Gregory Warr

Nanostructure of the deep eutectic solvent/platinum electrode interface as a function of potential and water content

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2019

DOI: 10.1039/C8NH00272J

Abstract: Addition of water increases the DES interfacial nanostructure up to ∼40 wt%. This differs starkly from ionic liquids, where addition of small amounts of water rapidly decreases the interfacial nanostructure.

Liquid nanostructure of choline lysinate with water and a model lignin residue

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2021

DOI: 10.1039/D0GC03664A

Abstract: The structure of the ionic liquid choline lysinate ([Ch][Lys]) and its water mixtures, including a dissolved model lignin residue, guaiacol, is revealed at atomic and nanoscale resolution using neutron diffraction.

Correction to “The High Performance of Choline Arginate for Biomass Pretreatment Is Due to Remarkably Strong Hydrogen Bonding by the Anion”

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 05-06-2020

DOI: 10.1021/ACSSUSCHEMENG.0C03794

Nitrogen-free commercial carbon cloth with rich defects for electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis under ambient conditions

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2018

DOI: 10.1039/C8CC06000B

Abstract: The formation of rich defects in commercial carbon cloth after thermal treatment in air results in significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward the N 2 reduction reaction to synthesize NH 3 .

Aqueous Polymeric Hollow Particles as an Opacifier by Emulsion Polymerization Using Macro-RAFT Amphiphiles

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 08-03-2018

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.LANGMUIR.7B03410

Abstract: A robust polymerization technique that enables the surfactant-free aqueous synthesis of a high solid content latex containing polymeric hollow particles is presented. Uniquely designed hiphilic macro-reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymers were used as sole stabilizers for monomer emulsification as well as for free-radical emulsion polymerization. The polymerization was found to be under RAFT control, generating various morphologies from spherical particles, wormlike structures to polymer vesicles. The final particles were dominantly polymeric vesicles which had a substantially uniform and continuous polymer layer around a single aqueous filled void. They produced hollow particles once dried and were successfully used as opacifiers to impart opacity into polymer paint films. This method is simple, can be performed in a controllable and reproducible manner, and may be performed using erse procedures.

Ionic Liquid Adsorption at the Silica–Oil Interface Revealed by Neutron Reflectometry

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 18-09-2018

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.JPCC.8B05952

Micelle structure of nonionic surfactants containing carbon dioxide moieties in protic ionic liquids

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 29-06-2023

DOI: 10.1007/S00396-023-05139-5

Abstract: Partial substitution of ethylene oxide with carbon dioxide moieties can yield greener nonionic surfactants with comparable functionalities. In water, studies showed that the incorporation of CO 2 moieties suppresses the formation of liquid crystalline phases at high concentrations. A similar reduction in solvation and suppression of liquid crystal formation is observed here in the ionic liquids ethylammonium nitrate and propylammonium nitrate. Small-angle neutron scattering is used to study the solvation and packing of micelles in ionic liquids as functions of temperature, concentration, and content of CO 2 moieties. By comparing with aqueous solutions, this work shows that while the nature of surfactant-solvent interaction is comparable among water and alkylammonium nitrate ILs, their behaviours in the solvated micelle shell are different. The lack of liquid crystalline phases should be attributed to the small excluded volume of micelles, which can be fine-tuned via ion design and choice of solvent. Graphical Abstract

Polycation radius of gyration in a polymeric ionic liquid (PIL): the PIL melt is not a theta solvent

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2022

DOI: 10.1039/D1CP05354J

Abstract: The polycation has an expanded conformation in the polymeric ionic liquid poly(3MAPIm)TFSI consistent with good solvency.

Amphiphilically Nanostructured Deep Eutectic Solvents

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 02-07-2018

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.JPCLETT.8B01720

Abstract: Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are neoteric liquids produced by mixing a high-melting-point salt and a molecular hydrogen-bond donor. Amphiphilic (self-assembled) liquid nanostructure, which is key for many of the useful properties of the related ionic liquid class, has not previously been experimentally demonstrated in DESs. Here we show how hiphilically nanostructured DESs can be prepared using primary ammonium cations. The bulk structure of alkylammonium bromide (alkyl = ethyl-, propyl-, and butyl) and glycerol DESs at a 1:2 mol ratio is examined using neutron diffraction and empirical potential structure refinement fitting. Analysis reveals cation alkyl chain association, which is the signature of hiphilic liquid nanostructure, in all systems, which becomes better defined with increasing chain length. The ability to form hiphilically nanostructured DESs will enable the translation of ionic liquid properties associated with liquid nanostructure to DESs.

