hospital non-specialists, and by six rural/remote categories. A three-arm parallel trial design with equal randomisation across arms was used. Doctors were randomly allocated to: online questionnaire (902) simultaneous mixed mode (a paper questionnaire and login details sent together) (900) or, sequential mixed mode (online followed by a paper questionnaire with the reminder) (900). Analysis was by intention to treat, as within each primary mode, doctors could choose either paper or online. Primary outcome measures were response rate, survey response bias, item non-response, and cost. The online mode had a response rate 12.95%, followed by the simultaneous mixed mode with 19.7%, and the sequential mixed mode with 20.7%. After adjusting for observed differences between the groups, the online mode had a 7 percentage point lower response rate compared to the simultaneous mixed mode, and a 7.7 percentage point lower response rate compared to sequential mixed mode. The difference in response rate between the sequential and simultaneous modes was not statistically significant. Both mixed modes showed evidence of response bias, whilst the characteristics of online respondents were similar to the population. However, the online mode had a higher rate of item non-response compared to both mixed modes. The total cost of the online survey was 38% lower than simultaneous mixed mode and 22% lower than sequential mixed mode. The cost of the sequential mixed mode was 14% lower than simultaneous mixed mode. Compared to the online mode, the sequential mixed mode was the most cost-effective, although exhibiting some evidence of response bias. Decisions on which survey mode to use depend on response rates, response bias, item non-response and costs. The sequential mixed mode appears to be the most cost-effective mode of survey administration for surveys of the population of doctors, if one is prepared to accept a degree of response bias. Online surveys are not yet suitable to be used exclusively for surveys of the doctor population.

How are Scottish integrated primary care organisations managed?

Publisher: Emerald

Date: 02-2003

DOI: 10.1108/14777260310469292

Abstract: In the absence of central guidance on the development of integrated primary care organisations, a ersity of models is emerging. This paper examines the management arrangements of Scottish local health care co‐operatives (LHCCs). A postal questionnaire survey of all 79 LHCCs was conducted. The response rate was 35 per cent. LHCCs set up management bodies and created workgroups. Stakeholder representation was not socially inclusive: attempts to engage patients and local communities were limited and need to be stepped up to increase responsiveness and accountability to local health care users. LHCCs were also vehicles for local ownership and control of health care provision. To facilitate co‐operation among participating practices, LHCCs need to focus on issues of leadership, organisation, and involvement in decision making. Finally, management expenditure per capita was comparable with that of other types of integrated primary care organisations.

Editors' Introduction

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 20-04-2015

DOI: 10.1002/HEC.3180

Are preferences stable? The case of health care

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2002

DOI: 10.1016/S0167-2681(01)00220-7

Comparing the New Earnings Survey (NES) and the Labour Force Survey (LFS): An Analysis of the differences between the data sets and their implications for the pattern of geographical pay in the UK

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 08-2006

DOI: 10.1080/00343400600868879

The labour market for nursing: A review of the labour supply literature

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2003

DOI: 10.1002/HEC.737

Abstract: The need to ensure adequate numbers of motivated health professionals is at the forefront of the modernisation of the UK NHS. The aim of this paper is to assess current understanding of the labour supply behaviour of nurses, and to propose an agenda for further research. In particular, the paper reviews American and British economics literature that focuses on empirical econometric studies based on the classical static labour supply model. American research could be classified into first generation, second generation and recent empirical evidence. Advances in methods mirror those in the general labour economics literature, and include the use of limited dependent variable models and the treatment of s le selection issues. However, there is considerable variation in results, which depends on the methods used, particularly on the effect of wages. Only one study was found that used UK data, although other studies examined the determinants of turnover, quit rates and job satisfaction. The agenda for further empirical research includes the analysis of discontinuities in the labour supply function, the relative importance of pecuniary and non-pecuniary job characteristics, and the application of dynamic and family labour supply models to nursing research. Such research is crucial to the development of evidence-based policies.

Functional links between the fusion peptide-proximal polar segment and membrane-proximal region of human immunodeficiency virus gp41 in distinct phases of membrane fusion.

