ORCID Profile
0000-0002-1724-1076
Current Organisation
Macquarie University
Does something not look right? The information on this page has been harvested from data sources that may not be up to date. We continue to work with information providers to improve coverage and quality. To report an issue, use the Feedback Form.
Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Psychology | Health, Clinical And Counselling Psychology | Health, Clinical and Counselling Psychology | Mental Health | Personality, Abilities and Assessment | Learning, Memory, Cognition And Language | Public Health and Health Services | Special Education and Disability | Educational Psychology | Developmental Psychology and Ageing
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Mental health | Mental Health | Expanding Knowledge in Psychology and Cognitive Sciences | Behavioural and cognitive sciences | Child Health | Disability and Functional Capacity | Child health | Behaviour and health |
Related Links
Publications
Annual Research Review: Conceptualising functional impairment in children and adolescents
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-11-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-7610.2011.02479.X
Abstract: Functional impairment is a key factor in the clinical importance of mental health problems in children. Yet, the nature of impairment and criteria for defining and assessing impairment in childhood disorders has been surprisingly overlooked in much of the literature. The current article examines the extant literature on the conceptualisation, nature and assessment of impairment in childhood disorders. Relations between diagnostic symptoms and functional impairment are discussed together with the influence of impairment on diagnostic decisions and prevalence rates. Several factors influencing impairment in childhood such as culture, development and gender are considered. This article concludes with a discussion of the utility of separating judgements of impairment from specific diagnoses, which is proposed for consideration in the forthcoming DSM-5.
Attachment, Behavioral Inhibition, and Anxiety in Preschool Children
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2005
DOI: 10.1007/S10802-005-1822-2
Abstract: This study examined the association between insecure attachment, behavioral inhibition, and anxiety in an at risk s le of preschool children. The relationship between maternal anxiety and child anxiety was also assessed. Participants were 104 children aged 3-4 years who were assessed for behavioral inhibition and mother-child attachment (using the Strange Situation procedure). DSM-IV criteria were used to assess childhood anxiety disorders. Insecure attachment and behavioral inhibition were both independently associated with child anxiety, even after controlling for the effect of maternal anxiety. Maternal anxiety was also associated with child anxiety. This study identified both constitutional and environmental factors associated with the expression of anxiety in young children. Furthermore, the highest levels of anxiety were shown by children who were behaviorally inhibited and insecurely attached and whose mothers were also anxious.
A controlled study of agoraphobia and the independent effect of virtual reality exposure therapy
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-07-2012
Abstract: Past controlled clinical trials centred on virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for agoraphobia mostly used multicomponent therapy with success. However, the present paper aimed to evaluate the independent effect of VRET for agoraphobia. A controlled study involving 18 agoraphobic participants assigned to two groups: VRET only and VRET with cognitive therapy. Nine specific virtual environments were developed using an affordable game level editor. Questionnaires, behavioural tests and physiological measures indicated a positive effect of VRET. Correlations supported the predictive value of presence towards treatment outcome. The addition of cognitive therapy did not provide significant additional benefit. Overall, the isolated effects of VRET did not seem to be significantly less than the effects of VRET combined with cognitive therapy. Future research should explore the use of other components in addition to cognitive therapy and VRET for agoraphobia as well as its possible use in patients’ homes.
Self-disclosure, emotional expression and intimacy within romantic relationships of people with social phobia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2009.07.016
Abstract: The current study examined aspects of communication and intimacy between people with social phobia and their romantic partners. Forty-eight in iduals with social phobia and 58 community controls completed a series of questionnaires to measure self-disclosure, emotional expression and levels of intimacy within their romantic relationships. Participants with social phobia reported less emotional expression, self-disclosure and intimacy than controls, even after controlling for a diagnosis of mood disorder. The group differences did not differ significantly by gender. A continuous measure of social anxiety also correlated significantly with the three relationship measures and these associations held for emotional expression and self-disclosure after controlling for levels of dysphoria. People with social phobia report reduced quality within their romantic relationships, which may have implications for impairment, social support and ultimately maintenance of the disorder.
Mental representation of observable attributes in people with social phobia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.JBTEP.2005.01.001
Abstract: Cognitive models of social phobia stress the importance of a negatively biased mental representation of ones social performance and appearance in maintenance of the disorder. People with social phobia (N=57) and non-clinical controls (N=41) engaged in a public speech and also completed several measures of perceived attributes including speech performance, physical attractiveness, and personal performance ability in several interpersonal areas. Independent observers also rated participants' speech performance and physical attractiveness. Relative to observers' ratings, in iduals with social phobia reported significantly lower quality of speech performance and physical attractiveness than did non-clinical in iduals. People with social phobia also reported significantly lower perceived ability in other areas of performance and appearance. These data held even after statistically controlling for levels of depression.
Cognitive theory and therapy of social phobia
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 25-09-1111
Effectiveness of Brief and Standard School-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions for Adolescents With Anxiety: A Randomized Noninferiority Study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAAC.2019.12.003
Abstract: We examined the effectiveness of targeted school-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for adolescents (12-16 years of age) with anxiety, and tested whether brief CBT was noninferior to standard duration CBT. A randomized controlled study of 313 adolescents (mean 14.0 years, SD = 0.84, 84% girls) were recruited through school health services to 10 weeks CBT group interventions. Groups of 5 to 8 adolescents were randomly allocated to brief (5 sessions, comprising 5.5 hours) or standard CBT (10 sessions, comprising 15 hours), or 10 weeks waitlist (WL). Self-reported and parent-reported youth anxiety symptoms, impairment from anxiety, depressive symptoms,and clinical severity were assessed pre- and postintervention, after WL, and at 1-year follow-up. Targeted school based CBT significantly reduced adolescents' anxiety symptoms with small to moderate effect sizes compared to WL (Cohen d = 0.34 for youth report and d = 0.53 for parent report). According to the parents, also adolescents' impairment from anxiety was significantly reduced compared to WL (d = 0.51). Pre to post changes in anxiety symptoms were small to moderate (within-group effect sizes between d = 0.41 and d = 0.67). Although no significant differences in effects were found between brief and standard CBT, brief CBT was not noninferior to standard CBT. Outcomes from both interventions were sustained at 1-year follow-up. Targeted school-based CBT interventions reduced anxiety, impairment, and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Both brief and standard CBT demonstrated efficacy, but brief CBT was not noninferior to standard CBT. By administering school-based CBT to youths with anxiety symptoms, we may reach young people with effective interventions at an earlier phase in their lives. School Based Low-intensity Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Anxious Youth (LIST) clinicalrials.gov/ NCT02279251.
Combining whole‐school and targeted programs for the reduction of bullying victimization: A randomized, effectiveness trial
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-02-2020
DOI: 10.1002/AB.21881
Online treatment of adolescents with comorbid anxiety and depression: A randomized controlled trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAD.2022.05.072
Abstract: Adolescents experiencing both anxiety and mood disorders show greater life impairment than those with either disorder alone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an online cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) program for these comorbid youth. Ninety-one adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (M = 14.29, S.D. = 1.62 66% female) participated if they met DSM-5 criteria for both an anxiety and depressive disorder. Diagnoses were assessed by structured interview and participants also completed measures of symptoms, negative thoughts, and life interference. Participants were randomly allocated to either active treatment (n = 45) or wait (n = 46). Treatment comprised access to an 8-module, online program and was supported by 8, 30-minute telephone sessions with a therapist and the youth, of which the caregiver participated in four. Treated participants showed significantly greater reduction than waiting participants on the primary outcome: total number of disorders and were more likely to remit from all anxiety and mood disorders (43.8% vs 20.9%). Secondary outcomes covering symptoms of anxiety and depression showed similar group by time differences, but there was no significant group by time interaction on life interference. This brief, easily accessible, online intervention that requires relatively low levels of therapist time showed promising impact for a very impaired population. This trial was registered on the ANZ clinical trials registry-ACTRN12616000139471.
The Cool Teens CD-ROM for anxiety disorders in adolescents
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-06-2008
DOI: 10.1007/S00787-008-0703-Y
Abstract: Five adolescents received a multimedia CD-ROM containing a self-help treatment program for young people with an anxiety disorder. Participants used the 8-module Cool Teens CD-ROM over a 12-week period on a home computer. Every 2 weeks, they received a brief telephone call from a clinical psychologist to monitor symptoms and progress and to discuss any problems with understanding content or implementing techniques. Based on structured interviews, two participants (40%) no longer met diagnostic criteria (self-report ADIS) for at least one clinical anxiety disorder immediately following treatment and these same participants no longer met diagnostic criteria for any clinical anxiety disorder at 3-month follow-up. Two other participants failed to make gains based on diagnostic criteria, but showed improvement in anxiety symptoms for one main fear. Participants were generally satisfied with the multimedia content, the modules, and the delivery format of the program.
Teachers' perspectives on effective responses to overt bullying
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-06-2016
DOI: 10.1002/BERJ.3237
TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH TO PREVENT INTERNALIZING PROBLEMS EARLY IN CHILDHOOD
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 03-11-2011
DOI: 10.1002/DA.20743
Abstract: This article discusses the importance of and one approach to translational research to prevent internalizing problems very early in life. The World Health Organisation (WHO) predicts that by 2,030 internalizing problems will be second only to HIV/AIDS in the international burden of disease. Internalizing problems affect one in every seven school age children, with negative impacts on peer relations, school engagement, and later mental health, adult relationships, and employment. There is persuasive evidence that intervention in the preschool years can have a cost-effective impact on general developmental outcomes, compared to later school or adult intervention. However, the development of early childhood prevention for internalizing problems is in its infancy. Two significant risk factors for child internalizing problems are temperamental inhibition (characterized by fearfulness and withdrawal) and overinvolved rotective parenting practices. Rapee et al. have conducted two randomized "efficacy" trials with inhibited preschoolers in which a parenting group intervention reduced internalizing disorders up to 3 years later. Translational "effectiveness" research is now underway at the population level, to determine the balance of benefits and harms of systematically screening preschoolers for inhibition and subsequent intervention for all those affected. This rigorous public health research, followed by effective dissemination, addresses gaps identified in the WHO Prevention of Mental Disorders report.
Social anxiety and social norms in individualistic and collectivistic countries
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 03-11-2010
DOI: 10.1002/DA.20746
The clinical, immunological and microbiological impact of the 10-valent pneumococcal-Protein D conjugate vaccine in children with recurrent protracted bacterial bronchitis, chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis: A multi-centre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 26-06-2018
Low intensity treatment for clinically anxious youth: a randomised controlled comparison against face-to-face intervention
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-07-2020
Integrating cognitive bias modification into a standard cognitive behavioural treatment package for social phobia: A randomized controlled trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2013.01.005
Abstract: The aim of the current study was to integrate recent developments in the retraining of attentional biases towards threat into a standard cognitive behavioural treatment package for social phobia. 134 participants (M age-32.4: 53% female) meeting DSM-IV criteria for social phobia received a 12-week cognitive behavioural treatment program. They were randomly allocated to receive on a daily basis using home practice, either an additional computerised probe procedure designed to train attentional resource allocation away from threat, or a placebo variant of this procedure. Measures included diagnostic severity, social anxiety symptoms, life interference, and depression as well as state anxiety in response to a laboratory social threat. At the end of treatment there were no significant differences between groups in attentional bias towards threat or in treatment response (all p's>0.05). Both groups showed similar and highly significant reductions in diagnostic severity, social anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and life interference at post-treatment that was maintained and in most cases increased at 6 month follow-up (uncontrolled effect sizes ranged from d=0.34 to d=1.90). The current results do not indicate that integration of information processing-derived attentional bias modification procedures into standard treatment packages as conducted in this study augments attentional change or enhances treatment efficacy. Further refinement of bias modification techniques, and better methods of integrating them with conventional approaches, may be needed to produce better effects.
The preventative effects of a brief, early intervention for preschool‐aged children at risk for internalising: follow‐up into middle adolescence
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-02-2013
DOI: 10.1111/JCPP.12048
Abstract: There are few evaluations of very early intervention for the prevention of internalising disorders and those that exist generally evaluate outcomes to a maximum of 12 months. The current study evaluated the very long term effects (11 years) of a brief internalising prevention program presented to parents of preschool aged children. The original s le comprised 146 preschool-aged children who scored high on measures of inhibited temperament. Half of the parents were given a brief educational program (six-sessions) to assist them to help their children reduce anxiousness. Over 70% of the original s le (n = 103) was assessed for the current study, which occurred when the s le was approximately 15 years. They were assessed on current diagnoses of anxiety and depression, as well as symptoms of anxiety, depression, negative thoughts, and life interference. Compared with controls, girls whose parents had been through the early intervention program showed significantly fewer internalising disorders, maternally reported anxiety symptoms and self-reported life interference, and trends toward lower self-reported anxiety symptoms and self reported thoughts of loss and failure. Boys showed few differences. A brief early intervention program delivered to parents of preschool-aged children who are at risk for later internalising distress shows lasting benefits for girls into the high-risk period of middle adolescence. Given the low costs associated with this program, these results show promise for strong public health benefits.
Comparison of Stepped Care Delivery Against a Single, Empirically Validated Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Program for Youth With Anxiety: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAAC.2017.08.001
Abstract: Stepped care is embraced as an ideal model of service delivery but is minimally evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for child anxiety delivered via a stepped-care framework compared against a single, empirically validated program. A total of 281 youth with anxiety disorders (6-17 years of age) were randomly allocated to receive either empirically validated treatment or stepped care involving the following: (1) low intensity (2) standard CBT and (3) in idually tailored treatment. Therapist qualifications increased at each step. Interventions did not differ significantly on any outcome measures. Total therapist time per child was significantly shorter to deliver stepped care (774 minutes) compared with best practice (897 minutes). Within stepped care, the first 2 steps returned the strongest treatment gains. Stepped care and a single empirically validated program for youth with anxiety produced similar efficacy, but stepped care required slightly less therapist time. Restricting stepped care to only steps 1 and 2 would have led to considerable time saving with modest loss in efficacy. Clinical trial registration information-A Randomised Controlled Trial of Standard Care Versus Stepped Care for Children and Adolescents With Anxiety Disorders anzctr.org.au/ ACTRN12612000351819.
Non-replication of the association between 5HTTLPR and response to psychological therapy for child anxiety disorders
Publisher: Royal College of Psychiatrists
Date: 02-2016
DOI: 10.1192/BJP.BP.114.154997
Abstract: We previously reported an association between 5HTTLPR genotype and outcome following cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) in child anxiety (Cohort 1). Children homozygous for the low-expression short-allele showed more positive outcomes. Other similar studies have produced mixed results, with most reporting no association between genotype and CBT outcome. To replicate the association between 5HTTLPR and CBT outcome in child anxiety from the Genes for Treatment study (GxT Cohort 2, n = 829). Logistic and linear mixed effects models were used to examine the relationship between 5HTTLPR and CBT outcomes. Mega-analyses using both cohorts were performed. There was no significant effect of 5HTTLPR on CBT outcomes in Cohort 2. Mega-analyses identified a significant association between 5HTTLPR and remission from all anxiety disorders at follow-up (odds ratio 0.45, P = 0.014), but not primary anxiety disorder outcomes. The association between 5HTTLPR genotype and CBT outcome did not replicate. Short-allele homozygotes showed more positive treatment outcomes, but with small, non-significant effects. Future studies would benefit from utilising whole genome approaches and large, homogenous s les.
Video feedback with peer ratings in naturalistic anxiety-provoking situations for social anxiety disorder: Preliminary report
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.JBTEP.2009.08.005
Abstract: The present study aimed to examine how video feedback can affect perceived performance and anticipatory anxiety in various naturalistic social anxiety-provoking situations among clinical patients diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and to examine predictors that might influence response to video feedback. Participants were 52 consecutive patients with DSM-IV SAD who participated in a group-based CBT program. Our results demonstrated that video feedback was associated with a decrease in the underestimation of own performance as well as the perception of feared outcomes. Moreover, anticipatory anxiety decreased after video feedback combined with peer feedback. Male sex, comorbidity with other anxiety disorders, and benzodiazepine prn, as well as patients' initial anxiety and avoidance were negative predictors of the effect of video feedback.
Disentangling schematic and conceptual processing: A test of the Interacting Cognitive Subsystems framework
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2003
Abstract: Central to the Interacting Cognitive Subsystems framework (ICS) is the assertion that meaning exists at both the propositional and implicational levels. This assertion was tested by having 26 fast-year undergraduates make speeded judgements of emotional expression and emotional content in separate tasks on 120 single recorded words. Propositional meaning was represented by the content of the words while implicational meaning was conveyed by the expression of the word. In two tasks, participants decided whether the content or the expression of the word was emotional or neutral. In the expression task main effects were found for expression but not for content. In the content task main effects were found for both content and expression with an interaction between the two factors. Some congruency effects were evident in both tasks. Predictions of the framework concerning the independent processing and eventual integration of these two levels of meaning were partially supported. The significance of separating conceptual and schematic processing for other models of multilevel cognitive processing is addressed.
Motivational interviewing prior to cognitive behavioural treatment for social anxiety disorder: A randomised controlled trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAD.2019.05.042
Abstract: We examined whether providing three sessions of treatment based on motivational interviewing (MI) prior to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) improved outcomes. Participants diagnosed with SAD (N = 186) were randomly allocated to receive three sessions of MI (MI+CBT n = 85) or supportive counselling (SC+CBT n = 101) prior to a 12-week group CBT program. Assessments occurred at baseline, after preparatory treatment, after CBT, and at 6-months follow-up. Outcomes were expectations for change, number of CBT sessions attended, self- and clinician-rated CBT homework completion, and self- and clinician-rated social anxiety severity. Conditions did not differ significantly on expectations for change, number of CBT sessions attended, or clinician-rated homework completion. Self-rated homework completion was greater in MI+CBT than in SC+CBT. Change over time in social anxiety severity did not differ between conditions overall, however, this outcome was significantly moderated by two variables those in MI+CBT, as compared to SC+CBT, showed significantly poorer outcomes on self-reported social anxiety severity if they were higher in change readiness and significantly better outcomes on clinician-rated social anxiety severity if they were higher in functional impairment. Although therapists in MI sessions were rated as behaving more consistently with MI than therapists in SC sessions, some MI consistent behaviors occurred in the SC sessions. Addition of a MI-based discussion prior to evidence-based CBT appears to benefit people with SAD who have high functional impairment but may interfere with outcomes for those higher in readiness for change.
Prevention of Mental Disorders: Promises, Limitations, and Barriers
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2008
Combining child social skills training with a parent early intervention program for inhibited preschool children
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2017.08.007
Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of early intervention for anxiety in preschoolers through parent-education. The current study evaluated a six-session early intervention program for preschoolers at high risk of anxiety disorders in which a standard educational program for parents was supplemented by direct training of social skills to the children. Seventy-two children aged 3-5 years were selected based on high behavioural inhibition levels and concurrently having a parent with high emotional distress. Families were randomly assigned to either the intervention group, which consisted of six parent-education group sessions and six child social skills training sessions, or waitlist. After six months, families on waitlist were offered treatment consisting of parent-education only. Relative to waitlist, children in the combined condition showed significantly fewer clinician-rated anxiety disorders and diagnostic severity and maternal (but not paternal) reported anxiety symptoms and life interference at six months. Mothers also reported less overprotection. These gains were maintained at 12-month follow-up. Parent only education following waitlist produced similar improvements among children. Quasi-experimental comparison between combined and parent-only interventions indicated greater reductions from combined intervention according to clinician reports, but no significant differences on maternal reports. Results suggest that this brief early intervention program for preschoolers with both parent and child components significantly reduces risk and disorder in vulnerable children. The inclusion of a child component might have the potential to increase effects over parent-only intervention. However, future support for this conclusion through long-term, randomised controlled trials is needed.
A randomized controlled trial of D-cycloserine enhancement of exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOPSYCH.2007.11.011
Abstract: Pilot research has suggested that D-cycloserine (DCS) enhances treatment outcomes for anxiety disorders when employed as an adjunct to exposure therapy (ET). The aim of this study was to determine whether 50 mg of DCS enhances ET for social anxiety disorder (SAD) according to a comprehensive set of symptom and life impairment measures. In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, we administered 50 mg of DCS or placebo in combination with ET to 56 participants who met primary diagnosis for SAD. Participants administered DCS reported greater improvement on measures of symptom severity, dysfunctional cognitions, and life-impairment from SAD in comparison with placebo-treated participants. Effect sizes were mostly in the medium range. Results also indicated that the amount of adaptive learning about one's ability to give speeches in front of an audience interacted with DCS to enhance treatment outcome. This study shows that the administration of DCS before ET enhances treatment outcomes for SAD. Results also provide the first preliminary evidence to suggest that DCS moderates the relationship between a reduction in negative appraisals about one's speech performance and improvement in overall SAD symptoms.
The time-course of attention to emotional faces in social phobia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.JBTEP.2009.08.008
Abstract: This study investigated the time-course of attentional bias in socially phobic (SP) and non-phobic (NP) adults. Participants viewed angry and happy faces paired with neutral faces (i.e., face-face pairs) and angry, happy and neutral faces paired with household objects (i.e., face-object pairs) for 5000ms. Eye movement (EM) was measured throughout to assess biases in early and sustained attention. Attentional bias occurred only for face-face pairs. SP adults were vigilant for angry faces relative to neutral faces in the first 500ms of the 5000ms exposure, relative to NP adults. SP adults were also vigilant for happy faces over 500ms, although there were no group-based differences in attention to happy-neutral face pairs. There were no group differences in attention to faces throughout the remainder of the exposure. Results suggest that social phobia is characterised by early vigilance for social cues with no bias in subsequent processing.
Translational delivery of Cool Little Kids to prevent child internalising problems: Randomised controlled trial.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 23-08-2017
Abstract: To determine whether a population-delivered parenting programme assists in preventing internalising problems at school entry for preschool children at-risk with temperamental inhibition. Design: a randomised controlled trial was used. Setting: the setting was 307 preschool services across eight socioeconomically erse government areas in Melbourne, Australia. Participants: a total of 545 parents of inhibited 4-year-old children: 498 retained at 1-year follow up. Early intervention: Cool Little Kids parenting group programme was implemented. Primary outcomes: the primary outcomes were child DSM-IV anxiety disorders (assessor blind) and internalising problems. Secondary outcomes: the secondary outcomes were parenting practices and parent mental health. At 1-year follow up (mean (standard deviation) age = 5.8 (0.4) years), there was little difference in anxiety disorders between the intervention and control arms (44.2% vs 50.2% adjusted odds ratio = 0.86, 95% confidence interval = [0.60, 1.25], p = 0.427). Internalising problems were reduced in the intervention arm (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: abnormal – 24.2% vs 33.0% adjusted odds ratio = 0.56, 95% confidence interval = [0.35, 0.89], p = 0.014 symptoms – mean (standard deviation) = 2.5 (2.0) vs 2.9 (2.2) adjusted mean difference = –0.47, 95% confidence interval = [–0.81, –0.13], p = 0.006). Parents’ participation in the intervention was modest (29.4% attended most groups, 20.5% used skills most of the time during the year). A priori interaction tests suggested that for children with anxious parents, the intervention reduced anxiety disorders and internalising symptoms after 1 year. Offering Cool Little Kids across the population for inhibited preschoolers does not impact population outcomes after 1 year. Effects may be emerging for inhibited children at highest risk with parent anxiety. Trial outcomes will continue into mid-childhood.
The Influence of an Illusion of Control on Panic Attacks Induced via Inhalation of 5.5% Carbon Dioxide-Enriched Air
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 02-1989
DOI: 10.1001/ARCHPSYC.1989.01810020059010
Abstract: The current study tested the notion that a sense of control can mitigate anxiety and panic attacks caused by the inhalation of 5.5% carbon dioxide (CO2)-enriched air. Twenty patients with panic disorder inhaled a mixture of 5.5% CO2-enriched air for 15 minutes. All patients were instructed that illumination of a light directly in front of them would signal that they could decrease the amount of CO2 that they were receiving, if desired, by turning a dial attached to their chair. For ten patients, the light was illuminated during the entire administration of CO2. For the remaining ten patients, the light was never illuminated. In fact, all patients experienced the full CO2 mixture, and the dial was ineffective. When compared with patients who believed they had control, patients who believed they could not control the CO2 administration (1) reported a greater number of DSM-III-revised panic attack symptoms, (2) rated the symptoms as more intense, (3) reported greater subjective anxiety, (4) reported a greater number of catastrophic cognitions, (5) reported a greater resemblance of the overall inhalation experience to a naturally occurring panic attack, and (6) were significantly more likely to report panic attacks. These data illustrate the contribution of psychologic factors to laboratory induction of panic attacks through inhalation of 5.5% CO2-enriched air.
Prevalence of anxiety disorders among children who stutter
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.JFLUDIS.2016.07.002
Abstract: Stuttering during adulthood is associated with a heightened rate of anxiety disorders, especially social anxiety disorder. Given the early onset of both anxiety and stuttering, this comorbidity could be present among stuttering children. Participants were 75 stuttering children 7-12 years and 150 matched non-stuttering control children. Multinomial and binary logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios for anxiety disorders, and two-s le t-tests compared scores on measures of anxiety and psycho-social difficulties. Compared to non-stuttering controls, the stuttering group had six-fold increased odds for social anxiety disorder, seven-fold increased odds for subclinical generalized anxiety disorder, and four-fold increased odds for any anxiety disorder. These results show that, as is the case during adulthood, stuttering during childhood is associated with a significantly heightened rate of anxiety disorders. Future research is needed to determine the impact of those disorders on speech treatment outcomes.
Eye-tracking to assess anxiety-related attentional biases among a large sample of preadolescent children
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2022.104079
Abstract: A considerable body of research in adults has demonstrated that anxiety disorders are characterised by attentional biases to threat. Findings in children have been inconsistent. The present study examined anxiety-related attention biases using eye tracking methodology in 463 preadolescents between 10 and 12 years of age, of whom 92 met criteria for a DSM-5 anxiety disorder and 371 did not. Preadolescent's gaze was recorded while they viewed adolescent face pairs depicting angry-neutral and happy-neutral expressions with each face pair presented for 5000 ms. No group differences were observed across any eye tracking indices including probability of first fixation direction, latency to first fixation, first fixation duration and dwell time. The s le overall showed faster initial attention towards threat cues, followed by a later broadening of attention away from threat. There is a need to identify the types of threats and the developmental period during which visual attention patterns of anxious and non-anxious youth erge to inform more developmentally sensitive treatments.
Measuring Suitability for Cognitive Behavior Therapy: A Self-Report Measure
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2016
Prevention of child and adolescent anxiety disorders
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 25-08-2011
Anxiety sensitivity, panic, and depressed mood: A reanalysis teasing apart the contributions of the two levels in the hierarchical structure of the anxiety sensitivity index
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2001
Necessary but not sufficient: examination of older adults’ connectedness with their online social contact during COVID-19
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-06-2023
Research Review: Recommendations for reporting on treatment trials for child and adolescent anxiety disorders – an international consensus statement
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-07-2020
DOI: 10.1111/JCPP.13283
Online computer or therapist-guided cognitive behavioral therapy in university students with anxiety and/or depression: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 11-2021
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2021-049554
Abstract: Emerging adulthood is a phase in life that is associated with an increased risk to develop a variety of mental health disorders including anxiety and depression. However, less than 25% of university students receive professional help for their mental health reports. Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) may entail useful interventions in a format that is attractive for university students. The aim of this study protocol is to test the effectiveness of a therapist-guided versus a computer-guided transdiagnostic iCBT programme with a main focus on anxiety and depression. University students with anxiety and/or depressive symptoms will be randomised to a (1) 7-week iCBT programme (excluding booster session) with therapist feedback, (2) the identical iCBT programme with computer feedback only or (3) care as usual. Participants in the care as usual condition are informed and referred to conventional care services and encouraged to seek the help they need. Primary outcome variables are self-reported levels of anxiety as measured with the General Anxiety Disorder-7 and self-reported levels of depression as measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Secondary outcomes include treatment adherence, client satisfaction, medical service use, substance use, quality of life and academic achievement. Assessments will take place at baseline (t1), midtreatment (t2), post-treatment (t3), at 6 months (t4) and 12 months (t5) postbaseline. Social anxiety and perfectionism are included as potentially important predictors of treatment outcome. Power calculations are based on a 3 (group) × 3 (measurement: pretreatment, midtreatment and post-treatment) interaction, resulting in an aimed s le of 276 participants. Data will be analysed based on intention-to-treat and per protocol s les using mixed linear models. The current study was approved by the Medical Ethics Review Committee (METC) of the Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (number: NL64929.018.18). Results of this trial will be published in peer-reviewed journals. NL7328.
Detection of somatic sensations in panic disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1994
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)90162-7
Abstract: Twenty-four panic disorder patients and 25 nonclinical subjects underwent double-breath inhalations of 5, 10, and 20% carbon dioxide (CO2) or room air. All subjects were blind to inhalation content and were required to guess if the inhalation contained CO2. There was no significant difference between groups in the accuracy with which they were able to detect CO2 at any concentration. Similarly, the number of somatic symptoms reported to each inhalation did not differ between groups. The findings question suggestions that in iduals with panic disorder are more accurate at detecting changes in physiology than other in iduals.
Rumination in Response to a Social Interaction: Psychometric Properties of the Socially Anxious Rumination Questionnaire (SARQ) in Social Anxiety Disorder
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-06-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S10862-023-10063-7
Abstract: Increased negative rumination is a cognitive process understood to maintain social anxiety disorder (SAD). The Socially Anxious Rumination Questionnaire (SARQ) is a measure with two parallel versions that reflect pre-event rumination (i.e., SARQ-pre) and post-event rumination (i.e., SARQ-post). Given that anxiety in SAD can pertain to both performative and interactional situations, evaluation of questionnaires in these different contexts is important for determining how pre-event and post-event rumination may vary according to the type of situation. The current study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the SARQ in relation to a conversation task. The study also aimed to determine whether pre-event and post-event rumination levels vary following different social tasks. All participants had a principal diagnosis of SAD. Participants completed the SARQ-pre ( n = 134) and SARQ-post ( n = 124) in relation to a 5-minute conversation and a 3-minute speech in counterbalanced order. Confirmatory factor analyses endorsed a unidimensional interpretation for the SARQ-pre and SARQ-post in relation to a conversation. The SARQ-pre and SARQ-post also demonstrated good construct validity, excellent internal consistency, and treatment sensitivity following cognitive behavioral therapy. The SARQ-pre scores were significantly higher in anticipation of a speech when compared to scores on an upcoming conversation. The SARQ-post scores were significantly elevated one-week following a conversation, in comparison to the scores collected regarding a speech. The SARQ has good psychometric properties and is a valid and reliable instrument to use as a measure of pre-event and post-event rumination in relation to a conversation.
The Italian version of the Preschool Anxiety Scale-Revised (PAS-R): factor structure and psychometric properties
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-08-2023
Parenting Resilient Kids (PaRK), an online parenting program to prevent anxiety and depression problems in primary school-aged children: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-04-2018
Clinical Features and Correlates of Outcomes for High-Risk, Marginalized Mothers and Newborn Infants Engaged with a Specialist Perinatal and Family Drug Health Service
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1155/2012/867265
Abstract: Background . There is a paucity of research in Australia on the characteristics of women in treatment for illicit substance use in pregnancy and the health outcomes of their neonates. Aims . To determine the clinical features and outcomes of high-risk, marginalized women seeking treatment for illicit substance use in pregnancy and their neonates. Methods . 139 women with a history of substance abuse/dependence engaged with a perinatal drug health service in Sydney, Australia. Maternal (demographic, drug use, psychological, physical, obstetric, and antenatal care) and neonatal characteristics (delivery, early health outcomes) were examined. Results . Compared to national figures, pregnant women attending a specialist perinatal and family drug health service were more likely to report being Australian born, Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander, younger, unemployed, and multiparous. Opiates were the primary drug of concern (81.3%). Pregnancy complications were common (61.9%). Neonates were more likely to be preterm, have low birth weight, and be admitted to special care nursery. NAS was the most prevalent birth complication (69.8%) and almost half required pharmacotherapy. Conclusion . Mother-infant dyads affected by substance use in pregnancy are at significant risk. There is a need to review clinical models of care and examine the longer-term impacts on infant development.
Psychometric properties of the Child Anxiety Life Interference Scale (CALIS)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2013.09.008
Abstract: This paper describes the development and psychometric evaluation of a parent and child report measure of life interference and impairment associated with childhood anxiety, the Child Anxiety Life Interference Scale (CALIS). The CALIS is designed to measure life interference and impairment experienced by the child from the child (9 items) and parent (16 items) point of view and also the interference experienced by the parent in their own life. A total of 622 children between 6 and 17 years of age, and their parents, completed the CALIS. Results indicated that the CALIS has good internal consistency, moderate-to-high test re-test reliability, significant inter rater reliability, good convergent and ergent validity and is sensitive to treatment change. The CALIS is a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of life interference and impairment associated with anxiety disorders in childhood.
Cool Teens: A Computerized Intervention for Anxious Adolescents
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-12-2012
Sleep Duration and Insomnia in Adolescents Seeking Treatment for Anxiety in Primary Health Care
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 24-03-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FPSYG.2021.638879
Abstract: There is limited knowledge about sleep in adolescents with elevated levels of anxiety treated within primary health care settings, potentially resulting in sleep problems not being sufficiently addressed by primary health care workers. In the current study self-reported anxiety, insomnia, sleep onset latency, sleep duration, and depressive symptoms were assessed in 313 adolescents (12–16 years mean age 14.0, SD = 0.84, 84.0% girls) referred to treatment for anxiety within primary health care. Results showed that 38.1% of the adolescents met criteria for insomnia, 34.8% reported short sleep duration (& h), and 83.1% reported long sleep onset latency (≥30 min). Total anxiety symptoms were related to all sleep variables after controlling for age and sex. Furthermore, all anxiety symptom sub-types were associated with insomnia and sleep onset latency, whereas most anxiety subtypes were associated with sleep duration. Adolescents’ depressive symptoms accounted for most of the anxiety-sleep associations, emphasizing the importance of depressive symptoms for sleep. However, anxiety was associated with insomnia and sleep onset latency also among youth with low levels of depressive symptoms. The findings suggests that primary health care workers should assess sleep duration, sleep onset latency, and insomnia in help-seeking adolescents with anxiety.
A cross-cultural comparison of the bivalent fear of evaluation model for social anxiety
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Cool Teens CD-ROM Computerized Program for Adolescent Anxiety
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAAC.2011.12.002
Abstract: Computerized cognitive behavioral interventions for anxiety disorders in adults have been shown to be efficacious, but limited data are available on the use of computerized interventions with young persons. Adolescents in particular are difficult to engage in treatment and may be especially suited to computerized technologies. This paper describes the results of a small randomized controlled trial of the Cool Teens program for adolescent anxiety, and examines potential barriers to treatment and user preferences of computerized technology in this population. Forty-three adolescents with a primary diagnosis of anxiety were randomly allocated to the Cool Teens program, a 12-week computerized cognitive-behavioral therapy program for anxiety management, or a 12-week wait list. Effects on symptoms, negative thoughts, and life interference were assessed at post-treatment and 3-month follow-up, based on diagnosis as well as self and maternal report. Using mixed-model analyses, at post-treatment and follow-up assessments, adolescents in the Cool Teens condition, compared with those on the wait list, were found to have significant reductions in the total number of anxiety disorders, the severity of the primary anxiety disorder, and the average severity for all disorders. These results were matched by significant reductions in mother and child questionnaire reports of anxiety, internalizing symptoms, automatic thoughts, and life interference. Further few barriers to treatment were found, and user preferences indicated that the computerized treatment was well suited to adolescents with anxiety. The Cool Teens program is efficacious for treatment of adolescent anxiety. Clinical trial registration information-A randomized controlled trial of the Cool Teens computerized program for anxious adolescents compared with waist list www.anzctr.org.au ACTRN12611000508976.
Interrater Reliability of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child and Parent Version
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2007
Parental Control of the Time Preadolescents Spend on Social Media: Links with Preadolescents’ Social Media Appearance Comparisons and Mental Health
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-06-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S10964-018-0870-1
Abstract: Time spent on social media and making online comparisons with others may influence users' mental health. This study examined links between parental control over the time their child spends on social media, preadolescents' time spent browsing social media, preadolescents' appearance comparisons on social media, and preadolescents' appearance satisfaction, depressive symptoms, and life satisfaction. Preadolescent social media users (N = 284, 49.1% female aged 10-12) and one of their parents completed online surveys. Preadolescents, whose parents reported greater control over their child's time on social media, reported better mental health. This relationship was mediated by preadolescents spending less time browsing and making fewer appearance comparisons on social media. Parental control over time spent on social media may be associated with benefits for mental health among preadolescents.
Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: Current status and future directions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.JFLUDIS.2013.08.003
Abstract: Anxiety is one of the most widely observed and extensively studied psychological concomitants of stuttering. Research conducted prior to the turn of the century produced evidence of heightened anxiety in people who stutter, yet findings were inconsistent and ambiguous. Failure to detect a clear and systematic relationship between anxiety and stuttering was attributed to methodological flaws, including use of small s le sizes and unidimensional measures of anxiety. More recent research, however, has generated far less equivocal findings when using social anxiety questionnaires and psychiatric diagnostic assessments in larger s les of people who stutter. In particular, a growing body of research has demonstrated an alarmingly high rate of social anxiety disorder among adults who stutter. Social anxiety disorder is a prevalent and chronic anxiety disorder characterised by significant fear of humiliation, embarrassment, and negative evaluation in social or performance-based situations. In light of the debilitating nature of social anxiety disorder, and the impact of stuttering on quality of life and personal functioning, collaboration between speech pathologists and psychologists is required to develop and implement comprehensive assessment and treatment programmes for social anxiety among people who stutter. This comprehensive approach has the potential to improve quality of life and engagement in everyday activities for people who stutter. Determining the prevalence of social anxiety disorder among children and adolescents who stutter is a critical line of future research. Further studies are also required to confirm the efficacy of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in treating social anxiety disorder in stuttering. The reader will be able to: (a) describe the nature and course of social anxiety disorder (b) outline previous research regarding anxiety and stuttering, including features of social anxiety disorder (c) summarise research findings regarding the diagnostic assessment of social anxiety disorder among people who stutter (d) describe approaches for the assessment and treatment of social anxiety in stuttering, including the efficacy of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and (e) outline clinical implications and future directions associated with heightened social anxiety in stuttering.
Improving mental health and social participation outcomes in older adults with depression and anxiety: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 27-06-2022
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0269981
Abstract: Increasing both the frequency and quality of social interactions within treatments for anxiety and depressive disorders in older adults may improve their mental health outcomes and quality of life. This study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy and cost utility of an enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) plus social participation program in a s le of older adults with depression and/or anxiety. A total of 172 community-dwelling adults aged 65 years or older with an anxiety and/or depressive disorder will be randomly allocated to either an enhanced CBT plus social participation program (n = 86) or standard CBT (n = 86). Both treatments will be delivered during 12 weekly in idual sessions utilising structured manuals and workbooks. Participants will be assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 12-month follow-up. The primary outcome evaluates mean change in clinician-rated diagnostic severity of anxiety and depressive disorders from baseline to post-treatment (primary endpoint) based on a semi-structured diagnostic interview. Secondary outcomes evaluate changes in symptomatology on self-report anxiety and depression measures, as well as changes in social/community participation, social network, and perceived social support, loneliness, quality of life, and use of health services. Economic benefits will be evaluated using a cost-utility analysis to derive the incremental cost utility ratios for the enhanced CBT program. Outcomes from this study will provide support for the establishment of improved psychosocial treatment for older adults with anxiety and/or depression. Study outcomes will also provide health systems with a clear means to reduce the impact of poor emotional health in older age and its associated economic burden. In addition to the empirical validation of a novel treatment, the current study will contribute to the current understanding of the role of social participation in older adult wellbeing. Prospectively registered on the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ID: ACTRN12619000242123 registered 19 th February 2019) and the ISRCTN registry (ID: ISRCTN78951376 registered 10 th July 2019).