Mixing cations with different alkyl chain lengths markedly depresses the melting point in deep eutectic solvents formed from alkylammonium bromide salts and urea

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2017

DOI: 10.1039/C7CC00201G

Abstract: Mixing cations with different alkyl chain lengths markedly depresses the freezing point in deep eutectic solvents.

Aqueous choline amino acid deep eutectic solvents

Publisher: AIP Publishing

Date: 03-06-2021

DOI: 10.1063/5.0052479

Abstract: We have investigated the structure and phase behavior of biocompatible, aqueous deep eutectic solvents by combining choline acetate, hydrogen aspartate, and aspartate amino acid salts with water as the sole molecular hydrogen bond donor. Using contrast-variation neutron diffraction, interpreted via computational modeling, we show how the interplay between anion structure and water content affects the hydrogen bond network structure in the liquid, which, in turn, influences the eutectic composition and temperature. These mixtures expand the current range choline amino acid ionic liquids under investigation for biomass processing applications to include higher melting point salts and also explain how the ionic liquids retain their desirable properties in aqueous solution.

Effect of protic ionic liquid nanostructure on phospholipid vesicle formation

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2017

DOI: 10.1039/C6SM02652D

Abstract: The formation of bilayer-based lyotropic liquid crystals and vesicle dispersions by phospholipids in a range of protic ionic liquids has been investigated by polarizing optical microscopy using isothermal penetration scans, differential scanning calorimetry, and small angle X-ray and neutron scattering. The stability and structure of both lamellar phases and vesicle dispersions is found to depend primarily on the underlying hiphilic nanostructure of the ionic liquid itself. This finding has significant implications for the use of ionic liquids in soft and biological materials and for biopreservation, and demonstrates how vesicle structure and properties can be controlled through selection of cation and anion. For a given ionic liquid, systematic trends in bilayer thickness, chain-melting temperature and enthalpy increase with phospholipid acyl chain length, paralleling behaviour in aqueous systems.

Die zweigesichtige Natur der Wasserstoffbrückenbindung in hydroxylfunktionalisierten ionischen Flüssigkeiten, offenbart durch Neutronendiffraktometrie und Molekulardynamik‐Simulation

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-07-2019

DOI: 10.1002/ANGE.201904712

Abstract: Wir charakterisieren Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen in hydroxyfunktionalisierten ionischen Flüssigkeiten mittels Neutronendiffraktometrie isotopensubstituierter Proben (NDIS), Molekulardynamik‐Simulationen (MD) und quantenchemischen Berechnungen. NDIS‐Daten werden mithilfe der “empirical potential structure refinement”‐Technik (EPSR) angepasst, um die H⋅⋅⋅O‐ und O⋅⋅⋅O‐Paarverteilungsfunktionen für Wasserstoffbrücken zwischen Ionen entgegengesetzter und gleicher Ladung zu ermitteln. Trotz der abstoßenden Coulomb‐Kräfte ist die Kation‐Kation‐Wechselwirkung stärker als die Kation‐Anion‐Wechselwirkung. Wir vergleichen zudem die Bindungsgeometrien der beiden “doppelt geladenen” Wasserstoffbrücken mit denen molekularer Flüssigkeiten wie Wasser und Alkohole. Die verwendeten Methoden offenbaren das subtile Gleichgewicht zwischen den beiden Arten der Wasserstoffbrücken: Die geringe Übergangsenthalpie legt nahe, dass die schwer vorstellbare Anziehungskraft zwischen gleich geladenen Ionen der konventionellen Ionenpaarbildung nahezu konkurrenzfähig ist.