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2007

DOI: 10.1074/JBC.M703485200

THE PATTERN AND EVOLUTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL WAGE DIFFERENTIALS IN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS IN GREAT BRITAIN

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 07-2007

DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-9957.2007.01023.X

Nurses' labour supply elasticities: The importance of accounting for extensive margins

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.JHEALECO.2013.11.001

Abstract: We estimate a multi-sector model of nursing qualification holders' labour supply in different occupations. A structural approach allows us to model the labour force participation decision, the occupational and shift-type choice, and the decision about hours worked as a joint outcome following from maximising a utility function. Disutility from work is allowed to vary by occupation and also by shift type in the utility function. Our results suggest that average wage elasticities might be higher than previous research has found. This is mainly due to the effect of wages on the decision to enter or exit the profession, which was not included in the previous literature, rather than from its effect on increased working hours for those who already work in the profession.

The 1st Australasian Workshop on Econometrics and Health Economics.

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 08-2011

DOI: 10.1002/HEC.1718

Primary care physicians and infant mortality: Evidence from Brazil

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 31-05-2019

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0217614

For love or money: what makes us tick and leads to better health care.

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 07-2002

DOI: 10.1258/135581902760082508

What influences the job satisfaction of staff and associate specialist hospital doctors?

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 08-2007

DOI: 10.1258/095148407781395982

Abstract: Despite their rising numbers in the National Health Service (NHS), the recruitment, retention, morale and educational needs of staff and associate specialist hospital doctors have traditionally not been the focus of attention. A postal survey of all staff grades and associate specialists in NHS Scotland was conducted to investigate the determinants of their job satisfaction. Doctors in both grades were least satisfied with their pay. They were more satisfied if they were treated as equal members of the clinical team, but less satisfied if their workload adversely affected the quality of patient care. With the exception of female associate specialists, respondents who wished to become a consultant were less satisfied with all aspects of their jobs. Associate specialists who worked more sessions also had lower job satisfaction. Non-white staff grades were less satisfied with their job compared with their white counterparts. It is important that associate specialists and staff grades are promoted to consultant posts, where this is desired. It is also important that job satisfaction is enhanced for doctors who do not desire promotion, thereby improving retention. This could be achieved through improved pay, additional clinical training, more flexible working hours and improved status.

Promotion to hospital consultant in NHS Scotland

Publisher: Emerald

Date: 10-2005

DOI: 10.1108/01437720510628121

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate the factors that influence promotions of medical staff from registrar to consultant in the Scottish NHS. The paper addresses the question of what determines the incidence of promotion, concentrating on the impact of experience, effort and the choice of specialty in promotion outcomes. A unique panel data set is used that contains in idual level information on all NHS hospital doctors in Scotland from 1991 to 2000. Probabilities of promotion are decomposed by specialty into the part attributable to the mean characteristics of the doctors in each specialty and the effect of belonging to a specialty itself. The paper estimates a panel model of promotion and identifies specialty effects on promotion. Effort in the two years before promotion is shown to have an influence on promotion probabilities. Specialties are found to exhibit considerable differences in their rate of promotion over and above the differences explained by the characteristics of the doctors in them. The paper examines the promotion of medical staff from registrar to consultant in the Scottish NHS during the 1990s. The paper concentrates on the impact of experience, effort and medical specialty on the probability of promotion.

EDITORS’ INTRODUCTION

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 13-06-2013

DOI: 10.1002/HEC.2956

The supply of qualified nurses: a classical model of labour supply

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 20-01-2005

DOI: 10.1080/0003684042000291272

Evaluating The Effects Of Gp Remuneration - Problems And Prospects

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-1995

DOI: 10.1016/0168-8510(94)00697-D

Abstract: General practice reform is occurring in a number of countries. Little is known, however, of the effects of remunerating general practitioners on the costs and outcomes of care. Valuable lessons can be learned for the scope and design of future research, however, from the existing literature on the effects of general practioner (GP) remuneration. The objectives of this paper are to highlight some of the problems and pitfalls that should be avoided in any further research on the effects of GP remuneration and to identify the main issues for future research. Eighteen studies of the effects of GP remuneration have been reviewed, with a focus on the methods used. Eight studies addressed the effect of changes in the level of remuneration, three evaluated the effect of special payments and bonuses and seven assessed the effects of different remuneration systems. Although there are often practical constraints on the choice of study design, crude 'before and after' analyses and the use of aggregate data should be avoided in favour of prospective evaluations using consultation-based data. The studies reviewed did not evaluate the effects of remuneration on patient welfare and were characterised by the omission of major confounding variables and an inability to generalise to other settings. These issues present a considerable challenge to researchers, GPs and policy makers.