Do empirically supported treatments generalize to private practice? A benchmark study of a cognitive‐behavioural group treatment programme for social phobia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2006
Modelling the Relationship Between Cost/Probability Bias, Attention, and Perceived Anxiety Control in Social Anxiety Disorder
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-10-2023
The Assessment of Anxiety Symptoms in Preschool-Aged Children: The Revised Preschool Anxiety Scale
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 29-04-2010
DOI: 10.1080/15374411003691701
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to test the validity and factorial structure of a modified version of the Preschool Anxiety Scale (Spence, Rapee, McDonald, & Ingram, 2001). The measure was completed by 764 mothers and 418 fathers of children aged 3 to 5 years. After removing, two items tapping obsessive compulsive symptoms, confirmatory factor analysis showed that a four-factor model (social anxiety, generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, specific fears) all loading on a higher order "anxiety" factor, provided an optimal fit for the data. The total scale and 4 subscales showed strong internal consistency (alphas = .72-.92), 12-month stability y (rs = .60-.75) and maternal aternal agreement (rs = .60-.75). Scores on the scale also showed expected correlations with a measure of emotional distress, diagnosed anxiety disorders, and behavioral indicators of anxiety.
Qualitative dimensions of worry in DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder subjects and nonanxious controls
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1989
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(89)90010-7
Abstract: Revisions to DSM-III cite apprehensive expectation or 'worry' as a defining feature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The quality and focus of worry reported by groups of GAD patients (n = 19), and nonanxious 'controls' (n = 26) were examined using self-monitored data. Content categorizations by independent raters showed that GAD patients worried more about illness, health and injury issues and displayed a tendency to worry more about miscellaneous 'minor' issues. These descriptor ratings differentiated the worries of GAD patients from those of non-anxious controls: perceived control over worrying, the extent to which the worry was considered realistic, and perceived success with which worry was alleviated using corrective reventative actions. The data are related to the DSM-III-R criteria for GAD and to conceptualizations of the nature of excessive worry.
A Measure of Safety Behaviors for Use with Young People: Subtle Avoidance Measure for Youth
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 20-02-2020
Self-Report Measures of Positive Reappraisal With a Focus on Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-06-2015
The Preteen Perfectionist: An Evaluation of the Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-05-2019
DOI: 10.1007/S10578-019-00897-2
Abstract: This research investigated associations between socially prescribed and self-orientated perfectionism, and the social functioning of 510 preteens (M
Interventions to improve social connections: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-11-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S00127-021-02191-W
Abstract: The importance of both frequent and high-quality social connections is widely recognised. Previous reviews of interventions for promoting social connections found mixed results due to the inclusion of uncontrolled studies and merging of objective and subjective dimensions of social connections. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of interventions designed to promote 'objective social contact' and the 'quality of social connections' and compare the effectiveness of interventions from different theoretical orientations on these social dimensions through a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. A systematic search of electronic databases Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and PubMed was conducted to identify randomised controlled trials of interventions for social isolation, loneliness, social participation and/or social connectedness in adults. Data were analysed using Stata V.16.0. Fifty-eight studies met inclusion criteria (mean age = 62 years). Overall, interventions led to significant improvements in objective social contact (Hedges' g = 0.43) and perceived quality of social connections (Hedges' g = - 0.33). Increasing access to other people was the most effective strategy for promoting objective social contact (Hedges' g = 0.67). Providing adults with skills to manage maladaptive attributional biases, fear-related avoidance of social situations, and barriers to social contact, was the most effective strategy for addressing deficits in perceived quality of social connections (Hedges' g = - 0.53). In summary, different interventions had differential effects on the frequency and quality of social relationships and associated emotional distress. Psychological interventions hold the most promise for increasing meaningful social connections and reducing distress.
Memory bias in social phobia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1994
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)90087-6
Abstract: To examine memory bias for social threat in social phobics, four studies are reported in which social phobic and nonclinical Ss are compared on their retrieval of threat-relevant information. Study 1 measured standard recall and recognition of threat, neutral, and positive words, while Study 2 assessed retrieval of these words through implicit and explicit tasks. The two final studies attempted to increase the validity of the procedures. Study 3 examined recall of feedback in a hypothetical public performance task and Study 4 examined autobiographical memory for social and neutral situations. All four studies consistently failed to find any evidence for biased retrieval processes in social phobics.
School-based victimization in children and adolescents presenting for cognitive behavioural treatment of anxiety disorders
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-09-2022
DOI: 10.1017/S1352465822000303
Abstract: Peer victimization and anxiety frequently co-occur and result in adverse outcomes in youth. Cognitive behavioural treatment is effective for anxiety and may also decrease children’s vulnerability to victimization. This study aims to examine peer victimization in youth who have presented to clinical services seeking treatment for anxiety. Following a retrospective review of clinical research data collected within a specialized service, peer victimization was examined in 261 children and adolescents (55.6% male, mean age 10.6 years, SD = 2.83, range 6–17 years) with a diagnosed anxiety disorder who presented for cognitive behavioural treatment. Youth and their parents completed assessments of victimization, friendships, anxiety symptoms, and externalizing problems. High levels of victimization in this s le were reported. Children’s positive perceptions of their friendships were related to lower risk of relational victimization, while conduct problems were related to an increased risk of verbal and physical victimization. A subs le of these participants ( n = 112, 57.1% male, mean age 10.9 years, SD = 2.89, range 6–17 years) had completed group-based cognitive behavioural treatment for their anxiety disorder. Treatment was associated with reductions in both self-reported anxiety and victimization. Results confirm the role of friendships and externalizing symptoms as factors associated with increased risk of victimization in youth with an anxiety disorder in a treatment-seeking s le. Treatment for anxiety, whether in a clinic or school setting, may provide one pathway to care for young people who are victimized, as well as playing a role in preventing or reducing victimization.
Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A summary and overview of the literature
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2023
Measurement equivalence of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and Social Phobia Scale (SPS) across individuals with social anxiety disorder from Japanese and Australian sociocultural contexts
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAD.2018.09.028
Abstract: Cultural factors influence both the expression of social anxiety and the interpretation and functioning of social anxiety measures. This study aimed to test the measurement equivalence of two commonly used social anxiety measures across two sociocultural contexts using in iduals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) from Australia and Japan. Scores on the straightforwardly-worded Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (S-SIAS) and the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) from two archival datasets of in idual with SAD, one from Australia (n = 201) and one from Japan (n = 295), were analysed for measurement equivalence using a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) framework. The best-fitting factor models for the S-SIAS and SPS were not found to be measurement equivalent across the Australian and Japanese s les. Instead, only a subset of items was invariant. When this subset of invariant items was used to compare social anxiety symptoms across the Australian and Japanese s les, Japanese participants reported lower levels of fear of attracting attention, and similar levels of fear of overt evaluation, and social interaction anxiety, relative to Australian participants. We only analysed the measurement equivalence of two social anxiety measures using a specific operationalisation of culture. Future studies will need to examine the measurement equivalence of other measures of social anxiety across other operationalisations of culture. When comparing social anxiety symptoms across Australian and Japanese cultures, only scores from measurement equivalent items of social anxiety measures should be used. Our study highlights the importance of culturally-informed assessment in SAD.
The Role of Distorted Cognitions in Mediating Treatment Outcome in Children with Social Anxiety Disorder: A Preliminary Study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-10-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S10578-021-01268-6
Abstract: This study examined whether distorted cognition changes during cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in children ( N = 61 aged 7–12) with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and whether changes in distorted cognition from pre- to post-treatment predict SAD at 6-month follow-up. Baseline distorted cognition was also examined as a predictor of post-treatment outcome. Multiple informant SAD-measures were obtained pre-treatment, post-treatment and at 6-month follow-up. Children reported on interpretation bias and dysfunctional beliefs. A decrease in interpretation bias and dysfunctional beliefs was prospectively related to greater SAD change between post-treatment and 6-month follow-up. Child-reported SAD-change at post-treatment predicted greater change in dysfunctional beliefs at 6-month follow-up. Higher baseline interpretation bias predicted greater change in SAD-severity at post-treatment. Children with greater distorted cognition reductions during treatment, showed greater treatment gains at 6-month follow-up. Children who do not show this reduction may require additional efforts focused on distorted cognition to maximally benefit from treatment.
Cross-Cultural Study of Conviction Subtype Taijin Kyofu
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-2008
Telephone-Delivered Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Treating Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Trial
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2019
A Comparison of Single-Session Positive Reappraisal, Cognitive Restructuring and Supportive Counselling for Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-12-2015
Social threat sensitivity and its relationships with peer victimisation and internalising symptoms among adolescent girls
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Randomised controlled trial of group cognitive behavioural therapy for comorbid anxiety and depression in older adults
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2013.09.002
Abstract: Anxiety and depression are commonly comorbid in older adults and are associated with worse physical and mental health outcomes and poorer response to psychological and pharmacological treatments. However, little research has examined the effectiveness of psychological programs to treat comorbid anxiety and depression in older adults. Sixty-two community dwelling adults aged over 60 years with comorbid anxiety and depression were randomly allocated to group cognitive behavioural therapy or a waitlist condition and were assessed immediately following and three months after treatment. After controlling for cognitive ability at pre-treatment, cognitive behaviour therapy resulted in significantly greater reductions, than waitlist, on symptoms of anxiety and depression based on a semi-structured diagnostic interview rated by clinicians unaware of treatment condition. Significant time by treatment interactions were also found for self-report measures of anxiety and depression and these gains were maintained at the three month follow up period. In contrast no significant differences were found between groups on measures of worry and well-being. In conclusion, group cognitive behavioural therapy is efficacious in reducing comorbid anxiety and depression in geriatric populations and gains maintain for at least three months.
Self-Help Treatment of Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 25-04-2019
Parental Perceptions of Overprotection: Specific to Anxious Children or Shared Between Siblings?
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-2005
DOI: 10.1375/BECH.2005.22.3.185
Abstract: Parents of children with anxiety disorders ( n = 45) and parents of nonclinical children ( n = 33) were interviewed regarding the rearing of two children in their family. The purpose of the study was to determine whether overprotective parenting, according to parent report, occurs specifically in the context of relationships with the anxiety-disordered child or whether parents also perceive themselves to be overprotective of the anxious child's sibling. Self-reports of overprotection by parents of anxious children were also compared to self-reports of overprotection by parents of nonclinical children. Mothers in the clinical group were more likely to report that they were more protective of the anxious child than they were to report being either more protective of the sibling or equally protective of both children. Both mothers and fathers in the clinical group were no more likely than nonclinical parents to perceive themselves as being more protective overall than other parents.
The effect of situational structure on the social performance of socially anxious and non-anxious participants
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7916(02)00021-6
Abstract: Twenty-six socially anxious and 24 low-anxious female undergraduate students were observed in brief unstructured and structured hetero-social interactions with a confederate. The unstructured interaction was a naturalistic interaction in which participants were observed surreptitiously. The structured interaction was a role-play in which participants were instructed to try and get to know as much as possible about their partner. Videotapes of the interactions were subsequently rated on subjective and objective measures of social skill. The results showed that high socially anxious females performed somewhat worse than low socially anxious females in both situations. However, this difference was far larger in the unstructured social situation and was relatively small in the structured social situation. It appears that socially anxious females do perform more poorly in social interactions than do low-anxious females, but a large component of this poor performance may be a result of avoidance rather than a lack of ability.
Age differences in negative and positive expectancy bias in comorbid depression and anxiety
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-12-2017
DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1414688
Abstract: Anxious in iduals report disproportionately negative expectations concerning the future, termed the negative expectancy bias. In contrast, ageing is associated with an inflated expectancy for positive future events. A recent study [Steinman, S. A., Smyth, F. L., Bucks, R. S., MacLeod, C., & Teachman, B. A. (2013). Anxiety-linked expectancy bias across the adult lifespan. Cognition and Emotion, 27, 345-355. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2012.711743 ] found using an interpretation bias task, a negative expectancy bias in young adults and positive expectancy bias in older adults with high trait anxiety. Extending this, the current study examined expectancy bias for positive, negative and ambiguously emotionally toned information in younger and older adults with clinical levels of depression and anxiety to community control groups, thus allowing examination of both disorder status and age on biases. Clinical participants reported a pervasive tendency to expect negative events relative to positive regardless of whether the current scenarios were positive, negative or ambiguous. Older adults showed greater expectancy for future positive scenarios when the initial scenario was negative or ambiguous. Age moderated the negative expectancy bias shown by clinical participants for ambiguous scenarios. Clinical disorders in older adults attenuated the positive expectancy bias that was otherwise strong in community participants. These findings provide further evidence for age differences in processing of emotionally toned information, with older adults showing a greater expectancy for positive future events.
Facing Uncertainty: Interpretation of Ambiguous Emotional Faces in Childhood Social Anxiety Disorder
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 26-05-2022
DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2022.2070850
Abstract: The current study examined whether children with a social anxiety disorder (SAD) demonstrate ergent facial emotion processing and a disorder-specific negative interpretation bias in the processing of facial emotional expressions. This study aimed to overcome previous study limitations by including both a nonsocially anxious control group and a healthy control group to examine whether childhood SAD is characterized by a general emotion labeling deficit, and/or by a negative interpretation bias, indicated by systematic misclassifications, or a lower threshold for recognizing threatening emotions. Participants were 132 children aged 7-12 years ( Children with SAD did not differ from other groups in their accuracy of identifying emotions. They did not show systematic misclassifications or a heightened sensitivity to negative, threatening faces either. Rather, children with nonsocial anxiety disorders showed a generally heightened sensitivity to emotional faces. The current study does not provide evidence for a general deficit in labeling of emotional faces in childhood SAD. Childhood SAD was not characterized by an interpretation bias in processing emotional faces. Children with nonsocial anxiety disorders may benefit from assistance in accurately interpreting the degree of emotionality in interpersonal situations.
Community Screening for Preschool Child Inhibition to Offer the 'Cool Little Kids' Anxiety Prevention Programme
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-03-2014
DOI: 10.1002/ICD.1863
Healing from Bullying in Early Adolescent Boys: The Positive Impact of Both Forgiveness and Revenge Fantasies
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-12-2020
The Role of Self-reports and Behavioral Measures of Interpretation Biases in Children with Varying Levels of Anxiety
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-04-2018
Creation of Interactive Virtual Environments for Exposure Therapy Through Game-Level Editors: Comparison and Tests on Presence and Anxiety
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-12-2013
Randomized controlled trial of group cognitive behavioral therapy compared to a discussion group for co-morbid anxiety and depression in older adults
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 26-11-2015
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291715002251
Abstract: Co-morbid anxiety and depression in older adults is associated with worse physical and mental health outcomes and poorer response to psychological and pharmacological treatments in older adults. However, there is a paucity of research focused on testing the efficacy of the co-morbid treatment of anxiety and depression in older adults using psychological interventions. Accordingly, the primary objective of the current study was to test the effects of a group cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) program in treating co-morbid anxiety and depression in a s le of older age adults. A total of 133 community-dwelling participants aged ⩾60 years (mean age = 67.35, s.d. = 5.44, male = 59) with both an anxiety disorder and unipolar mood disorder, as assessed on the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule (ADIS), were randomly allocated to an 11-week CBT group or discussion group. Participants with Mini-Mental State Examination scores were excluded. Participants were assessed pre-treatment, post-treatment and at 6 months follow-up on the ADIS, a brief measure of well-being, Geriatric Anxiety Inventory and Geriatric Depression Scale. Both conditions resulted in significant improvements over time on all diagnostic, symptom and wellbeing measures. Significant group × time interaction effects emerged at post-treatment only for diagnostic severity of the primary disorder, mean severity of all anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and all disorders, and recovery rates on primary disorder. Group CBT produced faster and sustained improvements in anxiety and depression on diagnostic severity and recovery rates compared to an active control in older adults.
Development and validation of a measure of children’s automatic thoughts: the children’s automatic thoughts scale
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00022-0
Abstract: The aim of this study was to describe the history, factor structure and psychometric properties of the Children's Automatic Thoughts Scale (CATS). The CATS is a self-report measure designed to assess a wide range of negative self-statements in children and adolescents. The results of confirmatory factor analyses supported four distinct but strongly correlated factors relating to automatic thoughts on physical threat, social threat, personal failure and hostility. The internal consistency of the total score and subscales was high and test-retest reliability at 1 and 3 months was acceptable. The CATS effectively discriminated between control children and adolescents, and clinically anxious, depressed, or behavior disorder children and adolescents, and showed good discriminant validity across clinical subgroups on the subscales. Results suggest that the CATS is a promising instrument in the assessment of a range of negative automatic thoughts across both internalizing and externalizing problems in young people.
Development of a measure of the experience of being bullied in youth
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1037/A0025178
Abstract: The Personal Experiences Checklist (PECK) was developed to provide a multidimensional assessment of a young person's personal experience of being bullied that covered the full range of bullying behaviors, including covert relational forms of bullying and cyber bullying. A s le of 647 school children were used to develop the scale, and a 2nd s le of 218 children completed the PECK and a battery of measures of bullying (including peer nomination), anxiety, depression, and self-esteem, to provide validity evidence. Test-retest reliability was assessed in a further s le of 78 students. Four factors emerged from a principal axis factoring consistent with the domains of relational-verbal bullying, cyber bullying, physical bullying, and bullying based on culture and were confirmed with confirmatory factor analysis. The data also supported a higher order bullying factor with direct effects on these 4 factors. All PECK scales showed good to excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α range = .78-.91) and adequate test-retest reliability (range r = .61-.86). Most, but not all, expected relations were found with alternative methods of assessing bullying and measures of psychopathology. Taken together, the PECK provides a promising comprehensive and behaviorally focused dimensional measure of bullying.
Early Adolescents’ Perceptions of Their Mother’s Anxious Parenting as a Predictor of Anxiety Symptoms 12 Months Later
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-07-2009
DOI: 10.1007/S10802-009-9340-2
Abstract: Parental overprotection and modeling of fearful behaviors have been proposed to play a central role in the development of anxiety. Yet there have been few longitudinal examinations of these relationships and virtually none focusing on the adolescent period. The current study measured adolescent perceptions of maternal anxious parenting (a combination of overprotection and expression of anxiety), mothers' levels of anxiousness, and adolescents' anxiety symptoms in 421 girls in grade 7 and their mothers. Measures were repeated 12 months later. When the adolescent's self report of anxiety was used as the outcome, the adolescent's perception of maternal anxious parenting significantly predicted adolescent anxiety 12 months later. When the mother's report of adolescent anxiety was used as the outcome adolescent anxiety significantly predicted adolescent perceptions of maternal anxious parenting 12 months later. Maternal anxiousness predicted the adolescent's perception of anxious parenting, but meditational relationships were not significant in either model. The data are partly consistent with reciprocal influence models of parent/child relationships but point to the importance of informant perspectives in determining relationships between these complex variables.
A Detailed Hierarchical Model of Psychopathology: From Individual Symptoms up to the General Factor of Psychopathology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 19-02-2021
Abstract: Much of the knowledge about the relationships among domains of psychopathology is built on the diagnostic categories described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM), and relatively little research has examined the symptom-level structure of psychopathology. The aim of this study was to delineate a detailed hierarchical model of psychopathology—from in idual symptoms up to a general factor of psychopathology—allowing both higher- and lower-order dimensions to depart from the structure of the DSM. We explored the hierarchical structure of hundreds of symptoms spanning 18 DSM disorders in two large s les—one from the general population in Australia ( n = 3,175) and the other a treatment-seeking clinical s le from the United States ( n = 1,775). There was marked convergence between the two s les, offering new perspectives on higher-order dimensions of psychopathology. We also found several noteworthy departures from the structure of the DSM in the symptom-level data.
Reliability and validity of two self-report measures of cognitive flexibility.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 12-2014
DOI: 10.1037/A0038009
Abstract: Neuropsychological testing currently represents the gold standard in assessing cognitive flexibility. However, this format presents some challenges in terms of time and skills required for administration, scoring, and interpretation. Two self-report measures of cognitive flexibility have been developed to measure aspects of cognitive flexibility in everyday settings, although neither has been validated in an older s le. In this study, we investigated the psychometric properties of 2 self-report measures of cognitive flexibility, the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010) and the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS Martin & Rubin, 1995), against neuropsychological measures of cognitive flexibility in a clinical s le of 47 older adults with comorbid anxiety and depression and a nonclinical s le of 53 community-dwelling older adults. Internal consistency was good for the CFS and CFI in all s les. The clinical s le reported poorer cognitive flexibility than did the nonclinical s le on self-report measures and performed more poorly on some neuropsychological measures. There was evidence of convergent validity between the 2 self-report measures but little relationship between the self-report and neuropsychological measures of cognitive flexibility, suggesting that self-report measures assess a different aspect of cognitive flexibility than does neuropsychological testing. Divergent validity was weak from measures of anxiety and depression in the combined and nonclinical s les but acceptable in the clinical s le. Results suggest that these measures are suitable for use with an older adult s le but do not assess the same aspects of cognitive flexibility as are assessed by neuropsychological assessment.
Fear of physical sensations and trait anxiety as mediators of the response to hyperventilation in nonclinical subjects.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 11-1994
Reducing risk factors for cognitive decline through psychological interventions: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 24-10-2018
DOI: 10.1017/S1041610218001485
Abstract: Modifiable factors associated with increased risk of cognitive decline include emotional (anxiety, depression), cognitive (low social and mental stimulation), and health factors (smoking, alcohol use, sedentary lifestyle, obesity). Older adults with anxiety and depression may be at heightened risk due to direct and indirect impacts of emotional distress on cognitive decline. Randomized controlled trial Community s le attending a university clinic. Participants: 27 participants (female = 20) aged over 65 years (M = 72.56, SD = 6.74) with an anxiety and/or mood disorder. Interventions: two cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions (face-to-face or low intensity) that targeted emotional, health, and cognitive risks for cognitive decline. Participants completed diagnostic interviews self-report measures of anxiety, depression, quality of life, and lifestyle factors at baseline post-treatment and 3-month follow-up. Both interventions resulted in significant and sustained improvements in depression, anxiety, quality of life, and physical and social activity. At post-treatment, face-to-face CBT demonstrated significantly greater improvements in emotional symptoms, alcohol use, and memory (exercise approached significance). At 3-month follow-up, gains were maintained and there were significantly greater increases in mental activity for face-to-face CBT, with social activity approaching significance. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of CBT interventions to reduce emotional as well as lifestyle risk factors associated with cognitive decline in at-risk older participants. Large studies are needed to evaluate the long-term impact on cognitive decline. The trial was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (Trial Registration No. ACTRN12618000939291).
The etiology of social anxiety disorder: An evidence-based model
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2016.06.007
Abstract: The current paper presents an update to the model of social anxiety disorder (social phobia) published by Rapee and Spence (2004). It evaluates the research over the intervening 11 years and advances the original model in response to the empirical evidence. We review the recent literature regarding the impact of genetic and biological influences, temperament, cognitive factors, peer relationships, parenting, adverse life events and cultural variables upon the development of SAD. The paper draws together recent literature demonstrating the complex interplay between these variables, and highlights the many etiological pathways. While acknowledging the considerable progress in the empirical literature, the significant gaps in knowledge are noted, particularly the need for further longitudinal research to clarify causal pathways, and moderating and mediating effects. The resulting model will be valuable in informing the design of more effective treatment and preventive interventions for SAD and will provide a useful platform to guide future research directions.
Relationships Between Probability Estimates, Cost Estimates, and Social Anxiety During CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-05-2015
Delivery of a Therapist-Facilitated Telecare Anxiety Program to Children in Rural Communities: A Pilot Study
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 22-08-2017
DOI: 10.1017/BEC.2017.11
Abstract: Objective: This pilot study explored the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a therapist-facilitated telecare cognitive behavioural anxiety program delivered through schools to children within rural communities. Method: Sixteen children aged 9–12 years (82.5% male), with a principal diagnosis of an anxiety disorder, and their mothers participated in the pilot study. The treatment program was an adaption of the Cool Kids Child and Adolescent Anxiety Management Program. Treatment was delivered by clinical psychologists and involved 10 weekly sessions with children via an interactive, real-time videoconferencing online platform at their school. Parents also received 4 phone calls during the treatment program. Outcome measures included clinician-rated diagnostic status and child- and parent-reported symptoms and interference. Results: According to combined parent and child reports, 62.5% of children no longer met diagnostic criteria for their primary anxiety disorder, and 31.25% did not meet diagnostic criteria for any anxiety disorder post-treatment. Results indicated that the severity of anxiety symptoms, functional impact of anxiety symptoms, externalising difficulties, and depressive symptoms in children decreased significantly post-treatment, as reported by both parents and children. Conclusions: A telecare model of therapy could be a feasible and effective way of delivering evidence-based intervention to children in rural communities.
Detection of group a streptococcal pharyngitis by quantitative PCR
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-07-2013
Self-concept certainty in social phobia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2005.01.006
Abstract: Two studies are reported which examined the content of beliefs about self-attributes in social phobia, and the level of certainty with which these beliefs are held. The results of both studies indicated that in iduals with social phobia held less positive beliefs about their personality characteristics in comparison to non-anxious in iduals. In addition, social anxiety was associated with reduced subjective confidence in self-descriptiveness ratings for personality attributes (Study 1), as well as longer reaction times in making self-descriptiveness decisions relative to general decisions about trait adjectives (Study 2). The association between social anxiety and reduced certainty in negative attribute ratings was evident after controlling for depression, general anxiety, stress, and the extent to which negative attributes were endorsed as being self-descriptive. Results are discussed in terms of the potential role that reduced self-concept certainty may play in social phobia.
Childhood anxiety in rural and urban areas: Presentation, impact and help seeking
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 31-07-2007
Psychometric properties of the school anxiety scale—Teacher report (SAS-TR)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2007.02.001
Abstract: This paper describes the development and psychometric evaluation of a teacher report scale of anxiety in children. After initial pilot, the School Anxiety Scale-Teacher Report (SAS-TR) was reduced to 16 items which were answered on a 4-point scale. Psychometric evaluation was conducted on 240 community and 140 anxiety disordered children aged 5-12 years. Factor analysis identified two subscales reflecting social and generalized anxiety. The SAS-TR was found to have acceptable internal consistency, appropriate relationships with other teacher report scales, and was positively correlated with parent report of child anxiety. Gender and age effects on total and subscale scores were not evident. Clinical utility was evident with the scale discriminating between the community and clinical groups, correctly classifying a large proportion of anxiety disordered children and showing sensitivity to changes in anxiety with treatment. The SAS-TR complements existing measures and can be used within a multi-informant approach to the assessment of child anxiety.
Prospects for Cherenkov Telescope Array Observations of the Young Supernova Remnant RX J1713.7-3946
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Date: 09-05-2017
Psychometric properties of the mini-social phobia inventory (Mini-SPIN) in a large online treatment-seeking sample
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-04-2016
DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2016.1158206
Abstract: The Mini-Social Phobia Inventory (Mini-SPIN) is a brief, three-item measure designed as a screening tool for social anxiety disorder (SAD). This study investigated the Mini-SPIN's psychometric properties in a series of trials of Internet-delivered treatment. Participants were 993 people seeking Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for a range of anxiety and mood disorders. Participants completed the Mini-SPIN, and were diagnosed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Version 5.0.0 (MINI). They also completed measures of depression, general anxiety, panic, neuroticism and general impairment. The Mini-SPIN's ability to discriminate between people with and without SAD, within a large s le of people seeking treatment for a range of psychological disorders, was assessed at initial assessment and three-month follow-up. The Mini-SPIN's criterion group validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity and responsiveness to treatment were also examined. Results demonstrated that the Mini-SPIN has an excellent ability to discriminate between those with and without SAD in a highly comorbid clinical s le, and also has good criterion group validity. The Mini-SPIN also exhibited excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and was responsive to treatment. These results highlight the Mini-SPIN's potential as an efficient and reliable measure of SAD in heterogeneous populations.
Differences in reported symptom profile between panic disorder and other DSM-III-R anxiety disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1992
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(92)90095-X
Abstract: Previous research has indicated that reports of panic attacks are associated with a different set of symptoms to reports of generalized anxiety. The present two studies attempted to extend these findings to specific (situational) fears. In Study 1, 55 subjects with panic disorder were compared on their symptom profile during their panic attacks to 65 subjects with other anxiety disorders [simple phobia, social phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)] during response to their feared cue. The results indicated that, compared to subjects with other anxiety disorders, subjects with panic disorder were more likely to report parasthesias, dizziness, faintness, unreality, dyspnea, fear of dying and fear of going crazy/losing control. In Study 2, 90 subjects meeting diagnostic criteria for both panic disorder and another anxiety disorder (simple phobia, social phobia or OCD) were compared on the symptoms experienced during their unexpected panic attacks and their situationally-triggered fears respectively. Combining the symptoms found in Study 1 to differ between the groups into a linear combination, there was a significant interaction found between the type of fear reaction (panic attack vs cued fear response) and symptom group. Taken together, these findings suggest that reports of unexpected panic attacks associated with panic disorder are characterized by a different symptom profile to reports of specific fear reactions that are part of a phobic disorder or OCD.
Adolescent girls' friendship networks, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating: Examining selection and socialization processes.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 02-2013
DOI: 10.1037/A0029304
Abstract: Previous research has shown that adolescent girls tend to resemble their friends in their level of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. However, no studies to date have attempted to disentangle the underlying peer selection and socialization processes that may explain this homophily. The current study used longitudinal stochastic actor-based modeling to simultaneously examine these two processes in a large community s le of adolescent girls (N = 1,197) from nine Australian girls' high schools. Friendship nominations and measures of body dissatisfaction, dieting and bulimic behaviors were collected across three annual waves. Results indicated that selection rather than socialization effects contributed to similarity within friendship groups when both processes were examined simultaneously. Specifically, girls tended to select friends who were similar to themselves in terms of body dissatisfaction and bulimic behaviors, but dissimilar in terms of dieting. Network and in idual attribute variables also emerged as significant in explaining changes in adolescents' friendships and behaviors. As well as having important clinical implications, the findings point to the importance of controlling for friendship selection when examining the role of peers in adolescent body image and eating problems.
Linking Mother–Child Discrepancies to Behavioral Observations of Children’s Anxiety
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-01-2018
Prevalence of traumatic events and risk for psychological symptoms among community and at‐risk children and adolescents from Bangladesh
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-04-2015
DOI: 10.1111/CAMH.12093
The Youth Online Diagnostic Assessment (YODA): Validity of a New Tool to Assess Anxiety Disorders in Youth
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-05-2020
Translating evidence-based psychological interventions for older adults with depression and anxiety into public and private mental health settings using a stepped care framework: Study protocol
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2021
Evaluation of universal, indicated, and combined cognitive-behavioral approaches to the prevention of depression among adolescents.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2006
Forced choice reaction time paradigm in children with separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, and nonanxious controls
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2009.08.003
Abstract: Cognitive distortions refer to cognitive processes that are biased and therefore yield dysfunctional and maladaptive products (e.g., interpretation bias). Automatic aspects of information processing need to be considered and investigating these aspects requires forms of assessment other than self-report. Studies focussing on the specificity of cognitive biases across different types of anxiety disorders in childhood are rare. Thus, a forced choice reaction time paradigm with picture stimuli was used to assess the interpretation bias in anxious children online. The study investigated disorder-specific interpretation bias in 71 children with separation anxiety disorder (SAD), 31 children with social phobia, and 42 children without mental disorders, aged 5-13 years. Results indicated that children with SAD rated ambiguous separation pictures as significantly more unpleasant and more arousing than nonanxious children. However, no support was found that children with SAD and social phobia interpret ambiguous separation or social pictures in a more negative way than nonanxious children. Furthermore, no group differences were found in reaction times to all picture categories.
Prevention and Early Intervention of Anxiety Disorders in Inhibited Preschool Children.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2005
The Youth Anxiety Measure for DSM-5 (YAM-5): Development and First Psychometric Evidence of a New Scale for Assessing Anxiety Disorders Symptoms of Children and Adolescents
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-05-2016
Genetic variation in the endocannabinoid system and response to Cognitive Behavior Therapy for child anxiety disorders
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-06-2016
DOI: 10.1002/AJMG.B.32467
Imagery-enhanced v. verbally-based group cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 11-09-2022
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291720003001
Abstract: Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is effective for most patients with a social anxiety disorder (SAD) but a substantial proportion fails to remit. Experimental and clinical research suggests that enhancing CBT using imagery-based techniques could improve outcomes. It was hypothesized that imagery-enhanced CBT (IE-CBT) would be superior to verbally-based CBT (VB-CBT) on pre-registered outcomes. A randomized controlled trial of IE-CBT v. VB-CBT for social anxiety was completed in a community mental health clinic setting. Participants were randomized to IE ( n = 53) or VB ( n = 54) CBT, with 1-month (primary end point) and 6-month follow-up assessments. Participants completed 12, 2-hour, weekly sessions of IE-CBT or VB-CBT plus 1-month follow-up. Intention to treat analyses showed very large within-treatment effect sizes on the social interaction anxiety at all time points ( d s = 2.09–2.62), with no between-treatment differences on this outcome or clinician-rated severity [1-month OR = 1.45 (0.45, 4.62), p = 0.53 6-month OR = 1.31 (0.42, 4.08), p = 0.65], SAD remission (1-month: IE = 61.04%, VB = 55.09%, p = 0.59) 6-month: IE = 58.73%, VB = 61.89%, p = 0.77), or secondary outcomes. Three adverse events were noted (substance abuse, n = 1 in IE-CBT temporary increase in suicide risk, n = 1 in each condition, with one being withdrawn at 1-month follow-up). Group IE-CBT and VB-CBT were safe and there were no significant differences in outcomes. Both treatments were associated with very large within-group effect sizes and the majority of patients remitted following treatment.
Victims’ Responses to Bullying: The Gap Between Students’ Evaluations and Reported Responses
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-02-2016
Severe Life Events and Chronic Adversities as Antecedents to Anxiety in Children: A Matched Control Study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-06-2008
DOI: 10.1007/S10802-008-9240-X
Abstract: The present study compared the number of severe life events and chronic adversities as reported retrospectively by mothers of children with an anxiety disorder (n = 39) prior to the onset of their most recent episode, with controls (n = 39) matched for age and sex. The parent version of the Psychosocial Assessment of Childhood Experiences (PACE) was used to assess chronic adversities (long-term experiences with negative impact on child) and severe life events (discrete life events with high long-term threat). A significantly greater number of severe life events and chronic adversities were assessed prior to onset for anxious children compared to controls. The finding for severe life events held regardless of whether impact ratings were assigned by mothers or a panel of independent raters, suggesting the findings reflect actual as opposed to perceived differences. Results suggest that both discrete and chronic stressors may constitute risk for future episodes of anxiety in children.
Anxiety disorders in children
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1991
Medium-Term Effects of a Tailored Web-Based Parenting Intervention to Reduce Adolescent Risk of Depression and Anxiety: 12-Month Findings From a Randomized Controlled Trial
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 15-08-2019
DOI: 10.2196/13628
Abstract: Prevention of depression and anxiety disorders early in life is a global health priority. Evidence on risk and protective factors for youth internalizing disorders indicates that the family represents a strategic setting to target preventive efforts. Despite this evidence base, there is a lack of accessible, cost-effective preventive programs for parents of adolescents. To address this gap, we recently developed the Partners in Parenting (PiP) program—an in idually tailored Web-based parenting program targeting evidence-based parenting risk and protective factors for adolescent depression and anxiety disorders. We previously reported the postintervention outcomes of a single-blinded parallel-group superiority randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which PiP was found to significantly improve self-reported parenting compared with an active-control condition (educational factsheets). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the PiP program on parenting risk and protective factors and symptoms of adolescent depression and anxiety using data from the final assessment time point (12-month follow-up) of this RCT. Parents (n=359) and adolescents (n=332) were recruited primarily from secondary schools and completed Web-based assessments of parenting and adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms at baseline, postintervention (3 months later), and 12-month follow-up (317 parents, 287 adolescents). Parents in the PiP intervention condition received personalized feedback about their parenting and were recommended a series of up to 9 interactive modules. Control group parents received access to 5 educational factsheets about adolescent development and mental health. Both groups received a weekly 5-min phone call to encourage progress through their program. Intervention group parents completed an average of 73.7% of their intended program. For the primary outcome of parent-reported parenting, the intervention group showed significantly greater improvement from baseline to 12-month follow-up compared with controls, with a medium effect size (Cohen d=0.51 95% CI 0.30 to 0.72). When transformed data were used, greater reduction in parent-reported adolescent depressive symptoms was observed in the intervention group (Cohen d=−0.21 95% CI −0.42 to −0.01). Mediation analyses revealed that these effects were mediated by improvements in parenting (indirect effect b=−0.08 95% CI −0.16 to −0.01). No other significant intervention effects were found for adolescent-reported parenting or adolescent depression or anxiety symptoms. Both groups showed significant reductions in anxiety (both reporters) and depressive (parent reported) symptoms. PiP improved self-reported parenting for up to 9 months postintervention, but its effects on adolescent symptoms were less conclusive, and parent-reported changes were not perceived by adolescents. Nonetheless, given its scalability, PiP may be a useful low-cost, sustainable program to empower parents of adolescents. Australian Clinical Trials Registration Number (ACTRN): 12615000328572 www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12615000328572.aspx (Archived by WebCite at qgsZ3Aqj).
Surveillance of adverse events following the introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants, and comparison with adverse events following 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, in Victoria, Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 15-06-2015
Maternal Modeling and the Acquisition of Fear and Avoidance in Toddlers: Influence of Stimulus Preparedness and Child Temperament
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-12-2007
DOI: 10.1007/S10802-007-9195-3
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of maternal modeling on the acquisition of fear and avoidance towards fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant, novel stimuli in a s le of 71 toddlers. Children were shown a rubber snake or spider (fear-relevant objects) and a rubber mushroom or flower (fear-irrelevant objects), which were alternately paired with either negative or positive expression by their mothers. Both stimuli were presented again after a 1- and a 10-min delay, while mothers maintained a neutral expression. The toddlers showed increased fear and avoidance of the objects following negative reaction from their mothers than following positive maternal expression. This was similarly true for both fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant stimuli. In addition, no association was found between child temperament and behavioral responses and a weak association emerged between child temperament and emotional responses. The results demonstrate that young children can rapidly form conditioned emotional and behavioral responses via maternal reactions regardless of stimulus preparedness or child temperament. It is suggested that early maternal modeling may be relevant to a broad spectrum of fearful reactions.
Clinical research potential in Victorian hospitals: The Victorian clinician researcher needs analysis survey
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2014
DOI: 10.1111/IMJ.12396
A Test of a Cognitive Diathesis—Stress Generation Pathway in Early Adolescent Depression
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-03-2009
DOI: 10.1007/S10802-009-9315-3
Abstract: This study evaluates a pathway for depressive risk that integrates cognitive diathesis-stress and stress-generation theories, following Hankin and Abramson's (2001, Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(4), 491-504) elaborated cognitive-diathesis transactional stress model. In this model, young adolescents with initial depressive symptoms were hypothesised to experience later stressors that were at least partly dependent on their behaviour. The interaction of cognitive vulnerability, a tendency to make depressogenic attributions and to ruminate, with these dependent stressors was then hypothesised to predict depressive symptoms after 6 months. This model was supported in a s le of 756 young adolescents, with cognitive style and dependent stressors partly mediating the relationship between initial and subsequent depressive symptoms. Cognitive vulnerability was also linked with an increased likelihood of dependent stressors.
The Yin and Yang of support from significant others: Influence of general social support and partner support of avoidance in the context of treatment for social anxiety disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2015.03.012
Abstract: Support from social networks is generally considered to protect against mental disorder but in some circumstances support for negative behaviours (such as avoidance) may be counterproductive. Given the critical interplay between social anxiety disorder and social interactions, it is surprising that the relationship of support from significant others to this disorder has received so little attention. The current study evaluated the reciprocal relationships between perceived social support and perceived partner support for avoidance behaviours (avoidance support) among a s le of 131 participants with social anxiety disorder who were assessed three times within the context of a treatment outcome study. A new measure of partner support for avoidance behaviours was developed, called the Avoidance Support Measure, and showed adequate internal consistency and construct validity. Correlations at baseline showed significant negative relationships between perceived social support and social anxiety and significant positive relationships between avoidance support and social anxiety. Path analysis showed that perceived social support at Times 1 and 2 negatively predicted future social anxiety at Times 2 and 3. On the other hand, only a single predictive relationship involving avoidance support was significant and showed that social anxiety at Time 1 positively predicted avoidance support at Time 2. These early results point to the different ways that support from significant others might relate to social anxiety and suggest that further work in this area may be fruitful.