Effect of Potential on the Nanostructure Dynamics of Ethylammonium Nitrate at a Graphite Electrode

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 08-10-2023

DOI: 10.1002/SMLL.202306011

Dichotomous Well-defined Nanostructure with Weakly Arranged Ion Packing Explains the Solvency of Pyrrolidinium Acetate

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 28-06-2017

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.JPCB.7B03045

Abstract: Pyrrolidinium ionic liquids, especially pyrrolidinium acetate (PyrrAc), have demonstrated outstanding capacity for extracting lignin from biomass, as electrolytes for fuel cells and lithium ion batteries and as solvents for acid-catalyzed reactions. In this work we show that the unusual liquid nanostructure of PyrrAc is the key to its versatility as a solvent compared to other ionic liquids. Neutron diffraction with multiple H/D isotopic substitutions reveals that the bulk nanostructure of PyrrAc is a bicontinuous network of interpenetrating polar and apolar domains. However, the arrangement of groups in both domains is strikingly different from that found in other ionic liquids. In the apolar regions, the pyrrolidinium rings are highly intercalated and disordered, with no preferred alignment between adjacent pyrrolidinium rings, which distinguishes it from both π-π stacking seen in imidazolium or pyridinium ionic liquids, and the tail-tail bilayer-like arrangements in linear alkylammonium ionic liquids. The H-bond network within the polar domain extends only to form finite clusters, with long bent H-bonds to accommodate electrostatics. Therefore, while PyrrAc unquestionably has well-defined hiphilic nanostructure, the disordered arrangement of groups in the polar and apolar domains enables it to accommodate a wide variety of solutes. The combination of well-defined polar/apolar nanostructure, but disordered arrangements of groups within domains, is therefore the origin of PyrrAc's capacity for lignin extraction and as an electrolyte.

Hydrophobic Monomer Type and Hydrophilic Monomer Ionization Modulate the Lyotropic Phase Stability of Diblock Co-oligomer Amphiphiles

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 19-01-2017

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.LANGMUIR.6B03133

Abstract: The phase behavior and self-assembly structures of a series of hiphilic diblock co-oligomers comprising an ionizable hydrophilic block (5 to 10 units of acrylic acid) and a hydrophobic block (5 to 20 units of n-butyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, or ethyl acrylate), synthesized by RAFT polymerization, have been examined by polarizing optical microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Self-assembled structure and lyotropic phase stability in these systems is highly responsive to the degree of ionization of the acrylic acid hydrophilic block (i.e., pH), concentration, and nature of the hydrophobic block. Increasing headgroup ionization switched the hiphiles from behaving like soluble to insoluble surfactants. Liquid isotropic (micellar), hexagonal, lamellar, and discrete cubic phases were found under different solution conditions. The surfactant packing parameter was adapted to understand the self-assembly structures in these diblock co-oligomers. The hydrophobic chain structure and length were shown to strongly affect the relative stabilities of these phases, allowing the self-assembled structure to be varied at will.

Long range electrostatic forces in ionic liquids

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2017

DOI: 10.1039/C6CC08820A

Abstract: Experimental evidence for long range surface forces in ionic liquids is collated and examined, key outstanding questions are identified, and possible mechanisms underpinning these long range forces are explored.

Liquid Structure of Single and Mixed Cation Alkylammonium Bromide Urea Deep Eutectic Solvents

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 26-08-2020

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.JPCB.0C06380

Ambient energy dispersion and long-term stabilisation of large graphene sheets from graphite using a surface energy matched ionic liquid†

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2021

DOI: 10.1016/J.JIL.2021.100001

Effect of Deep Eutectic Solvent Nanostructure on Phospholipid Bilayer Phases

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 28-06-2017

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.LANGMUIR.7B01561

Abstract: Phospholipids are shown by solvent penetration experiments to form lamellar phases and spontaneously spawn vesicles in a wide range of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) composed of alkylammonium halide salts and glycerol or ethylene glycol, which are shown to be nanostructured by X-ray scattering. In contrast with molecular solvents, the chain melting temperature of each phospholipid, which determines the stability of the swellable bilayer phase, depends on the structure of the cation, anion, and molecular H-bond donor that constitute the DES. Chain melting is most sensitive to the length of the alkyl chain of the cation, which is partitioned between apolar domains in the bulk, nanostructured DES and those within the lipid bilayer. This is moderated by the structures of the anion and the molecular hydrogen bond donor, which determine the extent of polar/apolar segregation in the bulk liquid.