Motivation and competition in health care

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 28-05-2022

DOI: 10.1002/HEC.4533

Abstract: Non‐pecuniary sources of motivation are a strong feature of the health care sector and the impact of competitive incentives on behavior may be lower where pecuniary motivation is low. This paper measures the marginal utility of income (MUY) of physicians from a stated‐choice experiment, and examines whether this measure influences the association between competition faced by physicians and the prices they charge. We find that physicians are more likely to exploit a lack of competition with higher prices if they have a high MUY.

Why do work patterns differ between men and women GPs?

Publisher: Emerald

Date: 03-2006

DOI: 10.1108/14777260610661556

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore gender differences in contractual commitments, job satisfaction and spouses' occupation among GP principals in NHS Scotland. This paper is based on data provided by a self-completion, postal questionnaire survey. The response rate was 50 per cent. Males worked more hours than females and were more likely to work out-of-hours. Females reported greater job satisfaction but only when they worked fewer hours. Females earned less than males but there were no gender differences in total household income. Both genders planned to retire at 59 years. More males would delay retirement if they could work part-time. More females than males were in dual-doctor households. Male respondents in dual-doctor households were more likely to have modified their working hours or career aspirations than males in other households. The number of hours worked by GPs is in part determined by the occupation/earning power of their spouse. The number of women GPs is increasing and they are likely to continue to choose to work fewer hours than their male counterparts have done in the past. This study has attempted to incorporate spouse's occupation/income as a factor in the career choices of GPs in Scotland.

Designing payments for GPs to improve the quality of diabetes care

Publisher: AMPCo

Date: 2012

DOI: 10.5694/MJA11.11013

Abstract: Three features are essential in designing the flexible funding payments and pay-for-performance elements.

Valuing Benefits to Inform a Clinical Trial in Pharmacy

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 15-12-2012

DOI: 10.1007/S40273-012-0012-7

Abstract: The generic health-related quality-of-life (HR-QOL) utility measures the EQ-5D and SF-6D are both commonly used to inform healthcare policy developments. However, their application to pharmacy practice is limited and the optimal method to inform policy developments is unknown. Our objective was to test the sensitivity of the EQ-5D and SF-6D within pharmacy when measuring whether changes in health status or other co-variates at baseline affect the effectiveness of the intervention at follow-up. A further objective was to consider the implications of the findings for pharmacy research and policy. The EQ-5D and SF-6D utility measures were employed within a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of community pharmacy-led medicines management for patients with coronary heart disease. The intervention covered a baseline visit with the potential for follow-up. Simultaneous quantile regression assessed the impact of the intervention on both EQ-5D and SF-6D measures at follow-up, controlling for baseline health, appropriateness of treatment, personal characteristics and self-reported satisfaction. No statistically significant difference in HR-QOL across the intervention and control groups at follow-up was reported for either measure. Increased health gain was however associated with the baseline utility score (with the EQ-5D more sensitive for those in worse health) and the appropriateness of treatment, but not patient characteristics or self-reported satisfaction. Neither generic measure detected a gain in HR-QOL as a result of the introduction of an innovative pharmacy-based service. This finding supports other work in the area of pharmacy, where health gains have not changed following interventions. Disease-specific utility measures should be investigated as an alternative to generic approaches such as the EQ-5D and SF-6D. Given that the RCT found an increase in self-reported satisfaction, broader measures of benefit that value patient experiences, such as contingent valuation and discrete-choice experiments, should also be considered in pharmacy.