Threat perception abnormalities in children: the role of anxiety disorders symptoms, chronic anxiety, and state anxiety
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00199-8
Abstract: This study investigated the relative contribution of general (trait) anxiety and state anxiety to threat perception abnormalities in nonreferred children aged 8-13 years (N=299). Children were first asked to complete self-report measures of anxiety disorders symptoms and chronic anxiety. Next, they were in idually interviewed using an ambiguous story paradigm from which a number of threat perception indexes were derived. Just before the interview started, children were asked to fill out a measure of state anxiety. Results showed that high levels of general anxiety (as indexed by anxiety disorders symptoms and chronic anxiety) were significantly related to increased threat perception and lower threat thresholds. High levels of state anxiety were also associated with increased threat perception and lower threat thresholds. Regression analyses indicated that general anxiety and state anxiety both accounted for a unique proportion of the variance in threat perception abnormalities, although the contribution of general anxiety was in most cases substantially larger than that of state anxiety. Finally, no support was found for the notion that threat perception abnormalities are the result of the conjoint influence of general anxiety and state anxiety.
Randomised controlled trial of cultural-adapted and programme-adopted cognitive behavioural therapy for children and adolescents’ anxiety in Japan: protocol for a Multi-, Inter-, and Cross-cultural Cl
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 07-2023
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2022-068855
Abstract: The primary objective of the Multi-, Inter-, and Cross-cultural Clinical Child Study (MIXCS) is to evaluate the hypothesis that the effects of cultural-adapted cognitive behavioural therapy (CA-CBT) and programme-adopted cognitive behavioural therapy (PA-CBT) for children and adolescents’ anxiety are both superior to a psychological control (moral education control: MEC) for reducing child and adolescent anxiety disorders and symptoms as well as related constructs. The secondary objective is to explore commonalities and differences in therapy factors between CA-CBT and PA-CBT. The study has been designed as a randomised, controlled and assessor masked multicentre superiority trial with three groups: CA-CBT, PA-CBT and MEC. Primary outcome is remission of primary anxiety disorders evaluated by independent evaluators. Secondary outcomes are clinician’s severity ratings, child self-reported anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, cognitive errors and family accommodation, as well as parent-reported anxiety symptoms, and family accommodation. Competence and adherence of treatment, therapy factors in treatment sessions are also measured based on behavioural observation. Finally, satisfaction and comprehension are collected. We aim to recruit at least 99 families for the analysis. Treatment will be delivered weekly for 10 sessions and assessment will be conducted 2 weeks before the treatment (pre), 3 months after the base date when the treatment starts (post), 6 months (six months follow-up) and 12 months (12 months follow-up) after the postassessment. The MIXCS study was approved by Doshisha University Research Ethics Review Committee, Kwansei Gakuin University Institutional Review Board for Medical and Biological Research Involving Human Subjects and Shinshu University Certified Review Board of Clinical Research. Regardless of the results, the primary outcome will be published in a journal, and if the efficacy and effectiveness of CA-CBT and/or PA-CBT are empirically supported, the authors will encourage dissemination of the programmes including the assessment system through key stakeholders in education, health, and welfare areas. UMIN000038128
Emotional and social loneliness and their unique links with social isolation, depression and anxiety
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2023
Vaccination uptake by vaccine-hesitant parents attending a specialist immunization clinic in Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-09-2015
Predicting Response to an Internet-Delivered Parenting Program for Anxiety in Early Childhood
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.BETH.2017.07.009
Abstract: Previous research has identified factors related to outcome in child anxiety treatment and parent training programs for child behavior problems. However, it is unclear what factors predict outcomes in interventions delivered online to parents of young children at risk of anxiety. This study investigated predictors of child anxiety outcomes among 433 families with young children (3-6 years) who participated in a randomized controlled trial of Cool Little Kids Online, an eight-module early intervention program for child anxiety based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Potential predictors included baseline demographic factors, child and parent mental health factors, and indicators of program use, including number of online modules completed and frequency of homework practice. Results showed that only access to a printer moderated intervention effectiveness. Printer access predicted lower child anxiety in the Cool Little Kids Online group, but had no effect on outcomes in the wait-list group. In both groups, higher levels of child anxiety symptoms, child-inhibited temperament, and poorer parent mental health at baseline predicted higher levels of child anxiety symptoms at 6-month follow-up. The amount of online program use was not related to improvements in child anxiety symptoms. However, parents who reported practicing the program skills more frequently showed greater reductions in child anxiety, and access to a printer was related to frequency of program skills practice. These findings provide empirical support for the important role of skills practice in online CBT interventions, and suggest that practicing program skills may be more important than completing the online modules.
Distinctions between Panic Disorder and Generalised Anxiety Disorder: Clinical Presentation
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-1985
DOI: 10.3109/00048678509158827
Abstract: Thirty-eight panic disorder and 48 generalised anxiety disorder subjects were asked to complete a number of questionnaires aimed at developing a general clinical picture of the two disorders. The results indicated that panic disorder is characterised by a sudden onset around the mid- to late-20s age group and is distinguished by symptoms which are chiefly hyperventilatory in nature and are accompanied by thoughts of serious physical or mental illness. Generalised anxiety disorder is characterised by a gradual onset of symptoms. Somatic symptoms associated with this disorder are generally accompanied by a realisation that the symptoms are the result of anxiety and are harmless. The two groups did not appear to differ greatly on a number of other scales except that the generalised anxiety disorder subjects scored higher on measures of manifest anxiety and social phobia.
Special issue on childhood factors influencing the development of psychopathology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
The use of social media by Australian preadolescents and its links with mental health
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-01-2020
DOI: 10.1002/JCLP.22936
Representations of the self in social phobia: Vulnerability to social threat
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-1990
DOI: 10.1007/BF01176208
Do friends share similar body image and eating problems? The role of social networks and peer influences in early adolescence
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2006.11.007
Abstract: This study examined the role of friendship networks and peer influences in body image concern, dietary restraint, extreme weight loss behaviours (EWLBs) and binge eating in a large community s le of young adolescent females. Based on girls' self-reported friendship groups, social network analysis was used to identify 173 friendship cliques. Results indicated that clique members shared similar scores on measures of dieting, EWLB and binge eating, but not body image concern. Average clique scores for dieting, EWLB and binge eating, were also correlated significantly with clique averages on measures of perceived peer influence, body mass index and psychological variables. Multiple regression analyses indicated that perceived peer influences in weight-related attitudes and behaviours were predictive of in idual girls' level of body image concern, dieting, EWLB use and binge eating. Notably, an in idual girl's dieting and EWLB use could be predicted from her friends' respective dieting and EWLB scores. Findings highlight the significance of the peer environment in body image and eating problems during early adolescence.
Observation of inverse Compton emission from a long γ-ray burst
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-11-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41586-019-1754-6
Abstract: Long-duration γ-ray bursts (GRBs) originate from ultra-relativistic jets launched from the collapsing cores of dying massive stars. They are characterized by an initial phase of bright and highly variable radiation in the kiloelectronvolt-to-megaelectronvolt band, which is probably produced within the jet and lasts from milliseconds to minutes, known as the prompt emission
Group-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Anxiety Disorder in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a feasibility study
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2019
The relation between generalized anxiety disorder symptoms and content-specific interpretation biases for auditory stimuli in children
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.JBTEP.2018.06.011
Abstract: Cognitive theories of fear suggest that biases in interpretation are content-specific: Fearful children should only interpret materials negatively if they are specifically related to the content of their fear. So far, there are only a few studies available that report on this postulated content-specificity of interpretation processes in childhood fear. The goal of this study was to examine interpretation bias and its content-specificity in children with varying levels of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) symptoms. In an Auditory Interpretation Task (AIT), two words that differ by one phoneme are acoustically blended so that one can hear only one of the words. In the current AIT, we included GAD-related blends, negatively-valenced fear-related blends and positive blends. Multiple-choice (n = 371) or open-ended (n = 295) responses were collected from 666 nonclinical children between 7 and 13 years of age. Children with higher levels of self-reported GAD showed significantly more negative interpretations of ambiguous GAD-related blends in the multiple-choice version than children with lower levels of GAD. There were no differences when interpreting the other ambiguous blends. This result was not found with the open-ended version. Effects were relatively small, some GAD-stimuli were sub-optimal, and the task was administered in a classroom setting. Even though we ensured that all children were able to hear all words clearly, this may have impacted the results. The findings only partly support the idea that fearful children display cognitive biases specific for fear-relevant stimuli, and more research is needed to replicate the results and test the usability of the AIT.
Randomised controlled trial of integrated cognitive behavioural treatment and motivational enhancement for comorbid social anxiety and alcohol use disorders
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-09-2020
Abstract: Alcohol use disorder and social anxiety disorder are interconnected disorders that commonly co-occur. We report the first trial to assess whether integrated treatment for social anxiety and alcohol use disorder comorbidity improves outcomes relative to standard alcohol-focussed treatment. Participants were recruited to a randomised controlled trial, and randomly allocated to one of two treatments, Integrated ( n = 61) or Control (alcohol-focussed n = 56). Assessment and treatment session were conducted at two sites in Sydney, Australia. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) clinical diagnosis of social anxiety disorder and (2) Diagnosis or sub-clinical symptoms of alcohol use disorder. Diagnoses were determined according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). All participants ( n = 117) received 10 sessions of cognitive behavioural treatment and motivational enhancement. The Integrated treatment simultaneously targeted social anxiety disorder, alcohol use disorder and the connections between these disorders. The Control treatment focussed on alcohol use disorder only. Outcomes were assessed at 6-month follow-up, with interim assessments at post-treatment and 3 months. Primary outcomes were social anxiety disorder severity (composite Social Phobia Scale and Social Interaction Anxiety Scale), alcohol use disorder severity (standard drinks per day and Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire) and quality of life (Short-Form Health survey) was assessed to capture the combined impairment of social anxiety and alcohol use disorder comorbidity. At 6-month follow-up, both conditions showed significant reductions in social anxiety and alcohol use disorder symptoms, and improved quality of life. There was no evidence of between-condition differences for alcohol outcomes, with mean consumption reduced by 5.0 (0.8) and 5.8 (1.0) drinks per day following Alcohol and Integrated treatments, respectively. Integrated treatment achieved greater improvements in social anxiety symptoms (mean difference = −14.9, 95% confidence interval = [−28.1, −1.6], d = 0.60) and quality of life (mean difference = 7.6, 95% confidence interval = [1.2, 14.0], d = 0.80) relative to alcohol-focused treatment. These results suggest that integrated social anxiety and alcohol use disorder treatment enhances quality of life and social anxiety disorder symptom improvement, but not alcohol outcomes, compared to treatment focussed on alcohol use disorder alone.
The influence of maternal modeling on body image concerns and eating disturbances in preadolescent girls
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2017.11.001
Abstract: Research suggests that mothers may influence the development of body image concerns and eating disturbances in their daughters by modeling negative body image beliefs and unhealthy eating behaviors. However, the causal nature of that mode of influence is yet to be established. This study implemented an experimental design to examine the impact of mothers' modeling of negative comments about their own appearance and diet on their daughters' body image concerns and eating behaviors. Participants were 8-12 year old girls and their mothers (N = 50). While viewing thin-ideal magazine advertisements with their daughter, mothers were instructed to make either negative comments about their own weight, shape, and diet or to make no appearance or diet related comments. Daughters' levels of body esteem, body satisfaction, and eating attitudes were assessed pre- and post-manipulation, and their actual eating habits were measured post-manipulation. Girls whose mothers had made self-critical comments about their own appearance and diet reported lower body esteem, lower body satisfaction, more problematic eating attitudes, and ate significantly fewer sweets than girls whose mothers had not made self-critical comments. These results have implications for disordered eating prevention programs, suggesting that greater emphasis be placed on discouraging negative modeling behaviors among mothers.
Social anxiety and self-protective communication style in close relationships
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2009.09.010
Abstract: People with higher social anxiety tend to reveal less information about themselves in interactions with strangers, and this appears to be part of a self-protective strategy adopted in situations in which the risk of negative evaluation is judged to be particularly high. This research examined whether a similar style of communication may be adopted by people with higher social anxiety in their close relationships, and whether it may be associated with decrements in the quality (support, depth, conflict) of these relationships. Over 300 people from the community completed a series of online questionnaires measuring social anxiety and depression, and disclosure in and quality of their close friendships and romantic relationships. After controlling for levels of depression, social anxiety was associated with a paucity of disclosure in both romantic relationships and close friendships in females, but not males. There was an indirect association between higher social anxiety and lower relationship quality (lower support, with a trend towards greater conflict) via lower self-disclosure in women's romantic relationships, but not their close friendships. Addressing disclosure in the context of close relationships may assist socially anxious women to develop more fulfilling and harmonious close relationships.
A self-report measure of subtle avoidance and safety behaviors relevant to social anxiety: Development and psychometric properties
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2009.05.002
Abstract: According to cognitive theories, safety-seeking behaviors are crucial in both the maintenance and management of social anxiety. In order to facilitate assessment of these behaviors the Subtle Avoidance Frequency Examination (SAFE) was developed. Three factors emerged from the SAFE, which appeared to reflect active "safety" behaviors, subtle restriction of behavior, and behaviors aimed at avoiding or concealing physical symptoms. The SAFE demonstrated strong internal consistency, good construct validity and the ability to discriminate between clinical and non-clinical participants. In addition, the SAFE was responsive to the effects of treatment. Given its excellent psychometric properties, the SAFE may be useful to further investigate the role of safety strategies in social anxiety and to assess treatment outcomes.
Serotonin tranporter methylation and response to cognitive behaviour therapy in children with anxiety disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-09-2014
DOI: 10.1038/TP.2014.83
Abstract: Anxiety disorders that are the most commonly occurring psychiatric disorders in childhood, are associated with a range of social and educational impairments and often continue into adulthood. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment option for the majority of cases, although up to 35–45% of children do not achieve remission. Recent research suggests that some genetic variants may be associated with a more beneficial response to psychological therapy. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation work at the interface between genetic and environmental influences. Furthermore, epigenetic alterations at the serotonin transporter ( SERT ) promoter region have been associated with environmental influences such as stressful life experiences. In this study, we measured DNA methylation upstream of SERT in 116 children with an anxiety disorder, before and after receiving CBT. Change during treatment in percentage DNA methylation was significantly different in treatment responders vs nonresponders. This effect was driven by one CpG site in particular, at which responders increased in methylation, whereas nonresponders showed a decrease in DNA methylation. This is the first study to demonstrate differences in SERT methylation change in association with response to a purely psychological therapy. These findings confirm that biological changes occur alongside changes in symptomatology following a psychological therapy such as CBT.
Repetitive Thinking in Social Anxiety Disorder: Are Anticipatory Processing and Post-Event Processing Facets of an Underlying Unidimensional Construct?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.BETH.2018.09.004
Abstract: Existing literature suggests that anticipatory processing and post-event processing-two repetitive thinking processes linked to social anxiety disorder (SAD)-might be better conceptualized as facets of an underlying unidimensional repetitive thinking construct. The current study tested this by examining potential factor structures underlying anticipatory processing and post-event processing. Baseline data from two randomized controlled trials, consisting of 306 participants with SAD who completed anticipatory processing and post-event processing measures in relation to a speech task, were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis. A bifactor model with a General Repetitive Thinking factor and two group factors corresponding to anticipatory processing and post-event processing best fit with the data. Further analyses indicated an optimal model would include only the General Repetitive Thinking factor (reflecting anticipatory processing and a specific aspect of post-event processing) and Post-event Processing group factor (reflecting another specific aspect of post-event processing that is separable), providing evidence against a unidimensional account of repetitive thinking in SAD. Analyses also indicated that the General Repetitive Thinking factor had moderately large associations with social anxiety and life interference (rs = .43 to .47), suggesting its maladaptive nature. The separable Post-event Processing group factor only had small associations with social anxiety (rs = .16 to .27) and was not related to life interference (r = .11), suggesting it may not, in itself, be a maladaptive process. Future research that further characterises the bifactor model components and tests their utility has the potential to improve the conceptualisation and assessment of repetitive thinking in SAD.
Generalized anxiety disorder: A review of clinical features and theoretical concepts
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1991
Predicting who benefits from psychoeducation and self help for panic attacks
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2004
THE REDUCTION OF TEMPERAMENTAL RISK FOR ANXIETY IN WITHDRAWN PRESCHOOLERS: A PILOT STUDY
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-2002
DOI: 10.1017/S1352465802002084
Abstract: Empirical findings and theoretical models posit a central role for an inhibited temperament in the development of anxiety. In turn, this suggests that reduction of withdrawn and inhibited characteristics in very young children may prevent the later development of anxiety disorders. To date, no programs have targeted inhibited temperament as a focus of treatment and it is often assumed that temperament is an immutable phenomenon. The current study piloted a brief education program for the mothers of seven temperamentally withdrawn 4-year-old boys. Results showed marked changes in mothers' perceptions of withdrawn temperament and anxious symptoms that continued over the following 6 months. These data encourage a larger-scale investigation of parent education for the reduction of inhibited temperament in pre-school children.
Comparison of an Anxiety Management Program for Children Implemented at Home and School: Lessons Learned
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-09-2012
The population cost-effectiveness of a parenting intervention designed to prevent anxiety disorders inchildren
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-06-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JCPP.12438
Abstract: Prevention and early intervention for anxiety disorders has lagged behind many other forms of mental disorder. Recent research has demonstrated the efficacy of a parent-focussed psycho-educational programme. The programme is directed at parents of inhibited preschool children and has been shown to reduce anxiety disorders at 1 and 3 years following intervention. The current study assesses the cost-effectiveness of this intervention to determine whether it could provide value-for-money across a population. A cost-utility economic framework, using Disability-Adjusted-Life-Years (DALYs) as the outcome, was adopted. Economic modelling techniques were used to assess the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the intervention within the Australian population context, which was modelled as add-on to current practice. The perspective was the health sector. Uncertainty was measured using multivariate probabilistic testing and key assumptions were tested using univariate sensitivity analysis. The median ICER for the intervention was AUD$8,000 per DALY averted with 99.8% of the uncertainty iterations falling below the threshold value-for-money criterion of AUD$50,000 per DALY averted. The results were robust to sensitivity testing. Screening young children in a preschool setting for an inhibited temperament and providing a brief intervention to the parents of children with high levels of inhibition appears to provide very good value-for-money and worth considering in any package of preventive care. Further evaluation of this intervention under routine health service conditions will strengthen conclusions. Acceptability issues associated with this intervention, particularly to preschool staff and parents, need to be considered before wide-scale adoption is undertaken.
Altering the Trajectory of Anxiety in At-Risk Young Children
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Date: 12-2010
DOI: 10.1176/APPI.AJP.2010.09111619
Abstract: Increasing evidence for the importance of several risk factors for anxiety disorders is beginning to point to the possibility of prevention. Early interventions targeting known risk for anxiety have rarely been evaluated. The authors evaluated the medium-term (3-year) effects of a parent-focused intervention for anxiety in inhibited preschool-age children. The study was a randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention program provided to parents compared with a monitoring-only condition. Participants were 146 inhibited preschool-age children and their parents data from two or more assessment points were available at 3 years for 121 children. Study inclusion was based on parent-reported screening plus laboratory-observed inhibition. The six-session group-based intervention included parenting skills, cognitive restructuring, and in vivo exposure. The main outcome measures were number and severity of anxiety disorders, anxiety symptoms, and extent of inhibition. Children whose parents received the intervention showed lower frequency and severity of anxiety disorders and lower levels of anxiety symptoms according to maternal, paternal, and child report. Levels of inhibition did not differ significantly based on either parent report or laboratory observation. This brief, inexpensive intervention shows promise in potentially altering the trajectory of anxiety and related disorders in young inhibited children.
Issues in the diagnosis and assessment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00037-9
Abstract: Accurate diagnosis and assessment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents is important for both treatment and research. In this paper, we review research related to the discriminant validity of the childhood anxiety disorders, and outline methods of assessment for children, including diagnostic interviews, self-report instruments, and behavioural, cognitive, and psychophysiological measures. Particular attention is given to psychometric and developmental issues, and their influence on assessment. The evidence provides support for the validity of the anxiety disorders as a whole, but only partial support for differentiation between specific anxiety disorders in children. Similarly, assessment methods used with anxious children provide reasonably accurate information on anxious symptoms, however are limited by poor discriminant validity and lack of sensitivity to developmental levels.
Recurrence risk of a hypotonic hyporesponsive episode in two Australian specialist immunisation clinics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
Familial and Social Environments in the Etiology and Maintenance of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 04-09-2008
The Prevention of Depression in Children: A Pilot Study
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-2000
DOI: 10.1375/BECH.17.2.78
Abstract: Twenty, fifth- and sixth-grade students who reported mild depressive symptomatology were placed into a brief intervention program. The program was conducted over eight, weekly, 90-minute sessions and aimed to teach students depression management strategies and positive coping skills. Significant reductions in symptoms of depression, anxiety and externalising behaviour were found and maintained for six months. The results lend support to the effectiveness of this brief program for early intervention in depression. The potential for the program to prevent the later development of clinical depression and related problems is discussed.
Rationale and design for cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder: a study protocol of a randomized controlled trial
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-04-2018
The interpretation of negative social events in social phobia with versus without comorbid mood disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2004.03.003
Abstract: Two studies were conducted in order to examine biases in the interpretation of negative social events among socially anxious in iduals. Results showed that social anxiety was associated with the tendency to believe that negative social events: would result in negative evaluation by other people were actually indicative of negative personal characteristics and would have adverse consequences in the long-term future. Although other types of anxiety were not independently associated with such beliefs, comorbid depression among in iduals with social phobia was associated with further increases in these interpretative biases. The findings are consistent with theories suggesting that maladaptive interpretations of negative social events represent central cognitive biases in social phobia, but suggest that these interpretations are also associated with depression.
From Fear to Avoidance: Factors Associated with the Onset of Avoidance in People who Fear Social Situations
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 05-2016
DOI: 10.5127/JEP.055216
Abstract: Avoidance of social situations is a key factor in the maintenance of social anxiety disorder, with overt avoidance an important clinical indicator. This paper examines predictors of the transition from the initial experience of social fears to the development of overt avoidance behaviours. Using the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, age, gender, DSM-IV diagnoses of other mental disorders and substance use were examined in discrete time survival models (n = 1,359). A majority of the s le reported overt avoidance within a year of initial social fears. Predictors of faster transitions to overt avoidance included fear of attending parties, entering a room or an older onset age. Predictors of slower transitions to overt avoidance included public performance fears and regular alcohol use. This study provides initial support for factors that may influence the transition from initial fear to overt avoidance in social anxiety disorder.
Perception of Performance as a Mediator in the Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Negative Post-Event Rumination
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-10-2006
Depression, Anxiety, and Peer Victimization: Bidirectional Relationships and Associated Outcomes Transitioning from Childhood to Adolescence
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-09-2019
Prediction of clinical anxious and depressive problems in mid childhood amongst temperamentally inhibited preschool children: a population study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-08-2021
Content-specific interpretation biases in clinically anxious children
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2019.103452
Abstract: Cognitive theories of anxiety suggest that anxious children interpret negatively only those materials specifically related to the content of their anxiety. So far, there are only a few studies available that report on this postulated content-specificity of interpretation processes across different anxiety disorders in children, and most of them focused on social anxiety. Therefore, we examined interpretation bias and its content-specificity in a group of clinically anxious children between the ages of 6-12 years with various anxiety disorders, using an "ambiguous scenarios" task. Children were asked to finish scenarios that were related to either social threat, general threat, or separation threat. In total, 105 clinically anxious children, 21 control children and their mothers were assessed with the ADIS-C/P and the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale. As expected, clinically anxious children provided significantly more negative endings to the scenarios than control children. Within the clinically anxious group, specific interpretation biases were found: Interpretation of scenarios related to social threat, general threat, and separation threat were only predicted by the children's self-reported levels of social anxiety, generalized anxiety, and separation anxiety, respectively. These findings support the content-specificity hypothesis that clinically anxious children display interpretation biases that are specific to fear-relevant stimuli.
The Relationship Between Automatic Thoughts and Negative Emotions in Children and Adolescents: A Test of the Cognitive Content-Specificity Hypothesis.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 08-2004
Partners in Parenting: A Multi-Level Web-Based Approach to Support Parents in Prevention and Early Intervention for Adolescent Depression and Anxiety
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 19-12-2017
DOI: 10.2196/MENTAL.8492
Abstract: Depression and anxiety disorders in young people are a global health concern. Various risk and protective factors for these disorders are potentially modifiable by parents, underscoring the important role parents play in reducing the risk and impact of these disorders in their adolescent children. However, cost-effective, evidence-based interventions for parents that can be widely disseminated are lacking. In this paper, we propose a multi-level public health approach involving a Web-based parenting intervention, Partners in Parenting (PIP). We describe the components of the Web-based intervention and how each component was developed. Development of the intervention was guided by principles of the persuasive systems design model to maximize parental engagement and adherence. A consumer-engagement approach was used, including consultation with parents and adolescents about the content and presentation of the intervention. The PIP intervention can be used at varying levels of intensity to tailor to the different needs of parents across the population. Challenges and opportunities for the use of the intervention are discussed. The PIP Web-based intervention was developed to address the dearth of evidence-based resources to support parents in their important role in their adolescents’ mental health. The proposed public health approach utilizes this intervention at varying levels of intensity based on parents’ needs. Evaluation of each separate level of the model is ongoing. Further evaluation of the whole approach is required to assess the utility of the intervention as a public health approach, as well as its broader effects on adolescent functioning and socioeconomic outcomes.
Behavioural Inhibition and the Prevention of Internalising Distress in Early Childhood
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2018
#malefitspo: Links between viewing fitspiration posts, muscular-ideal internalisation, appearance comparisons, body satisfaction, and exercise motivation in men
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2019
Abstract: Exposure to fitspiration content via social media can influence women’s body satisfaction and exercise inspiration, but fitspiration exposure has not been investigated in men. This study examined links between the frequency of viewing fitspiration content on Instagram, and men’s body satisfaction, appearance-based exercise motivation and health-based exercise motivation, and whether those relationships were mediated by muscular-ideal internalisation and/or appearance comparison tendency. Participants were 17- to 27-year-old Australian men who used Instagram ( N = 118). Frequency of viewing fitspiration content was not directly associated with body satisfaction or reasons for exercise. However, significant indirect pathways were observed through greater muscular-ideal internalisation and appearance comparison tendency. Viewing more fitspiration content was associated with greater muscular-ideal internalisation and higher appearance comparison tendency, which in turn was associated with less body satisfaction, more appearance-based exercise motivation and less health-based exercise motivation. Fitspiration appears to be more closely related to appearance than health in men.
Modelling relationships between cognitive variables during and following public speaking in participants with social phobia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2007.08.008
Abstract: Cognitive models of social phobia predict that several cognitive processes will mediate the relationship between trait levels of social anxiety and the extent of anxiety experienced in a specific social-evaluative situation. The current study aimed to provide a test of these relationships. Over 200 clinical participants with social phobia completed measures of their general social anxiety and a week later performed a brief impromptu speech. They completed a measure of state anxiety in response to the speech as well as questionnaires assessing several cognitive constructs including focus of perceived attention, perceived performance, and probability and cost of negative evaluation. A week later, they completed measures of negative rumination experienced over the week, as well as a measure of the recollection of their perceived performance. Path analysis provided support for a model in which the cognitive factors mediated between general social anxiety and the degree of anxiety experienced in response to the speech. A second model supported the theory that negative rumination mediated between characteristic social anxiety and negative bias in the recollection of performance.
A research agenda to progress treatment of social anxiety disorder
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 18-09-2015
The role of parenting behaviors in the bidirectional and intergenerational transmission of depression and anxiety between parents and early adolescent youth
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 13-07-2021
DOI: 10.1002/DA.23197
Abstract: Parenting is a modifiable factor proposed to underpin the transmission of anxiety and depression from parents to children. This study examined the role of parenting in the intergenerational transmission of anxiety and depression across pre- and early adolescence. Participants were 531 youth (M Results suggest bidirectional associations over time between parent and child depression, and parental rejection and child depression. Parental rejection and low warmth were associated with increases in child depression, but did not mediate depression transmission. Parental anxiety was associated with increases in child anxiety and depression, but there was no bidirectional association from child psychopathology to parental anxiety. There was little evidence that parenting predicted changes in child anxiety over time. Child anxiety and depression were associated with subsequent increases in parental depression. Parental depression, rejection and low warmth are independent risk factors for child depression. Parental rejection may also be a consequence of parenting a depressed youth. Parenting did not account for the apparent transmission of parental anxiety to increased child anxiety and depression. Child psychopathology increases risk of parental depression. Parental rejection may be an important modifiable risk factor for youth depression in early adolescence, and may also reduce later risk of parent depression.
Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 1996
Parent–child concordance for separation anxiety: a clinical study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00241-X
Abstract: There is tentative evidence supporting a familial basis for separation anxiety. The present study aimed to examine parent-child concordance for that subtype of anxiety. Fifty-four children diagnosed with anxiety disorders and their parents (54 mothers and 29 fathers) were recruited from two juvenile anxiety clinics. Sixty-three percent of children diagnosed with juvenile separation anxiety disorder had at least one parent who suffered from the putative adult variant of the disorder (odds ratio = 11.1) (P < 0.001). Affected parents reported high levels of separation anxiety in their own childhoods. Juvenile separation anxiety disorder in children was not associated with any other parental diagnosis. The small s le size and other potential biases caution against definitive conclusions being drawn, but the present data add to existing evidence that separation anxiety may aggregate in families.
Bibliotherapy for children with anxiety disorders using written materials for parents: A randomized controlled trial.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2006
Assessing Functional Impairment in Youth: Development of the Adolescent Life Interference Scale for Internalizing Symptoms (ALIS-I)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-10-2021
Managing simple food allergy in community settings: A pilot study investigating a new model of care
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-11-2016
DOI: 10.1111/JPC.13026
Follow‐up of the Cool Little Kids translational trial into middle childhood
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-06-2021
DOI: 10.1111/JCPP.13464
Abstract: Public health advocates have highlighted internalising problems as a leading cause of global burden of disease. Internalising problems (anxiety/depression) affect up to 20% of school‐age children and can impact peer relations, school engagement and later employment and mortality. This translational trial aimed to determine whether a selective/indicated parenting group programme to prevent internalising distress in shy/inhibited preschool children had sustained effects in middle childhood. Translational design aspects were a brief parent‐report screening tool for child inhibition offered universally across the population via preschools in the year before school, followed by an invitation to parents of all inhibited children to attend the parenting programme at venues in their local community. Design of the study was a randomised controlled trial. The setting was 307 preschool services across eight socioeconomically erse government areas in Melbourne, Australia. Participants were 545 parents of inhibited four‐year‐old children of which 456 (84%) were retained during middle childhood (age of seven to 10 years). Early intervention was the Cool Little Kids parenting group programme, and control was ‘usual care’ access to available support services in the community. Primary outcomes were child anxiety and depression symptoms (parent and child report) and DSM‐IV anxiety disorders (assessor masked). Secondary outcomes were parenting practices and parent mental health. There was no significant difference in anxiety disorders between the intervention and control group during the three annual follow‐ups of the cohort in middle childhood (2015 43% vs. 41%, 2016 40% vs. 36%, 2017 27% vs. 30%, respectively p ’s .05). There were also no significant differences in child anxiety or depression symptoms (by child or parent report), parenting practices or parent mental health, between the intervention and control group during middle childhood. However, a priori interaction tests suggested that for children with anxious parents, early intervention attenuated risk for middle childhood internalising problems. An issue for population translation is low levels of parent engagement in preventive interventions. Initial effects of the Cool Little Kids parenting group programme in reducing shy/inhibited preschool children’s internalising distress at school entry dissipated over time, perhaps due to low engagement. Future translational research on early prevention of internalising problems could benefit from screening preschool children in the population at higher risk (combining temperamental inhibition and parent distress) and incorporating motivational techniques to facilitate family engagement. Trial registration ISRCTN30996662 www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN30996662 .
The conceptual overlap between cognition and conditioning in clinical psychology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1991
Antecedents to Women's Fear of Rape
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 08-2007
Abstract: This study assessed the relative merits of sociodemographic variables and psychological variables in understanding women's fear of rape. A comprehensive understanding of the factors involved in women's fear of rape may allow for more effective interventions with women. Four hundred and eleven women, aged 18 years or older participated in the study, which surveyed their fear of rape and experience of rape. In agreement with previous findings, sociodemographic variables contributed significantly but relatively little (13%) to the variance in women's fear of rape. In contrast, psychological factors (perceived likelihood of being raped and perceived severity of consequences) predicted an additional 29% of the variance to this fear. Greater perceived likelihood of being raped functioned as a partial mediating variable between sociodemographic factors of age and relationship status and women's fear of rape. These results are encouraging as psychological models provide more avenues for restructuring such fear and modifying concordant, dysfunctional behaviours. Consequently, these results provide direction to intervention and education programs aimed at reducing women's fear of rape.
Statistical and reliable change with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Treating trauma within a veteran population
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1998
Prevention of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-04-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S11920-011-0199-X
Abstract: Research into the prevention of anxiety has increased dramatically in the past few years. Prevention programs have been directed at broad, nonspecific anxiety and at more specific anxiety types, such as panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Prevention of anxiety is still a relatively new field, but there has been a recent surge of literature reporting on different prevention programs. Universal prevention trials have shown modest but promising results, and school-based programs offered to all students also help to reduce stigmatization and common barriers to accessing treatment (eg, time, location, and cost). In contrast, targeted programs tend to show somewhat larger effects but rely on identification of relevant populations. Specific programs for the prevention of panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder have also demonstrated some preliminary success. This paper reviews the recent studies of prevention of anxiety and discusses several key issues, specifically (1) identification of at-risk participants for prevention programs, (2) motivation for participation, (3) optimal age for intervention, and (4) who should deliver the program.
Modelling the Relationship Between Changes in Social Anxiety and Rumination Before and After Treatment
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-02-2018
A case of panic disorder treated with breathing retraining
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1985
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7916(85)90032-1
Abstract: In view of the marked prevalence of panic attacks in psychiatric populations, it is surprising that little interest has been devoted to their behavioral management. It has been suggested that hyperventilation may be important in the onset and/or maintenance of panic attacks and hence some form of respiratory control may be of value in their treatment. A method of breathing retraining is presented and applied to a subject suffering panic disorder (DSM-III). The results indicate that breathing retraining can reduce the frequency and intensity of panic attacks. A number of suggestions are made regarding the nature of panic attacks including the possible role of aberrant cognitions and the unique nature of panic attacks compared to other forms of anxiety.
Processing of Emotional Faces in Children and Adolescents With Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 26-06-0011
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to test whether children and adolescents with anxiety disorders exhibit selective processing of threatening facial expressions in a pictorial version of the emotional Stroop paradigm. Participants named the colours of filters covering images of adults and children displaying either a neutral facial expression or one displaying the emotions of anger, disgust, or happiness. A delay in naming the colour of a filter implies attentional capture by the facial expression. Anxious participants, relative to control participants, exhibited slower colour naming overall, implying greater proneness to distraction by social cues. Children exhibited longer colour-naming latencies as compared to adolescents, perhaps because young children have a limited ability to inhibit attention to distracting stimuli. Adult faces were associated with slower colour naming than were child faces, irrespective of facial expressions in both groups, possibly because adults provide especially salient cues for children and adolescents. Inconsistent with prediction, participants with anxiety disorders were not slower than healthy controls at naming the colours of filters covering threatening expressions (i.e., anger and disgust) relative to filters covering faces depicting happy or neutral expressions.
Development and validation of the Core Beliefs Questionnaire in a sample of individuals with social anxiety disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAD.2016.09.020
Abstract: Prominent cognitive models of social anxiety have consistently emphasised the importance of beliefs about the self in the aetiology and maintenance of social anxiety. The present study sought to develop and validate a new measure of core beliefs about the self for SAD, the Core Beliefs Questionnaire (CBQ). Three versions of the CBQ were developed: a Trait version (fundamental absolute statements about the self), a Contingent version (statements about the self related to a specific social-evaluative situation), and an Other version (statements about how others view the self in social-evaluative situations generally). The psychometric features of the scales were examined in clinical (n=269) and non-clinical (n=67) s les. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a one factor model for all three versions of the questionnaire. Total scores differentiated in iduals with SAD from in iduals without a psychiatric condition, and demonstrated excellent internal consistency. The three CBQ versions had positive associations with social anxiety while controlling for depression, although zero-order correlations indicated the Trait version was more strongly related to depression than social anxiety, the Contingent version was similarly related to depression and social anxiety, and the Other version was more strongly related to social anxiety than depression. Scores on all three versions of the CBQ reduced from pre- to post-treatment and this change predicted treatment outcome. This is the first validation study of the CBQ. This study provides initial support for the reliability and validity of the CBQ.
A genome-wide association meta-analysis of prognostic outcomes following cognitive behavioural therapy in individuals with anxiety and depressive disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-05-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41398-019-0481-Y
Abstract: Major depressive disorder and the anxiety disorders are highly prevalent, disabling and moderately heritable. Depression and anxiety are also highly comorbid and have a strong genetic correlation ( r g ≈ 1). Cognitive behavioural therapy is a leading evidence-based treatment but has variable outcomes. Currently, there are no strong predictors of outcome. Therapygenetics research aims to identify genetic predictors of prognosis following therapy. We performed genome-wide association meta-analyses of symptoms following cognitive behavioural therapy in adults with anxiety disorders ( n = 972), adults with major depressive disorder ( n = 832) and children with anxiety disorders ( n = 920 meta-analysis n = 2724). We estimated the variance in therapy outcomes that could be explained by common genetic variants ( h 2 SNP ) and polygenic scoring was used to examine genetic associations between therapy outcomes and psychopathology, personality and learning. No single nucleotide polymorphisms were strongly associated with treatment outcomes. No significant estimate of h 2 SNP could be obtained, suggesting the heritability of therapy outcome is smaller than our analysis was powered to detect. Polygenic scoring failed to detect genetic overlap between therapy outcome and psychopathology, personality or learning. This study is the largest therapygenetics study to date. Results are consistent with previous, similarly powered genome-wide association studies of complex traits.
Prediction of anxiety symptoms in preschool-aged children: examination of maternal and paternal perspectives
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-7610.2009.02160.X
Abstract: Little is known about risk factors for anxiety in young children. The current study investigated the value of a set of theoretically derived risk factors to predict symptoms of anxiety in a s le of preschool-aged children. Mothers (n = 632) and fathers (n = 249) completed questionnaires twice, 12 months apart. Measures were selected to assess several risk factors derived from current theory, including parental negative affectivity, child inhibition, parent overprotection, and impact of life events. Even at this young age anxiety across 12 months was moderately to highly stable (r's = .75 and .74 based on maternal and paternal report respectively). Over and above this stability, according to maternal report, anxiety at 12 months was significantly predicted by prior maternal overprotection, impact of negative life events, child's inhibition, and maternal negative affectivity. According to paternal report, anxiety at 12 months was significantly predicted by prior paternal overprotection and impact of negative life events. The models did not differ significantly for girls and boys. The results support theories of the development of anxiety, especially the role of parental and external environmental factors, and point to possible targets for prevention of heightened anxiety in young children.