Nanostructure of Locally Concentrated Ionic Liquids in the Bulk and at Graphite and Gold Electrodes

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 26-10-2023

DOI: 10.1021/ACSNANO.3C06609

Nanostructured ionic liquids and their solutions: Recent advances and emerging challenges

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.COGSC.2018.05.003

Stiffness‐Dependent Intracellular Location of Cylindrical Polymer Brushes

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 19-04-2021

DOI: 10.1002/MARC.202100138

Abstract: Cylindrical polymer brushes (CPBs) are macromolecules with nanoparticle proportions. Their modular synthesis enables tailoring of their chemical composition as well as the dialing‐up of overall dimensions and physicochemical properties. In this study, two rod‐like poly[(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] (PEGMA)‐based CPBs with varying stiffness but otherwise comparable features and functionality, are synthesized. Differences in particle stiffness are assessed using small angle neutron scattering (SANS). It is observed that the fate of the two CPBs within cells is distinctly different. Stiffer CPBs seem to gravitate toward the mitochondria, whereas CPBs with reduced stiffness are present in different intracellular vesicles.

How Does Nanostructure in Ionic Liquids and Hybrid Solvents Affect Surfactant Self-Assembly?

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 14-02-2023

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.JPCB.2C07458

Design and applications of biocompatible choline amino acid ionic liquids

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2022

DOI: 10.1039/D2GC02282F

Abstract: ChAAILs are often used in mixtures to lower cost and improve handling, but the effects of water and other molecular additives are poorly understood. This review describes structure at different dilution stages and design strategies for task-specific ChAAIL-based mixtures.

Structural Design of Ionic Liquids for Optimizing Aromatic Dissolution

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-11-2018

DOI: 10.1002/CSSC.201802016

Abstract: Certain protic ionic liquids (PILs) are potentially low-cost, high-efficiency solvents for the extraction and processing of aromatic compounds. To understand the key design features of PILs that determine solubility selectivity at the atomic level, neutron diffraction was used to compare the bulk structure of two PILs with and without an aromatic solute, guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol). Guaiacol is a common lignin residue in biomass processing, and a model compound for anisole- or phenol-based food additives and drug precursors. Although the presence of hiphilic nanostructure is important to facilitate the dissolution of solute nonpolar moieties, the local geometry and competitive interactions between the polar groups of the cation, anion, and solute are found to also strongly influence solvation. Based on these factors, a framework is presented for the design of PIL structure to minimize competition and to enhance driving forces for the dissolution of small aromatic species.

Surface Ordering in Binary Mixtures of Protic Ionic Liquids

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 25-08-2017

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.JPCLETT.7B01654

Abstract: The surface composition of binary mixtures of the protic ionic liquids ethylammonium nitrate and propylammonium nitrate has been investigated using surface tension measurements and the perfectly surface sensitive method metastable induced electron spectroscopy. Given that the latter technique is sensitive only to the outermost layer, it allows for the determination of the surface fraction occupied by a given species. The piecewise linear relationship between surface fraction and surface tension found in this study can be described by a phase separation within the surface layer.

Potential Dependence of Surfactant Adsorption at the Graphite Electrode/Deep Eutectic Solvent Interface

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 20-08-2019

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.JPCLETT.9B01968

Abstract: Atomic force microscopy and cyclic voltammetry are used to probe how ionic surfactant adsorbed layer structure affects redox processes at deep eutectic solvent (DES)/graphite interfaces. Unlike its behavior in water, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in DESs only adsorbs as a complete layer of hemicylindrical hemimicelles far above its critical micelle concentration (CMC). Near the CMC it forms a tail-to-tail monolayer at open-circuit potential (OCP) and positive potentials, and it desorbs at negative potentials. In contrast, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) adsorbs as hemimicelles at low concentrations and remains adsorbed at both positive and negative potentials. The SDS horizontal monolayer has little overall effect on redox processes at the graphite interface, but hemimicelles form an effective and stable barrier. The stronger solvophobic interactions between the C

Unusual phosphatidylcholine lipid phase behavior in the ionic liquid ethylammonium nitrate

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2023

DOI: 10.1016/J.JCIS.2023.03.161

Amphiphilic nanostructure in choline carboxylate and amino acid ionic liquids and solutions

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2020

DOI: 10.1039/C9CP06752C

Abstract: The liquid structures of six choline carboxylate/amino acid ionic liquids (bio-ILs) and their mixtures with water and various n -alkanols have been investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).