The effects of pay and job satisfaction on the labour supply of hospital consultants

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2007

DOI: 10.1002/HEC.1220

Abstract: There is little evidence about the responsiveness of doctors' labour supply to changes in pay. Given substantial increases in NHS expenditure, new national contracts for hospital doctors and general practitioners that involve increases in pay, and the gradual imposition of a ceiling on hours worked through the European Working Time Directive, knowledge of the size of labour supply elasticities is crucial in examining the effects of these major changes. This paper estimates a modified labour supply model for hospital consultants, using data from a survey of consultants in Scotland. Rigidities in wage setting within the NHS mean that the usual specification of the labour supply model is extended by the inclusion of job quality (job satisfaction) in the equation explaining the optimal number of hours worked. Generalised Method of Moments estimation is used to account for the endogeneity of both earnings and job quality. Our results confirm the importance of pay and non-pay factors on the supply of labour by consultants. The results are sensitive to the exclusion of job quality and show a slight underestimation of the uncompensated earnings elasticity (of 0.09) without controlling for the effect of job quality, and 0.12 when we controlled for job quality. Pay increases in the new contract for consultants will only result in small increases in hours worked. Small and non-significant elasticity estimates at higher quantiles in the distribution of hours suggest that any increases in hours worked are more likely for consultants who work part time. Those currently working above the median number of hours are much less responsive to changes in earnings.

The future of medical careers

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 07-2014

DOI: 10.5694/MJA13.00063

The MEDMAN study: a randomized controlled trial of community pharmacy-led medicines management for patients with coronary heart disease

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 08-01-2007

DOI: 10.1093/FAMPRA/CML075

Abstract: There have been recent moves to extend the role of the community pharmacist to include medicine management. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in nine sites in England. Patients with coronary heart disease were identified from general practice computer systems, recruited and randomized (2:1) to intervention or control. The 12-month intervention comprised an initial consultation with a community pharmacist to review appropriateness of therapy, compliance, lifestyle, social and support issues. Control patients received standard care. The primary outcome measures were appropriate treatment [derived from the National Service Framework (NSF)], health status (SF-36, EQ-5D) and an economic evaluation. Secondary outcome measures were patient risk of cardiovascular death and satisfaction. The study involved 1493 patients (980 intervention and 513 control), 62 pharmacists and 164 GPs. No statistically significant differences between intervention and control groups were shown at follow-up for any of the primary outcome measures such as numbers on aspirin or lifestyle measures. There were few differences in quality of life (SF-36) between the intervention and control groups at baseline or follow-up or with overall EQ-5D score over time. The total National Health Service cost increased between baseline and at 12 months in both groups but to a greater extent in the intervention group. Significant improvements were found in the satisfaction score for patients' most recent pharmacy visit for prescription medicines among the intervention group, compared with control group. Self-reported compliance was good for both groups at baseline and no significant differences were shown at follow-up. There was no change in the proportion of patients receiving appropriate medication as defined by the NSF. The pharmacist-led service was more expensive than standard care.

Do fee descriptors influence treatment choices in general practice? A multilevel discrete choice model

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-1997

DOI: 10.1016/S0167-6296(96)00520-6

Abstract: Before 1990 Australian general practitioners (GPs) were remunerated according to consultation length. This was assumed to encourage GPs to prescribe more, counsel less and provide fewer treatments than were 'appropriate'. In an attempt to change this behaviour, the remuneration system was altered to reflect the content of consultations. This paper analyses, through the use of multilevel modelling, the effect of content-based descriptors on the discrete choice behaviour of GPs while controlling for patient, GP and practice characteristics. GPs who used content-based descriptors were just as likely to prescribe, counsel and treat compared to GPs who used time-based descriptors.