Improving Adherence and Clinical Outcomes in Self-Guided Internet Treatment for Anxiety and Depression: Randomised Controlled Trial
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 03-07-2013
Mental health literacy among refugee communities: differences between the Australian lay public and the Iraqi and Sudanese refugee communities
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-11-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S00127-013-0793-9
Abstract: This study investigated differences in mental health knowledge and beliefs between participants from the Iraqi and Sudanese refugee communities, and Australian-born in iduals, in Sydney, Australia. Ninety-seven participants were given vignettes of characters describing symptoms of major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress. They were required to identify psychological symptoms as disorders, rate beliefs about the causes of and helpful treatments for these disorders, and rate attitude statements regarding the two characters. Australian participants recognized the presented symptoms as specific mental disorders significantly more than Iraqi and Sudanese participants did, and reported causal and treatment beliefs which were more congruent with expert beliefs as per the western medical model of mental disorder. The Sudanese group endorsed supernatural and religious causal beliefs regarding depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms most often but both Sudanese and Iraqi participants strongly supported options from the supernatural and religious treatment items. However, evidence for pluralistic belief systems was also found. Although s ling was non-random, suggesting caution in the interpretation of results, it appears that the mental health literacy of lay Australians may be more aligned with the western medical model of mental disorder than that of Iraqi and Sudanese refugee communities. Mental health literacy support needs of Iraqi and Sudanese refugee communities resettled in western countries such as Australia might include education about specific symptoms and causes of mental disorder and the effectiveness of psychiatric treatments. These findings provide useful directions for the promotion of optimal service utilization among such communities.
The representation of feared outcomes
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1993
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(93)90111-7
Abstract: A list of negative outcomes (harmful events) was constructed to investigate the nature and organization of outcome concerns in anxiety. In Study 1, analysis of worry frequency ratings for the 116 negative outcomes revealed two major correlated factors corresponding to physical outcomes (harm or misfortune) and social outcomes (negative evaluation). These higher-order factors could be further sub ided into smaller discrete categories of related concerns. Ratings of worry frequency were higher for social outcomes. Trait anxiety was associated with both physical and social concerns, but stress and depression were primarily associated with social concerns. In Study 2, aversiveness ratings for the 116 negative outcomes followed the same physical-social organization and formed similar lower-order categories. Unlike the worry frequency ratings, aversiveness ratings were higher for physical than social categories, and did not correlate substantially with trait measures of depression, anxiety or stress. In Study 3, a short (24-item) negative outcome questionnaire was developed to discriminate between concerns about physical and social outcomes. The Physical Scale correlated substantially with the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) but not the Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE), whereas the Social Scale correlated with the FNE but not the ASI. The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), which assesses worry frequency but not content, correlated only with the Social Scale. Implications for theories of normal and clinical anxiety are discussed.
Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Disturbances in Early Adolescence: A Structural Modeling Investigation Examining Negative Affect and Peer Factors
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-02-190728634
Abstract: This study tested five proposed models of the relationship of negative affect and peer factors in early adolescent body dissatisfaction, dieting, and bulimic behaviors. A large community s le of girls in early adolescence was assessed via questionnaire ( X age = 12.3 years). Structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that negative affect mediated the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic behaviors. Body dissatisfaction also contributed independently to the concurrent prediction of bulimic behaviors. The proposed pathways from dieting to negative affect and dieting to bulimic behaviors were not supported. However, perceived peer influence, perceived weight-related teasing, and the self-reported eating behaviors of friendship clique members all contributed significantly to the concurrent prediction of in idual eating pathology. These findings highlight the importance of negative affect and both perceived and actual peer attitudes and behaviors in early adolescent eating pathology.
Adolescents’ Reactions to Universal and Indicated Prevention Programs for Depression: Perceived Stigma and Consumer Satisfaction
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-05-2006
DOI: 10.1007/S11121-006-0035-4
Abstract: There is a common view that one of the major considerations in selecting between universal and indicated interventions is the marked stigma produced by the latter. However, to date there has been no empirical examination of this assumption. The current study examined reported stigma and program satisfaction following two school-based interventions aimed at preventing depression in 532 middle adolescents. The interventions were conducted either across entire classes by classroom teachers (universal delivery) or in small high risk groups by mental health professionals (indicated delivery). The indicated delivery was associated with significantly greater levels of perceived stigma, but effect sizes were small and neither program was associated with marked stigma in absolute terms. Perceived stigma was more strongly associated with aspects of the in idual including being male and showing greater externalizing symptomatology. In contrast, the indicated program was evaluated more positively by both participants and program leaders and effect sizes for these measures of satisfaction were moderate to large. The results point to the need for further empirical evaluation of both perceived stigma and program satisfaction in providing balanced considerations of the value of indicated and universal programs.
The time-course of attentional bias in anxious children and adolescents
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2009.04.001
Abstract: This study examined the time-course of attentional bias in anxious and non-anxious children and adolescents aged 7-17 years using eye movement as an index of selective attention. Participants completed two eye-tracking tasks in which they viewed happy-neutral and negative-neutral face pairs for 3000 and 500 ms, respectively. When face pairs were presented for 3000 ms eye movement data showed no evidence of an attentional bias at any stage of attentional processing. When face pairs were presented for 500 ms a bias in initial orienting occurred anxious adolescents directed their first fixation away from negative faces and anxious children directed their first fixation away from happy faces. Results suggest that childhood anxiety is characterized by a bias in initial orienting, with no bias in sustained attention, although only for briefly presented faces.
Recall of family factors in social phobia and panic disorder: Comparison of mother and offspring reports
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 1997
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1997)5:1<7::AID-DA2>3.0.CO;2-E
Abstract: Previous research has indicated that adults with various anxiety disorders, especially social phobia, recall their parents as excessively protective and controlling and as low in socialization. However, it is not clear whether such results would be supported by parents. In the present study subjects with social phobia, panic disorder, and nonclinical subjects and their mothers were given parallel measures of maternal control, socialization, and offspring early introverted behaviors as well as several questions relating to two early major life events and family size. Anxious offspring reported the usual high maternal control and low paternal socialization and mother supported the data on socialization. On control, mothers provided mixed results, disagreeing on a more standard measure, but showing agreement on a more operationalized measure. The data were more consistent for social phobia than for panic disorder. In terms of early life factors, both anxiety disorders were associated with fewer friends and more introverted behaviors, while family size and two major life events did not differentiate groups.
The Role of Family Intervention in the Treatment of Child Anxiety Disorders: Some Preliminary Findings
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-1992
DOI: 10.1017/S0813483900006318
Abstract: Anxiety and fear are among the most common and distressing problems reported by children and adolescents. However, these problems have received little attention from behavioural family theorists and therapists. In this paper, we argue that more attention needs to be paid to evaluating the role of family interaction processes in the development and treatment of child anxiety disorders. A program of research is described including a treatment outcome study in which family processes and behavioural family intervention are evaluated with 7- to 14-year-old children with overanxious, separation anxiety, and avoidant disorders. The family treatment focuses on how parents interact with their child during displays of anxiety, their management of emotional upsets, and family communication and problem-solving skills. Preliminary results of the family treatment are presented.
Screening for mental health risk in high schools: The development of the Youth RADAR.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 10-2016
DOI: 10.1037/PAS0000237
Abstract: Epidemiological studies indicate that as many as 1 in 5 young people will develop a mental health problem in any given year. Early detection and intervention are needed to reduce the impact that these conditions have-both for the young person and for the communities in which they live. This study reports the development of a new instrument aimed at helping identify students at risk of developing mental health difficulties. Rather than asking about the presence of symptoms of mental health conditions, the RADAR screening tool assesses a student's balance of risk and protective factors associated with the development of mental health problems. The RADAR was evaluated with a s le of 838 participants in high school Years 7-12. A robust internal factor structure was revealed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency was satisfactory for each subscale, ranging from .73 to .90 while the reliability for the total scale was .91. Retest stability, measured over a 12 month period, was found to be strong (r = .72). Convergent validity was demonstrated with reference to standard measures of depression and behavioral problems. It is concluded that the RADAR is a promising measure for helping mental health professionals and educators decide which students may be at risk of developing mental health problems. (PsycINFO Database Record
Assessing the efficacy of imagery-enhanced cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.CCT.2017.06.010
Abstract: Cognitive behavior group therapy (CBGT) is effective for social anxiety disorder (SAD), but a substantial proportion of patients do not typically achieve normative functioning. Cognitive behavioral models of SAD emphasize negative self-imagery as an important maintaining factor, and evidence suggests that imagery is a powerful cognitive mode for facilitating affective change. This study will compare two group CBGT interventions, one that predominantly uses verbally-based strategies (VB-CBGT) and another that predominantly uses imagery-enhanced strategies (IE-CBGT), in terms of (a) efficacy, (b) mechanisms of change, and (c) cost-effectiveness. This study is a parallel groups (two-arm) single-blind randomized controlled trial. A minimum of 96 patients with SAD will be recruited within a public outpatient community mental health clinic in Perth, Australia. The primary outcomes will be self-reported symptom severity, caseness (SAD present: yes/no) based on a structured diagnostic interview, and clinician-rated severity and life impact. Secondary outcomes and mechanism measures include blind observer-rated use of safety behaviors, physiological activity (heart rate variability and skin conductance level) during a standardized speech task, negative self-beliefs, imagery suppression, fear of negative and positive evaluation, repetitive negative thinking, anxiety, depression, self-consciousness, use of safety behaviors, and the EQ-5D-5L and TiC-P for the health economic analysis. Homework completion, group cohesion, and working alliance will also be monitored. The outcomes of this trial will inform clinicians as to whether integrating imagery-based strategies in cognitive behavior therapy for SAD is likely to improve outcomes. Common and distinct mechanisms of change might be identified, along with relative cost-effectiveness of each intervention.
Development and Validation of the Affect Intolerance Scale to Assess Maladaptive Beliefs and Avoidance of Emotion
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 13-08-2014
DOI: 10.1017/BEC.2014.13
Abstract: Cognitive processes are considered integral to the conceptualisation of emotional disorders and distress. Contemporary models have emphasised the importance of in idual differences in the interpretation of internal events, including emotions. Maladaptive beliefs about emotional experience may motivate unhelpful control strategies, and impact negatively on psychological wellbeing. Building on existing measures of emotion, an integrative scale was developed to assess a range of maladaptive beliefs about the experience of negative emotions. Psychometric evaluation provided preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the Affect Intolerance Scale (AIS). Furthermore, the scale demonstrated a unique relationship with clinical symptomatology (i.e., depression, anxiety, stress and worry) above and beyond existing measures assessing dimensions of emotional experience. Potential utility of the measure for clinical practice and avenues for future research are discussed.
Do controlling maternal behaviours increase state anxiety in children's responses to a social threat? A pilot study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.JBTEP.2007.10.011
Abstract: Past research has demonstrated a link between controlling parenting and child anxiety. However, the causal nature of this association has not yet been established since most previous studies have utilised cross-sectional designs. The aim of the current study was to implement an experimental design to examine the impact of maternal control on children's state anxiety when faced with a social threat. Mothers of 26 children aged 7-13 years were randomly allocated to conditions in which they were either required to be overly controlling or minimally controlling during preparation of a practice speech by their child. In a subsequent speech that children were required to prepare alone, children whose mothers had previously been overly controlling during the practice showed greater anxiety than did children whose mothers had previously been minimally controlling. This pilot study describes a novel paradigm that has the potential to address issues related to the causal role of specific parenting behaviours in the experience of negative emotions.
Skittish, shielded, and scared: Relations among behavioral inhibition, overprotective parenting, and anxiety in native and non-native Dutch preschool children
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2013.09.006
Abstract: This study examined behavioral inhibition and overprotective parenting as correlates and predictors of anxiety disorder symptoms in preschoolers with a multi-cultural background (N=168). Parents of 3- to 6-year-old children completed a set of questionnaires twice, 12 months apart. Parents were also interviewed with the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV at the 12-month point to assess the clinical severity of children's anxiety symptoms. Behavioral inhibition consistently emerged as a significant concurrent correlate of anxiety symptoms and this was particularly true for social anxiety symptoms. Overprotective parenting also emerged as a significant correlate of anxiety, but only in the case of non-social anxiety symptoms and mainly in non-native Dutch children. Prospective analyses revealed that behavioral inhibition was a significant predictor of social anxiety symptoms, while overprotective parenting did not explain significant variance in the development of children's anxiety over time. The support for an interactive effect of behavioral inhibition and overprotective parenting was unconvincing. Finally, it was found that children who exhibited stable high levels of behavioral inhibition throughout the study ran the greatest risk for developing an anxiety disorder.
Does the treatment of anxiety in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) using cognitive behavioral therapy improve child and family outcomes? Protocol for a randomized controlle
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-11-2019
DOI: 10.1186/S12888-019-2276-3
Abstract: Up to 60% of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) meet diagnostic criteria for at least one anxiety disorder, including Social, Generalized and/or Separation Disorder. Anxiety in children with ADHD has been shown to be associated with poorer child and family functioning. Small pilot studies suggest that treating anxiety in children with ADHD using cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has promising benefits. In a fully powered randomized controlled trial (RCT), we aim to investigate the efficacy of an existing CBT intervention adapted for children with ADHD and comorbid anxiety compared with usual care. This RCT is recruiting children aged 8–12 years ( N = 228) from pediatrician practices in Victoria, Australia. Eligibility criteria include meeting full diagnostic criteria for ADHD and at least one anxiety disorder (Generalized, Separation or Social). Eligible children are randomized to receive a 10 session CBT intervention (Cool Kids) versus usual clinical care from their pediatrician. The intervention focuses on building child and parent skills and strategies to manage anxiety and associated impairments including cognitive restructuring and graded exposure. Minor adaptations have been made to the delivery of the intervention to meet the needs of children with ADHD including increased use of visual materials and breaks between activities. The primary outcome is change in the proportion of children meeting diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder at 5 months randomization. This will be assessed via diagnostic interview with the child’s parent (Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children V) conducted by a researcher blinded to intervention condition. Secondary outcomes include a range of child (e.g., anxiety symptoms, ADHD severity, behavior, quality of life, sleep, cognitive functioning, school attendance) and parent (e.g., mental health, parenting behaviors, work attendance) domains of functioning assessed at 5 and 12 months post-randomization. Outcomes will be analyzed using logistic and mixed effects regression. The results from this study will provide evidence on whether treating comorbid anxiety in children with ADHD using a CBT approach leads to improvements in anxiety and/or broader functional outcomes. This trial was prospectively registered: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN59518816 ( 10.1186/ISRCTN59518816 ). The trial was first registered 29/9/15 and last updated 15/1/19.
Regional Differences in Men Attending a Sexual Health Clinic in Sydney for Premature Ejaculation
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1743-6109.2007.00605.X
Abstract: Previous investigation from UK sexual health clinics has suggested that men from Central Asian and Middle Eastern backgrounds are more likely to present with premature ejaculation (PE) than men from Western backgrounds. This interesting finding requires replication, especially in populations from other countries. The current study aimed to determine whether men who had sought treatment for PE from a community sexual health clinic were more likely to come from Central Asian and Middle Eastern backgrounds than from Western backgrounds. Demographic and clinical data were collected retrospectively from patient files over a 3-year period. Patient-defined ethnicity for outpatients seeking psychological interventions for PE was compared to the ethnicity of those attending for other sexual dysfunctions and also to local population census data. Clinical files for 215 men seeking psychological interventions for sexual dysfunctions at an urban sexual health clinic in Sydney were examined. Men were included in the study if they reported being born in one of two regional groups: Western countries or Middle Eastern/Central Asian countries. The rates of men seeking help for PE vs. other sexual dysfunctions were compared between these two regional groups and were compared with the representation of each region in the broader sexual health service as well as the local population. Relative to men born in Western regions, men from Central Asian/Middle Eastern countries were more likely to present with PE than with other sexual dysfunctions. The proportion of men from Central Asian/Middle Eastern countries presenting with PE was considerably higher than expected for the population attending the sexual health clinic or the broader local community. Consistent with previous research, Asian and Middle Eastern men living in a Western society appear to be more likely than Western men to report difficulties with PE.
Trends in paediatric practice in Australia: 2008 and 2013 national audits from the Australian Paediatric Research Network
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-09-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JPC.13280
Liking and Perceived Probability of Victimization of Peers Displaying Behaviors Characteristic of Anxiety and Depression
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-2014
DOI: 10.5127/JEP.036913
Abstract: Although several longitudinal studies have indicated that internalising behaviours can precede victimisation, there has been little attempt to examine the influence of these behaviours experimentally. In the current study 168, 12–14 year old participants read vignettes of peers displaying behaviours indicating anxiety, depression, or pro-social characteristics. For each vignette participants indicated their degree of liking of the hypothetical peer as well as the extent to which they believed that the peer would be victimised by others and by themself. Compared to hypothetical pro-social children, peers displaying anxious or depressed behaviours were less liked and were perceived as more likely to be victimised by both others and by the participant themself. The results point to the vulnerability produced by anxiety and depression and suggest programs that might be combined with whole-of-school approaches to empower victims.
Fear of Negative Evaluation Biases Social Evaluation Inference: Evidence from a Probabilistic Learning Task
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 08-04-2015
Protocol for a longitudinal study investigating the role of anxiety on academic outcomes in children on the autism spectrum
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 16-09-2021
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0257223
Abstract: Children on the autism spectrum are consistently reported to underachieve compared to ability. In typically developing children, anxiety is a strong predictor of poor school performance. Despite the high prevalence of anxiety disorders among children on the spectrum, the impact of their anxiety on academic achievement is under-researched. The main aim of this project is to determine the moderating role anxiety may have in the development of academic learning behaviours (academic enablers) in children on the spectrum. This project addresses a gap in knowledge about the possible associations between anxiety and academic achievement in children on the spectrum. Understanding these associations opens up the possibility of new intervention pathways to enhance academic outcomes through anxiety reduction revention. This longitudinal study will aim to recruit 64 children on the spectrum aged 4–5 years and their parents. Information will be gathered from children, parents and teachers. Children will be randomly assigned to one of two conditions in order to experimentally manipulate anxiety levels in the s le: experimental (to receive an anxiety reduction revention program, N = 32) or control (no intervention/treatment as usual, N = 32). The primary outcome measures are child academic skills and enabling behaviours assessed using the Academic Competence Evaluation Scales and the WIAT-II. Anxiety will be assessed through parent and teacher report. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, post-experimental manipulation of anxiety, and within the first year of formal schooling. It is hypothesised that anxiety will moderate the relationship between autism characteristics and academic enablers. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed manuscripts and conference presentations. Lay summaries will be provided to all participants and available on the research centre website.
Anxiety sensitivity, panic, and depressed mood: A reanalysis teasing apart the contributions of the two levels in the hierarchical structure of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 08-2001
The impact of alcohol use disorders and alcohol consumption on treatment-seeking individuals with social anxiety disorder
Publisher: Guilford Publications
Date: 06-2021
DOI: 10.1521/BUMC.2021.85.2.100
Abstract: Comorbid social anxiety and alcohol use disorders (SAD-AUD) in the community and the complex interactions that occur between these disorders have emerged as a significant clinical, public health, and research issue. The authors examined (a) the rates of comorbid SAD-AUD, (b) the impact of comorbid SAD-AUD on outcomes targeting social anxiety disorder, and (c) the effect of pretreatment alcohol consumption and alcohol use before, during, and after social situations on a composite measure of social anxiety in 172 adults presenting with social anxiety disorder. There was low incidence of AUD in this s le of in iduals with SAD. Results indicated that alcohol consumption did not lead to worse social anxiety symptoms however, alcohol use before and during social situations was associated with more severe social anxiety symptoms. These findings suggest that the function of alcohol use may be more important than the overall level of alcohol use and has implications for treatment.
The structure of anxiety symptoms among preschoolers
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00098-X
Abstract: This study examined whether anxiety symptoms in preschoolers reflect subtypes of anxiety consistent with current diagnostic classification systems, or should be better regarded as representing a single dimension. Parents of a large community s le of preschoolers aged 2.5 to 6.5 years rated the frequency with which their children experienced a wide range of anxiety problems. Exploratory factor analysis indicated four or five factors and it was unclear whether separation anxiety and generalized anxiety represented discrete factors. Results of confirmatory factor analyses indicated a superior fit for a five-correlated-factor model, reflecting areas of social phobia, separation anxiety, generalized anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and fears of physical injury, broadly consistent with DSM-IV diagnostic categories. A high level of covariation was found between factors, which could be explained by a single, higher order model, in which first order factors of anxiety subtypes loaded upon a factor of anxiety in general. No significant differences were found in prevalence of anxiety symptoms across genders. Symptoms of PTSD in this s le were rare.
Does School-Based Recruitment for Anxiety Interventions Reach Youth Not Otherwise Identified? A Comparison Between a School-Based Sample and a Clinical Sample
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-01-2020
Barriers to Universal Mental Health Screening in Schools: The Perspective of School Psychologists
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 26-06-2021
The Structure of Negative Self-Statements in Children and Adolescents: A Confirmatory Factor-Analytic Approach
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-2004
DOI: 10.1023/B:JACP.0000007583.90038.7A
Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the nature and organization of a range of negative self-statements in children and adolescents, using a structural equations/confirmatory factor-analytic approach. A community s le of 978 children aged 7-16 years completed a questionnaire about the frequency with which they experienced a broad range of negative automatic thoughts. The outcome of comparative modeling provided strongest support for a model in which 4 distinct cognitive factors were all related to a single higher order factor. The 4 lower order factors related to cognitions on social threat, physical threat, personal failure, and hostility. The pattern of results was consistent across age and gender. Results were consistent with assumptions of cognitive specificity models of psychopathology, on the latent structure of automatic thoughts in children and adolescents.
Empathic Communication Among Women with High or Low Social Anxiety
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-07-2021
Predicting Temperamentally Inhibited Young Children’s Clinical-Level Anxiety and Internalizing Problems from Parenting and Parent Wellbeing: a Population Study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-05-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S10802-018-0442-6
Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore how some temperamentally inhibited young children and not others in the general population develop anxiety disorders and broader clinical-level internalizing (anxious/depressive) problems, with a focus on the family. A brief screening tool for inhibition was universally distributed to parents of children in their year before starting school across eight socioeconomically erse government areas in Melbourne, Australia (307 preschool services). Screening identified 11% of all children as inhibited. We invited all parents of inhibited children to participate in a longitudinal prevention study. Participants were 545 parents of inhibited pre-schoolers (78% uptake) of whom 498 (91%) completed assessment one year later and 469 (86%) two years later. Parents completed questionnaires to assess parenting practices, parent wellbeing, and child internalizing problems. Parents also engaged in structured diagnostic interviews to assess child anxiety disorders. During the follow up period close to half of the inhibited young children had anxiety disorders and one in seven had clinical-level internalizing problems, with girls perhaps at higher risk. The family variables significantly predicted inhibited children's anxiety disorders and broader internalizing problems. For child anxiety disorders, overinvolved rotective parenting was particularly important for girls and boys, and poorer parent wellbeing contributed. For child anxious/depressive problems, harsh discipline was a consistent predictor for girls and boys, and poorer parent wellbeing again contributed. These etiological findings support early intervention for temperamentally inhibited young children that focuses on the family environment to prevent the development of mental health problems.
Parent–child interactions and anxiety disorders: an observational study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00107-8
Abstract: Past research has indicated a potential link between anxiety and parenting styles that are characterised by control and rejection. However, few studies have utilised observational methods to support these findings. In the current study, mother-child interactions were observed while the child completed two difficult cognitive tasks. The s le consisted of clinically anxious children (n=43), oppositional defiant children (n=20) and non-clinical children (n=32). After adjusting for the age and sex of the child, mothers of anxious children and mothers of oppositional children displayed greater and more intrusive involvement than mothers of non-clinical children. Mothers of anxious children were also more negative during the interactions than mothers of non-clinical children. The differences between anxious and non-clinical interactions were equivalent across three separate age groups. The results support the relationship between an overinvolved parenting style and anxiety but question the specificity of this relationship.
A Single-Session, Web-Based Parenting Intervention to Prevent Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Disorders: Randomized Controlled Trial
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 26-04-2018
DOI: 10.2196/JMIR.9499
The role of safety cues in mediating the response to inhalations of CO2 in agoraphobics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1991
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(91)90071-A
Abstract: Eighteen subjects meeting DSM-III-R criteria for panic disorder with agoraphobia were randomly allocated to either a safety or non-safety condition and underwent 15 min inhalations of 5.5% CO2 in air. In the safety condition, both a senior and junior experimenter were present, the junior experimenter was presented as a professional, and subjects were in personal contact with the senior experimenter throughout the procedure. In the non-safety condition, the senior experimenter left on a bogus emergency, the junior experimenter was introduced as a "student" and was dressed casually, and subjects were alone in the experimental room throughout the procedure. Despite these dramatic manipulations, there was no significant difference between groups on either the number of subjects experiencing a panic attack or on pre-inhalation safety scores. However, a median-split analysis on safety scores indicated that those subjects who perceived themselves to be less safe before the inhalation were more likely to experience a panic attack.
A Tailored Web-Based Intervention to Improve Parenting Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Problems: Postintervention Findings From a Randomized Controlled Trial
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 19-01-2018
DOI: 10.2196/JMIR.9139
The influence of comorbidity on treatment outcome for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00049-9
Abstract: There have been a growing number of studies showing that cognitive behavioural treatment packages for children with anxiety disorders are highly effective. Clinically, it is often assumed that treatment outcome is less successful, or that treatment needs to be altered when faced with the existence of comorbid conditions. To date, only one study has directly addressed this question in the child anxiety literature. The present study compared the treatment outcome and maintenance following a brief, group program for the reduction of child and adolescent anxiety disorders in anxious children with versus without comorbid disorders. There was no significant difference in response to treatment at the end of the program and few differences at 12-month follow-up. The only indication of an impact of comorbidity was a suggestion that children with a comorbid condition did not do as well at follow-up. However, this result was only shown on some parent-report measures and not on self-report measures. Overall, the results indicate that treatment for child and adolescent anxiety disorders produces broadly comparable results regardless of the existence of comorbid disorders.
Managing Anxiety in Children With ADHD Using Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 04-05-2015
Abstract: Objective: This pilot randomized controlled trial examined the acceptability and feasibility of a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention for children with ADHD and anxiety, and provided preliminary information on child and family outcomes. Method: Children with ADHD and anxiety (8-12 years) were randomized to receive an adapted version of the Cool Kids CBT program or usual clinical care. Key outcomes included feasibility and acceptability of the intervention (participant enrollment, drop-out, intervention session attendance), remission of anxiety assessed via diagnostic interview, ADHD symptom severity, quality of life (QoL), and parent mental health. Results: Twelve children participated (67% uptake). Most families attended all 10 intervention sessions, with no drop-outs. Intervention participants had marked improvements in both child and family well-being by parent and teacher report, including anxiety, ADHD symptom severity, QoL, and parent mental health. Conclusion: Non-pharmacological interventions may improve important domains of functioning for children with ADHD and anxiety, including ADHD symptom severity.
Evaluation and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in the General Pediatric Population: A Clinician's Guide
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.CHC.2005.05.002
Abstract: This article provides an overview of research on the recognition, assessment, and treatment of children and adolescents who have anxiety disorders and emphasizes practical issues facing clinicians. Discussion includes an overview of the prevalence and consequences of anxiety and reviews assessment tools, maintenance factors, and evidence-based approaches to treatment. Topics also include developmental considerations, approaches to informant discrepancy, predictors of treatment outcome, and recent innovative approaches to treatment that may potentially improve dissemination to the general pediatric population.
MindSpot clinic
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Date: 10-2015
DOI: 10.1176/APPI.PS.201400477
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to report the feasibility of delivering online cognitive-behavioral therapy (iCBT) treatments for anxiety and depression in a national public mental health service. A prospective noncontrolled cohort study was conducted of all patients who began assessment or treatment at the MindSpot Clinic from January through December 2013. Clinic services were used by a representative cross-section of the Australian population. Mean age at assessment was 36.4±13.0 years, and age range was 18-86 years. Patients completed one of four online courses over eight weeks, during which they received weekly support from a therapist via telephone or secure e-mail. Primary outcome measures were the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) administered at posttreatment and three months posttreatment. A total of 10,293 adults who self-identified as having problems with anxiety or depression commenced assessment, and 7,172 completed the assessment and were eligible for analysis. Of these, 2,049 enrolled in a course and 1,471 completed the course, for a course completion rate of 71.8%. Moderate to large noncontrolled effect sizes (Cohen's d=.67-1.66, 95% confidence interval=.08-2.07) were found from assessment to three-month follow-up. At posttreatment and follow-up, reliable recovery ranged from 46.7% to 51.1%, and deterioration ranged from 1.9% to 3.8%. Mean total therapist time per patient was 111.8±61.6 minutes. The MindSpot Clinic produced treatment outcomes that were comparable to results from published clinical trials of iCBT. This model of service delivery represents an innovative method of providing accessible, low-cost, effective, and acceptable mental health services to many people who currently are not receiving care.
A Cognitive Behavioral Model of Social Anxiety Disorder
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2010
Acceptability and caregiver‐reported outcomes for young children with autism spectrum disorder whose parents attended a preventative population‐based intervention for anxiety: A pilot study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-05-2018
DOI: 10.1002/AUR.1963
Abstract: This pilot study explored acceptability to parents and outcomes for children of a preventive intervention for anxiety problems in pre-schoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who were an identified sub-group within a population-based randomised trial of the Cool Little Kids parenting group programme. The population trial included 545 temperamentally inhibited pre-schoolers recruited across eight economically erse areas of Melbourne, Australia. Within this s le, 26 parents reported that their child had received an ASD diagnosis. Trial measures included baseline inhibited temperament and developmental problems, post-intervention feedback on the programme, and caregiver-reported child mental health outcomes (anxiety diagnoses and internalising symptoms) at 1- and 2-year follow-up. S le retention for the children with ASD over 2 years was strong (92%). At follow-up, fewer intervention than control children with ASD had anxiety disorders after 1 year (% (n): 25 (3) vs. 77 (10), P = .028) and separation anxiety symptoms after 2 years (M (SD): 4.22 (2.68) vs. 9.38 (5.91), P = .017). Similar effects favouring the intervention group were apparent across other child emotional outcome measures but without statistical significance in this small s le. Parents of the children with ASD reported that Cool Little Kids was "quite useful" in relation to their child's anxiety but also gave feedback that they would appreciate some tailoring of programme content to the context of ASD. These pilot findings suggest Cool Little Kids may be helpful for reducing comorbid anxiety in pre-schoolers with ASD. Further research is warranted to develop an ASD-specific adaptation which can be trialled with a larger s le of children with confirmed ASD diagnosis. Trial registration ISRCTN30996662 www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN30996662. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1166-1174. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) also have anxiety. This pilot study explored acceptability to parents and outcomes for pre-schoolers with ASD of a parenting group programme to prevent anxiety problems. Among the s le of 26 pre-schoolers with ASD, we found reduced anxiety disorders and separation symptoms when their parents had received the intervention, as reported by caregivers in checklists and clinical interviews. Parents gave feedback that the programme was useful but suggested content be adapted to the context of ASD.
Similarities and differences between young children with selective mutism and social anxiety disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Assessment of Maternally Reported Life Events in Children and Adolescents: A Comparison of Interview and Checklist Methods
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-12-2011
The self in social anxiety
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 2016
Anxiety control and metacognitive beliefs mediate the relationship between inflated responsibility and obsessive compulsive symptoms
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2015.05.053
Abstract: Research has indicated that beliefs about inflated responsibility, beliefs about perceived control over anxiety-related events and reactions (anxiety control) and metacognitive beliefs about the need to control thoughts are associated with obsessive compulsive symptoms. In the current study we tested a mediation model of the interactions between these variables in predicting obsessive compulsive symptoms. Thirty-seven in iduals with obsessive compulsive disorder and 31 controls completed the following self-report instruments: the Responsibility Attitude Scale, the Anxiety Control Scale, the Beliefs about Need to Control Thoughts sub-scale of the Metacognitions Questionnaire 30, and the Padua Inventory. Mann-Whitney U tests revealed that participants in the clinical group scored significantly higher than those in the non-clinical group on all variables. In the mediation model we found that the relationship between beliefs about inflated responsibility and obsessive compulsive symptoms was fully mediated by anxiety control and beliefs about the need to control thoughts. These findings provide support for the significant role played by beliefs about control in predicting the severity of obsessive compulsive symptoms.
Pediatric anaphylactic adverse events following immunization in Victoria, Australia from 2007 to 2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2015.02.008
Abstract: Anaphylaxis is a rare life-threatening adverse event following immunization (AEFI). Variability in presentation can make differentiation between anaphylaxis and other AEFI difficult. This study summarizes pediatric anaphylaxis AEFI reported to an Australian state-based passive surveillance system. All suspected and reported pediatric (<18 years) anaphylaxis AEFI notified to SAEFVIC (Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Vaccination In the Community) Melbourne, Australia, between May 2007 to May 2013 were analyzed. Clinical descriptions of the AEFI, using the internationally recognized Brighton Collaboration case definition (BCCD) and final outcome were documented. 93% (25/27) of AEFI classified as anaphylaxis met BCCD criteria, with 36% (9/25), assessed as the highest level of diagnostic certainty (Level 1). Median age was 4.7 years (range 0.3-16.2) 48% of cases were male. The vaccine antigens administered included: diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (DTaP) alone or in combination vaccines containing other antigens in 11 of 25 cases (44%) and live attenuated measles mumps rubella (MMR) vaccine for six (five also had other vaccines concomitantly administered). The estimated incidence rate of anaphylaxis for DTaP vaccines was 0.36 cases per 100,000 doses, and 1.25 per 100,000 doses for MMR vaccines. The majority of cases had rapid onset, but in 24% (6/25) of cases, first symptoms of anaphylaxis developed ≥30 min after immunization. In 60% (15/25) of cases, symptoms resolved ≤60 min of presentation. Intramuscular adrenaline was administered in 90% (18/25) of cases. All cases made a full recovery with no sequelae identified. This comprehensive case series of pediatric anaphylaxis as an AEFI identified that diagnostic criteria are useful when applied to a passive vaccine surveillance system when adequate clinical information is available. Anaphylaxis as an AEFI is rare and usually begins within 30 min of vaccination. However, healthcare professionals and vaccinees arents should be aware that onset of anaphylaxis can be delayed beyond 30 min following immunization and that medical attention should be sought promptly if anaphylaxis is suspected.
Family Factors and the Development of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2005
School‐based assessment of mental health risk in children: the preliminary development of the Child RADAR
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-02-2018
DOI: 10.1111/CAMH.12258
New horizons for e-mental health research and practice
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-2013
d-Cycloserine does not enhance the effects of in vivo exposure among young people with broad-based anxiety disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2016.10.004
Abstract: Use of the partial NMDA receptor agonist d-Cycloserine (DCS) to increase extinction to feared cues among anxious adults has shown mixed, although overall positive effects. Few studies have extended this effect to youth and none have addressed young people with broad-based anxiety such as separation anxiety, social anxiety, or generalised anxiety. In the current trial 51 children and adolescents with diagnosed anxiety disorders, aged 7-14 years received four sessions of graduated, experimenter-led, in vivo exposure to a hierarchy of feared cues relevant to their primary fear. They were randomly allocated to receive either 50 mg of DCS or a matched placebo capsule in a fully double-blind design. Both groups showed large reductions across sessions in their primary fear according to both parent and child report, but there were no significant differences between conditions at any session. The results are consistent with most studies to date of DCS-augmented exposure in young people.
Figure Correction: Medium-Term Effects of a Tailored Web-Based Parenting Intervention to Reduce Adolescent Risk of Depression and Anxiety: 12-Month Findings From a Randomized Controlled Trial
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 29-08-2019
DOI: 10.2196/15915
The interpretation of negative social events in social phobia: changes during treatment and relationship to outcome
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2004.02.006
Abstract: Catastrophic interpretations of negative social events are considered to be an important factor underlying social phobia. This study investigated the extent to which these interpretative biases change during cognitive-behavioural treatment for social phobia, and examined whether within-treatment changes in different types of interpretations predict longer-term treatment outcome. Results showed that treatment was associated with decreases in various types of maladaptive interpretations of negative social events, but that social phobia symptoms 3 months after treatment were independently predicted only by within-treatment reductions in the degree to which in iduals personally believed that negative social events were indicative of unfavourable self-characteristics. These findings are discussed in relation to cognitive models of the maintenance of social anxiety, and implications for treatment are considered.
Recent advances in the treatment of social phobia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-1993
Exploring the stress sensitization theory with temperamentally inhibited children: a population-based study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-05-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S12887-020-02159-W
Abstract: This study explored whether temperamentally inhibited children who experience early trauma are vulnerable to developing internalizing problems in the face of later life-stressors. A validated screen for temperamental inhibition was distributed to parents of young children attending preschools in six government regions of Melbourne, Australia. Screening identified 11% of children as inhibited (703 of 6347 screened) and eligible for a prevention study. Participants were 545 parents of inhibited preschoolers (78% uptake), of whom 84% were followed into mid childhood (age 7–10 years: wave 1, n = 446 wave 2, n = 427 wave 3, n = 426). Parents and children then completed questionnaires for child internalizing (anxious and depressive) symptoms, and parents received a diagnostic interview for child anxiety disorder. In mid-childhood parents also completed questionnaires annually to describe recent life-stressors experienced by their child, and any potentially traumatic events in the first four years of life. Only one in 14 temperamentally inhibited children had experienced a potentially traumatic event in early childhood. In mid childhood 56% experienced recent life-stressors. Inhibited children who had early life trauma experienced slightly more anxiety disorder and symptoms in mid childhood. Those children with more recent life-stressors in mid childhood also had slightly more symptoms of anxiety and depression. In contrast to stress sensitization, inhibited children with early trauma plus recent stressors did not show especially high mid-childhood internalizing difficulties. Early life trauma and recent life-stressors each convey a small risk for children with an inhibited temperament to develop internalizing problems. Nevertheless, early life stress may not always result in negative sensitization for children in the general population.
Detection of negative and positive audience behaviours by socially anxious subjects
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1998
DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00016-3
Abstract: Nineteen subjects high in social anxiety and 20 subjects low in social anxiety were asked to give a 5-min speech in front of three audience members. Audience members were trained to provide indicators of positive evaluation (e.g., smiles) and negative evaluation (e.g. frowns) at irregular intervals during the speech. Subjects were instructed to indicate, by depressing one of two buttons, when they detected either positive or negative behaviours. Results indicated that subjects high in social anxiety were both more accurate at, and had a more liberal criterion for, detecting negative audience behaviours while subjects low in social anxiety were more accurate at detecting positive audience behaviours.
Understanding Selective Mutism: A Comprehensive Guide to Assessment and Treatment
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2023
Caregiver’s attitudes, beliefs, and experiences for influenza vaccination in Australian children with medical comorbidities
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2019.02.077
Abstract: Influenza vaccination is recommended and funded for Australian children with medical comorbidities that increase their risk of severe influenza. Despite this, influenza vaccine coverage remains low within this population. We examined caregivers' attitudes and practices for influenza vaccination in children with medical comorbidities. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted with caregivers of children (6 months to <18 years old) with medical comorbidities attending sub-speciality paediatric outpatient clinics at the Royal Children's Hospital (Melbourne), Princess Margaret Hospital (Perth), and Leading Steps private paediatric clinic (Gold Coast). Multivariate linear regression was used to identify surveys responses predictive of receipt of influenza vaccination in 2017. From the 611 surveys collected, 556 were suitable for analysis. Caregiver reported 2017 influenza vaccine coverage was 52.2% in children with medical comorbidities. Caregivers who believed influenza vaccines to be ≥50% effective were more likely to vaccinate their children (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]:3.79 (2.41 5.96). Those who expressed concerns about vaccine side effects were less likely to vaccinate their children (aOR: 0.49 [95% CI: 0.30 0.80]). Influenza vaccine uptake was significantly more likely for children who had been previously recommended influenza vaccination by their hospital-based physician (aOR: 4.33 [95% CI: 2.58 7.27]) and had previously received a hospital-based vaccination (aOR: 3.11 [95% CI 1.79 5.40]). Hospital-based physicians were also caregivers' most commonly reported source of trusted vaccination information (63.5%). Whilst only 29.3% of caregivers reported their child had been recommended influenza vaccination during a previous admission, 80.1% of caregivers stated they were receptive to their child receiving potential future influenza vaccinations during hospitalisations. Reported influenza vaccination coverage in children with medical comorbidities remains inadequate. An important finding of this study is that influenza vaccination recommendation by children's hospital physicians and previous vaccine receipt in hospital was associated with vaccine uptake. Opportunities for vaccination, especially during hospitalisation, must be examined.