Catanionic Surfactant Self-Assembly in Protic Ionic Liquids

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 06-07-2020

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.JPCLETT.0C01608

Selective ion transport across a lipid bilayer in a protic ionic liquid

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2021

DOI: 10.1039/D0SM02225J

Abstract: A tethered lipid bilayer assembled in an ionic liquid (IL) preserves selective ion transport by valinomycin and retains its structure upon exchange with aqueous buffer, paving the way for complex, non-aqueous bio-based assemblies.

Intracellular Communication between Synthetic Macromolecules

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 28-07-2022

DOI: 10.1021/JACS.2C02793

Abstract: Non-viral delivery is an important strategy for selective and efficient gene therapy, immunization, and RNA interference, which overcomes problems of genotoxicity and inherent immunogenicity associated with viral vectors. Liposomes and polymers are compelling candidates as carriers for intracellular, non-viral delivery, but maximal efficiencies of around 1% have been reported for the most advanced non-viral carriers. Here, we develop a library of dendronized bottlebrush polymers with controlled defects, displaying a level of precision surpassed only by biological molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins. We test concurrent and competitive delivery of DNA and show for the first time that, while intracellular communication is thought to be an exclusively biomolecular phenomenon, such communication between synthetic macromolecular complexes can also take place. Our findings challenge the assumption that delivery agents behave as bystanders that enable transfection by passive intracellular release of genetic cargo and improve upon coarse strategies in intracellular carrier design lacking control over polymer sequence, architecture, and composition, leading to a hit-or-miss outcome. Understanding the communication that takes place between macromolecules will help improve the design of non-viral delivery agents and facilitate translation of genome engineering, vaccines, and nucleic acid-based therapies.

The High Performance of Choline Arginate for Biomass Pretreatment Is Due to Remarkably Strong Hydrogen Bonding by the Anion

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 25-08-2018

DOI: 10.1021/ACSSUSCHEMENG.7B04489

Liquid Nanostructure of Cholinium Argininate Biomass Solvents

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 07-02-2021

DOI: 10.1021/ACSSUSCHEMENG.0C08829

The Double‐Faced Nature of Hydrogen Bonding in Hydroxy‐Functionalized Ionic Liquids Shown by Neutron Diffraction and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-07-2019

DOI: 10.1002/ANIE.201904712

Abstract: We characterize the double‐faced nature of hydrogen bonding in hydroxy‐functionalized ionic liquids by means of neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution (NDIS), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and quantum chemical calculations. NDIS data are fit using the empirical potential structure refinement technique (EPSR) to elucidate the nearest neighbor H⋅⋅⋅O and O⋅⋅⋅O pair distribution functions for hydrogen bonds between ions of opposite charge and the same charge. Despite the presence of repulsive Coulomb forces, the cation–cation interaction is stronger than the cation–anion interaction. We compare the hydrogen‐bond geometries of both “doubly charged hydrogen bonds” with those reported for molecular liquids, such as water and alcohols. In combination, the NDIS measurements and MD simulations reveal the subtle balance between the two types of hydrogen bonds: The small transition enthalpy suggests that the elusive like‐charge attraction is almost competitive with conventional ion‐pair formation.