Costs of a community pharmacist-led medicines management service for patients with coronary heart disease in England - Healthcare system and patient perspectives

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 2007

DOI: 10.2165/00019053-200725050-00004

Abstract: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death in the UK. CHD cost the UK National Health Service (NHS) pound 3.5 billion in 2003. The economic impact of community pharmacists providing a medicines management service for patients with CHD has not been rigorously evaluated the full economic costs of such interventions are rarely presented in the literature. To examine the incremental costs of a 1-year community pharmacist-led medicines management service for patients with CHD in the UK, from a healthcare system and patient perspective. A cost-minimisation analysis was conducted alongside a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The primary study participants were patients with CHD identified from general practice computer records. Patients (intervention, n = 980 control, n = 500) from 38 general practices in nine geographical areas in the UK were included in the study. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOMES MEASURES: The intervention consisted of a review of pharmaceuticals and lifestyle advice by pharmacists in their premises, with recommendations communicated to the patient's GP. The main outcome measure was the incremental cost per patient in the intervention group compared with the control group. Annual costs ( pound, 2003/4 values) included the costs of the intervention (training and delivery costs), the usual costs of NHS treatment (costs of pharmaceuticals, GP and hospital visits) and costs borne by patients. Data were collected in the 12 months before and 12 months after the intervention. The total NHS cost increased between baseline and follow-up in both groups (from pound 1243 to pound 1286 [3%] in the control group and from pound 1410 to pound 1433 [2%] in the intervention group). The greater cost in the intervention group largely reflects the additional cost of the pharmacist training and the time taken to deliver the intervention the difference in costs between the intervention and control groups, after controlling for differences in costs at baseline at follow-up, was statistically significant (p = 0.001). The costs of pharmaceuticals was higher in the intervention group ( pound 769.20 vs pound 742.3 p = 0.04). According to the sensitivity analysis, the intervention cost would need to decrease by 35% to achieve equivalence between costs in each arm of the trial. Difference to costs of patients and their carers at follow-up were not statistically significant. The introduction of a 1-year pharmacist-led medicines management service is likely to increase the total cost of CHD treatment and prevention from the healthcare perspective, as the cost of the intervention outweighed the observed reduction in the cost of drugs in the intervention group. No changes in costs from the patient perspective were found.

Do regional primary-care organisations influence primary-care performance? A dynamic panel estimation.

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.1002/HEC.1509

Abstract: The role of regional primary-care organizations (PCOs) in health-care systems is not well understood. This is the first study to attempt to isolate the effect of regional PCOs on primary-care performance. We examine Divisions of General Practice in Australia, which were established in 1992. A unique Division-level panel data set is used to examine the effect of Divisions, and their activities, on various aspects of primary-care performance. Dynamic panel estimation is used to account for state dependence and the endogeneity of Divisions' activities. The results show that Divisions were more likely to have influenced general practice infrastructure than clinical performance in diabetes, asthma and cervical screening. The effect of specific Division activities, such as providing support for practice nurses and IT support, was not directly related to changes in the level of general practice performance. Specific support in the areas of diabetes and asthma was associated with general practice performance, but this was due to reverse causality and the effect of unobservable factors, rather than the direct effect of Divisions.

Preferences of Community Pharmacists for Extended Roles in??Primary Care

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 2007

DOI: 10.2165/00019053-200725090-00006

Abstract: Major changes in the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists across the world are occurring. A new Scottish Community Pharmacy contract was introduced in April 2006, following the introduction of a similar contract in England in 2005. This contract encourages greater involvement in medicines management and other clinical cognitive roles, whilst retaining a supply function. To use a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to examine the strength of preference of community pharmacists for existing and potential new roles, prior to the introduction of the new contract. The DCE was a component of a larger questionnaire, which assessed demography, workload, attitudes to, and satisfaction with, proposed new roles, and current levels of activity. Attributes and levels for the DCE were based on the recent policy document for Scotland, The Right Medicine, and informed consensus, respectively. Scenarios were organised into pairs, and pharmacists were asked "Which job would you prefer?" The questionnaire was mailed to all pharmacists working in the community setting in Scotland (n = 1621), as identified from a telephone survey. The questionnaire was totally anonymous, and two reminders were sent. There was an overall response rate of 56.4% (914/1621). Community pharmacists preferred to work in an extended pharmacy team, to have strong integration with secondary care, and to provide a minor illness advice service. In 2003, they would forgo an annual income of 3443 pounds, 2183 pounds and 2798 pounds, respectively to achieve this. However, overall, the pharmacists preferred more income to less. Repeat dispensing, chronic disease management, offering health promotion services, and the number of prescriptions dispensed per month were not significant predictors of job choice. Community pharmacists placed the highest value on organisational aspects of their work, and having a first contact primary care role. Although total income was important, there were indications that they would be prepared to forgo income to attain their preferred job.