Syndrome comorbidity in patients diagnosed with a DSM-III—R anxiety disorder.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 08-1990
Social phobia: A preliminary cross-national comparison
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 1997
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1997)5:3<130::AID-DA4>3.0.CO;2-I
Anxiety disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-05-2017
DOI: 10.1038/NRDP.2017.24
Abstract: Anxiety disorders constitute the largest group of mental disorders in most western societies and are a leading cause of disability. The essential features of anxiety disorders are excessive and enduring fear, anxiety or avoidance of perceived threats, and can also include panic attacks. Although the neurobiology of in idual anxiety disorders is largely unknown, some generalizations have been identified for most disorders, such as alterations in the limbic system, dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and genetic factors. In addition, general risk factors for anxiety disorders include female sex and a family history of anxiety, although disorder-specific risk factors have also been identified. The diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders varies for the in idual disorders, but are generally similar across the two most common classification systems: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition (ICD-10). Despite their public health significance, the vast majority of anxiety disorders remain undetected and untreated by health care systems, even in economically advanced countries. If untreated, these disorders are usually chronic with waxing and waning symptoms. Impairments associated with anxiety disorders range from limitations in role functioning to severe disabilities, such as the patient being unable to leave their home.
No jab, no pay — No planning for migrant children: Migration should be considered by immunisation policy
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 10-2016
DOI: 10.5694/MJA16.00351
Clinical Predictors of Response to Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders: The Genes for Treatment (GxT) Study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2015
Interpretative Biases in Social Phobia: Content Specificity and the Effects of Depression
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-2005
Improving adherence and clinical outcomes in self-guided internet treatment for anxiety and depression
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 25-02-2014
THE IMPACT OF LATE-LIFE ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION ON COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY AND COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING SKILL ACQUISITION
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 26-05-2015
DOI: 10.1002/DA.22375
Abstract: Studies examining treatment moderators and mediators in late-life anxiety and depression are sparse. Executive functioning skills decrease with age, and are poorer in the context of anxiety and depression. One of the key cognitive behavioral therapy techniques for anxiety and depression is cognitive restructuring (CR), which teaches people to identify and dispute maladaptive thoughts. There is evidence that cognitive flexibility (CF), one aspect of executive functioning, has a negative impact on CR skill acquisition in nonclinical older adults, and this warrants extension in a clinical s le. This study assessed CR skill acquisition in a clinical s le of 47 older adults with anxiety and depression and 53 nonclinical controls during an experimental paradigm, and investigated the influence of CF on this relationship. A battery of neuropsychological tests assessing CF were administered and CR was learned during a brief intervention. The clinical s le showed poorer CF on some measures, as well as poorer CR quality and efficacy (reduction in subjective distress). CF partially mediated the relationship between clinical status and CR quality, and between clinical status and CR efficacy. These results provide preliminary evidence that older adults with anxiety and depression are worse at learning and benefiting from CR with a brief intervention and this is partially due to having poorer CF skills. These findings warrant further examination in a treatment context to assess whether CR skill acquisition improves over treatment.
The meditating role of sleep in the longitudinal associations between peer victimization and internalizing symptoms: A cross-lagged panel analysis
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 03-2023
DOI: 10.1017/S0954579423000159
Abstract: Adolescence is a time of heightened vulnerability for both peer victimization (PV) and internalizing symptoms. While the positive association between them is well established, there is little understanding of the mechanisms underpinning this relationship. To address this gap, the current study aimed to investigate sleep hygiene and school night sleep duration as in idual and sequential mediators of the relationship between PV and both depressive and social anxiety symptoms during pre- to mid-adolescence. The study drew upon a community s le of 528 Australian youth aged 10–12 years at baseline ( M age = 11.19, SD = .55 51.1% boys) and data were collected over five annual measurement occasions. Direct and indirect longitudinal and bidirectional associations were examined using cross-lagged panel analysis. There was no evidence of sequential mediation through both sleep hygiene and sleep duration to depression and social anxiety. Instead, the findings show that sleep hygiene mediated the prospective association between PV and both depressive and social anxiety symptoms, and between PV and sleep duration. Overall, sleep hygiene represents a modifiable transdiagnostic factor that can be targeted to break the cycle of PV, inadequate sleep, and internalizing symptoms.
Maternal Negative Affect and Infant Sleep: Investigating Bi-directional Relationships Using Structural Equation Modelling
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 03-2015
Adolescent mental health literacy: Young people's knowledge of depression and help seeking
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-07-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.ADOLESCENCE.2005.05.004
Abstract: This study examined the mental health literacy of a group of adolescents, with particular reference to their ability to recognize symptoms of depression in their peers. Respondents were 202 Australian adolescents (122 males, 80 females) aged 15–17 years. Their mental health literacy was examined through a questionnaire that presented them with five scenarios of young people. Respondents showed a mixed ability to correctly recognize and label depression, although they were able to differentiate depressed and non‐depressed scenarios in terms of severity and expected recovery time. Results are discussed in light of findings from adult mental health literacy and clinical implications.
Prevention and early intervention of anxiety problems in young children: A pilot evaluation of Cool Little Kids Online
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2016
The effects of breathing rate and pCO2 levels on relaxation and anxiety in a non-clinical population
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1990
Minimising young children’s anxiety through schools (MY-CATS): protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an online parent-led intervent
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-02-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S13063-022-06010-8
Abstract: Identifying and supporting young children who are at risk of developing anxiety disorders would benefit children, families, and wider society. Elevated anxiety symptoms, inhibited temperament, and high parental anxiety are established risk factors for later anxiety disorders, but it remains unclear who is most likely to benefit from prevention and early intervention programmes. Delivering an online intervention through schools to parents of young children who have one or more of these risks could maximise reach. The primary aim of this trial is to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of delivering an online parent-led intervention, compared with usual school provision only, for children (aged 4–7) identified as at risk for anxiety disorders on the basis of at least one risk factor. We also aim to identify the characteristics of children who do and do not benefit from intervention and mechanisms of change from the intervention. The design will be a parallel group, superiority cluster randomised controlled trial, with schools (clusters) randomised to intervention or usual school practice arms in a 1:1 ratio stratified according to level of deprivation within the school. The study will recruit and randomise at least 60 primary/infant schools in England, and on the basis of recruiting 60 schools, we will recruit 1080 trial participants (540 per arm). Parents of all children (aged 4–7) in s led Reception, Year 1, and Year 2 classes will be invited to complete screening questionnaires. Children who screen positive on the basis of anxiety symptoms, and/or behavioural inhibition, and/or parent anxiety symptoms will be eligible for the trial. Parents/carers of children in schools allocated to the intervention arm will be offered a brief online intervention schools in both arms will continue to provide any usual support for children and parents throughout the trial. Assessments will be completed at screening, baseline (before randomisation), 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 12 months post-randomisation. The primary outcome will be the absence resence of an anxiety disorder diagnosis at 12 months. The trial will determine if delivering an online intervention for parents of young children at risk of anxiety disorders identified through screening in schools is effective and cost-effective. ISRCTN 82398107 . Prospectively registered on Jan. 14, 2021.
Assessment instrument for panic disorder that includes fear of sensation‐producing activities: The albany panic and phobia questionnaire
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1994
Abstract: A set of items was developed to assess fear of activities which produce physical sensations (e.g., exercise) based on clinical observations that in iduals with panic disorder fear such activities in addition to agoraphobic situations. Factor analysis of a 32-item pool based on responses from 438 subjects confirmed three distinct factors which were labelled: agoraphobia, social phobia, and interoceptive fears. Evidence was obtained to support the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity of all three factors. Importantly, the interoceptive factor demonstrated a slightly different pattern of relationships with other constructs to the agoraphobic factor, even though the two were highly related. The present questionnaire will help to expand current assessments of panic disorder for both clinical work and research.
Acceptability and Outcomes of the Cool Little Kids Parenting Group Program for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Families Within an Australian Population-Based Study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-01-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S10578-021-01293-5
Abstract: This feasibility study explored suitability of a preventive intervention for internalising problems in young children for culturally and linguistically erse families in Australia. A subs le of 62 families whose main language at home was other than English was selected from a population-based randomised trial of the Cool Little Kids parenting program. The population trial recruited 545 inhibited preschool children. Measures included family demographics, feedback post-intervention and child internalising problems at longitudinal follow-up. Parents of children whose main language at home was not English gave feedback that Cool Little Kids was helpful for managing their inhibited child's emotional distress. Significantly fewer intervention than control children whose main language at home was not English had separation anxiety symptoms after 2 years (M (SD) = 3.00 (3.15) versus 5.95 (3.98), p = 0.041). Further work to expand accessibility of Cool Little Kids to recent immigrant parents who do not speak English could be worthwhile.
Behavioural activation: A pilot trial of transdiagnostic treatment for excessive worry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2013.05.010
Abstract: Transdiagnostic interventions present pragmatic benefits in treatment dissemination and training of mental health professionals when faced with emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression. Excessive worry is a common feature across emotional disorders and represents an ideal candidate target for transdiagnostic intervention. The current pilot trial examined the efficacy of a behavioural activation treatment for worry (BAW) in a community population. 49 in iduals experiencing excessive worry were randomised to waitlist or BAW receiving an 8 week group based intervention. Results demonstrated that BAW was successful in reducing excessive worry, depressive symptoms, cognitive avoidance, Intolerance of Uncertainty and improving problem solving orientation. Twice as many in iduals showed clinically significant reductions in excessive worry after treatment compared to the waitlist control. Despite limitations to s le size and power, this study presents promising support for BAW as a practical transdiagnostic treatment for worry.
The effects of video feedback on the self-evaluation of performance in socially anxious subjects
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1996
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(96)00003-4
Abstract: Previous research has demonstrated that socially anxious subjects appraise their own social performance as worse than it is seen by independent observers, but are able to appraise the performance of others accurately. Three studies are reported in which socially anxious subjects evaluated their own social performance after viewing it via video. In each study, ratings made following video were closer to those made by independent observers than were ratings made without the benefit of video. In addition, this effect was similar in both socially anxious and nonanxious people. A model is proposed in which self evaluation of one's social performance is based on a mental representation of one's external appearance which receives input from long term memory, internal cues, and external cues.
A parent-report measure of children’s anxiety: psychometric properties and comparison with child-report in a clinic and normal sample
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2004
A Comparison of Repetitive Negative Thinking and Post-Event Processing in the Prediction of Maladaptive Social-Evaluative Beliefs: A Short-Term Prospective Study
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-08-2015
Behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1992
Discrepancy between self- and observer ratings of performance in social phobics.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 11-1992
A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for managing anxiety in adolescents with acquired brain injury
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 19-12-2022
The effect of victims' responses to overt bullying on same-sex peer bystander reactions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSP.2015.07.002
Abstract: This study investigated the impact of victims' responses to overt bullying on peer bystanders' attitudes and reactions. Fifth- and seventh-grade students (N = 206 M(age) = 11.13 and 13.18 years, respectively) completed online questionnaires about gender-consistent videotaped hypothetical bullying scenarios in which the victims' responses (angry, sad, confident, ignoring) were experimentally manipulated. Victims' responses significantly influenced bystanders' attitudes towards the victim, perceptions of the victimization, emotional reactions, and behavioral intentions. In general, angry victims elicited more negative reactions, sad victims elicited greater intentions to act, while incidents involving confident victims were perceived as less serious. Several variations depending on the bullying type and students' grade, gender, and personal experiences with bullying were evident. Implications for in idual-level and peer-level anti-bullying interventions are discussed.
Testing the efficacy of theoretically derived improvements in the treatment of social phobia.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1037/A0014800
Abstract: Recent theoretical models of social phobia suggest that targeting several specific cognitive factors in treatment should enhance treatment efficacy over that of more traditional skills-based treatment programs. In the current study, 195 people with social phobia were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments: standard cognitive restructuring plus in vivo exposure, an "enhanced" treatment that augmented the standard program with several additional treatment techniques (e.g., performance feedback, attention retraining), and a nonspecific (stress management) treatment. The enhanced treatment demonstrated significantly greater effects on diagnoses, diagnostic severity, and anxiety during a speech. The specific treatments failed to differ significantly on self-report measures of social anxiety symptoms and life interference, although they were both significantly better than the nonspecific treatment. The enhanced treatment also showed significantly greater effects than standard treatment on 2 putative process measures: cost of negative evaluation and negative views of one's skills and appearance. Changes on these process variables mediated differences between the treatments on changes in diagnostic severity.
A brief parent-focused intervention reduces anxiety disorders in socially inhibited children
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 13-03-2011
DOI: 10.1136/EBMH1154
Evidence that Different Types of Peer Victimization have Equivalent Associations with Transdiagnostic Psychopathology in Adolescence
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-02-2020
D-CYCLOSERINE ENHANCES GENERALIZATION OF FEAR EXTINCTION IN CHILDREN
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 10-03-2015
DOI: 10.1002/DA.22356
Abstract: For exposure therapy to be successful, it is essential that fear extinction learning extends beyond the treatment setting. D-cycloserine (DCS) may facilitate treatment gains by increasing generalization of extinction learning, however, its effects have not been tested in children. We examined whether DCS enhanced generalization of fear extinction learning across different stimuli and contexts among children with specific phobias. The study was a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial among dog or spider phobic children aged 6-14. Participants ingested either 50 mg of DCS (n = 18) or placebo (n = 17) before receiving a single prolonged exposure session to their feared stimulus. Return of fear was examined 1 week later to a different stimulus (a different dog or spider), presented in both the original treatment context and an alternate context. Avoidance and fear were measured with Behavior Approach Tests (BATs), where the child was asked to increase proximity to the stimulus while reporting their fear level. There were no differences in BAT performance between groups during the exposure session or when a new stimulus was later presented in the treatment context. However, when the new stimulus was presented in a different context, relative to placebo, the DCS group showed less avoidance (P = .03) and less increase in fear (P = .04) with moderate effect sizes. DCS enabled children to better retain their fear extinction learning. This new learning generalized to different stimuli and contexts.
Exploring the tripartite influence model of body image and disordered eating among adolescent girls living in Australia, China, India, and Iran
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2023
Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-1996
DOI: 10.1007/BF01441484
Abstract: This a case report of a 40-year-old male with left knee dislocation Type III and associated peroneal nerve palsy underwent delayed allograft reconstruction of his multiligament knee injury (MKI) with Internal Brace augmentation. The patient returned to work at 6 months postoperatively. He then fell and sustained a displaced supracondylar left femur fracture at the site of the internal brace augmentation of his lateral collateral ligament (LCL) reconstruction for which he underwent placement of a retrograde femoral nail. At 2 years of follow-up the patient had no evidence of knee instability. Level of evidence: V.
Effect of Comorbidity on Treatment of Anxious Children and Adolescents: Results From a Large, Combined Sample
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAAC.2012.10.002
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of comorbid disorders on the degree of change and the endpoint of cognitive-behavioral treatment in anxious young people. Data on 750 children 6 to 18 years old were compiled from different s les within one clinic. All children had a primary anxiety disorder and were engaged in a manual-based, 10-session, cognitive-behavioral treatment program. Outcome was determined according to diagnostic status and continuous symptom measurements. Analyses compared results among four groups: no comorbidity, comorbid anxiety disorders, comorbid externalizing disorders, comorbid mood disorders. All analyses were intent-to-treat analyses. Children with comorbid depression were the least likely to be free of their primary anxiety diagnosis at the end of treatment and follow-up. According to child and maternal reports, symptoms of anxiety decreased similarly over time in all groups, but children with comorbid mood disorders scored significantly highest at all time points. Examining the effects of anxiety treatment on comorbid disorders showed that comorbid mood disorders, but not externalizing disorders, decreased significantly over time. The existence of comorbid disorders does not appear to affect the rate or extent of response to cognitive-behavioral treatment for child anxiety. However, comorbidity has a marked influence on the endpoint of treatment. Children with nonanxiety comorbidity and especially with comorbid mood disorders exhibit greater severity at the outset and remain worse after treatment. On the positive side, treatment for anxiety disorders appears to decrease comorbid mood disorders, although it has less effect on comorbid externalizing disorders.
Adolescent development and risk for the onset of social-emotional disorders: A review and conceptual model
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2019.103501
Abstract: The adolescent developmental stage appears to be a sensitive period for the onset of several particular forms of mental disorder that are characterised by heightened emotionality and social sensitivity and are more common in females than males. We refer to these disorders (social anxiety disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, eating disorders, major depression) collectively as the social-emotional disorders. The aim of this paper is to address an important question in the understanding of social-emotional disorders - why do these disorders commonly begin during adolescence? We present a conceptual model that describes some of the key changes that occur during adolescence and that addresses some hypothesised ways in which these changes might increase risk for the development of social-emotional disorders. An overview of the extant empirical literature and some possible directions for future research are suggested. The model points to interesting links between psycho-social risk factors that should highlight potentially fruitful directions for both psychopathology research and early intervention programs.
Latent stability and change in subgroups of social anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescence: A latent profile and transitional analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2022.102537
Abstract: Social anxiety and depressive symptoms increase markedly during adolescence. Most research examining the emergence of these symptoms has used a variable-centered approach providing little information about how these symptoms group together in in iduals over time. A person-centered approach utilizing latent profile and latent transitional analyses was applied to a large adolescent s le (N = 2742, M Four subgroups were identified: 1. Low Distress, 2. Socially Anxious, 3. Dysphoric, and 4. Comorbid. The low distress group was the largest and most stable, followed by the socially anxious group, who most commonly transitioned into the comorbid group. In contrast, the dysphoric group were most likely to remit and move to the low distress group. The comorbid group was the smallest and least stable, although once in this group, three quarters of adolescents remained in this group over time. Early intervention is particularly imperative for socially anxious adolescents with or without comorbid depressive symptoms as they are the least likely to improve across the adolescent years.
Psychological factors influencing the affective response to biological challenge procedures in panic disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1995
The impact of treatment delivery format on response to cognitive behaviour therapy for preadolescent children with anxiety disorders
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-03-2018
DOI: 10.1111/JCPP.12872
Online Assessment of Preschool Anxiety: description and initial validation of a new diagnostic tool
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-03-2019
DOI: 10.1111/CAMH.12324
A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Social Anxiety Disorder
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2014
Sources of weight stigma and adolescent mental health: From whom is it the most harmful?
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 05-2022
DOI: 10.1037/SAH0000380
A test of the cognitive model of panic: Primed lexical decision in panic disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00029-7
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether in iduals with panic disorder are characterised by an enhanced tendency to associate particular somatic sensations with threatening outcomes, compared with nonclinical controls. In order to test this prediction, a modified lexical decision task was employed. Panic disorder subjects and nonclinical control subjects made lexical decisions to neutral word pairs and threatening word pairs. Threatening word pairs consisted of combinations of somatic sensations and catastrophic outcomes (e.g., breathless-suffocate), which have been shown to be of salience to in iduals with panic disorder. Semantic priming was found for both neutral and threatening word pairs, but was demonstrated equally by panic disorder subjects and nonclinical controls. The results did not provide support for cognitive models of panic disorder.
Efficacy of D‐cycloserine augmented brief intensive cognitive‐behavioural therapy for paediatric obsessive‐compulsive disorder: A randomised clinical trial
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 27-01-2022
DOI: 10.1002/DA.23242
Panic induction via inhalation of 5.5% CO2 enriched air: a single subject analysis of psychological and physiological effects
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1988
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(88)90086-1
Abstract: Predicted effects of climate change include high extinction risk for many species, but confidence in these predictions is undermined by a perceived lack of empirical support. Many studies have now documented ecological responses to recent climate change, providing the opportunity to test whether the magnitude and nature of recent responses match predictions. Here, we perform a global and multitaxon metaanalysis to show that empirical evidence for the realized effects of climate change supports predictions of future extinction risk. We use International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria as a common scale to estimate extinction risks from a wide range of climate impacts, ecological responses, and methods of analysis, and we compare predictions with observations. Mean extinction probability across studies making predictions of the future effects of climate change was 7% by 2100 compared with 15% based on observed responses. After taking account of possible bias in the type of climate change impact analyzed and the parts of the world and taxa studied, there was less discrepancy between the two approaches: predictions suggested a mean extinction probability of 10% across taxa and regions, whereas empirical evidence gave a mean probability of 14%. As well as mean overall extinction probability, observations also supported predictions in terms of variability in extinction risk and the relative risk associated with broad taxonomic groups and geographic regions. These results suggest that predictions are robust to methodological assumptions and provide strong empirical support for the assertion that anthropogenic climate change is now a major threat to global bio ersity.
Failure to replicate a memory bias in panic disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1994
Differential response to hyperventilation in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 02-1986
The development and modification of temperamental risk for anxiety disorders: prevention of a lifetime of anxiety?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01572-X
Abstract: This review poses the question, is it possible to prevent the development of anxiety disorders through selective interventions? The article begins with a review of the major psychosocial risk factors for anxiety disorders. Evidence is reviewed to support the role of inhibited temperament, parent anxiety, environmental support of avoidant coping, and vicarious and instructional learning of avoidance as risks for anxiety. It is argued that the central focus of these risks is an inhibited temperament and that the other risk factors are likely to be both moderated and mediated by this temperamental style. Thus, a clear option for prevention would be to modify early inhibition. Some preliminary data are presented from the Macquarie University Preschool Intervention Project, a longitudinal study of a brief parent education program for the reduction of inhibited temperament in preschool children. Although there remains considerable room for stronger effects, preliminary results show clear promise that it may be possible to modify early risk for anxiety disorders.
Minimising Young Children’s Anxiety through Schools (MY-CATS): statistical analysis plan for a cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an online par
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-12-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S13063-022-06899-1
Abstract: The Minimising Young Children’s Anxiety through Schools (MY-CATS) trial is being conducted to determine whether an online evidence-based parent-guided cognitive behavioural therapy intervention in addition to usual school practice is effective and cost-effective compared with usual school practice in reducing anxiety disorders in children aged 4–7 deemed ‘at risk’ of anxiety disorders. This update article describes the detailed statistical analysis plan for the MY-CATS trial and reports a review of the underpinning s le size assumptions. The MY-CATS study is a two-arm, definitive superiority pragmatic parallel group cluster randomised controlled trial in which schools will be randomised 1:1 to receive either the intervention (in addition to usual school practice) or the usual school practice only. This update to the (published) protocol provides a detailed description of the study methods, the statistical principles, the trial population and the planned statistical analyses, including additional analyses comprising instrumental variable regression and mediation analysis. ISRCTN82398107 . Prospectively registered on 14 January 2021
Behavior Genetics Association 42nd Annual Meeting Abstracts
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-09-2012
Figure Correction: Medium-Term Effects of a Tailored Web-Based Parenting Intervention to Reduce Adolescent Risk of Depression and Anxiety: 12-Month Findings From a Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprin
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 18-08-2019
Development and validation of a measure of maladaptive social-evaluative beliefs characteristic of social anxiety disorder in youth: The Report of Youth Social Cognitions (RYSC).
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 07-2018
DOI: 10.1037/PAS0000539
Abstract: Recent research has started to examine the applicability of influential adult models of the maintenance of social anxiety disorder (SAD) to youth. This research is limited by the lack of psychometrically validated measures of underlying constructs that are developmentally appropriate for youth. One key construct in adult models of SAD is maladaptive social-evaluative beliefs. The current study aimed to develop and validate a measure of these beliefs in youth, known as the Report of Youth Social Cognitions (RYSC). The RYSC was developed with a clinical s le of youth with anxiety disorders (N = 180) and cross-validated in a community s le of youth (N = 305). In the clinical s le, the RYSC exhibited a 3-factor structure (negative evaluation, revealing self, and positive impression factors), good internal consistency, and construct validity. In the community s le, the 3-factor structure and the internal consistency of the RYSC were replicated, but the test of construct validity showed that the RYSC had similarly strong associations with social anxiety and depressed affect. The RYSC had good test-retest reliability overall, although the revealing self subscale showed lower temporal stability which improved when only older participants were considered (age ≥9 years). The RYSC in general was also shown to discriminate between youth with and without SAD although the revealing self subscale again performed suboptimally but improved when only older participants were considered. These findings provide psychometric support for the RYSC and justifies its use with youth in research and clinical settings requiring the assessment of maladaptive social-evaluative beliefs. (PsycINFO Database Record
Validation of the Self-Beliefs Related to Social Anxiety Scale
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-04-2013
Abstract: The importance of self-beliefs in prominent models of social phobia has led to the development of measures that tap this cognitive construct. The Self-Beliefs Related to Social Anxiety (SBSA) Scale is one such measure and taps the three maladaptive belief types proposed in Clark and Wells’s model of social phobia. This study aimed to replicate and extend previous research on the psychometric properties of the SBSA. Replicating previous research, in an (undiagnosed) undergraduate s le ( n = 235), the SBSA was found to have a correlated three-factor structure using confirmatory factor analyses, and the SBSA and its subscales demonstrated good internal consistency and test–retest reliability. The SBSA and its subscales also had unique relationships with social anxiety and depression, the majority of which replicated previous research. Extending previous research, the SBSA and its subscales showed good incremental validity in the undergraduate s le and good discriminative validity using the undergraduate s le and a s le of in iduals with social phobia ( n = 33). The SBSA’s strong theoretical basis and the findings of this study suggest that the SBSA is an ideal research and clinical tool to assess the cognitions characteristic of social phobia.
Maintenance of Social Anxiety in Stuttering: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model
Publisher: American Speech Language Hearing Association
Date: 17-05-2017
DOI: 10.1044/2016_AJSLP-16-0033
Abstract: Stuttering is a speech disorder frequently accompanied by anxiety in social-evaluative situations. A growing body of research has confirmed a significant rate of social anxiety disorder among adults who stutter. Social anxiety disorder is a chronic and disabling anxiety disorder associated with substantial life impairment. Several influential models have described cognitive-behavioral factors that contribute to the maintenance of social anxiety in nonstuttering populations. The purpose of the present article is to apply these leading models to the experience of social anxiety for people who stutter. Components from existing models were applied to stuttering in order to determine cognitive-behavioral processes that occur before, during, and after social-evaluative situations, which may increase the likelihood of stuttering-related social fears persisting. Maintenance of social anxiety in stuttering may be influenced by a host of interrelated factors, including fear of negative evaluation, negative social-evaluative cognitions, attentional biases, self-focused attention, safety behaviors, and anticipatory and postevent processing. Given the chronic nature of social anxiety disorder, identifying factors that contribute to the persistence of stuttering-related social fears has the potential to inform clinical practice and the development of psychological treatment programs to address the speech and psychological needs of people who stutter with social anxiety.
Social anxiety and self-impression: cognitive preparation enhances the beneficial effects of video feedback following a stressful social task
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00148-5
Abstract: Negative and distorted images of the observable self are important in the development and maintenance of social phobia. Previous research has shown that video feedback has potential to correct the distorted self-perception [Rapee, R. M. & Hayman, K. (1996). The effects of video feedback on the self-evaluation of performance in socially anxious subjects. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 315-322]. The present experiment investigated whether the construction of a self-image prior to viewing the video may enhance the therapeutic effects of video feedback. High and low socially anxious in iduals gave a speech and then viewed the video of their performance. Half of the s le were given cognitive preparation prior to viewing the video. Cognitive preparation involved asking participants to (1) predict in detail what they will see in the video, (2) form an image of themselves giving the speech and (3) watch the video as though they were watching a stranger. Participants who received cognitive preparation prior to the video feedback made higher ratings of their overall performance and of specific aspects of their performance compared to those who were not given cognitive preparation and compared to the same ratings made prior to the video feedback. These results suggest that the therapeutic effects of video feedback can be enhanced by careful cognitive preparation which maximises the perceived discrepancy between self and video images.
A Selective Intervention Program for Inhibited Preschool-Aged Children of Parents With an Anxiety Disorder: Effects on Current Anxiety Disorders and Temperament
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2009
The Effect of Spirituality on Mood: Mediation by Self-Esteem, Social Support, and Meaning in Life
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-07-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S10943-021-01342-2
Abstract: Negative correlations between religiosity or spirituality and depression symptoms have been frequently reported, but relatively few empirical studies have investigated the processes that mediate the relationships. This study investigated four theorized mediators in a single model to assess the unique contributions of self-esteem, social support, meaning in life, and positive religious coping to the relationship between religiosity, spirituality, and two markers of depression, positive affect and negative affect. Path analysis was employed to investigate multiple mediation models in a s le of 352 undergraduates. Non-significant paths were removed, and a second independent s le of 316 undergraduates was used to validate the trimmed models. Results indicated that self-esteem mediated the relationships between spirituality and both positive and negative affect. Meaning in life also mediated the relationship between spirituality and positive affect, while social support mediated the relationship between spirituality and negative affect. Positive religious coping did not mediate either relationship, possibly because the s les were not drawn from populations under stress. The relationship between intrinsic religiosity and positive affect was similarly mediated by self-esteem and meaning in life. Religiosity and negative affect were related through the mediators self-esteem and an unexpectedly adverse factor captured by positive religious coping in the models used.
The Clinical and Theoretical Basis for Integrated Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Comorbid Social Anxiety and Alcohol Use Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2015
The validity of the social avoidance and distress scale and the fear of negative evaluation scale with social phobic patients
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1988
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(88)90074-5
Abstract: Here we present the Global Epidemic and Mobility (GLEaM) model that integrates sociodemographic and population mobility data in a spatially structured stochastic disease approach to simulate the spread of epidemics at the worldwide scale. We discuss the flexible structure of the model that is open to the inclusion of different disease structures and local intervention policies. This makes GLEaM suitable for the computational modeling and anticipation of the spatio-temporal patterns of global epidemic spreading, the understanding of historical epidemics, the assessment of the role of human mobility in shaping global epidemics, and the analysis of mitigation and containment scenarios.
Testing a concurrent model of social anxiety in preadolescence
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 25-03-2020
Abstract: Social anxiety is a common mental disorder with an average age of onset in early adolescence. Current theories focus largely on risk factors that are present from early in life, but reasons for onset of the disorder as youth move into adolescence are rarely discussed. We recently proposed a model of the onset of certain mental disorders during the adolescent years based on characteristics of adolescent development. While this model will require longitudinal testing, the current article establishes concurrent associations between relevant variables in a cohort of 528 preadolescents ( M age = 11.2 years) at baseline. Youth with social anxiety disorder differed significantly from other youth on measures of social comparison (including physical appearance comparisons, self-rated attractiveness, and negative peer comparisons on social media) as well as positive peer connections (including self-reported school belonging, number of friends, victimization, and peer affiliation). A structural equation model showed that symptom levels of social anxiety were directly related to social comparisons and peer connections, as well as indirectly associated with pubertal development and social comparisons. This pattern was not moderated by sex of youth.
Predictors of agoraphobic avoidance
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1988
Psychometric properties of the state Probability and Consequences Questionnaire for social anxiety disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2022.102636
Abstract: Cognitive models of social anxiety propose that overestimation of the probability and cost of negative evaluation plays a central role in maintaining the disorder. However, there are currently no self-report state-based measures of probability and cost appraisals. The current paper examines the psychometric properties of the Probability and Consequences Questionnaire for social anxiety (PCQ-SA), which measures probability and consequence appraisals both in anticipation of, and in response to, an impromptu speech task. A total of 532 participants were recruited for the present study, consisting of 409 participants with a principal diagnosis of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), and 123 non-clinical controls. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a two-factor solution for the PCQ-SA. The PCQ-SA demonstrated excellent internal consistency, excellent test-retest reliability, good convergent validity at both time points (i.e., pre and post speech task), and sensitivity to treatment. Finally, using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Analysis, clinical cut-off scores were calculated for probability and consequences at both time points, with the PCQ-SA scales showing good sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Overall, the results provide evidence that the PCQ-SA possesses excellent psychometric properties. The PCQ-SA is suitable for use in clinical and research settings to assess key cognitive maintaining factors for SAD.
Forgiveness Reduces Anger in a School Bullying Context
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 22-06-2015
Abstract: Forgiveness has been shown to be a helpful strategy for victims of many different forms of abuse and trauma. It has also been theoretically linked to positive outcomes for victims of bullying. However, it has never been experimentally manipulated in a school bullying context. This research investigates an experimental manipulation providing children with response advice following a bullying incident. Children read hypothetical physical and verbal bullying scenarios, followed by advice from a friend to either respond with forgiveness, avoidance, or revenge, in a within-subjects repeated measures design. One hundred eighty-four children aged 11 to 15 from private schools in Sydney participated in this study. Results indicated that advice to forgive the perpetrator led to significantly less anger than advice to either avoid or exact revenge. Avoidance was the most likely advice to be followed by students and the most likely to result in ignoring the bullying and developing empathy for their abuser. However, it also resulted in interpretations of the bullying as being more serious. Forgiveness is suggested as an effective coping response for ameliorating the affective aggressive states of victimized youth, with further exploration needed regarding the interplay between the avoidance and forgiveness processes.
Cool Little Kids translational trial to prevent internalising: two-year outcomes and prediction of parent engagement
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-08-2020
DOI: 10.1111/CAMH.12420
Abstract: The aim was to determine outcomes in the first year of school of a population‐delivered parenting program to prevent internalising problems in temperamentally inhibited preschool children and predictors of engagement in parenting groups. Design : Randomised controlled trial. Setting : 307 preschool services across eight socio‐economically erse government areas in Melbourne, Australia. Participants : 545 parents of inhibited 4‐year‐old children 469 (86%) retained at two‐year follow‐up. Intervention : Cool Little Kids program. Primary outcomes were child internalising symptoms and anxiety disorders. Secondary outcomes were parenting, parent well‐being and engagement. Trial registration ISRCTN30996662 www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN30996662 . In the first year of school ( M ( SD ) age 6.7 (0.4) years), child anxiety symptoms were reduced in the intervention versus control arm (PAS‐R M ( SD ): total 36.2 (17.2) versus 39.4 (18.5) adjusted difference −3.26, 95% CI −6.46 to −0.05, p = .047 specific fears 9.1 (6.2) versus 10.7 (6.8), adjusted difference −1.53 95% CI −2.69 to −0.38, p = .009). However, there was little difference in broader child internalising (CMFWQ M ( SD ): 2.2 (0.5) versus 2.3 (0.6) adjusted difference −0.03, 95% CI −0.13 to 0.06, p = .489) or anxiety disorders (37.6% vs. 42.6% adjusted OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.18, p = .242). Lower income, younger mothers, less educated and more culturally erse fathers engaged less with the intervention. Continued skills practice was less frequent for parents of girls and in advantaged neighbourhoods. There were population effects of Cool Little Kids in the first year of school for anxiety symptoms but not disorders. Considering motivation techniques to engage subgroups of families would be helpful in translation research.
The Influence of Anxiety on Accuracy of Heart Rate Estimations
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-1991
DOI: 10.1017/S0813483900006707
Abstract: Twenty-eight non-clinical subjects, scoring either high or low on a variety of anxiety measures, were asked to match their perceived heart rate to a series of tones produced by a metronomal device, both at rest and during a period of mild exercise. Actual heart rate was measured concurrently with an electrocardiogram. No differences were found between groups in the accuracy with which they were able to monitor their heart rates and, in fact, all subjects markedly underestimated their heart rate. Also, no significant correlations were found between heart rate awareness and any of the measures of anxiety, except for a negative relationship between awareness and scores on the Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Theories of anxiety, and methodological considerations, are discussed.
Risk and Protective Factors for Prospective Changes in Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-10-2020
The first 30 months of the MindSpot Clinic
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-10-2017
Abstract: The MindSpot Clinic provides online mental health services to Australian adults with anxiety and depression. This paper describes users of MindSpot between January 2013 and June 2015. Outcomes are considered against three key objectives: improving access to mental health services, improving public awareness of how to access services and providing evidence-based treatments. Website traffic data were examined to determine patterns of use. Demographic characteristics, past service utilisation and reasons for contacting MindSpot were analysed. Outcomes for patients enrolled in a MindSpot treatment course were also analysed. Primary outcomes were scores on the 9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire, Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-Item, Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist–Civilian Version, administered at assessment, post-treatment and 3-month follow-up. The website was visited by almost 500,000 Australians, of which 33,990 adults started assessments, and 25,469 people completed assessment and were eligible for analysis. Mean age was 36.4 years (standard deviation = 13.3 years range = 18–94 years), and 72% were female. The proportion living in rural or remote regions and who identified as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander closely matched national statistics. The majority (82%) reported that they were not currently in contact with mental health services. Most patients sought an assessment, information about treatment options, or referral to another service, and only 24% of those completing an assessment commenced a MindSpot treatment course. Of these, large clinical effects ( d: 0.7–2.4 average symptom reductions: 25.5% to 61.6%) were found from assessment to follow-up on all outcome measures. Deterioration ranged from 1.0% to 4.3%. Based on the number of website visits, completed assessments and treatment outcomes, MindSpot achieved its three programme objectives. This model of service provision has considerable value as a complement to existing services, and is proving particularly important for improving access for people not using existing services.
Development of a short form Social Interaction Anxiety (SIAS) and Social Phobia Scale (SPS) using nonparametric item response theory: The SIAS-6 and the SPS-6.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1037/A0024544
Abstract: Shortened forms of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) were developed using nonparametric item response theory methods. Using data from socially phobic participants enrolled in 5 treatment trials (N = 456), 2 six-item scales (the SIAS-6 and the SPS-6) were developed. The validity of the scores on the SIAS-6 and the SPS-6 was then tested using traditional methods for their convergent validity in an independent clinical s le and a student s le, as well as for their sensitivity to change and diagnostic sensitivity in the clinical s le. The scores on the SIAS-6 and the SPS-6 correlated as well as the scores on the original SIAS and SPS, with scores on measures of related constructs, discriminated well between those with and without a diagnosis of social phobia, providing cutoffs for diagnosis and were as sensitive to measuring change associated with treatment as were the SIAS and SPS. Together, the SIAS-6 and the SPS-6 appear to be an efficient method of measuring symptoms of social phobia and provide a brief screening tool.
Emotional reactions to physiological sensations: panic disorder patients and non-clinical Ss
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1988
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(88)90009-5
Abstract: Pollen development is disturbed in the early tetrad stage of the YX-1 male sterile mutant of wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.). The present study aimed to identify differentially expressed anther proteins and to reveal their possible roles in pollen development and male sterility. To address this question, the proteomes of the wild-type (WT) and YX-1 mutant were compared. Approximately 1760 protein spots on two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) gels were detected. A number of proteins whose accumulation levels were altered in YX-1 compared with WT were identified by mass spectrometry and the NCBInr and Viridiplantae EST databases. Proteins down-regulated in YX-1 anthers include ascorbate peroxidase (APX), putative glutamine synthetase (GS), ATP synthase subunits, chalcone synthase (CHS), CHS-like, putative callose synthase catalytic subunit, cysteine protease, 5B protein, enoyl-ACP reductase, 14-3-3 protein and basic transcription factor 3 (BTF3). Meanwhile, activities of APX and GS, RNA expression levels of apx and atp synthase beta subunit were low in YX-1 anthers which correlated with the expression of male sterility. In addition, several carbohydrate metabolism-related and photosynthesis-related enzymes were also present at lower levels in the mutant anthers. In contrast, 26S proteasome regulatory subunits, cysteine protease inhibitor, putative S-phase Kinase association Protein 1(SKP1), and aspartic protease, were expressed at higher levels in YX-1 anthers relative to WT anthers. Regulation of wolfberry pollen development involves a complex network of differentially expressed genes. The present study lays the foundation for future investigations of gene function linked with wolfberry pollen development and male sterility.
Expressed Emotion Displayed by the Mothers of Inhibited and Uninhibited Preschool-Aged Children
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 26-02-2010
DOI: 10.1080/15374410903532668
Abstract: In the current study, the Five Minute Speech S le was used to assess the association between parent attitudes and children's behavioral inhibition in mothers of 120 behaviorally inhibited (BI) and 37 behaviorally uninhibited preschool-aged children. Mothers of BI children demonstrated significantly higher levels of emotional over-involvement (EOI) and self-sacrificing/overprotective behavior (SS/OP). However, there was no significant relationship between inhibition status and maternal criticism. Multiple regression also indicated that child temperament, but not maternal anxiety, was a significant predictor of both EOI and SS/OP.