Effect of ion structure on the nanostructure and electrochemistry of surface active ionic liquids

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2023

DOI: 10.1016/J.JCIS.2022.10.074

Abstract: The ion structure of surface active ionic liquids (SAILs), i.e. ion charge group and alkyl chain structure, controls their bulk and interfacial nanostructure and the electrochemical properties near an electrode. The structures in the bulk and at the interface were investigated by small and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. An investigation was performed using cyclic voltammetry. All SAILs show pronounced sponge-like bulk nanostructure. For the first time, the bulk nanostructures of SAILs are found to change from anion bilayer structures to cation-anion interdigitated structures as the ion structures change from short alkyl chain cations and linear alkyl chain anions to long alkyl chain cations and branched alkyl chain anions. The bulk nanostructure packs more compactly at a higher temperature, likely due to the conformational change and enhanced interdigitations of alkyl chains. The thicknesses of SAIL interfacial layers align with the repeat distances of the bulk nanostructure, similar to conventional ILs with long cation alkyl chains. All SAILs have wide electrochemical windows >4 V, which are not affected by the alkyl chain structure and cation charge groups.

Influence of Hydrogen Bonding between Ions of Like Charge on the Ionic Liquid Interfacial Structure at a Mica Surface

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 12-11-2019

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.JPCLETT.9B03007

Abstract: Ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted increasing interest in science and technology because of their remarkable properties, which can be tuned via varying ion structures to control the relative strengths of Coulomb interactions, hydrogen bonding (H-bonding), and dispersion forces. Here we use atomic force microscopy to probe the interfacial nanostructures of hydroxy functionalized ILs at negatively charged mica surfaces. H-bonding between hydroxy functionalized cations (c-c) produces cation clusters and a stronger interfacial nanostructure. H-bond stabilized cation clusters form despite opposing electrostatic repulsions between charge groups, cation-anion (c-a) electrostatic attractions, and (c-a) H-bonds. Comparison of ILs with and without OH functionalized cations shows directional H-bonding enhances interfacial structure more strongly than the dispersion forces between alkyl groups. These findings reveal a new means of controlling IL interfacial nanostructure via H-bonding between like-charged ions, which impact erse areas including electrochemical charge storage (batteries and catalysis), electrodeposition, lubrication, etc.

Kamlet–Taft Solvation Parameters of Solvate Ionic Liquids

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2016

DOI: 10.1002/CPHC.201600361

Abstract: The Kamlet-Taft solvent parameters of solvate ionic liquids (SILs) prepared from lithium salts with glyme and glycol ligands are determined. The dipolarity olarisibilities (π*) are high, similar to those found in conventional ionic liquids. The H-bond basicities (β) depend strongly on the anion. The H-bond acidities (α) are high in both glyme and glycol SILs, indicating that the lithium is acting as a H-bond donor site. "Poor" SILs have glyme-rich and salt-rich regions. In these liquids the π* and β values are almost identical to the parent glyme or glycol, and the α values are determined by the salt alone.

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0451234

Start Date: 02-2004

End Date: 03-2007

Amount: $270,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

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End Date: 12-2020

Amount: $636,000.00

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End Date: 07-2010

Amount: $525,000.00

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End Date: 11-2017

Amount: $420,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

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End Date: 03-2012

Amount: $338,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP200102248

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End Date: 12-2024

Amount: $860,000.00

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Start Date: 2013

End Date: 06-2016

Amount: $390,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

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Amount: $387,600.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

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End Date: 10-2005

Amount: $240,186.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

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End Date: 01-2024

Amount: $520,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0669329

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End Date: 10-2010

Amount: $540,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

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End Date: 03-2021

Amount: $238,048.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0556126

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End Date: 07-2008

Amount: $260,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP200200806

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End Date: 10-2024

Amount: $471,900.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

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End Date: 05-2008

Amount: $960,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage - International - Grant ID: LX0242015

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End Date: 03-2007

Amount: $54,670.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage - International - Grant ID: LX0776612

Start Date: 04-2007

End Date: 12-2011

Amount: $31,600.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0989068

Start Date: 2009

End Date: 12-2010

Amount: $637,120.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE200100221

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End Date: 02-2022

Amount: $320,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

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End Date: 12-2012

Amount: $380,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

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End Date: 12-2015

Amount: $410,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0775598

Start Date: 10-2008

End Date: 11-2008

Amount: $1,000,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE170100148

Start Date: 2017

End Date: 12-2018

Amount: $300,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0775720

Start Date: 06-2007

End Date: 06-2008

Amount: $100,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

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Start Date: 05-2006

End Date: 05-2007

Amount: $950,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

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Start Date: 2010

End Date: 06-2011

Amount: $450,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council