Who should receive recruitment and retention incentives? Improved targeting of rural doctors using medical workforce data

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 17-01-2012

DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1584.2011.01252.X

Abstract: The objective of this study was to define an improved classification for allocating incentives to support the recruitment and retention of doctors in rural Australia. Geo-coded data (n = 3636 general practitioners (GPs)) from the national Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life study were used to examine statistical variation in four professional indicators (total hours worked, public hospital work, on call after-hours and difficulty taking time off) and two non-professional indicators (partner employment and schooling opportunities) which are all known to be related to difficulties with recruitment and retention. The main outcome measure used for the study was an association of six sentinel indicators for GPs with practice location and population size of community. Four distinct homogeneous population size groups were identified (0-5000, 5001-15,000, 15,001-50,000 and >50,000). Although geographical remoteness (measured using the Australian Standard Geographical Classification-Remoteness Areas (ASGC-RA)) was statistically associated with all six indicators (P < 0.001), population size provided a more sensitive measure in directing where recruitment and retention incentives should be provided. A new six-level rurality classification is proposed, based on a combination of four population size groups and the five ASGC-RA levels. A significant increase in statistical association is measured in four of six indicators (and a slight increase in one indicator) using the new six-level classification versus the existing ASGC-RA classification. This new six-level geographical classification provides a better basis for equitable resource allocation of recruitment and retention incentives to doctors based on the attractiveness of non-metropolitan communities, both professionally and non-professionally, as places to work and live.

Shedding new light onto the ceiling and floor? A quantile regression approach to compare EQ-5D and SF-6D responses

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.1002/HEC.1505

Abstract: An important issue in the measurement of health status concerns the extent to which an instrument displays lack of sensitivity to changes in health status at the extremes of the distribution, known as floor and ceiling effects. Previous studies use relatively simple methods that focus on the mean of the distribution to examine these effects. The aim of this paper is to determine whether quantile regression using longitudinal data improves our understanding of the relationship between quality of life instruments. The study uses EQ-5D and SF-36 (converted to SF-6D values) instruments with both baseline and follow-up data. Relative to ordinary least least-squares (OLS), a first difference model shows much lower association between the measures, suggesting that OLS methods may lead to biased estimates of the association, due to unobservable patient characteristics. The novel finding, revealed by quantile regression, is that the strength of association between the instruments is different across different parts of the health distribution, and is dependent on whether health improves or deteriorates. The results suggest that choosing one instrument at the expense of another is difficult without good prior information surrounding the expected magnitude and direction of health improvement related to a health-care intervention.

The Authors’ Reply to Koeser and McCrone: “On the Use and Interpretation of Quantile Regression in Quality-of-Life Research”

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 18-01-2014

DOI: 10.1007/S40273-013-0114-X

Monash Business School Centre For Health Economics

Location: Australia

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University Of Melbourne

Location: Australia

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University Of Aberdeen

Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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University Of York

Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0771005

Start Date: 2008

End Date: 12-2008

Amount: $165,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0883525

Start Date: 02-2009

End Date: 12-2011

Amount: $144,344.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

ARC Future Fellowships - Grant ID: FT0991296

Start Date: 01-2010

End Date: 01-2014

Amount: $717,328.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP110102863

Start Date: 2011

End Date: 12-2014

Amount: $248,258.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP150100357

Start Date: 06-2015

End Date: 12-2019

Amount: $387,100.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0989576

Start Date: 05-2009

End Date: 05-2015

Amount: $662,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP220103306

Start Date: 02-2023

End Date: 02-2026

Amount: $220,602.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0669209

Start Date: 04-2007

End Date: 03-2010

Amount: $410,240.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP160103588

Start Date: 05-2016

End Date: 06-2023

Amount: $621,496.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP100100300

Start Date: 2010

End Date: 12-2015

Amount: $292,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council