Burden and preference-based quality of life associated with bullying in children
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-05-2021
Family process and child anxiety and aggression: An observational analysis
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-1996
DOI: 10.1007/BF01664736
Agreement Between Telephone and In-Person Delivery of a Structured Interview for Anxiety Disorders in Children
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2005
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200503000-00012
Abstract: The current study determined the viability of using the telephone to facilitate assessment of children using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for children for DSM-IV (ADIS-C-IV). Diagnoses established during telephone administration of the ADIS-C-IV-Parent version were compared with diagnoses obtained during standard administration of the ADIS-C-IV using both Child and Parent versions. Seventy-three children and their parents participated in counterbalanced, repeated assessments. The level of agreement between telephone and standard administration for principal diagnosis (kappa=0.86), in idual anxiety disorders (kappa=0.63-0.86), and other disorders (kappa=0.79-0.91) were in the good to excellent range. Additionally, agreement on overall suitability for an anxiety treatment program was excellent (kappa=0.97). The data indicate that telephone administration of the ADIS-C-IV is a valid way to differentiate children who have anxiety disorders from those who have no disorder or other disorders, providing a less resource-demanding alternative to face-to-face assessment.
The Impact of Brief Parental Anxiety Management on Child Anxiety Treatment Outcomes: A Controlled Trial
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-07-2013
Interpretation modification training reduces social anxiety in clinically anxious children
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2015.10.006
Abstract: The present study was designed to examine the effects of training in positive interpretations in clinically anxious children. A total of 87 children between 7 and 12 years of age were randomly assigned to either a positive cognitive bias modification training for interpretation (CMB-I) or a neutral training. Training included 15 sessions in a two-week period. Children with an interpretation bias prior to training in the positive training group showed a significant reduction in interpretation bias on the social threat scenarios after training, but not children in the neutral training group. No effects on interpretation biases were found for the general threat scenarios or the non-threat scenarios. Furthermore, children in the positive training did not self-report lower anxiety than children in the neutral training group. However, mothers and fathers reported a significant reduction in social anxiety in their children after positive training, but not after neutral training. This study demonstrated that clinically anxious children with a prior interpretation bias can be trained away from negative social interpretation biases and there is some evidence that this corresponds to reductions in social anxiety. This study also highlights the importance of using specific training stimuli.
Mother knows best: effects of maternal modelling on the acquisition of fear and avoidance behaviour in toddlers
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00013-4
Abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of parental modelling on the acquisition of fear and avoidance towards novel, fear-relevant stimuli in a s le of 30 toddlers. The toddlers were shown a rubber snake and spider, which were alternately paired with either negative or positive facial expressions by their mothers. Both stimuli were presented again after a 1- and a 10-min delay, while mothers maintained a neutral expression. The children showed greater fear expressions and avoidance of the stimuli following negative reactions from their mothers. This was true for both genders although the degree of modelled avoidance was greater in girls than in boys. The strong observational learning results are consistent with views that modelling constitutes a mechanism by which fear may be acquired early in life.
Parental Immunisation Needs and Attitudes Survey in paediatric hospital clinics and community maternal and child health centres in Melbourne, Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-11-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JPC.13790
Abstract: Despite Australia's high vaccination rates, an estimated 3.3% of children are under-vaccinated due to vaccine refusal and the proportion of parents with concerns is unclear. Amongst Australian parents, we aimed to determine the prevalence of vaccine concerns, resources and health-care providers (HCPs) accessed and satisfaction with these resources in two different settings. We also aimed to identify relationships between the level of vaccine concern, socio-economic status and vaccine uptake. Parents of children under 5 years attending general paediatric clinics in a tertiary paediatric hospital (n = 301/398, 76%) and children under 19 months attending community maternal child health centres (n = 311/391, 81%) completed the survey. Vaccination status was obtained from the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register. Despite high support for vaccination (98%, confidence interval (CI) 97-99), 43% of parents reported vaccine concerns (CI 40-47) including the number of vaccines given in the first 2 years (25%, CI 22 to 29), vaccine ingredients (22%, CI 19-25), allergies (18%, CI 15-21), weakening of the immune system (17%, CI 14-20) and autism (11%, CI 8-13). HCPs were the most commonly accessed and trusted information source. In all, 23% of parents reported insufficient knowledge to make good vaccination decisions (CI 20-26). There was little evidence of an association between parental vaccine acceptance or socio-economic status and vaccination status. Despite high support for vaccines, nearly half of Australian parents have some concerns and a quarter lack vaccine decision-making confidence regarding childhood vaccines. Parents frequently access and report high trust in HCPs, who are best placed to address parental vaccine concerns through provision of clear information, using effective communication strategies. Further research in more highly hesitant populations is required to determine the relationship between the level and nature of vaccination concerns and vaccine uptake.
Beliefs over control and meta-worry interact with the effect of intolerance of uncertainty on worry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2012
A Single-Session, Web-Based Parenting Intervention to Prevent Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Disorders: Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 29-11-2017
Abstract: epression and anxiety disorders are significant contributors to burden of disease in young people, highlighting the need to focus preventive efforts early in life. Despite substantial evidence for the role of parents in the prevention of adolescent depression and anxiety disorders, there remains a need for translation of this evidence into preventive parenting interventions. To address this gap, we developed a single-session, Web-based, tailored psychoeducation intervention that aims to improve parenting practices known to influence the development of adolescent depression and anxiety disorders. he aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effects of the intervention on parenting risk and protective factors and symptoms of depression and anxiety in adolescent participants. e conducted a single-blind, parallel group, superiority randomized controlled trial comparing the intervention with a 3-month waitlist control. The intervention is fully automated and consists of two components: (1) completion of an online self-assessment of current parenting practices against evidence-based parenting recommendations for the prevention of adolescent depression and anxiety disorders and (2) an in idually tailored feedback report highlighting each parent’s strengths and areas for improvement based on responses to the self-assessment. A community s le of 349 parents, together with 327 adolescents (aged 12-15 years), were randomized to either the intervention or waitlist control condition. Parents and adolescents completed online self-reported assessments of parenting and adolescent symptoms of depression and anxiety at baseline, 1-month (parent-report of parenting only), and 3-month follow-up. ompared with controls, intervention group parents showed significantly greater improvement in parenting risk and protective factors from baseline to 1-month and 3-month follow-up (F2,331.22=16.36, P .001), with a small to medium effect size at 3-month follow-up (d=0.33). There were no significant effects of the intervention on adolescent-report of parenting or symptoms of depression or anxiety in the adolescents (all P .05). indings suggest that a single-session, in idually tailored, Web-based parenting intervention can improve parenting factors that are known to influence the development of depression and anxiety in adolescents. However, our results do not support the effectiveness of the intervention in improving adolescent depression or anxiety symptoms in the short-term. Long-term studies are required to adequately assess the relationship between improving parenting factors and adolescent depression and anxiety outcomes. Nonetheless, this is a promising avenue for the translation of research into a low-cost, sustainable, universal prevention approach. ustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12615000247572 www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12615000247572 (Archived by WebCite at v1ha19XG)
Anxiety Disorders in Childhood
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-05-2019
A Tailored Web-Based Intervention to Improve Parenting Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Problems: Postintervention Findings From a Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprin
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 09-10-2017
Abstract: epression and anxiety disorders in young people are a global health concern. Parents have an important role in reducing the risk of these disorders, but cost-effective, evidence-based interventions for parents that can be widely disseminated are lacking. his study aimed to examine the postintervention effects of the Partners in Parenting (PiP) program on parenting risk and protective factors for adolescent depression and anxiety, and on adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms. two-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted with 359 parent-adolescent dyads, recruited primarily through schools across Australia. Parents and adolescents were assessed at baseline and 3 months later (postintervention). Parents in the intervention condition received PiP, a tailored Web-based parenting intervention designed following Persuasive Systems Design (PSD) principles to target parenting factors associated with adolescents’ risk for depression and anxiety problems. PiP comprises a tailored feedback report highlighting each parent’s strengths and areas for improvement, followed by a set of interactive modules (up to nine) that is specifically recommended for the parent based on in idually identified areas for improvement. Parents in the active-control condition received a standardized package of five Web-based factsheets about adolescent development and well-being. Parents in both conditions received a 5-min weekly call to encourage progress through their allocated program to completion. Both programs were delivered weekly via the trial website. The primary outcome measure at postintervention was parent-reported changes in parenting risk and protective factors, which were measured using the Parenting to Reduce Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Scale (PRADAS). Secondary outcome measures were the adolescent-report PRADAS, the parent- and child-report Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (depressive symptoms), and parent- and child-report Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (anxiety symptoms). arents in the intervention condition completed a mean of 73.7% of their intended personalized PiP program. A total of 318 parents (88.6%, 318/359) and 308 adolescents (92.8%, 308/332) completed the postintervention assessment. Attrition was handled using mixed model of repeated measures analysis of variance. As hypothesized, we found a significant condition-by-time interaction on the PRADAS, with a medium effect size, Cohen d=0.57, 95% CI 0.34-0.79. No significant differences between conditions were found at postintervention on any of the secondary outcome measures, with adolescent depressive (parent-report only) and anxiety (both parent- and adolescent-report) symptoms decreasing significantly from baseline to postintervention in both conditions. he fully automated PiP intervention showed promising short-term effects on parenting behaviors that are associated with adolescents’ risk for depression and anxiety. Long-term follow-up is required to ascertain whether these effects translate into reduced adolescent depression and anxiety problems. The intervention may be useful as a low-cost universal public health program to increase parenting practices believed to benefit adolescents’ mental health. ustralia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12615000328572 www.anzctr.org.au/ Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx? id=368274 (Archived by WebCite at qgsZ3Aqj)
Group Based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomised Controlled Trial in a General Child Psychiatric Hospital Setting
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-03-2020
Measuring repetitive negative thinking: Development and validation of the Persistent and Intrusive Negative Thoughts Scale (PINTS).
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 11-2019
DOI: 10.1037/PAS0000755
Abstract: Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) is a key risk and maintenance factor for many psychological disorders and is considered a transdiagnostic process. However, there are few disorder-neutral measures that assess RNT in adults, only 1 of moderate length considered suitable for children, and none that are validated for both children and adults. This study aimed to address this gap by developing a brief measure of RNT that can be used with both children and adults and can be quickly administered in research and clinical contexts. In Study 1, we administered the new 5-item Persistent and Intrusive Negative Thoughts Scale (PINTS) to 527 children (50.3% boys
Combining CBT and sertraline does not enhance outcomes for anxious youth: a double-blind randomised controlled trial
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 08-2022
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291721003329
Abstract: Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental disorder in children and young people. Developing effective therapy for these children is critical to reduce mental disorders across the lifespan. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combining cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and sertraline (SERT) in the treatment of anxiety in youth, using a double-blind randomised control trial design. Ninety-nine youth (ages 7–15 years) with an anxiety disorder were randomly allocated to either in idual (CBT) and SERT or in idual CBT and pill placebo and assessed again immediately and 6 months after treatment. There were no significant differences between conditions in remission of primary anxiety disorder or all anxiety disorders. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in rates of change in diagnostic severity, parent-reported anxiety symptoms, child-reported anxiety symptoms or life interference due to anxiety. The efficacy of CBT for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders is not significantly enhanced by combination with a short-term course of anti-depressants over and above the combined effects of pill placebo.
Age Differences in Interpretation Bias in Community and Comorbid Depressed and Anxious Samples
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-03-2015
Short-term Effectiveness of a School-based Early Intervention Program for Adolescent Depression
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-2005
Abstract: This article reports on the effectiveness of an early intervention program, 'Adolescents Coping with Emotions' (ACE), for depression in girls. ACE was assessed in a short-term wait-list control trial. In 1999, 882 students (aged 13-16 years) were screened using the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). One hundred and seventy-nine students (63% female) who scored above the CDI cutoff (of 18) were offered the program and 143 (65% female) agreed to participate. On a school basis, participants were allocated to the intervention group ( n= 76 56% female) who commenced the program within one month, or to a wait-list control condition (control group, n= 50 79% female) who commenced the ACE program after 10 weeks. Data analysis was conducted for 82 female participants. All students completed the CDI, Adolescent Coping Scale and Children's Automatic Thoughts Scale at pre-And post-intervention. The intervention group alsocompleted a 6-month follow-up. At post-intervention, female ACE participants reported significantly reduced depressive symptoms and significantly improved coping skills compared with the control group. Using cognitive-behavioural and interpersonal techniques, the ACE program diminished depressive symptoms and increased coping skills in girls screening at-risk for depression.
A longitudinal investigation of sleep hygiene as a mediator linking parental warmth with adolescent sleep
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 08-11-2022
Abstract: Parental warmth in adolescence protects sleep in early adulthood, yet the nature, directions, and mechanisms of this association across adolescence are unknown. This study examined parental warmth, adolescent sleep hygiene and sleep outcomes (morning/eveningness, school night sleep duration, and daytime sleepiness) across five annual waves, spanning four years, using a cross-lagged panel design. Adolescents and one primary caregiver (96% mothers) completed questionnaires assessing parental warmth (child- and parent-report) and adolescent sleep hygiene and sleep (child-report), across five annual waves: Wave 1 (N = 531, Mage = 11.18, SD = 0.56, 51% male), Wave 2 (N = 504, Mage = 12.19, SD = 0.53, 52% male), Wave 3 (N = 478, Mage = 13.19, SD = 0.53, 52% male), Wave 4 (N = 440, Mage = 14.76, SD = 0.47, 51% male), and Wave 5 (N = 422, Mage = 15.75, SD = 0.49, 51% male). Greater child-reported parental warmth was indirectly associated with better adolescent sleep (greater morningness, longer school night sleep duration, less sleepiness) through healthier sleep hygiene. The inverse was also often observed. Warmth had a direct relationship with sleep duration and sleepiness, independent of sleep hygiene. Parent-reported parental warmth did not predict, nor was predicted by child-reported adolescent sleep. Parental warmth may protect against developmental changes in adolescent sleep, partially by improving sleep hygiene practices. Similarly, inadequate adolescent sleep may negatively impact parental warmth via deteriorating sleep hygiene. Sleep hygiene emerged as a key mechanism for protecting adolescent sleep and parent-child relationships.
Ew gross! Recognition of Expressions of Disgust by Children With Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-2006
Abstract: There is evidence suggesting that obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in adults may be associated with an impaired ability to recognise the facial expression of disgust (Sprengelmeyer et al., 1997a Woody, Corcoran, & Tolin, in press). It has been suggested that this impairment begins in childhood when the recognition of emotional expressions is being learnt (see Spengelmeyer et al., 1997a). This study compared the recognition of facial affect in children aged around 11 years with a diagnosis of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD n = 11), other anxiety disorders (n = 20), and nonclinical children (n = 19), adapting the methodology of Sprengelmeyer et al. Disgust was most commonly misclassified as anger by children in all three groups. However, children with OCD did not show any evidence of a recognition deficit for disgust in comparison to either control group. Unexpectedly, however, children with OCD recognised expressions of surprise more accurately than nonclinical children. Recognition of disgust or any other emotion was not related to child self-reported anxiety symptoms. Given the observed differences in some studies with adults, future research may benefit by examining older adolescents and young adults to determine when these effects may first be noticed.
Positive reappraisal in older adults: a systematic literature review
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-09-2014
DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2014.954528
Abstract: Positive reappraisal is a meaning-based cognitive emotion regulation strategy that is frequently used by older adults to deal with stressors. The strategy involves finding personally relevant positive meaning from an experience in the face of its negative reality. As positive reappraisal has not been previously systematically examined and appears to be particularly relevant to older adults, this paper reviews the research on positive reappraisal in older adult populations. Database searches identified 302 studies, of which 22 addressed positive reappraisal in older adult s les. The findings were categorised into four core themes: use and value for older adults, effects on mental health, benefit for physical illness, and influence of cognitive functioning and gender. The literature indicates that positive reappraisal is an adaptive coping strategy for older adults with wide-ranging benefits. Specifically, positive reappraisal appears to be related to improved mental health for older adults, and particularly in the context of physical illness. Helping older adults find meaning in their negative experiences appears to be a worthwhile research area to pursue. Questions for future research on positive reappraisal in older adulthood are proposed.
Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0272-7358(96)00040-2
Abstract: There is a vast literature describing the importance of childrearing factors in the development of anxiety and depression. Unfortunately, much of this work comes from erse areas, has variable theoretical bases, and makes use of a variety of methods, each with its own limitations. Thus, conclusions about the state of the research are difficult to draw. This review pulls together literature related to childrearing factors and anxiety and depression from a wide variety of areas. Many of the studies are methodologically limited and results have been variable. Nevertheless, there is surprising consistency that suggests that rejection and control by parents may be positively related to later anxiety and depression. There is also more limited evidence to indicate that rejection may be more strongly associated with depression, whereas control is more specifically associated with anxiety. Limitations of the research are highlighted and specific suggestions for future research directions are discussed.
Comparison of Transdiagnostic Treatment and Specialized Social Anxiety Treatment for Children and Adolescents With Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2023
Mental Health and Wellbeing of Older Workers in Australia
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 08-03-2015
The nature of feared outcome representations in children
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-1994
DOI: 10.1007/BF02169258
Abstract: Autonomic dysreflexia is an uninhibited sympathetic response evoked by a strong sensory input below the level of the injury in patients with spinal cord injury. As presented in this case, autonomic dysreflexia can be associated with unusual symptoms such as Horner's syndrome. An 18-year-old man with a traumatic spinal cord injury (C7 AIS A) experienced symptoms of unilateral Horner's syndrome: miosis, ptosis and anhidrosis which occurred simultaneously with symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia: severe headache accompanied by increasing right-sided diaphoresis, flushing, blurred vision, and increased blood pressure. These symptoms were triggered by bladder distention and were resolved after catheterisation. The patient experienced a transient Horner's syndrome due to autonomic dysreflexia. Both Horner's syndrome and symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia resolved when eliminating the eliciting stimulus, indicating that Horner's syndrome occurred due to a transient pressure on the sympathetic fibres supplying the superior cervical ganglion. Autonomic dysreflexia may have caused increased pressure disrupting the sympathetic input, thus inducing unilateral miosis, ptosis, and facial anhidrosis.
Neuroticism, Life Events and Negative Thoughts in the Development of Depression in Adolescent Girls
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-05-2009
DOI: 10.1007/S10802-009-9325-1
Abstract: Theories of depression suggest that cognitive and environmental factors may explain the relationship between personality and depression. This study tested such a model in early adolescence, incorporating neuroticism, stress-generation and negative automatic thoughts in the development of depressive symptoms. Participants (896 girls, mean age 12.3 years) completed measures of personality and depressive symptoms, and 12 months later completed measures of depressive symptoms, recent stressors and negative automatic thoughts. Path analysis supported a model in which neuroticism serves as a distal vulnerability for depression, conferring a risk of experiencing dependent negative events and negative automatic thoughts, which fully mediate the effect of neuroticism on later depression. A second path supported a maintenance model for depression in adolescence, with initial levels of depression predicting dependent negative events, negative automatic thoughts and subsequent depressive symptoms. Unexpectedly, initial depression was also associated with later independent life events. This study establishes potential mechanisms through which personality contributes to the development of depression in adolescent girls.
Preventing anxiety problems in children with Cool Little Kids Online: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-11-2015
A scoping review investigating the use of exposure for the treatment and targeted prevention of anxiety and related disorders in young people
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-05-2022
DOI: 10.1002/JCV2.12080
Abstract: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is the gold standard intervention for anxiety and related mental health disorders among young people however, the efficacy of in idual elements of CBT (e.g., exposure to feared stimuli) have received little scrutiny. This scoping review, informed by three stakeholder groups and a scientific advisory group, aimed to identify the nature and extent of the available research literature on the efficacy of exposure to feared stimuli, moderators of effectiveness in young people aged 14–24 years. Three international stakeholder groups composed of clinicians ( N = 8), parents/carers ( N = 5) and youth with lived experience of anxiety ( N = 7) provided input into study design and results. Using the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews, a search of MEDLINE/Ovid, PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS, EMBASE, ERIC, and Health Collection (informit) was conducted using terms related to anxiety, ages 14–24, and exposure. From 3508 unique abstracts, 64 papers were included for the review. While there was evidence for the efficacy of exposure as a treatment for youth anxiety disorders, fundamental gaps in knowledge of exposure in this age group were identified. Most studies examined post‐traumatic stress disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and specific phobias with no randomised clinical trials uniquely evaluating exposure for the treatment of DSM‐5 anxiety disorders. Exposure was typically delivered accompanied by other anxiety management techniques. A multitude of optimisation strategies have been tested, yet only one of these effects (timing relative to sleep) showed preliminary evidence of replication. A systematic and theoretically driven program of research investigating the efficacy of exposure in young people and factors that moderate its efficacy, along with methods to overcome barriers for delivery, is urgently needed.
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders in children: Long-term (6-year) follow-up
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2001
Anxiety Disorders During Childhood and Adolescence: Origins and Treatment
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Date: 04-2009
DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV.CLINPSY.032408.153628
Abstract: The present review summarizes our current knowledge of the development and management of anxiety in children and adolescents. Consideration is given to limitations of this knowledge and directions for future research. The review begins with coverage of the development and demographic correlates of anxiety in young people and then moves to systematic discussion of some of the key etiological factors, including genetics, temperament, parenting, and in idual experiences. The second part of the review describes current treatment strategies and efficacy as well as factors thought to influence treatment outcome, including treatment features, child factors, and parent factors. The review concludes with brief coverage of some more recent developments in treatment including alternative models of delivery and prevention strategies.
Treating broad-based anxiety problems
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 14-03-2013
Barriers to remission from child and adolescent anxiety disorders following extensive treatment: An exploratory study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2022
The utilisation of working memory by worry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1993
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(93)90114-A
Abstract: Sixty-eight undergraduate students were randomly allocated to one of four task conditions and required to worry about a topic of importance to them while simultaneously performing the task to which they had been allocated. The tasks differed in their ability to interfere with worrying. Generation of random letters was the only task to interfere significantly with the ability to worry. There was a nonsignificant tendency for articulatory suppression to produce some interference with worrying while visuo-spatial tasks did not affect the ability to worry. There was no difference in results between self-reported worriers and non-worriers. The results seem to indicate that worry primarily utilises the phonological aspect of the central executive of working memory.
Current use of chromosomal microarray by Australian paediatricians and implications for the implementation of next generation sequencing
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-04-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JPC.13523
Preventing internalising problems in preschoolers with chronic physical health conditions
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 29-04-2022
DOI: 10.1177/13674935211013192
Abstract: This pilot study aimed to explore the suitability of a preventative intervention for internalising problems in young children with chronic physical health conditions. The pilot study focused on a subs le of 27 children with chronic physical health conditions within a population-level randomised controlled trial of the Cool Little Kids parenting programme. The Cool Little Kids parenting programme aims to prevent the development of internalising problems in inhibited (shy/anxious) preschool children by educating parents to reduce young children's avoidant coping styles and manage their anxiety/distress. The wider trial recruited 545 temperamentally inhibited preschool children. Measures included child health/development concerns and internalising symptoms at baseline, feedback on Cool Little Kids post-intervention and child internalising problems at one- and two-year longitudinal follow-up. At baseline, inhibited children with and without chronic physical health conditions had levels of internalising symptoms above the normative mean. At post-intervention, parents of children with chronic physical health conditions gave feedback that Cool Little Kids was helpful for managing their child's emotional distress. At follow-up, significantly fewer intervention than control children with chronic physical health conditions had specific phobia after 1 year (25% vs 70%) and specific fear symptoms after 2 years (mean 9.57 vs 16.89). As the pilot findings are promising, a further trial of Cool Little Kids in a physical health treatment service with a larger s le of children with chronic physical illness diagnoses would be worthwhile.
Are reported differences in life events for anxious children and controls due to comorbid disorders?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2008.10.005
Abstract: Many studies have reported that anxious children experience more negative life events than controls. However, studies have not yet addressed the possibility that this difference may be due to comorbidity with non-anxiety disorders. Furthermore, presence of psychopathology may also lead children to act in ways that increases frequency of negative life events and decreases the frequency of positive life events. Mother and child-report versions of a questionnaire measure of life events (CASE) assessed life events in the past 12 months in anxiety-disordered children (n=198), and controls (n=88). Mother reports indicated that anxious children experienced more negative and fewer positive behavior-dependent events than control children. Child reports showed a similar pattern, however significant differences were only present between anxious and control groups on the number of negative behavior-dependent events. Results indicated that anxious-control differences remain irrespective of comorbidity with non-anxiety disorders. However, the highest rates of negative life events were present in children with a comorbid disorder.
The significance of panic-expectancy for individual patterns of avoidance
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1988
The Cool Little Kids randomised controlled trial: Population-level early prevention for anxiety disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-01-2011
Threat interpretation in anxious children and their mothers: comparison with nonclinical children and the effects of treatment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2004.10.009
Abstract: Interpretation biases towards threat play a prominent role in cognitive theories of anxiety, and have been identified amongst highly anxious adults and children. Little is known, however, about the development of these cognitive biases although family processes have been implicated. The current study investigated the nature of threat interpretation of anxious children and their mothers through (i) comparison of a clinic and non-clinic population, (ii) analysis of in idual differences and (iii) pre- and post-treatment comparisons. Participants were 27 children with a primary anxiety disorder and 33 children from a non-clinic population and their mothers. Children and mothers completed self-report measures of anxiety and indicated their most likely interpretation of ambiguous scenarios. Clinic and non-clinical groups differed significantly on measures of threat interpretation. Furthermore, mothers' and children's threat interpretation correlated significantly. Following treatment for child anxiety, both children and their mothers reported a reduction in threat interpretation.
Covariation bias for phylogenetic versus ontogenetic fear-relevant stimuli
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00128-3
Abstract: In the present study, two groups of 21 subjects with either high or low fear of both snakes (or spiders) and damaged electrical outlets/appliances participated in a two phase experiment. After reading a description of an illusory correlation experiment, subjects were asked to imagine themselves participating in it. They rated their expectations for the number of occasions on which slides of snakes, electrical outlets, and flowers would be followed by either a shock, tone, or nothing. As predicted, both high and low-fear subjects reported an expectancy bias for both phylogenetic and ontogenetic fear-relevant stimuli and shock. In the second phase subjects were actually exposed to the random slide/outcome presentation. Only high-fear subjects demonstrated a covariation bias which was specific to phylogenetic fear-relevant slides and shock, indicating all other biases were effectively attenuated.
Treatments for childhood anxiety disorders: integrating physiological and psychosocial interventions
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2011
DOI: 10.1586/ERN.11.85
Investigating longitudinal and bidirectional relationships between parental factors and time spent on social media during early adolescence
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-02-2022
DOI: 10.1177/14614448221076155
Abstract: This three-wave panel study examined the prospective and bidirectional relationships between parental control of social media use, and parents’ and adolescents’ perceived time spent on social media over a 2-year period. Adolescents (52% males, T1: M age = 12.19, SD = 0.52) and one of their parents (96% mothers, T1: M age = 45.26, SD = 4.28) completed annual surveys (T1: N = 498, T2: N = 477 and T3: N = 440). Data were analysed using cross-lagged panel models. More adolescent time spent on social media predicted small decreases in parental control 1 year later, but parental control did not predict adolescent time on social media. More parental time spent on social media predicted small increases in adolescent time spent on social media 1 year later, but adolescent use did not predict parent use. Examining factors related to parental use, rather than restriction, may be more effective to reduce adolescents’ social media use.
Opportunities for the prevention of mental disorders by reducing general psychopathology in early childhood
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2019
The Cool Kids as a School-Based Universal Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Anxiety: Results of a Pilot Study
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-01-2022
Abstract: The efficacy of the Cool Kids program has been consistently demonstrated both within Australia and internationally, but limited data are available on the use of Cool Kids as a universal program. The purpose of the study is to evaluate Cool Kids as a universal program for preventing childhood anxiety in the school context. There were 73 Italian children (35 boys and 36 girls, ages 10–13 years) attending the last year of primary school and the first year of middle school who participated in an active intervention based on a school adaptation of the Cool Kids protocol. Results of t-test analyses highlighted a downward trend of anxiety symptoms, especially in total anxiety, somatic anxiety, generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, social anxiety and school phobia at post-treatment assessed by children. Even the score of depression symptoms, measured as a second outcome measure, decreased after the treatment. This study contributes to the evidence base for the Cool Kids program as a universal program for preventing childhood anxiety in the school context. Although these preliminary results show some promise, their replication in future research is necessary given current study limitations.
Social approach in pre‐school children with Williams syndrome: the role of the face
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-02-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2788.2009.01241.X
Abstract: Indiscriminate social approach behaviour is a salient aspect of the Williams syndrome (WS) behavioural phenotype. The present study examines approach behaviour in pre-schoolers with WS and evaluates the role of the face in WS social approach behaviour. Ten pre-schoolers with WS (aged 3-6 years) and two groups of typically developing children, matched to the WS group on chronological or mental age, participated in an observed play session. The play session incorporated social and non-social components including two components that assessed approach behaviour towards strangers one in which the stranger's face could be seen and one in which the stranger's face was covered. In response to the non-social aspects of the play session, the WS group behaved similarly to both control groups. In contrast, the pre-schoolers with WS were significantly more willing than either control group to engage with a stranger, even when the stranger's face could not be seen. The findings challenge the hypothesis that an unusual attraction to the face directly motivates social approach behaviour in in iduals with WS.
Using cognitive enhancers to improve the treatment of anxiety disorders in young people: Examining the potential for D‐cycloserine to augment exposure for child anxiety
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2011
Examining the Prospective Bidirectional Associations between Subjective and Objective Attractiveness and Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms and Life Satisfaction
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-11-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S10964-022-01700-7
Abstract: Research has consistently shown that more physically attractive in iduals are perceived by others to be happier and better psychologically adjusted than those perceived as less attractive. However, due to the lack of longitudinal research in adolescents, it is still unclear whether poor mental health predicts or is predicted by either objective or subjective attractiveness during this critical developmental period. The purpose of the current study was to examine prospective bidirectional associations between both subjective and objective ratings of attractiveness, life satisfaction and symptoms of social anxiety, depression and eating disorders (i.e., internalizing symptoms) from early to mid-adolescence. Participants (T1: N = 528, 49.9% girls M age = 11.19 SD = 0.55) were followed annually over four time points. The cross-lagged panel model results revealed evidence of prospective associations between both forms of attractiveness and life satisfaction and internalizing symptoms, which were driven more by changes in the mental health outcomes than by changes in the subjective and objective attractiveness ratings. The results also indicated that the pattern, strength, and direction of the associations tested were robust across boys and girls, and white and non-white ethnic groups. Overall, the findings suggest that it is important to find effective ways of educating adolescents who are unhappy with their appearance that making changes to improve their mental health, rather than focusing on their physical appearance, will have benefits not only for how they perceive themselves but also for how they are perceived by others.
The bidirectional relationships between peer victimization and internalizing problems in school-aged children: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
Differences in Mathematical Performance, Creativity Potential, and Need for Cognitive Closure between Chinese and Australian Students
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-06-2014
DOI: 10.1002/JOCB.67
Those Who Think They Look Worst Respond Best: Self-observer Discrepancy Predicts Response to Video Feedback Following a Speech Task
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2005
Clinical Treatments for Child Emotional Disorders and the Development of Coping
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 30-06-2023
Genome-wide association study of response to cognitive–behavioural therapy in children with anxiety disorders
Publisher: Royal College of Psychiatrists
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.1192/BJP.BP.115.168229
Abstract: Anxiety disorders are common, and cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) is a first-line treatment. Candidate gene studies have suggested a genetic basis to treatment response, but findings have been inconsistent. To perform the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of psychological treatment response in children with anxiety disorders ( n = 980). Presence and severity of anxiety was assessed using semi-structured interview at baseline, on completion of treatment (post-treatment), and 3 to 12 months after treatment completion (follow-up). DNA was genotyped using the Illumina Human Core Exome-12v1.0 array. Linear mixed models were used to test associations between genetic variants and response (change in symptom severity) immediately post-treatment and at 6-month follow-up. No variants passed a genome-wide significance threshold ( P =5×10 –8 ) in either analysis. Four variants met criteria for suggestive significance ( P ×10 –6 ) in association with response post-treatment, and three variants in the 6-month follow-up analysis. This is the first genome-wide therapygenetic study. It suggests no common variants of very high effect underlie response to CBT. Future investigations should maximise power to detect single-variant and polygenic effects by using larger, more homogeneous cohorts.
Increasing response rates to follow-up questionnaires in health intervention research: Randomized controlled trial of a gift card prize incentive
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-04-2017
Abstract: Achieving a high response rate to follow-up questionnaires in randomized controlled trials of interventions is important for study validity. Few studies have tested the value of incentives in increasing response rates to online questionnaires in clinical trials of health interventions. This study evaluated the effect of a gift card prize-draw incentive on response rates to follow-up questionnaires within a trial of an online health intervention. The study was embedded in a host randomized controlled trial of an online parenting program for child anxiety. A total of 433 participants were randomly allocated to one of two groups: (1) being informed that they would enter a gift card prize-draw if they completed the final study questionnaire (24-week follow-up) and (2) not informed about the prize-draw. All participants had a 1 in 20 chance of winning an AUD50 gift card after they completed the online questionnaire. The odds of the informed group completing the follow-up questionnaire were significantly higher than the uninformed group, (79.6% vs 68.5%, odds ratio = 1.79, 95% confidence interval = 1.15–2.79). This response rate increase of 11.1% (95% confidence interval = 2.8–19.1) occurred in both intervention and control groups in the host randomized controlled trial. The incentive was also effective in increasing questionnaire commencement (84.6% vs 75.9%, odds ratio = 1.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.07–2.84) and reducing the delay in completing the questionnaire (19.9 vs 22.6 days, hazard ratio = 1.34, 95% confidence interval = 1.07–1.67). This study adds to evidence for the effectiveness of incentives to increase response rates to follow-up questionnaires in health intervention trials.
Cross-cultural measurement of social withdrawal motivations across 10 countries using multiple-group factor analysis alignment
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-11-2022
DOI: 10.1177/01650254221132774
Abstract: The goal of this study was to evaluate the measurement invariance of an adapted assessment of motivations for social withdrawal ( Social Preference Scale–Revised SPS-R) across cultural contexts and explore associations with loneliness. Participants were a large s le of university students ( N = 4,397 M age = 20.08 years, SD = 2.96 66% females) from 10 countries (Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, India, Italy, South Korea, Norway, Turkey, and the United States). With this cross-cultural focus, we illustrate the multiple-group factor analysis alignment method, an approach developed to assess measurement invariance when there are several groups. Results indicated approximate measurement invariance across the 10 country groups. Additional analyses indicated that overall, shyness, avoidance, and unsociability are three related, but distinct factors, with some notable country differences evident (e.g., in China, India, and Turkey). Shyness and avoidance were related positively to loneliness in all countries, but the strength of the association between shyness and loneliness differed in Italy and India relative to the other countries. Results also indicated that unsociability was related positively to loneliness in the United States only. Theoretical and assessment implications are discussed.
Reliability of the DSM-III-R Childhood Anxiety Disorders Using Structured Interview: Interrater and Parent-Child Agreement
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1994
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199409000-00008
Abstract: The aim of the study was to examine the interrater and parent-child agreement for the major child anxiety disorders. One hundred sixty-one children and their parents underwent a semistructured interview (Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children). To increase external validity, clinicians did not receive specific, extensive training in diagnosing anxiety disorders apart from their standard qualifications. The design of the study allowed for calculation of agreement between raters based on information obtained from the parents alone, from the child alone, or through combined information from both the parents and child, and for calculation of agreement between information obtained from the parents and information obtained from the child. Levels of interrater agreement either as principal or additional diagnoses were moderate to strong for all of the major childhood anxiety disorders (kappa values .59 to .82). In contrast, parent-child agreement was poor for most diagnostic categories (kappa values .11 to .44). The data indicate that, despite the fact that parents and their children do not demonstrate strong agreement, the DSM-III-R childhood anxiety disorders can be reliably diagnosed by pairs of general clinicians using structured interviews.
Economic evaluation of stepped care for the management of childhood anxiety disorders: Results from a randomised trial
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 18-01-2019
Abstract: Stepped care has been promoted for the management of mental disorders however, there is no empirical evidence to support the cost-effectiveness of this approach for the treatment of anxiety disorders in youth. This economic evaluation was conducted within a randomised controlled trial comparing stepped care to a validated, manualised treatment in 281 young people, aged 7–17, with a diagnosed anxiety disorder. Intervention costs were determined from therapist records. Administrative data on medication and medical service use were used to determine additional health care costs during the study period. Parents also completed a resource use questionnaire to collect medications, services not captured in administrative data and parental lost productivity. Outcomes included participant-completed quality of life, Child Health Utility – nine-dimension and parent-completed Assessment of Quality of Life – eight-dimension to calculate quality-adjusted life years. Mean costs and quality-adjusted life years were compared between groups at 12-month follow-up. Intervention delivery costs were significantly less for stepped care from the societal perspective (mean difference −$198, 95% confidence interval −$353 to −$19). Total combined costs were less for stepped care from both societal (−$1334, 95% confidence interval −$2386 to $510) and health sector (−$563, 95% confidence interval −$1353 to $643) perspectives but did not differ significantly from the manualised treatment. Youth and parental quality-adjusted life years were not significantly different between groups. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the results were robust. For youth with anxiety, this three-step model provided comparable outcomes and total health sector costs to a validated face-to-face programme. However, it was less costly to deliver from a societal perspective, making it an attractive option for some parents. Future economic evaluations comparing various models of stepped care to treatment as usual are recommended.
Psychometric Properties of the Children’s Automatic Thoughts Scale (CATS) in Chinese Adolescents
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-12-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S10578-014-0500-4
Abstract: The Children's Automatic Thoughts Scale (CATS) is a 40-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure children's negative thoughts. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese translation of the CATS. Participants included 1,993 students (average age = 14.73) from three schools in Mainland China. A subs le of the participants was retested after 4 weeks. Confirmatory factor analysis replicated the original structure with four first-order factors loading on a single higher-order factor. The convergent and ergent validity of the CATS were good. The CATS demonstrated high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Boys scored higher on the CATS-hostility subscale, but there were no other gender differences. Older adolescents (15-18 years) reported higher scores than younger adolescents (12-14 years) on the total score and on the physical threat, social threat, and hostility subscales. The CATS proved to be a reliable and valid measure of automatic thoughts in Chinese adolescents.
Cognitive behavioural group therapy for social phobia: Evidence of transportability to community clinics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2012.01.009
Abstract: Cognitive Behavioural Group Therapy (CBGT) for social phobia has been shown to be efficacious within research units and effective within a variety of real world clinical settings. However, most effectiveness studies of CBGT for social phobia have (a) used protocols without demonstrated efficacy, (b) not included direct comparison groups, and/or (c) contained features of efficacy trials. This study addressed these limitations by using a benchmarking strategy to compare outcomes from the same CBGT protocol used in both a research unit and a community clinic. Research (N = 71) and community (N = 94) patients completed the same 12-session protocol, which resulted in significant reductions in social anxiety and life interference at post-treatment. Compared to research unit patients, community patients had more severe symptoms and life interference at pre-treatment, and were more likely to be male, use medication, have comorbid disorders, and have lower educational attainment. Importantly, degree of improvement on social anxiety symptoms and life interference did not differ across the treatment settings for either completer or intention-to-treat analyses. There was some evidence that being younger, single, and having a depression diagnosis were associated with dropout. Pre-treatment symptoms and number of diagnoses predicted post-treatment symptoms. Consistent with previous uncontrolled trials, it is concluded that CBGT is effective within community mental health clinics.
Interaction of neuropsychological and psychological factors in two cases of “space phobia”
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1990
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7916(90)90016-E
Abstract: Recent theories of psychological disorders are beginning to break down the traditional dichotomy between mental and physical processes. The present paper reports on two cases of space phobia in which this is especially apparent. Neuropsychological assessment indicated subtle disturbance in visuospatial functioning. The emotional response to this dysfunction appeared, however, to be somewhat excessive given the subtlety of the deficit. This is seen as a psychological reaction to a neuropsychological dysfunction.
The impact of victims' responses on teacher reactions to bullying
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
Vaccine decision-making begins in pregnancy: Correlation between vaccine concerns, intentions and maternal vaccination with subsequent childhood vaccine uptake
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2017.08.003
Abstract: Maternal and childhood vaccine decision-making begins prenatally. Amongst pregnant Australian women we aimed to ascertain vaccine information received, maternal immunisation uptake and attitudes and concerns regarding childhood vaccination. We also aimed to determine any correlation between a) intentions and concerns regarding childhood vaccination, (b) concerns about pregnancy vaccination, (c) socioeconomic status (SES) and (d) uptake of influenza and pertussis vaccines during pregnancy and routine vaccines during childhood. Women attending public antenatal clinics were recruited in three Australian states. Surveys were completed on iPads. Follow-up phone surveys were done three to six months post delivery, and infant vaccination status obtained via the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR). Between October 2015 and March 2016, 975 (82%) of 1184 mothers consented and 406 (42%) agreed to a follow up survey, post delivery. First-time mothers (445 49%) had significantly more vaccine concerns in pregnancy and only 73% had made a decision about childhood vaccination compared to 89% of mothers with existing children (p-value<0.001). 66% of mothers reported receiving enough information during pregnancy on childhood vaccination. In the post delivery survey, 46% and 82% of mothers reported receiving pregnancy influenza and pertussis vaccines respectively. The mother's degree of vaccine hesitancy and two attitudinal factors were correlated with vaccine uptake post delivery. There was no association between reported maternal vaccine uptake or SES and childhood vaccine uptake. First time mothers are more vaccine hesitant and undecided about childhood vaccination, and only two thirds of all mothers believed they received enough information during pregnancy. New interventions to improve both education and communication on childhood and maternal vaccines, delivered by midwives and obstetricians in the Australian public hospital system, may reduce vaccine hesitancy for all mothers in pregnancy and post delivery, particularly first-time mothers.
Perceived control and controllability
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1991
Enhanced effects of combined cognitive bias modification and computerised cognitive behaviour therapy on social anxiety
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-02-2015
Processes and pathways mediating the experience of social anxiety and negative rumination
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2018.01.009
Abstract: Negative rumination in social anxiety disorder (SAD) occurs in anticipation of a social event (pre-event rumination) and in its aftermath (post-event rumination). Both are proposed to be key maintaining factors of the vicious cycle of social anxiety. Despite this, there is a dearth of research investigating the processes that mediate the relationship between social anxiety and pre-event rumination and uncertainty regarding the cognitive and attentional processes that mediate the relationship between social anxiety and post-event rumination. To investigate this further, the current study utilised a clinical s le of participants with SAD to determine the hypothesised mediators of a social anxiety and pre-event model (N = 239) and a social anxiety and post-event rumination model (N = 216). Results from path analyses were broadly consistent with cognitive models of SAD that posit several interrelated processes mediate the relationship between social anxiety and pre- and post-event rumination. Results also indicated slightly different processes showed stronger prediction of pre-event rumination (i.e., biased performance appraisals) and post-event rumination (i.e., negative attentional focus). Treatment recommendations that aim to address the maladaptive role of negative rumination in social anxiety are made in keeping with the inter-connected and dynamic role played by cognitive and attentional processes in heightening social anxiety.
Psychological stepped care for anxious adolescents in community mental health services: A pilot effectiveness trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
Prevention of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-03-2014
Symptoms of offensive type Taijin-Kyofusho among Australian social phobics
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 07-2008
DOI: 10.1002/DA.20345
Abstract: This study investigated the culture specificity of Taijin-Kyofusho (TK) offensive type by examining whether symptoms of the disorder covary with social phobia and determining the proportion of those who meet criteria for a diagnosis of TK offensive type among Australian socially phobic in iduals. The study included a total of 94 participants who met the DSM-IV criteria for social phobia and 39 normal controls who did not meet criteria for any mental disorder. All participants were born in Western countries and resided in Australia. Results showed that levels of offensive worry were significantly elevated in socially phobic in iduals and decreased after treatment of their social phobia, pointing to a close relationship between symptoms of TK offensive type and social anxiety. Correlational analysis indicated that TK offensive type and social phobia appear to represent distinct constructs, although the two constructs were clearly strongly related. However, diagnostic examination revealed that the prevalence of reported offensive symptoms (eight out of 94 8.5%) was extremely low among participants with social phobia in Australia and none of them met the full criteria for TK offensive type. The mixed findings relevant to the existence of TK offensive type among an Australian s le with social phobia are discussed in relation to cultural influences on life interference, referral behaviors, and diagnostic customs.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Perceived Friend Influence on Adolescent Girls' Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2012.743103
Abstract: Although major etiological models highlight the importance of friends in the development of adolescent body image and eating problems, longitudinal research that comprehensively investigates possible direct and mediational relationships between these variables is lacking. Thus, this study aimed to examine prospective interrelationships between perceived friend influence, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in early adolescent girls, and whether these relationships differed across levels of body mass. A large Australian community s le of female high school students (N = 1,094 Time 1 M age = 12.3 years) completed a battery of self-report questionnaires assessing perceived friend influence, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating at 3 yearly intervals. Height and weight were also measured at each time point. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate two separate models, in which Time 2 body dissatisfaction was hypothesized to mediate the relationship between Time 1 perceived friend influence and Time 3 dieting and bulimic behaviors. No significant direct or indirect pathways were found between friend influence and disordered eating. Unexpectedly, however, body dissatisfaction was found to prospectively predict girls' perception of friend influence. These findings were remarkably similar in both healthy and overweight girls. The findings suggest that friends may be more influential for those adolescents who have higher levels of body image concern, rather than contributing directly to the development of body dissatisfaction. The peer environment represents an important consideration in adolescent prevention and intervention programs.
Online human-guided or computer-guided transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapy in university students with anxiety and/or depression: randomized controlled trial (Preprint)
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 03-07-2023
Abstract: nternet-based cognitive behavioral interventions (iCBT) are efficacious treatments of depression and anxiety. Yet, it is unknown whether adding human guidance is feasible and beneficial within a large educational setting. o potentially demonstrate: (1) the superiority of two variants of a transdiagnostic iCBT program (human-guided and computer-guided iCBT) over care as usual (CAU) in a large s le of university students, and (2) the superiority of human-guided iCBT over computer-guided iCBT. articipants were students with elevated levels of anxiety and/or depression from a large university in the Netherlands and were randomized to one of three conditions: (1) human-guided (HG) iCBT, (2) computer-guided (CG) iCBT, and (3) CAU. The primary outcome measures were depression (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, GAD-7). Secondary outcomes included substance-related problems (AUDIT-C and DAST-10). Linear mixed models were used to estimate effects of time, treatment group, and their interactions (slopes). The primary research question was whether the three conditions differed in improvement over three time points (baseline, mid-treatment, posttreatment) in terms of depression and anxiety symptoms. Results were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle using multiple imputation. Patients were followed exploratively from baseline, to 6 and 12 months. We randomized 801 participants. oth in short-term and long-term analyses, the slopes for the three conditions did not differ significantly in terms of depression and anxiety, although both online interventions were marginally more efficacious than CAU over 6 months (P’s between .023 and .034). All groups showed significant improvement over time (P’s .001). For the secondary outcomes, only significant improvements over time (across, not between groups) were found for drug use. Significant differences were found in terms of adherence, indicating that participants in the HG condition did more sessions than in the CG condition (P = .002). he transdiagnostic iCBT program offers a practical, feasible and efficacious alternative to usual care to tackle mental health problems in a large university setting. There is no indication that human guidance should be preferred over technological guidance. The potential preference of human support also depends on scale of implementation and cost-effectiveness, which need to be addressed in future trials. L7328/NTR7544 (ICTRP)
Caregiving Representations of Mothers of Behaviorally Inhibited and Uninhibited Preschool Children.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 11-2004
DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.899
Abstract: This study examined differences in the caregiving representations of mothers of 3- to 4-year-old behaviorally inhibited and uninhibited children with secure or insecure attachments. Mothers of inhibited children perceived their children as more vulnerable than did mothers of uninhibited children, and they acknowledged difficulties associated with their children's inhibited temperament. However, mothers of insecure inhibited children were less likely than mothers of secure inhibited children to validate their children's emotional experiences and to be aware of their children's internal states and perspectives, and they showed higher levels of boundary violation and defense against negative affect. Implications of the more problematic caregiving representations of mothers of insecure inhibited children for parent-child relationships are discussed.
Time for a paradigm shift for psychotherapies?
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 05-01-2021
Anticipatory Processing, Maladaptive Attentional Focus, and Postevent Processing for Interactional and Performance Situations: Treatment Response and Relationships With Symptom Change for Individuals
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.BETH.2017.03.004
Abstract: Anticipatory processing, maladaptive attentional focus, and postevent processing are key cognitive constructs implicated in the maintenance of social anxiety disorder (SAD). The current study examined how treatment for SAD concurrently affects these three cognitive maintaining processes and how these processes are associated with each other as well as with symptom change from pre- to posttreatment. The s le consisted of 116 participants with SAD receiving group cognitive behavioral therapy. All three cognitive maintaining processes were measured relative to a speech task and again relative to a conversation task. Across both tasks, the three cognitive process variables demonstrated decreases from pre- to posttreatment. Within the same task, a slower rate of decrease in a specific cognitive process variable from pre- to posttreatment was predicted from higher pretreatment levels of either one or both of the other cognitive process variables. Additionally, higher levels of pretreatment conversation-related anticipatory processing and maladaptive attentional focus predicted a slower rate of decrease in social anxiety symptoms from pre- to posttreatment. Results are consistent with cognitive models of SAD and have important implications for enhancing existing treatments.
Family Factors in the Development and Management of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-11-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S10567-011-0106-3
Abstract: Family variables are thought to play a key role in a wide variety of psychopathology according to many theories. Yet, specific models of the development of anxiety disorders place little emphasis on general family factors despite clear evidence that anxiety runs in families. The current review examines evidence for the involvement of a number of family-related variables in the development of anxiety disorders as well as the importance of families in their management. Evidence across most areas is shown to be weak and inconsistent, with the one exception being an extensive literature on the role of parenting in the development of anxiety. There is also currently little evidence that family factors have a strong role to play in the treatment of anxiety, aside from research demonstrating the value of parents and partners as non-critical supports in therapy. The promises and hints in the literature, combined with the currently inconsistent methods, suggest that considerably more research is needed to determine whether specific family factors may yet be shown to play a key role in the development and management of anxiety disorders.
A Parent-Mediated Anxiety Intervention Specifically Tailored for Autistic Preschoolers: A Pilot Study
Publisher: AOTA Press
Date: 03-2023
Abstract: Importance: Autistic children experience reduced participation in life activities. One factor that may contribute to their reduced levels of participation is anxiety, which is identified at higher rates among young autistic children than among their neurotypical peers. Anxiety is also strongly associated with sensory overresponsivity and has a considerable impact on daily functioning. Objective: To determine the feasibility, acceptability, and usefulness of a small-group, parent-mediated intervention to prevent and reduce anxiety. Design: Pre–post. Setting: University research center. Participants: Three parents of autistic children (ages 4–7 yr). Outcomes and Measures: Parents completed a six-session group training program. Parents completed an anxiety scale for their child before and after parent training. At the end of training, parents participated in a focus group and were interviewed 4 mo after training. Results: Positively received aspects of the intervention were the benefits of a small group, composed of parents of autistic children, run by a facilitator with expertise in autism and anxiety. Parents gained knowledge, resulting in “taking a different approach” with their child and “seeing an interplay between anxiety and autism.” After the intervention, parents reported a reduction in children’s reported anxiety levels. Conclusions and Relevance: Knowledge of autism and anxiety acquired during a parent-mediated group increased parents’ understanding of their child’s behaviors and assisted them in supporting their child’s participation. Further research, including larger studies, is required to determine the effectiveness of this intervention. What This Article Adds: The findings from this research provide preliminary support for the adaptation of an existing parent intervention (Cool Little Kids) to reduce anxiety among autistic children. Parents reported an increased awareness and understanding of anxiety and of the interplay between anxiety and autistic traits. Positionality Statement: This article uses the identity-first language autistic people. This nonableist language describes their strengths and abilities and is a conscious decision. This language is favored by autistic communities and self-advocates and has been adopted by health care professionals and researchers (Bottema-Beutel et al., 2021 Kenny et al., 2016).
School-based cognitive behavioral interventions for anxious youth: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-03-2017
The role of control in childhood anxiety disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2003
Evaluation of a transdiagnostic treatment for adolescents with comorbid anxiety and depression
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2020
The psychological treatment of panic attacks: Theoretical conceptualization and review of evidence
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1987
Increasing Older Adults’ Use of Positive Reappraisal Coping for Chronic Physical Illness
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-07-2015
Psychological factors in panic disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1993
Post-Event Rumination and Negative Self-Appraisal in Social Phobia Before and After Treatment.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 02-2004
Response to hyperventilation and inhalation of 5.5% carbon dioxide-enriched air across the DSM-III—R anxiety disorders.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 08-1992
The aetiology and maintenance of social anxiety disorder: A synthesis of complementary theoretical models and formulation of a new integrated model
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAD.2016.05.069
Abstract: Within maintenance models of social anxiety disorder (SAD), a number of cognitive and behavioural factors that drive the persistence of SAD have been proposed. However, these maintenance models do not address how SAD develops, or the origins of the proposed maintaining factors. There are also models of the development of SAD that have been proposed independently from maintenance models. These models highlight multiple factors that contribute risk to the onset of SAD, but do not address how these aetiological factors may lead to the development of the maintaining factors associated with SAD. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify aetiological and maintenance models of SAD. We then united key factors identified in these models and formulated an integrated aetiological and maintenance (IAM) model of SAD. A systematic review of the literature was then conducted on the components of the IAM model. A number of aetiological and maintaining factors were identified in models of SAD. These factors could be drawn together into the IAM model. On balance, there is empirical evidence for the association of each of the factors in the IAM model with social anxiety or SAD, providing preliminary support for the model. There are relationships between components of the IAM model that require empirical attention. Future research will need to continue to test the IAM model. The IAM model provides a framework for future investigations into the development and persistence of SAD.
Exploring the efficacy and acceptability of Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for young adults with anxiety and depression
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-03-2014
Abstract: The highest prevalence of mental health problems is amongst people aged 18–24, with anxiety disorders and depression the most common disorders in this age group. Few young adults seek and receive effective care, prompting calls for the development of ‘youth friendly’ services. The Internet is a modality that has the potential to facilitate engagement with, and delivery of psychological treatments to, young adults. To date, however, no therapist-guided Internet-delivered treatments have been developed specifically for young adults experiencing depression and anxiety. To examine the efficacy and acceptability of a new therapist-guided Internet-delivered treatment for young adults aged 18–24 with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Participants accessed the Mood Mechanic Course, which consisted of four lessons delivered over 5 weeks. Measures of depression, anxiety, distress and disability were gathered before and after treatment, and at 3-month follow-up. Results were provided by 78% and 83% of participants at post-treatment and 3-month follow-up, respectively. Data were analysed using mixed linear model analyses. The trial was registered as: ACTRN12612001099819. Treatment significantly reduced depression and anxiety symptom severity, disability and distress at post-treatment and 3-month follow-up. Large within-group effect sizes were found at post-treatment and 3-month follow-up on all measures using both completer and estimated marginal means (Cohen’s d = 1.02 to 1.41 and 0.94 to 1.45, respectively). The therapist spent an average of 37 minutes (SD = 18 minutes) in contact with participants during treatment. Participants rated the treatment as acceptable. Treatment gains recorded at post-treatment were sustained at 3-month follow-up, and were consistent with those reported in meta-analyses of Internet-delivered treatments developed for the broader adult population with depression and anxiety. These results provide encouraging preliminary evidence for the efficacy of therapist-guided Internet-delivered treatments for anxiety and depression tailored for young adults.
Partners in Parenting: A Multi-Level Web-Based Approach to Support Parents in Prevention and Early Intervention for Adolescent Depression and Anxiety (Preprint)
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 17-07-2017
Abstract: epression and anxiety disorders in young people are a global health concern. Various risk and protective factors for these disorders are potentially modifiable by parents, underscoring the important role parents play in reducing the risk and impact of these disorders in their adolescent children. However, cost-effective, evidence-based interventions for parents that can be widely disseminated are lacking. In this paper, we propose a multi-level public health approach involving a Web-based parenting intervention, Partners in Parenting (PIP). We describe the components of the Web-based intervention and how each component was developed. Development of the intervention was guided by principles of the persuasive systems design model to maximize parental engagement and adherence. A consumer-engagement approach was used, including consultation with parents and adolescents about the content and presentation of the intervention. The PIP intervention can be used at varying levels of intensity to tailor to the different needs of parents across the population. Challenges and opportunities for the use of the intervention are discussed. The PIP Web-based intervention was developed to address the dearth of evidence-based resources to support parents in their important role in their adolescents’ mental health. The proposed public health approach utilizes this intervention at varying levels of intensity based on parents’ needs. Evaluation of each separate level of the model is ongoing. Further evaluation of the whole approach is required to assess the utility of the intervention as a public health approach, as well as its broader effects on adolescent functioning and socioeconomic outcomes.
An Examination of Harm Beliefs in Dog Fearful Children
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 07-02-2016
DOI: 10.5127/JEP.048015
Abstract: This study examined the harm beliefs of dog fearful children and the effect of exposure therapy on harm beliefs. The harm beliefs of 27 dog fearful children were examined before and after exposure therapy to a dog. Children were shown a live dog and asked to rate the extent to which they believed the dog would harm them (for ex le, the dog would bite or attack). The children were asked to complete Behaviour Approach Tests (BATs) to the dog before and after the exposure therapy. The children partially endorsed all harm beliefs regarding the dog prior to exposure. Harm beliefs predicted distress during a BAT before exposure therapy and avoidance after exposure. There was a significant reduction in all harm beliefs after exposure therapy with large effect sizes. Results also indicate the effectiveness of a single session of exposure in reducing a child's harm beliefs.
The Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) pediatric and parent-proxy short forms for anxiety: Psychometric properties in the Kids FACE FEARS sample
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2023
Cohort profile: The Triple B Pregnancy Cohort Study: A longitudinal study of the relationship between alcohol, tobacco and other substance use during pregnancy and the health and well-being of Australian children and families
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 26-10-2018
DOI: 10.1093/IJE/DYX126
The utility of the SCAS-C/P to detect specific anxiety disorders among clinically anxious children.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 08-2019
DOI: 10.1037/PAS0000700
Sharing knowledge about immunisation (SKAI): An exploration of parents’ communication needs to inform development of a clinical communication support intervention
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2017.10.077
Abstract: The SKAI (Sharing Knowledge About Immunisation) project aims to develop effective communication tools to support primary health care providers' consultations with parents who may be hesitant about vaccinating their children. This study explored parents' communication needs using a qualitative design. Parents of at least one child less than five years old were recruited from two major cities and a regional town known for high prevalence of vaccine objection. Focus groups of parents who held similar vaccination attitudes and intentions were convened to discuss experiences of vaccination consultations and explore their communication needs, including preferences. Draft written communication support tools were used to stimulate discussion and gauge acceptability of the tools. Important differences in communication needs between group types emerged. The least hesitant parent groups reported feeling reassured upon reading resources designed to address commonly observed concerns about vaccination. As hesitancy of the group members increased, so did their accounts of the volume and detail of information they required. Trust appeared to be related to apparent or perceived transparency. More hesitant groups displayed increased sensitivity and resistance to persuasive language forms.
Constraints on particle acceleration in SS433/W50 from MAGIC and H.E.S.S. observations
Publisher: EDP Sciences
Date: 04-2018
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201731169
Abstract: Context. The large jet kinetic power and non-thermal processes occurring in the microquasar SS 433 make this source a good candidate for a very high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray emitter. Gamma-ray fluxes above the sensitivity limits of current Cherenkov telescopes have been predicted for both the central X-ray binary system and the interaction regions of SS 433 jets with the surrounding W50 nebula. Non-thermal emission at lower energies has been previously reported, indicating that efficient particle acceleration is taking place in the system. Aim. We explore the capability of SS 433 to emit VHE gamma rays during periods in which the expected flux attenuation due to periodic eclipses ( P orb ~ 13.1 days) and precession of the circumstellar disk ( P pre ~ 162 days) periodically covering the central binary system is expected to be at its minimum. The eastern and western SS 433/W50 interaction regions are also examined using the whole data set available. We aim to constrain some theoretical models previously developed for this system with our observations. Methods. We made use of dedicated observations from the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov telescopes (MAGIC) and High Energy Spectroscopic System (H.E.S.S.) of SS 433 taken from 2006 to 2011. These observation were combined for the first time and accounted for a total effective observation time of 16.5 h, which were scheduled considering the expected phases of minimum absorption of the putative VHE emission. Gamma-ray attenuation does not affect the jet/medium interaction regions. In this case, the analysis of a larger data set amounting to ~40–80 h, depending on the region, was employed. Results. No evidence of VHE gamma-ray emission either from the central binary system or from the eastern/western interaction regions was found. Upper limits were computed for the combined data set. Differential fluxes from the central system are found to be ≲ 10 −12 –10 −13 TeV −1 cm −2 s −1 in an energy interval ranging from ~few × 100 GeV to ~few TeV. Integral flux limits down to ~ 10 −12 –10 −13 ph cm −2 s −1 and ~ 10 −13 –10 −14 ph cm −2 s −1 are obtainedat 300 and 800 GeV, respectively. Our results are used to place constraints on the particle acceleration fraction at the inner jetregions and on the physics of the jet/medium interactions. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that the fraction of the jet kinetic power that is transferred to relativistic protons must be relatively small in SS 433, q p ≤ 2.5 × 10 −5 , to explain the lack of TeV and neutrino emission from the central system. At the SS 433/W50 interface, the presence of magnetic fields ≳10 μ G is derived assuming a synchrotron origin for the observed X-ray emission. This also implies the presence of high-energy electrons with E e − up to 50 TeV, preventing an efficient production of gamma-ray fluxes in these interaction regions.
Biases in attention, interpretation, memory, and associations in children with varying levels of spider fear: Inter-relations and prediction of behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JBTEP.2016.10.001
Abstract: Cognitive theories suggest that cognitive biases may be related and together influence the anxiety response. However, little is known about the interrelations of cognitive bias tasks and whether they allow for an improved prediction of fear-related behavior in addition to self-reports. This study simultaneously addressed several types of cognitive biases in children, to investigate attention bias, interpretation bias, memory bias and fear-related associations, their interrelations and the prediction of behavior. Eighty-one children varying in their levels of spider fear completed the Spider Anxiety and Disgust Screening for Children and performed two Emotional Stroop tasks, a Free Recall task, an interpretation task including size and distance indication, an Affective Priming Task, and a Behavioral Assessment Test. We found an attention bias, interpretation bias, and fear-related associations, but no evidence for a memory bias. The biases showed little overlap. Attention bias, interpretation bias, and fear-related associations predicted unique variance in avoidance of spiders. Interpretation bias and fear-related associations remained significant predictors, even when self-reported fear was included as a predictor. Children were not seeking help for their spider fear and were not tested on clinical levels of spider phobia. This is the first study to find evidence that different cognitive biases each predict unique variance in avoidance behavior. Furthermore, it is also the first study in which we found evidence for a relation between fear of spiders and size and distance indication. We showed that this bias is distinct from other cognitive biases.
Preschool Environment and Temperament as Predictors of Social and Nonsocial Anxiety Disorders in Middle Adolescence
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAAC.2013.11.014
Abstract: Of the few risk factors identified for the development of anxiety disorders, behavioral inhibition has received the strongest support. However, studies examining prediction of anxiety disorder from inhibition over time have not been extensive, and very few have assessed the impact of inhibition assessed early in life on anxiety in adolescence. The current study assessed 3 risk factors among 91 children when they were approximately 4 years of age, and determined anxiety diagnoses when the children were in midadolescence (mean age, 15 years). Children were included in the study at preschool age if they scored high (n = 57) or low (n = 34) on behavioral inhibition. Maternal anxiousness and maternal attitudes toward the child were assessed at the same time. Diagnoses at age 15 years were categorized as social anxiety disorder or other anxiety disorders. Social anxiety disorder at age 15 years was predicted by both inhibition and maternal anxiousness at age 4 years, whereas other anxiety disorders were predicted only by maternal anxiousness. Almost 37% of inhibited preschool-aged children demonstrated social anxiety disorder at age 15, compared with 15% of uninhibited children. The results support a growing body of research pointing to the importance of behavioral inhibition as a risk for social anxiety well into adolescence, and also highlight maternal anxiousness as a more general risk across anxiety disorders.
Treatment Fidelity in Brief Versus Standard-Length School-Based Interventions for Youth with Anxiety
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-06-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S12310-021-09458-2
Abstract: To examine treatment fidelity in a randomized controlled trial of indicated school-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) delivered in groups to youth with anxiety. We investigated whether adherence and competence (a) differed across brief and standard-length CBT, and (b) if adherence and competence predicted change in anxiety symptoms and impairment. Method: Sessions were observationally coded with the Competence and Adherence Scale for CBT for Anxiety Disorders in Youth . Coders ( N = 7) rated 104 sessions from 52 groups delivered by 32 facilitators ( M age = 43.2 years, SD = 8.1) to 295 youth ( M age = 14.0 years, SD = 0.8). Outcomes were youth- and parent-reported anxiety symptoms and impairment at post-intervention and 1-year follow-up. Linear mixed effect models were used to analyze whether fidelity predicted clinical outcomes. Results: Levels of adherence and competence were adequate in both programs, but higher in brief compared to standard-length CBT p .001 and p = .010, respectively). Neither adherence nor competence predicted clinical outcomes at any timepoints. Conclusion: Higher levels of adherence and competence in brief CBT suggest that it may be easier for novice CBT providers to achieve fidelity in simplified and less flexible interventions. Contrary to expectation, adherence and competence did not predict clinical outcomes.
The influence of cognitive flexibility on treatment outcome and cognitive restructuring skill acquisition during cognitive behavioural treatment for anxiety and depression in older adults: Results of
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2014.04.005
Abstract: There is some evidence that cognitive flexibility negatively impacts cognitive restructuring skill acquisition with brief training however, there is little understanding of how this relates to learning cognitive restructuring over the course of a therapy program, and how it relates to overall treatment outcome. This study assessed the impact of cognitive flexibility on cognitive restructuring skill acquisition following group CBT, and on treatment outcome, along with changes in cognitive flexibility over treatment. 44 older participants with anxiety and depression completed self-report and neuropsychological tests of cognitive flexibility and a clinical interview at pre and post-treatment. Qualitative and quantitative measures of cognitive restructuring were completed at post-treatment. Pre-treatment cognitive flexibility was not related to the quality of cognitive restructuring at post-treatment or overall treatment outcome. However, it did predict reduction in subjective units of distress from using cognitive restructuring and therapist ratings of cognitive restructuring ability at post-treatment. Few participants showed changes in cognitive flexibility over treatment. Those with poorer cognitive flexibility may not find cognitive restructuring as useful to alleviate emotional distress as those with better cognitive flexibility. However, those with poorer cognitive flexibility can still benefit from standardised CBT, even if their use of cognitive restructuring is less effective.
HPA AXIS RELATED GENES AND RESPONSE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES: GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 07-10-2015
DOI: 10.1002/DA.22430
Evaluation of therapist-supported parent-implemented CBT for anxiety disorders in rural children
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2005.09.009
Abstract: Supplementing bibliotherapy with therapist-client communication has been shown to be an effective way of providing services to under-resourced and isolated communities. The current study examined the efficacy of supplementing bibliotherapy for child anxiety disorders with therapist-initiated telephone or email sessions, or with client-initiated contact in a randomised trial using a waitlist control. Participants were 100 anxiety-disordered children and their parents from rural and remote communities. All treatment conditions resulted in improvement on self-report measures and clinician rated severity. Telephone sessions produced superior outcomes with 79% of children being anxiety disorder free post-treatment compared with 33% of email and 31% of client-initiated participants. The results suggest that therapist supplemented bibliotherapy could provide an efficacious treatment option for families isolated from traditional treatment services.
Evaluation of an innovative intervention for traumatized children from a low resourced country
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
Treatment of social phobia through pure self-help and therapist-augmented self-help
Publisher: Royal College of Psychiatrists
Date: 09-2007
DOI: 10.1192/BJP.BP.106.028167
Abstract: Self-help for social phobia has not received controlled empirical evaluation. To evaluate the efficacy of pure self-help through written materials for severe social phobia and self-help augmented by five group sessions with a therapist. These conditions were compared with a waiting-list control and standard, therapist-led group therapy. Participants with severe generalised social phobia ( n =224) were randomised to one of four conditions. Assessment included diagnoses, symptoms and life interference at pretreatment, 12 weeks and at 24 weeks. A larger percentage of patients no longer had a diagnosis of social phobia at post-intervention in the pure self-help group than in the waiting-list group, although this percentage decreased slightly over the next 3 months. Symptoms of social anxiety and life interference did not differ significantly between these groups. Augmented self-help was better than waiting list on all measures and did not differ significantly from group treatment. Self-help augmented by therapist assistance shows promise as a less resource-intensive method for the management of social phobia. Pure self-help shows limited efficacy for this disorder.
Trends in Prevalence and Management of Childhood Anxiety by Australian Pediatricians
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
Cultural differences in perceived social norms and social anxiety
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2005.09.006
Abstract: Cultural considerations in social anxiety are a rarely investigated topic although it seems likely that differences between countries in social norms may relate to the extent of social anxiety. The present study investigated in iduals' personal and perceived cultural norms and their relation to social anxiety and fear of blushing. A total of 909 participants from eight countries completed vignettes describing social situations and evaluated the social acceptability of the behavior of the main actor both from their own, personal perspective as well as from a cultural viewpoint. Personal and cultural norms showed somewhat different patterns in comparison between types of countries (in idualistic/collectivistic). According to reported cultural norms, collectivistic countries were more accepting toward socially reticent and withdrawn behaviors than was the case in in idualistic countries. In contrast, there was no difference between in idualistic and collectivistic countries on in iduals' personal perspectives regarding socially withdrawn behavior. Collectivistic countries also reported greater levels of social anxiety and more fear of blushing than in idualistic countries. Significant positive relations occurred between the extent to which attention-avoiding behaviors are accepted in a culture and the level of social anxiety or fear of blushing symptoms. These results provide initial evidence that social anxiety may be related to different cultural norms across countries.
A tailored online intervention to improve parenting risk and protective factors for child anxiety and depression: Medium-term findings from a randomized controlled trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2020
The structure of social-evaluative threat detection in social anxiety disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2020
Medication prescribed by Australian paediatricians: Psychotropics predominate
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-06-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JPC.13615
Measuring state pre-event and post-event rumination in Social Anxiety Disorder: Psychometric properties of the Socially Anxious Rumination Questionnaire (SARQ)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2021
Imagery rescripting of revenge, avoidance, and forgiveness for past bullying experiences in young adults
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-12-2015
DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2015.1108360
Abstract: Forgiveness has been found to be a useful intervention for past trauma across a variety of situations. However, this has yet to be experimentally tested in victims of bullying. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of imagining forgiveness, avoidance, or revenge responses towards a perpetrator among young adult victims of bullying. One hundred and thirty-five undergraduate psychology students aged 17-24 who reported a recent experience of being victimized were led through imagery rescripting where they recalled a personal episode of bullying and imagined a new ending to one where they forgave, avoided, or took revenge on the bully. Results indicated significant differences between Time 1 (imagining the event as it occurred), to Time 2 (imagining an alternate ending) for all three processes. Negative affect decreased significantly in the forgiveness and avoidance conditions, but not in the revenge condition. Positive evaluations of coping decreased significantly in the revenge condition, but not in the avoidance or forgiveness conditions. However, imagined forgiveness of the bully was more stressful than either imagined avoidance or revenge. The short-term measurements and the researcher-directed re-scripting limit the interpretation of results, however, yield valuable information about the immediate impact of imaginal exposure and point to future research directions. The impact of focusing on immediate stress reduction in dealing with bullying is explored, and a combination of short-term avoidance and longer term forgiveness is highlighted as a potentially effective strategy to deal with the negative emotional consequences of victimization.
Risk for social anxiety in early adolescence: Longitudinal impact of pubertal development, appearance comparisons, and peer connections.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2022.104126
Abstract: The aims of this study were to determine the impact of adolescent-relevant risk factors on changes in social anxiety symptoms from pre-to early-adolescence. From 2016 to 2018, 528 youth (51% boys) were tested in three annual waves across grades 6, 7, and 8 (M ages 11.2, 12.7, 13.7 years). Through online surveys youth reported on peer relationships that were combined into two latent factors: 1) appearance comparisons, comprising youth reports of appearance comparisons relative to others in general and while using social media, along with perceived attractiveness and 2) positive peer connections, comprising youth reports of group affiliation, school belonging, and peer victimisation. Youth and their parents also reported on the youth's level of pubertal development as well as the youth's level of social anxiety using previously validated questionnaires. Social anxiety was also assessed with structured diagnostic interview. Separate cross-lagged panel models were used to model longitudinal associations between all risk factors and youth, parent, and interviewer-reported measures of social anxiety. Of the associations tested, only appearance comparisons directly predicted increases in social anxiety symptoms 12 months later across all models. More advanced pubertal development was associated with increased appearance comparisons the following year. On the other hand, higher levels of social anxiety predicted subsequent reductions in positive peer connections in parent and interviewer models. These results highlight the important and interconnected impact of pubertal development and appearance comparisons on both the development of social anxiety symptoms during early adolescence, as well as the social consequences of social anxiety.
A Model of Therapist Competencies for the Empirically Supported Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Child and Adolescent Anxiety and Depressive Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S10567-011-0083-6
Abstract: While a plethora of cognitive behavioral empirically supported treatments (ESTs) are available for treating child and adolescent anxiety and depressive disorders, research has shown that these are not as effective when implemented in routine practice settings. Research is now indicating that is partly due to ineffective EST training methods, resulting in a lack of therapist competence. However, at present, the specific competencies that are required for the effective implementation of ESTs for this population are unknown, making the development of more effective EST training difficult. This study therefore aimed to develop a model of therapist competencies for the empirically supported cognitive behavioral treatment of child and adolescent anxiety and depressive disorders using a version of the well-established Delphi technique. In doing so, the authors: (1) identified and reviewed cognitive behavioral ESTs for child and adolescent anxiety and depressive disorders, (2) extracted therapist competencies required to implement each treatment effectively, (3) validated these competency lists with EST authors, (4) consulted with a panel of relevant local experts to generate an overall model of therapist competence for the empirically supported cognitive behavioral treatment of child and adolescent anxiety and depressive disorders, and (5) validated the overall model with EST manual authors and relevant international experts. The resultant model offers an empirically derived set of competencies necessary for effectively treating children and adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders and has wide implications for the development of therapist training, competence assessment measures, and evidence-based practice guidelines for working with this population. This model thus brings us one step closer to bridging the gap between science and practice when treating child and adolescent anxiety and depression.
Stability of catastrophic cognitions in panic disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1996
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(96)00008-3
Abstract: This study examined the degree to which panic disorder patients recognized the irrationality of their fearful cognitions during the midst of panic and at other times, when not panicking. Also, the degree to which panic-cognitions changed over time was examined. Approximately 40% retained at least moderately strong conviction in their panic-cognitions when not panicking. Females and non-medicated patients held stronger convictions. Fearful cognitions about physical dangers were more likely to decrease over time than fearful cognitions about mental or social dangers.
Psychometric properties of two measures of childhood internalizing problems in a Bangladeshi sample
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-12-2014
DOI: 10.1111/BJC.12071
Abstract: In order to assist mental health services in developing countries, a key issue is the availability of psychometrically sound, brief, and cost-effective measures that have been tested within the relevant context. The present study was designed to evaluate within a young Bangladeshi population, the psychometric properties of two widely used Western measures of internalizing distress in young people: the short form of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale and the Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire. The s le included 1,360 children and adolescents aged 9-17 years (M = 12.3 years, SD = 2.12) recruited from six districts of Bangladesh, including both community and emotionally at-risk participants. A total of 179 children were re-tested on the measures within 3-4 weeks. Confirmatory factor analyses showed single-factor structures for both scales in the total s le and in both community and at-risk participants separately. Multiple group analyses across gender and age-group within the at-risk and community s les showed that the single-factor structure was suitable regardless of subgroup. Analyses also indicated acceptable internal consistency, test-retest reliability and construct validity for both scales. The two measures show promise as brief, reliable, and valid instruments for the assessment of internalizing distress among young people from Bangla-speaking communities. Positive clinical implications: These two measures of internalizing distress in young people showed solid psychometric properties within s les collected from various parts of Bangladesh. The measures can therefore be used to assess anxiety and depression in Bangla-speaking youth. These measures should be of value in both clinical settings and at a community level to assess the need for services. Cautions and limitations: Resource limitations did not allow comparison against diagnostic criteria and therefore cut-off scores to indicate clinical status among Bangladeshi youth will require further research.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Cognitive Behavior Therapy Program for Children with Clinical Anxiety Symptoms
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 03-06-2021
DOI: 10.3390/PSYCHIATRYINT2020016
Abstract: High anxiety and anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental health problems in children and lead to significant interference with children’s daily functioning. Most empirical evaluations of treatment come from English-language countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and replicate the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral intervention program to manage anxiety in children among children from Greece. Forty-one children–parent(s) dyads participated in the study. Children were 9–12 years old, with clinically elevated symptoms of anxiety, and they were assigned to either the standard group treatment (cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)) or to a waitlist group (WL). Both children and their parents in the CBT group reported statistically significant reductions in children’s anxiety symptoms at post-intervention and at the 6-month follow-up. A significant reduction was also found in life interference due to anxiety according to both child and parent reports. In contrast, no significant changes in anxiety symptoms or life interference were reported among the WL. The current results support the effectiveness of a CBT program for anxious children from a non-clinic, non-school setting in Greece.
The impact of positive reappraisal on positive (and negative) emotion among older adults
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 11-12-2015
DOI: 10.1017/S1041610215002057
Abstract: Positive reappraisal is an important cognitive strategy for older adults associated with wide-ranging improvements in psychological well-being. However, little is known about the relationship between positive reappraisal and positive and negative emotion, anxiety and depression, and whether positive reappraisal is associated with continued increases in positive emotion over time. In the first study, 61 participants aged 62 to 88 years ( M = 72, SD = 5.8) completed current measures of cognitive emotion regulation, positive emotion, negative emotion, anxiety and depression regarding their most distressing aging-related adverse life event, and rated (retrospectively) positive reappraisal use at the time of the stressor. Utilizing a longitudinal design, in a second study 60 participants aged 62 to 88 years ( M = 71.2, SD = 5.7) completed the same measures for a recent adverse life event and repeated the measures 3 and 6 months later. In the first study, positive reappraisal reported for both time periods was significantly correlated with current positive emotion, but not negative emotion with mixed findings for anxiety and depression, and positive reappraisal use increased with time since stressor onset. In the second study, positive reappraisal was significantly correlated with positive emotion and significantly predicted positive emotion from 3-month to 6-month follow-up, and was related to anxiety and depression but not general negative emotion. These findings indicate that positive reappraisal is related to positive emotion but not consistently with negative emotion, and continues to be beneficial over time in older adults who have experienced a stressor.
A Genome-Wide Test of the Differential Susceptibility Hypothesis Reveals a Genetic Predictor of Differential Response to Psychological Treatments for Child Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1159/000444023
Abstract: b i Background: /i /b The differential susceptibly hypothesis suggests that certain genetic variants moderate the effects of both negative and positive environments on mental health and may therefore be important predictors of response to psychological treatments. Nevertheless, the identification of such variants has so far been limited to preselected candidate genes. In this study we extended the differential susceptibility hypothesis from a candidate gene to a genome-wide approach to test whether a polygenic score of environmental sensitivity predicted response to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in children with anxiety disorders. b i Methods: /i /b We identified variants associated with environmental sensitivity using a novel method in which within-pair variability in emotional problems in 1,026 monozygotic twin pairs was examined as a function of the pairs' genotype. We created a polygenic score of environmental sensitivity based on the whole-genome findings and tested the score as a moderator of parenting on emotional problems in 1,406 children and response to in idual, group and brief parent-led CBT in 973 children with anxiety disorders. b i Results: /i /b The polygenic score significantly moderated the effects of parenting on emotional problems and the effects of treatment. In iduals with a high score responded significantly better to in idual CBT than group CBT or brief parent-led CBT (remission rates: 70.9, 55.5 and 41.6%, respectively). b i Conclusions: /i /b Pending successful replication, our results should be considered exploratory. Nevertheless, if replicated, they suggest that in iduals with the greatest environmental sensitivity may be more likely to develop emotional problems in adverse environments but also benefit more from the most intensive types of treatment.
Longitudinal Associations between Coping Strategies and Psychopathology in Pre-adolescence
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-10-2020
Factors Associated With Parental Consent to use D-Cycloserine for Child Anxiety
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-2017
DOI: 10.1017/BEC.2017.5
Abstract: This study examined factors influencing parent willingness to use D-Cycloserine (DCS) for treating child anxiety. N = 222 parents were given information about using DCS to treat anxiety. They were then asked to rate their willingness to allow their child to take DCS/antibiotics for mild anxiety, severe anxiety, or an infection. The associations between willingness to use DCS and parental trait anxiety, demographics, as well as specific concerns regarding the medication, were examined. Parents could also provide written responses regarding their attitudes to DCS, which were analysed for themes. Parents reported concerns regarding potential side-effects from DCS. More severe anxiety was associated with more willingness to consent however, parents were more willing to use antibiotics to treat an infection than DCS to treat their child's anxiety. The degree of perceived benefit from DCS was most strongly associated with parents’ willingness to use it. Overall, parents expressed mixed views, reporting they would consider using DCS to treat their child however, they had significant concerns about it. Results suggest providing parents with information explaining how DCS works, its risks and potential benefits may increase its acceptability.
Impacts of imagery-enhanced versus verbally-based cognitive behavioral group therapy on psychophysiological parameters in social anxiety disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2022.104131
Abstract: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is associated with marked physiological reactivity in social-evaluative situations. However, objective measurement of biomarkers is rarely evaluated in treatment trials, despite potential utility in clarifying disorder-specific physiological correlates. This randomized controlled trial sought to examine the differential impact of imagery-enhanced vs. verbal-based cognitive behavioral group therapy (IE-CBGT, n = 53 VB-CBGT, n = 54) on biomarkers of emotion regulation and arousal during social stress in people with SAD (pre- and post-treatment differences in heart rate variability (HRV) and skin conductance). We acquired psychophysiological data from randomized participants across four social stress test phases (baseline, speech preparation, speech, interaction) at pre-treatment, and 1- and 6-months post-treatment. Analyses revealed that IE-CBGT selectively attenuated heart rate as indexed by increases in median heart rate interval (median-RR) compared to VB-CBGT at post-treatment, whereas one HRV index showed a larger increase in the VB-CBGT condition before but not after controlling for median-RR. Other psychophysiological indices did not differ between conditions. Lower sympathetic arousal in the IE-CBGT condition may have obviated the need for parasympathetic downregulation, whereas the opposite was true for VB-CBGT. These findings provide preliminary insights into the impact of imagery-enhanced and verbally-based psychotherapy for SAD on emotion regulation biomarkers.
From barriers to implementation: Advancing universal mental health screening in schools
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 02-09-2021
DOI: 10.1017/JGC.2021.17
Abstract: In light of concerning evidence that many young people with mental disorders are not receiving appropriate mental health intervention, school-based mental health screening has been advocated as one way to improve identification of at-risk youth. Despite having much promise, universal screening in schools remains a relatively uncommon practice internationally. Various barriers that deter school psychologists and counsellors from screening have been identified, including lack of resourcing to implement screening, lack of knowledge about the mechanics of how to carry out a screening program, and concern about how to manage the anticipated increased workload generated by following up identified students. In this practice-based paper we discuss a four-stage process that guides school psychologists and counsellors in the establishment of a school-based screening program, with specific reference to overcoming perceived barriers.
Nature and psychological management of anxiety disorders in youth
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JPC.12856
Abstract: Anxiety disorders affect around 5% of the paediatric population at any given time and are associated with high social and personal impact. These disorders typically begin early in life, and children with anxiety disorders are at increased risk for a variety of later difficulties across the life-span. Although causes of anxiety in childhood are not fully understood, there is a strong heritable component. Additional risk factors include temperament, parent psychopathology, parent handling and peer interactions. Psychological treatments have demonstrated good efficacy with around 60% of anxious youth being in diagnostic remission immediately following treatment and a further 10% remitting over the following months. Because young people with anxiety disorders are among the least likely to seek appropriate help, paediatricians are in a unique position to identify anxious young people, educate families and recommend appropriate intervention.
Psychometric properties of the Child Anxiety Life Interference Scale – Preschool Version
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2017.10.002
Abstract: Despite growing recognition of childhood anxiety as a common and often debilitating clinical concern, we have limited knowledge of the particular ways in which anxiety interferes with daily life for young children who have not yet entered formal schooling. The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Child Anxiety Life Interference Scale - Preschool Version (CALIS-PV). The CALIS-PV is a brief (18 item) parent-report measure of the impacts of a young child's anxiety on their own life and that of her or his parent. Participants were 784 parents of a child aged 3-7 years, who completed the CALIS-PV as a part of the follow-up assessment battery for two anxiety prevention trials targeted at preschool children with temperamental inhibition. Confirmatory factor analysis supported three CALIS-PV factors reflecting anxiety-related life interference at home, outside home and on parent life. The three factors showed good internal consistency and good convergent and ergent validity, and successfully differentiated children with and without an anxiety diagnosis. Findings provide initial support for the CALIS-PV as a reliable and valid measure of the daily life impacts of childhood anxiety for preschool-aged children and their parents.
Appearance Satisfaction Among Adolescent Girls in Australia, China, India, and Iran: The Role of Perceived Actual-Ideal Discrepancies in Facial and Bodily Attributes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-06-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S11199-023-01395-5
Abstract: The current study examined the associations between perceived actual-ideal discrepancies in facial and bodily attributes and adolescent girls’ appearance satisfaction and whether these relationships were moderated by the importance associated with the attributes and/or the country of the participants. A multilingual survey was completed by 900 girls aged 12–18 years old living in Australia, China, India, and Iran. Girls in India and Iran were most satisfied with their appearance followed by girls in China and Australia. Iranian girls had the highest perceived actual-ideal discrepancies in facial and bodily attributes. Chinese and Indian girls perceived their facial attributes to be more important to their overall sense of appearance than their bodily attributes, whereas Australian and Iranian girls valued them equally. Higher perceived actual-ideal facial discrepancies were related to lower appearance satisfaction only for Iranian girls and higher perceived bodily discrepancies were linked to lower appearance satisfaction only for Australian girls. The importance associated with physical attributes and/or the country of participants did not moderate the relationship between perceived discrepancies and appearance satisfaction for facial or bodily attributes. Findings underscore the critical role of cultural nuances in understanding body image among adolescent girls and determinants of appearance satisfaction.
Social Anxiety and Social Anxiety Disorder Across Cultures
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2014
Theoretical Foundations of CBT for Anxious and Depressed Youth
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-04-2014
Psychometric properties of the Children’s Revised Impact of Events Scale (CRIES) with Bangladeshi children and adolescents
Publisher: PeerJ
Date: 26-08-2014
DOI: 10.7717/PEERJ.536
The Pain Course : A randomised controlled trial of a clinician-guided Internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy program for managing chronic pain and emotional well-being
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 06-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.PAIN.2013.03.005
Abstract: The present study evaluated the efficacy of a clinician-guided Internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy (iCBT) program, the Pain Course, to reduce disability, anxiety, and depression associated with chronic pain. Sixty-three adults with chronic pain were randomised to either a Treatment Group or waitlist Control Group. Treatment consisted of 5 iCBT-based lessons, homework tasks, additional resources, weekly e-mail or telephone contact from a Clinical Psychologist, and automated e-mails. Twenty-nine of 31 Treatment Group participants completed the 5 lessons during the 8-week program, and posttreatment and 3-month follow-up data were collected from 30/31 and 29/31 participants, respectively. Treatment Group participants obtained significantly greater improvements than Control Group participants in levels of disability, anxiety, depression, and average pain levels at posttreatment. These improvements corresponded to small to large between-groups effect sizes (Cohen's d) at posttreatment for disability (d = .88), anxiety (d = .38), depression (d = .66), and average pain (d = .64), respectively. These outcomes were sustained at follow-up and participants rated the program as highly acceptable. Overall, the clinician spent a total mean time of 81.54 minutes (SD 30.91 minutes) contacting participants during the program. The results appear better than those reported in iCBT studies to date and provide support for the potential of clinician-guided iCBT in the treatment of disability, anxiety, and depression for people with chronic pain.
Panic attacks as risk markers for mental disorders*
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2005
DOI: 10.1007/S00127-005-0892-3
Abstract: This paper extends previous epidemiological findings linking panic attacks with future episodes of depression and examines whether this relationship is independent of the effects of gender and neuroticism. Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) DSM-IV diagnoses from a stratified multi-stage population survey of 10,641 Australian adults were analysed using logistic regression to examine the relationship between lifetime panic attacks, gender, neuroticism and mental disorders. People who experienced full CIDI DSM-IV panic attacks more than 12 months ago were 4 times more likely to meet criteria for current Depressive Disorder than those who reported no attacks. Those with panic attacks in the past 12 months were 13.3 times more likely to report current Depressive Disorders. A similar pattern was also present for non-panic Anxiety Disorders (odds ratio=7.5 for lifetime, but not 12-month panic attacks, and 21.46 for 12-month panic attacks) and for Substance Use Disorders (2.1 and 4.6, respectively) suggesting a broader relationship with psychopathology than previously reported. For each of these groupings of mental disorders, panic attacks accounted for significant variability over and above the effects of gender, neuroticism, and comorbid Anxiety Disorders. Panic attacks are associated with current and future Anxiety, Depressive, and Substance Use Disorders, and this relationship is not solely accounted for by differences in gender and neuroticism.
Unique Associations between Childhood Temperament Characteristics and Subsequent Psychopathology Symptom Trajectories from Childhood to Early Adolescence
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-12-2016
The role of cognitive flexibility in cognitive restructuring skill acquisition among older adults
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2012.10.004
Abstract: Cognitive flexibility is one aspect of executive functioning that encompasses the ability to produce erse ideas, consider response alternatives, and modify behaviors to manage changing circumstances. These processes are likely to be important for implementing cognitive restructuring. The present study investigated the impact of cognitive flexibility on older adults' ability to learn cognitive restructuring. Neuropsychological measures of cognitive flexibility were administered to 40 normal community-dwelling older adult volunteers and their ability to implement cognitive restructuring was coded and analyzed. Results indicated that the majority of participants showed good cognitive restructuring skill acquisition with brief training. The multiple regression analysis suggested that those with poorer cognitive flexibility on neuropsychological testing demonstrated poorer quality cognitive restructuring. In particular, perseverative thinking styles appear to negatively impact the ability to learn cognitive restructuring. Further research is needed to clarify whether older adults with poor cognitive flexibility can improve their cognitive restructuring skills with repetition over treatment or whether alternative skills should be considered.
Depression literacy and stigma influence how parents perceive and respond to adolescent depressive symptoms
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAD.2018.08.062
Abstract: This study aimed to: (1) validate a measure of parental reactions, attitudes and understanding of adolescent depressive symptoms (PRAUD) and (2) examine the impact of adolescent and parent depressive symptoms, parental knowledge about adolescent depression (depression literacy), and parental depression stigma on parental responses to adolescent depression. Parents (N = 440) of adolescents aged 13-17 years completed an anonymous online questionnaire. Factor analysis suggested four patterns of parental responses to adolescent depressive symptoms: overprotection, criticism, distress and support. Internal consistency was good for all PRAUD subscales (α = 0.80-0.88). Higher parent and adolescent depressive symptoms, greater depression stigma and lower depression literacy were associated with more negative parental responses. Higher adolescent depressive symptoms and poorer parent depression literacy predicted overprotective responses, and depression stigma moderated the effect of parent depressive symptoms. Depression literacy moderated the effect of parent depression on supportive parental responses, and stigma moderated the effect of adolescent depression. Higher levels of depression stigma and parent depression predicted critical responses, and depression literacy moderated the effect of adolescent depressive symptoms. Distress responses were predicted by higher stigma, and depression literacy moderated the effect of parent and adolescent depressive symptoms. Differences between the two s le recruitment sites. There was evidence of more negative parental attitudes and responses among depressed parents and parents of depressed youth. Improving parental depression literacy and reducing depression stigma during treatment of adolescent depression may facilitate parental responsiveness, and in some circumstances, may help buffer against the negative impact of parental depression.
Mediators of the relationship between social anxiety and post-event rumination
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2012.10.008
Abstract: A variety of cognitive and attentional factors are hypothesised to be associated with post-event rumination, a key construct that has been proposed to contribute to the maintenance of social anxiety disorder (SAD). The present study aimed to explore factors contributing to post-event rumination following delivery of a speech in a clinical population. 121 participants with SAD completed measures of trait social anxiety a week before they undertook a speech task. After the speech, participants answered several questionnaires assessing their state anxiety, self-evaluation of performance, perceived focus of attention and probability and cost of expected negative evaluation. One-week later, participants completed measures of negative rumination experienced over the week. Results showed two pathways leading to post-event rumination: (1) a direct path from trait social anxiety to post-event rumination and (2) indirect paths from trait social anxiety to post-event rumination via its relationships with inappropriate attentional focus and self-evaluation of performance. The results suggest that post event rumination is at least partly predicted by the extent to which socially anxious in iduals negatively perceive their own performance and their allocation of attentional resources to this negative self-image. Current findings support the key relationships among cognitive processes proposed by cognitive models.
Acceptability and Feasibility of Stepped-Care for Anxious Adolescents in Community Mental Health Services: A Secondary Analysis
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-12-2021
More Information From Fewer Questions: The Factor Structure and Item Properties of the Original and Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 06-2004
Investigating the impact of masculinity on the relationship between anxiety specific mental health literacy and mental health help-seeking in adolescent males
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2020
A clinician's quick guide of evidence‐based approaches: Social anxiety disorder
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2016
DOI: 10.1111/CP.12096
Cognitive–behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders in children: Long-term (6-year) follow-up.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2001
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy for Internalising Symptoms in Children and Adolescents When Delivered in Routine Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-04-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S10567-023-00433-8
Abstract: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effectiveness of psychological interventions for internalising disorders in youth when delivered in routine settings. Secondary aims were to examine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy and determine moderators of treatment response. The study was pre-registered (PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020202776). Databases were systematically searched (PsycINFO, Medline, Embase, PubMed, ERIC) in December 2022 and screened according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. Inclusion: School aged participants (4–18 years) with a primary internalising disorder psychotherapy delivered in a routine setting (e.g. outpatient clinic, school) by setting staff compared psychotherapy to any control in a randomised controlled trial reported pre-to-post or pre-to-follow-up comparisons on the primary disorder according to child, parent or independent evaluator report and was published in English. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROB 2.0 Cochrane tool. Results were synthesised using random effects to pool estimates. Risk ratios were used to analyse dichotomous data and standardised mean differences (SMD) for continuous data. Forty-five studies were included ( N = 4901 participants M = 13 years range 8–16 SD = 2.5). Nine used waitlist control, 17 treatment as usual, 4 placebo 15 compared psychotherapy to active control. Psychotherapy was associated with small significant effects pre- to post-treatment compared to non-active controls for anxiety (SMD = − 0.24 to 0.50) and depression (SMD = − 0.19 to 0.34) with effects differing by informant. Psychotherapy led to small significant pre-to-post-benefits in youth internalising disorders in routine settings. Results are limited by reporter type and follow-up.
The Moderating Role of Sleep in the Relationship Between Social Isolation and Internalising Problems in Early Adolescence
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-05-2019
DOI: 10.1007/S10578-019-00901-9
Abstract: Social isolation may be a unique risk factor for depression and anxiety in early adolescence. However, optimal sleep may protect adolescents from the emotional sequela of social isolation. The present study aimed to investigate whether sleep moderates the relationship between social isolation and symptoms of anxiety and depression in early adolescence. Five hundred and twenty eight early adolescents (M = 11.18 years, SD = 0.56, range 10-12 years, 51% male) completed online questionnaires assessing social isolation, sleep duration, daytime sleepiness and symptoms of generalised anxiety, social anxiety, separation anxiety and depression. Sleep duration moderated the effect of social isolation on symptoms of generalised anxiety, social anxiety and depression, but not separation anxiety. Daytime sleepiness emerged as an additional sleep-related risk factor in the relationship between social isolation and depressive symptoms. Therefore, sleep may be an important modifiable risk or protective factor to target, in the prevention of depression and anxiety in adolescence.
Subject-described features of panic attacks using self-monitoring
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1990
Inhibition of fear acquisition in toddlers following positive modelling by their mothers
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2007.02.007
Abstract: The present study used an experimental design to investigate the role of modelling as a protective factor in fear and avoidance learning in a s le of 77 toddlers. Mothers and their 12-20-month-old children were randomly assigned to one of three pre-exposure conditions: (1) a modelling group (n=27) observed their mothers responding positively to a fear-relevant stimulus (2) a stimulus-only group (n=25) were exposed to a fear-relevant stimulus alone and (3) a control group (n=25) were exposed to neither modelling nor the stimulus alone. Children in all three groups were then subjected to an observational conditioning trial in which the experimenter reacted with fear and disgust toward the stimulus. When subsequently tested for the acquisition of fear, children in the modelling group showed more positive affective reactions and more approach behaviours than either controls or children exposed to the stimulus alone. The results demonstrate that very young children can rapidly form lasting associations between maternal affective reactions and novel, fear-relevant stimuli. Further, positive maternal reactions to a stimulus can over-ride any fear-evoking effect of negative reactions to that stimulus by a stranger.
Retrospective report of social withdrawal during adolescence and current maladjustment in young adulthood: Cross‐cultural comparisons between Australian and South Korean students
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-02-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.ADOLESCENCE.2007.10.011
Abstract: The current study investigated associations between the frequency of and motivations for social withdrawal during adolescence and emotional distresses in young adulthood. Perceived motivations for social withdrawal included unsociability, isolation, shyness, and low mood. Social withdrawal during adolescence was assessed using a retrospective questionnaire completed by Australian and Korean university students. They also completed measures of general self‐worth, social relationships, loneliness, social anxiety, and depression at university. Partial correlations and path analyses revealed that different motivations for social withdrawal had different risk status for later adjustment across the two s les. In particular, it appeared that shy and unsociable in iduals in Korea showed better social and emotional adjustment than their counterparts in Australia. In contrast, social relationships of sad/depressed and isolated respondents in Korea appeared to be more seriously impaired than their Australian counterparts. These cross‐cultural differences are discussed in terms of socio‐cultural values and environments unique to the two countries.
Reliability of DSM-III-R Anxiety Disorder Categories
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 04-1993
DOI: 10.1001/ARCHPSYC.1993.01820160009001
Abstract: A large reliability study of DSM-III-R anxiety disorders is reported in which outpatients (n = 267) received two independent structured interviews (Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Revised). It is the only reliability study to date in which the final DSM-III-R criteria are used throughout the study. Reliability was assessed for each diagnosis when it was assigned as a principal diagnosis and when it was assigned as either a principal or an additional diagnosis. Excellent reliability was obtained for current principal diagnoses of simple phobia, social phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Agreement was good for panic disorder when all severity levels of agoraphobic avoidance were combined. Reliability was fair for generalized anxiety disorder. Remaining diagnostic difficulties, particularly in identifying levels of agoraphobic avoidance and in reliably diagnosing generalized anxiety disorder, are discussed in the context of changes in diagnostic criteria that are under consideration for DSM-IV.
An investigator-blinded, randomized study to compare the efficacy of combined CBT for alcohol use disorders and social anxiety disorder versus CBT focused on alcohol alone in adults with comorbid diso
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-07-2013
Panic disorder: a review of DSM-IV panic disorder and proposals for DSM-V
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 02-2010
DOI: 10.1002/DA.20654
Abstract: This review covers the literature since the publication of DSM-IV on the diagnostic criteria for panic attacks (PAs) and panic disorder (PD). Specific recommendations are made based on the evidence available. In particular, slight changes are proposed for the wording of the diagnostic criteria for PAs to ease the differentiation between panic and surrounding anxiety simplification and clarification of the operationalization of types of PAs (expected vs. unexpected) is proposed and consideration is given to the value of PAs as a specifier for all DSM diagnoses and to the cultural validity of certain symptom profiles. In addition, slight changes are proposed for the wording of the diagnostic criteria to increase clarity and parsimony of the criteria. Finally, based on the available evidence, no changes are proposed with regard to the developmental expression of PAs or PD. This review presents a number of options and preliminary recommendations to be considered for DSM-V.
Generalized worry disorder: a review of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder and options for DSM-V
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 02-2010
DOI: 10.1002/DA.20658
Abstract: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has undergone a series of substantial classificatory changes since its first inclusion in DSM-III. The majority of these revisions have been in response to its poor inter-rater reliability and concerns that it may lack diagnostic validity. This article provides options for the revision of the DSM-IV GAD criteria for DSM-V. First, searches were conducted to identify the evidence that previous DSM Work Groups relied upon when revising the DSM-III-R GAD and the overanxious disorder classifications. Second, the literature pertaining to the DSM-IV criteria for GAD was examined. The review presents a number of options to be considered for DSM-V. One option is for GAD to be re-labeled in DSM-V as generalized worry disorder. This would reflect its hallmark feature. Proposed revisions would result in a disorder that is characterized by excessive anxiety and worry generalized to a number of events or activities for 3 months or more. Worry acts as a cognitive coping strategy that manifests in avoidant behaviors. The reliability and validity of the proposed changes could be investigated in DSM-V validity tests and field trials.
Medium-Term Effects of a Tailored Web-Based Parenting Intervention to Reduce Adolescent Risk of Depression and Anxiety: 12-Month Findings From a Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Date: 05-02-2019
Abstract: revention of depression and anxiety disorders early in life is a global health priority. Evidence on risk and protective factors for youth internalizing disorders indicates that the family represents a strategic setting to target preventive efforts. Despite this evidence base, there is a lack of accessible, cost-effective preventive programs for parents of adolescents. To address this gap, we recently developed the Partners in Parenting (PiP) program—an in idually tailored Web-based parenting program targeting evidence-based parenting risk and protective factors for adolescent depression and anxiety disorders. We previously reported the postintervention outcomes of a single-blinded parallel-group superiority randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which PiP was found to significantly improve self-reported parenting compared with an active-control condition (educational factsheets). his study aimed to evaluate the effects of the PiP program on parenting risk and protective factors and symptoms of adolescent depression and anxiety using data from the final assessment time point (12-month follow-up) of this RCT. arents (n=359) and adolescents (n=332) were recruited primarily from secondary schools and completed Web-based assessments of parenting and adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms at baseline, postintervention (3 months later), and 12-month follow-up (317 parents, 287 adolescents). Parents in the PiP intervention condition received personalized feedback about their parenting and were recommended a series of up to 9 interactive modules. Control group parents received access to 5 educational factsheets about adolescent development and mental health. Both groups received a weekly 5-min phone call to encourage progress through their program. ntervention group parents completed an average of 73.7% of their intended program. For the primary outcome of parent-reported parenting, the intervention group showed significantly greater improvement from baseline to 12-month follow-up compared with controls, with a medium effect size (Cohen d=0.51 95% CI 0.30 to 0.72). When transformed data were used, greater reduction in parent-reported adolescent depressive symptoms was observed in the intervention group (Cohen d=−0.21 95% CI −0.42 to −0.01). Mediation analyses revealed that these effects were mediated by improvements in parenting (indirect effect b=−0.08 95% CI −0.16 to −0.01). No other significant intervention effects were found for adolescent-reported parenting or adolescent depression or anxiety symptoms. Both groups showed significant reductions in anxiety (both reporters) and depressive (parent reported) symptoms. iP improved self-reported parenting for up to 9 months postintervention, but its effects on adolescent symptoms were less conclusive, and parent-reported changes were not perceived by adolescents. Nonetheless, given its scalability, PiP may be a useful low-cost, sustainable program to empower parents of adolescents. ustralian Clinical Trials Registration Number (ACTRN): 12615000328572 www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12615000328572.aspx (Archived by WebCite at qgsZ3Aqj).
The impact of no-makeup selfies on young women’s body image
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.BODYIM.2019.01.006
Abstract: Viewing idealized images of attractive women on social media can negatively impact women's body image and mood. Although women tend to post idealized images on social media, some also post natural no-makeup images. This study examined the impact of viewing both made up and no-makeup selfies on young women's body image and mood. Female undergraduate students (N = 175) viewed either images of a woman wearing no makeup interspersed among idealized made up images of that woman (no-makeup condition), only idealized made up images of a woman (makeup only condition), or appearance-neutral travel images (control condition). Participants rated their state appearance satisfaction and mood pre- and post-exposure to the study images and rated their desire to change aspects of the face, hair, and skin post-exposure to the study images. Participants in the makeup only condition were less satisfied with their facial appearance and were more motivated to change aspects of their face, hair, and skin after exposure to the study images. Viewing the study images had no impact on the body image or mood of participants in the no-makeup condition. These results suggest that no-makeup selfies may reduce any negative impact of idealized made up images on women's facial concerns.
Postevent rumination and recall bias for a social performance event in high and low socially anxious individuals
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2003
Internet-Delivered Parenting Program for Prevention and Early Intervention of Anxiety Problems in Young Children: Randomized Controlled Trial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAAC.2017.02.010
Abstract: The Cool Little Kids parenting group program is an effective intervention for preventing anxiety disorders in young children who are at risk because of inhibited temperament. The program has six group sessions delivered by trained psychologists to parents of 3- to 6-year-old children. An online adaptation (Cool Little Kids Online) has been developed to overcome barriers to its wide dissemination in the community. This study tested the efficacy of Cool Little Kids Online in a randomized controlled trial. A total of 433 parents of a child aged 3 to 6 years with an inhibited temperament were randomized to the online parenting program or to a 24-week waitlist. The online program has 8 interactive modules providing strategies that parents can implement with their child to manage their child's avoidant coping, reduce parental overprotection, and encourage child independence. Parents were provided telephone consultation support with a psychologist when requested. Parents completed self-report questionnaires at baseline and at 12 and 24 weeks after baseline. The intervention group showed significantly greater improvement over time in child anxiety symptoms compared to the control group (d = 0.38). The intervention group also showed greater reductions in anxiety life interference (ds = 0.33-0.35) and lower rates of anxiety disorders than the control group (40% versus 54%), but there were minimal effects on broader internalizing symptoms or overprotective parenting. Results provide empirical support for the efficacy of online delivery of the Cool Little Kids program. Online dissemination may improve access to an evidence-based prevention program for child anxiety disorders. Clinical trial registration information-Randomised Controlled Trial of Cool Little Kids Online: A Parenting Program to Prevent Anxiety Problems in Young Children www.anzctr.org.au/ 12615000217505.
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 30-11-2018
Abstract: To provide practical clinical guidance for the treatment of adults with panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder in Australia and New Zealand. Relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses of clinical trials were identified by searching PsycINFO, Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases. Additional relevant studies were identified from reference lists of identified articles, grey literature and literature known to the working group. Evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations were formulated by synthesising the evidence from efficacy studies, considering effectiveness in routine practice, accessibility and availability of treatment options in Australia and New Zealand, fidelity, acceptability to patients, safety and costs. The draft guidelines were reviewed by expert and clinical advisors, key stakeholders, professional bodies, and specialist groups with interest and expertise in anxiety disorders. The guidelines recommend a pragmatic approach beginning with psychoeducation and advice on lifestyle factors, followed by initial treatment selected in collaboration with the patient from evidence-based options, taking into account symptom severity, patient preference, accessibility and cost. Recommended initial treatment options for all three anxiety disorders are cognitive–behavioural therapy (face-to-face or delivered by computer, tablet or smartphone application), pharmacotherapy (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor together with advice about graded exposure to anxiety triggers), or the combination of cognitive–behavioural therapy and pharmacotherapy. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder provide up-to-date guidance and advice on the management of these disorders for use by health professionals in Australia and New Zealand.
Comparing outcomes for children with different anxiety disorders following cognitive behavioural therapy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2015.06.007
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare treatment outcomes following a group family-based cognitive behavioural therapy for children with different anxiety disorders (social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, specific phobia and obsessive compulsive disorder). This study utilised a clinical s le of 842 children and adolescents (aged between 6 and 18 years) and assessed outcome using diagnostic interview, parent-report and child-report. Based on diagnostic data and parent-reported symptoms, results revealed that children with a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder experienced a slower rate of change and poorer diagnostic outcomes at post treatment and follow-up than children with other anxiety disorders. Children with GAD showed better response to this broad-based intervention and children with OCD showed better response on one measure. This study provides evidence for differential response to broad-based CBT for children, based on type of anxiety diagnoses.
Psychometric Properties of the Mini-Social Phobia Inventory
Publisher: Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
Date: 15-10-2009
DOI: 10.4088/PCC.07M00576
The effect of attentional focus on social anxiety
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2007.03.014
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of attentional focus on social anxiety in a group of high and low blushing-anxious subjects. One hundred and fourteen psychology undergraduate students were screened using the Fear of Blushing subscale of the Blushing Questionnaire [Bögels, S. M., & Reith, W. (1999). Validity of two questionnaires to assess social fears: The Dutch social phobia and anxiety questionnaire and the blushing, trembling and sweating questionnaire. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21, 51-66]. Those with the most extreme scores in the top and bottom 20% of the distribution were selected to form a high (n=22) and a low (n=22) blushing-anxious group. Subjects were randomly allocated to either a self-focused attention (SFA) condition or a task-focused attention (TFA) condition. They were asked to engage in a 5 min conversation with the first author, and were instructed to either self-focus (SFA condition) or task-focus (TFA condition). Levels of social anxiety and self-awareness were measured using visual analogue scales. Results suggest that the there was a significant condition by group interaction, with high blushing in iduals showing considerably higher levels of social anxiety in the SFA condition compared to the TFA condition while low blushing in iduals showed no significant difference across the two conditions.
Fear and perceived uncontrollability of emotion: Evaluating the unique contribution of emotion appraisal variables to prediction of worry and generalised anxiety disorder
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2010.07.012
Abstract: Novel theoretical frameworks place the symptom profile of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) within the context of dysfunctional emotional processes. It is suggested that fear and intolerance of emotions exacerbate subjective distress and motivate the use of maladaptive coping strategies, such as worry. To date, studies evaluating these models have suffered two key limitations. Firstly, few studies have involved treatment-seeking s les, and secondly, none have evaluated the unique variance attributable to emotion appraisal variables above and beyond previously established predictors of worry and GAD. The present study begins to address these limitations by assessing the contribution of fear and perceived uncontrollability of emotions in predicting worry and clinical GAD status after controlling for variance attributable to depressive symptoms, meta-cognitive beliefs, intolerance of uncertainty, and perceptions of external threat. Supporting current models, results showed that perceived control over emotional reactions was a unique predictor of GAD diagnostic status and both clinical and non-clinical worry.
The Developmental Psychopathology of Social Anxiety and Phobia in Adolescents
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2015
Impact of Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents with Anxiety Disorders on Global and Domain-Specific Functioning: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-07-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S10567-022-00402-7
Abstract: A substantial empirical base supports the use of psychotherapy to alleviate anxiety symptoms and diagnoses in children and adolescents. However, focusing only on symptom or diagnostic reduction provides an incomplete picture of clinically meaningful efficacy given that anxiety disorders in this age group are integrally associated with problems in functioning. A systematic review and meta-analysis ( N studies = 40, N participants = 3094) evaluating the impacts of psychotherapy for anxiety was conducted on the following outcomes: global functioning, social functioning, academic functioning, and school attendance. Randomised controlled trials with a passive control condition, a child and/or adolescent s le (7–17 years) with a primary anxiety diagnosis, and receiving anxiety-focused psychotherapy were eligible for inclusion if they reported suitable outcome data. Results from the meta-analysis indicated that from pre- to post-treatment, psychotherapy led to significant improvements in global functioning according to clinician ( d = 1.55), parent ( d = 0.67), and child ( d = 0.31) reports and on social functioning according to parent ( d = 0.51), but not child ( d = 0.31) reports. The qualitative review provided preliminary support psychotherapy’s efficacy in increasing family functioning and school attendance, but not so much in enhancing academic performance. These results indicate that psychotherapy improves daily functioning in anxious children and adolescents. The study also highlighted the limited attention paid to measures of functioning in the empirical literature on treatment of childhood anxiety. Trial Registry: This study is registered with PROSPERO under the identification number CRD42021246565.
Collaborative empiricism as the central therapeutic relationship element in CBT: An expert panel discussion at the 7th international congress of cognitive psychotherapy
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2013
Social phobia features across the DSM-III-R anxiety disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-1988
DOI: 10.1007/BF00962552
Cognitive mediation in the affective component of spontaneous panic attacks
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1986
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7916(86)90059-5
Abstract: Single inhalations of a 50% carbon dioxide/50% oxygen gas mixture were administered to 16 subjects with spontaneous panic attacks and to 16 social phobics who did not experience such attacks. Half of each diagnostic category was randomly allocated to either a no explanation condition in which minimal instructions on expected outcome were provided, or an explanation condition in which all possible sensations were described and attributed to the effects of the gas. Subjects with panic attacks who were given no explanation reported a greater proportion of catastrophic cognitions, greater panic, and a greater similarity of the overall experience to a naturally-occurring panic attack than those with panic attacks who received a full explanation. In contrast, both groups of social phobics reported similar effects to each other, regardless of the explanation given. The results provide support for cognitive mediation in the "panic" component of spontaneous panic attacks.
The development and preliminary validation of a brief scale of emotional distress in young people using combined classical test theory and item response theory approaches: The Brief Emotional Distress
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2021.102495
Abstract: Reliable, valid, and brief measures are important for identifying young people in community contexts who experience mental health problems. This paper reports the development and preliminary validation of the Brief Emotional Distress Scale for Youth (BEDSY), a measure based on anxiety and depression symptoms that load strongly upon the general construct of emotional distress. Participants, aged 11-17 years, included 2663 from a community population and 281 referred anxious youth. From a pool of 20 items, eight were selected for the final scale using methods from classical test theory, followed by item response theory (IRT). The final eight items met the pre-specified criteria for skewness and kurtosis, item-total correlations, IRT characteristics, and discrimination between referred vs. community s les. Exploratory structural equation modeling for a bi-factor model indicated that 81% of total variance was explained by the general emotional distress factor. The 8-item BEDSY showed strong internal consistency, good construct validity, and acceptable sensitivity and specificity in discriminating between a community s le vs anxious youth, and between youth with and without high levels of depressive symptoms. As such the scale has strong potential as a brief screen for identifying emotionally distressed young people in community contexts.
Attentional Bias Toward Facial Stimuli Under Conditions of Social Threat in Socially Phobic and Nonclinical Participants
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-01-2007
Cost-effectiveness of preventing child internalising problems: Results from the translational trial of Cool Little Kids at school entry.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
Evaluating the cognitive avoidance model of generalised anxiety disorder: Impact of worry on threat appraisal, perceived control and anxious arousal
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAT.2010.07.005
Abstract: Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterised by persistent and uncontrollable worry. According to the cognitive avoidance theory of GAD, worry may function as an affective d ening strategy motivated by intolerance of negative emotional states. By facilitating avoidance of more distressing cognitions and associated affect, worry is said to preclude modification of the fear representation in memory, maintaining threat associations and perpetuating further anxiety and worry. The present study evaluated these assumptions in a treatment-seeking GAD s le. Sixty-one participants were randomly allocated to conditions in which they were instructed to worry, imaginally process or relax in response to an anxiety trigger. Results supported the detrimental impact of worry, showing maintained threat expectancies and decreased control perceptions compared to other modes of processing. However, skin conductance level increased as a function of worry and there was no suggestion that worry suppressed affective responding. These findings highlight the need for clarification of the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of threat associations and worry in GAD.
A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00022-3
Abstract: The current paper presents a model of the experience of anxiety in social/evaluative situations in people with social phobia. The model describes the manner in which people with social phobia perceive and process information related to potential evaluation and the way in which these processes differ between people high and low in social anxiety. It is argued that distortions and biases in the processing of social/evaluative information lead to heightened anxiety in social situations and, in turn, help to maintain social phobia. Potential etiological factors as well as treatment implications are also discussed.
Treating Anxiety Disorders in Children with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Controlled Trial
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-12-2006
DOI: 10.1007/S10803-006-0318-4
Abstract: A family-based, cognitive behavioural treatment for anxiety in 47 children with comorbid anxiety disorders and High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder (HFA) was evaluated. Treatment involved 12 weekly group sessions and was compared with a waiting list condition. Changes between pre- and post-treatment were examined using clinical interviews as well as child-, parent- and teacher-report measures. Following treatment, 71.4% of the treated participants no longer fulfilled diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder. Comparisons between the two conditions indicated significant reductions in anxiety symptoms as measured by self-report, parent report and teacher report. Discussion focuses on the implications for the use of cognitive behaviour therapy with HFA children, for theory of mind research and for further research on the treatment components.
Social anxiety and perceptions of likeability by peers in children
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-02-2020
DOI: 10.1111/BJDP.12324
Early Intervention for Childhood Anxiety in a School Setting: Outcomes for an Economically Disadvantaged Population
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2005
DOI: 10.1097/01.CHI.0000173294.13441.87
Abstract: To evaluate a school-based early intervention program for the reduction of anxious symptoms in at-risk children from low socioeconomic status neighborhoods. A total of 425 children (8-11 years old) from nine schools in low socioeconomic status areas were screened to identify children with high-level anxious symptoms. Ninety-one children were selected, and schools were assigned to either an eight-session active intervention or a waitlist control. Active intervention was conducted in small groups during school time by both school and health personnel. Parents of children in active intervention were offered two information sessions. Demographic data indicated a low socioeconomic status for the s le. Children assigned to active intervention demonstrated a significant reduction in symptoms of anxiety relative to children assigned to waitlist and differences were maintained 4 months after treatment according to both self-report (F287 = 6.73, p < 0.005, partial eta = 0.134) and teacher report (F 2,87 = 7.99, p = .001, partial eta = 0.155). Parents did not return sufficient data for meaningful statistical analysis. School-based early intervention appears to offer an effective means of reducing anxious symptomatology in economically disadvantaged populations. The school environment offers promise as a means of extending the reach of efficacious interventions for mental health to underserviced populations.
The etiology of social phobia: empirical evidence and an initial model
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2004
DOI: 10.1016/J.CPR.2004.06.004
Abstract: Research into the etiology of social phobia has lagged far behind that of descriptive and maintaining factors. The current paper reviews data from a variety of sources that have some bearing on questions of the origins of social fears. Areas examined include genetic factors, temperament, childrearing, negative life events, and adverse social experiences. Epidemiological data are examined in detail and factors associated with social phobia such as cognitive distortions and social skills are also covered. The paper concludes with an initial model that draws together some of the current findings and aims to provide a platform for future research directions.
Adapting Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxious Children and Adolescents
Publisher: Springer Publishing Company
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.31.1.23
Abstract: This article discusses considerations for adapting cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques and processes with anxious children and adolescents. To successfully deliver CBT with this population, the therapist must take into consideration the child’s developmental level and other contextual factors that may affect treatment outcome. Suggested adaptions to CBT include the use of rewards, technology, and interactive activities to increase child motivation and engagement. Moreover, dependent on the child’s or adolescent’s cognitive capacity, cognitive techniques will need to be simplified and concrete ex les provided to increase children’s understanding. It may be beneficial to have parents and/or schools involved in children’s treatment to assist them to implement CBT strategies outside of the therapy setting. A case ex le is presented to illustrate the implementation of CBT with a child.
Related Organisations
Related Funding Activities
Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0210155
Start Date: 01-2002
End Date: 01-2005
Amount: $95,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0878609
Start Date: 2008
End Date: 01-2015
Amount: $720,183.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP1095162
Start Date: 07-2010
End Date: 06-2013
Amount: $180,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityAustralian Laureate Fellowships - Grant ID: FL150100096
Start Date: 10-2015
End Date: 10-2021
Amount: $3,030,714.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Projects - Grant ID: LP180100318
Start Date: 06-2019
End Date: 06-2023
Amount: $418,407.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Projects - Grant ID: LP130100576
Start Date: 02-2014
End Date: 02-2017
Amount: $279,273.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity