ORCID Profile
0000-0002-1202-8540
Current Organisations
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
,
Macromolecules (American Chemical Society)
,
Royal Society of Chemistry
,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
,
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
,
Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme - Kamuzu University of Health Sciences
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Publications
Interactions between fecal gut microbiome, enteric pathogens, and energy regulating hormones among acutely malnourished rural Gambian children
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2021
Genomic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates from backyard chickens and guinea fowl in the Gambia
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 2021
Abstract: Chickens and guinea fowl are commonly reared in Gambian homes as affordable sources of protein. Using standard microbiological techniques, we obtained 68 caecal isolates of Escherichia coli from 10 chickens and 9 guinea fowl in rural Gambia. After Illumina whole-genome sequencing, 28 sequence types were detected in the isolates (4 of them novel), of which ST155 was the most common (22/68, 32 %). These strains span four of the eight main phylogroups of E. coli, with phylogroups B1 and A being most prevalent. Nearly a third of the isolates harboured at least one antimicrobial resistance gene, while most of the ST155 isolates (14/22, 64 %) encoded resistance to ≥3 classes of clinically relevant antibiotics, as well as putative virulence factors, suggesting pathogenic potential in humans. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering revealed that several Gambian poultry strains were closely related to isolates from humans. Although the ST155 lineage is common in poultry from Africa and South America, the Gambian ST155 isolates belong to a unique cgMLST cluster comprising closely related (38–39 alleles differences) isolates from poultry and livestock from sub-Saharan Africa – suggesting that strains can be exchanged between poultry and livestock in this setting. Continued surveillance of E. coli and other potential pathogens in rural backyard poultry from sub-Saharan Africa is warranted.
Genomic diversity and antimicrobial resistance among non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with human disease in The Gambia
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 30-10-2020
DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.30.316588
Abstract: Non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with multidrug resistance cause invasive disease in sub-Saharan African. Specific lineages of serovars S . Typhimurium and S . Enteritidis are implicated. We characterised the genomic ersity of 100 clinical Non-typhoidal Salmonella collected from 93 patients in 2001 from the eastern and 2006 to 2018 in the western regions of The Gambia respectively. Phenotypic susceptibility applied Kirby Baur disk diffusion and whole genome sequencing utilized Illumina platforms. The predominant serovars were S. Typhimurium ST19 (31/100) and S. Enteritidis ST11 (18/100) restricted to invasive disease with the notable absence of S. Typhimurium ST313. Phylogenetic analysis performed in the context of 495 African strains from the European Nucleotide Archive confirmed the presence of the S . Enteritidis virulent epidemic invasive multidrug resistant West African clade. Multidrug resistance including chlor henicol and azithromycin has emerged among the West African S. Enteritidis clade 7/9 (78%) with potential for spread, thus having important implications for patient management warranting systematic surveillance and epidemiologic investigations to inform control. Sequences are deposited in the NCBI sequence reads archive (SRA) under BioProject ID:PRJEB38968. The genomic assemblies are available for download from the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA): www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/ . Accession numbers SAMEA6991082 to SAME6991180
Resolving Rotational Stacking Disorder and Electronic Level Alignment in a 2D Oligothiophene-Based Lead Iodide Perovskite
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 24-09-2019
Genomic diversity and antimicrobial resistance among non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with human disease in The Gambia
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 18-03-2022
Abstract: Non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with multidrug resistance cause invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Specific lineages of serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis have been implicated. Here we characterized the genomic ersity of 100 clinical non-typhoidal Salmonella collected from 93 patients in 2001 from the eastern, and in 2006–2018 from the western regions of The Gambia respectively. A total of 93 isolates (64 invasive, 23 gastroenteritis and six other sites) representing a single infection episode were phenotypically tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion technique. Whole genome sequencing of 100 isolates was performed using Illumina, and the reads were assembled and analysed using SPAdes. The Salmonella in Silico Typing Resource (SISTR) was used for serotyping. SNP differences among the 93 isolates were determined using Roary, and phylogenetic analysis was performed in the context of 495 African strains from the European Nucleotide Archive. Salmonella serovars Typhimurium (26/64 30.6 %) and Enteritidis (13/64 20.3 %) were associated with invasive disease, whilst other serovars were mainly responsible for gastroenteritis (17/23 73.9 %). The presence of three major serovar Enteritidis clades was confirmed, including the invasive West African clade, which made up more than half (11/16 68.8 %) of the genomes. Multidrug resistance was confined among the serovar Enteritidis West African clade. The presence of this epidemic virulent clade has potential for spread of resistance and thus important implications for systematic patient management. Surveillance and epidemiological investigations to inform control are warranted.
Prevalence of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) and Antimicrobial Resistance in Community-Acquired Clinical Staphylococcus aureus in an Urban Gambian Hospital: A 11-Year Period Retrospective Pilot Stu
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 22-05-2019
SalmonellaInfections in The Gambia, 2005–2015
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 17-09-2022
DOI: 10.1093/CID/CIV781
Abstract: There are large data gaps in the epidemiology of diseases caused by Salmonella enterica in West Africa. Regional surveillance of Salmonella infections is necessary, especially with the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant clones. Data on Salmonella isolated from various clinical specimens from patients from across The Gambia were collected and analyzed retrospectively from 2005 to April 2015. Antibiotic sensitivity testing of Salmonella isolates was performed by disk diffusion method. Serotyping and serogrouping of Salmonella isolates was performed using standard microbiology techniques. Two hundred three Salmonella isolates were isolated from 190 patients: 52% (106/203) from blood and 39% (79/203) from stool specimens. Salmonella was also isolated from urine, aspirates, cerebrospinal fluid, wounds, and abscesses. The prevalence of Salmonella in blood cultures was 0.8% (106/13,905). Of the serotyped salmonellae, 14% (21/152) were Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, whereas 86% (131/152) were serovars other than Typhi (nontyphoidal Salmonella). Of the 102 typed NTS isolates, 40% (41) were Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, 10% (10) were Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, and 3% (3) were Salmonella enterica serovar Arizonae. Overall, 70% (142/203) of the salmonellae were pansusceptible. Multidrug resistance was found in 4% (9/203) of the isolates, 3 of which were Salmonella Enteritidis. Salmonellae are associated with a wide spectrum of invasive and noninvasive infections across all ages in The Gambia. There is evidence of multidrug resistance in salmonellae that warrants vigilant monitoring and surveillance.
The Clinical Presentation of Culture-positive and Culture-negative, Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)-Attributable Shigellosis in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study and Derivation of a <
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-10-2020
DOI: 10.1093/CID/CIAA1545
Abstract: Shigella is a leading cause of childhood diarrhea and target for vaccine development. Microbiologic and clinical case definitions are needed for pediatric field vaccine efficacy trials. We compared characteristics of moderate to severe diarrhea (MSD) cases in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) between children with culture positive Shigella to those with culture-negative, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-attributable Shigella (defined by an ipaH gene cycle threshold & .9). Among Shigella MSD cases, we determined risk factors for death and derived a clinical severity score. Compared to culture-positive Shigella MSD cases (n = 745), culture-negative/qPCR-attributable Shigella cases (n = 852) were more likely to be under 12 months, stunted, have a longer duration of diarrhea, and less likely to have high stool frequency or a fever. There was no difference in dehydration, hospitalization, or severe classification from a modified Vesikari score. Twenty-two (1.8%) Shigella MSD cases died within the 14-days after presentation to health facilities, and 59.1% of these deaths were in culture-negative cases. Age & months, diarrhea duration prior to presentation, vomiting, stunting, wasting, and hospitalization were associated with mortality. A model-derived score assigned points for dehydration, hospital admission, and longer diarrhea duration but was not significantly better at predicting 14-day mortality than a modified Vesikari score. A composite severity score consistent with severe disease or dysentery may be a pragmatic clinical endpoint for severe shigellosis in vaccine trials. Reliance on culture for microbiologic confirmation may miss a substantial number of Shigella cases but is currently required to measure serotype specific immunity.
Patient advocacy: barriers and facilitators
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2006
Abstract: During the two recent decades, advocacy has been a topic of much debate in the nursing profession. Although advocacy has embraced a crucial role for nurses, its extent is often limited in practice. While a variety of studies have been generated all over the world, barriers and facilitators in the patient advocacy have not been completely identified. This article presents the findings of a study exploring the barriers and facilitators influencing the role of advocacy among Iranian nurses. This study was conducted by grounded theory method. Participants were 24 Iranian registered nurses working in a large university hospital in Tehran, Iran. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and simultaneously Constant comparative analysis was used according to the Strauss and Corbin method. Through data analysis, several main themes emerged to describe the factors that hindered or facilitated patient advocacy. Nurses in this study identified powerlessness, lack of support, law, code of ethics and motivation, limited communication, physicians leading, risk of advocacy, royalty to peers, and insufficient time to interact with patients and families as barriers to advocacy. As for factors that facilitated nurses to act as a patient advocate, it was found that the nature of nurse-patient relationship, recognizing patients' needs, nurses' responsibility, physician as a colleague, and nurses' knowledge and skills could be influential in adopting the advocacy role. Participants believed that in this context taking an advocacy role is difficult for nurses due to the barriers mentioned. Therefore, they make decisions and act as a patient's advocate in any situation concerning patient needs and status of barriers and facilitators. In most cases, they can not act at an optimal level instead they accept only what they can do, which we called 'limited advocacy' in this study. It is concluded that advocacy is contextually complex, and is a controversial and risky component of the nursing practice. Further research is needed to determine the possibility of a correlation between identified barriers/ facilitators and the use of advocacy.
Rapid growth is a dominant predictor of hepcidin suppression and declining ferritin in Gambian infants
Publisher: Ferrata Storti Foundation (Haematologica)
Date: 07-02-2019
Bacterial genome-wide association study of hyper-virulent pneumococcal serotype 1 identifies genetic variation associated with neurotropism
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-10-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S42003-020-01290-9
Abstract: Hyper-virulent Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 strains are endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa and frequently cause lethal meningitis outbreaks. It remains unknown whether genetic variation in serotype 1 strains modulates tropism into cerebrospinal fluid to cause central nervous system (CNS) infections, particularly meningitis. Here, we address this question through a large-scale linear mixed model genome-wide association study of 909 African pneumococcal serotype 1 isolates collected from CNS and non-CNS human s les. By controlling for host age, geography, and strain population structure, we identify genome-wide statistically significant genotype-phenotype associations in surface-exposed choline-binding ( P = 5.00 × 10 −08 ) and helicase proteins ( P = 1.32 × 10 −06 ) important for invasion, immune evasion and pneumococcal tropism to CNS. The small effect sizes and negligible heritability indicated that causation of CNS infection requires multiple genetic and other factors reflecting a complex and polygenic aetiology. Our findings suggest that certain pathogen genetic variation modulate pneumococcal survival and tropism to CNS tissue, and therefore, virulence for meningitis.
Burnout and productivity among Iranian nurses
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-08-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1442-2018.2009.00449.X
Abstract: The concept of burnout describes a number of destructive aspects in the health-care system, especially in nursing. A descriptive study was carried out in order to investigate the relationship between burnout and productivity among 200 baccalaureate nurses working in educational hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Burnout and productivity questionnaires were employed and the data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that emotional exhaustion and depersonalization had significant negative correlations with productivity. Also, a significant positive correlation was found between personal accomplishment and productivity. Efforts to alleviate burnout among nurses should lead to an increased quality of patient care and improved quality of work life if not, health-care systems will pay the price for nurses' burnout through the quality of services that they offer.
The Meaning of Patient Advocacy for Iranian Nurses
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 07-2008
Abstract: Patient advocacy has been a topic of much discussion in the nursing literature for a number of decades. Ambiguities remain, however, concerning definitions of advocacy in nursing. This qualitative grounded theory-type study aimed to inquire into the meaning of patient advocacy from Iranian nurses' perspective. A purposive s le of 24 nurses (staff nurses, head nurses and supervisors) working in a large university hospital in Tehran was used. Data were collected using in-depth semistructured interviews and reflective diaries kept by the participants. The data were analyzed using elements of Strauss and Corbin's' approach. Advocacy was defined by the participants as: informing and educating valuing and respecting supporting protecting and promoting continuity of care for patients. The participants also believed that advocacy could take place only if there was respect for patients' in iduality and their inherent human dignity. Many of the descriptions given by the participants are consistent with previous research in this area and represent a comprehensive account of their perceptions of patient advocacy.
Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Short‐Form Adolescent Health Promotion scale: Methodological study
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2023
DOI: 10.1002/HSR2.1063
Abstract: Assessing health promotion among adolescents is vital to identify healthy and unhealthy behaviors and to evaluate health promotion interventions. This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Short‐Form Adolescent Health Promotion scale. Three hundred and twenty‐seven adolescents were recruited through a multistage s ling method in this methodological study. The original version of the Adolescent Health Promotion scale was translated from English to Persian using the Backward–Forward translation protocol. Then, the scale's validity and reliability, including the face, content, construct validity, and reliability indices, were evaluated. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 24. The mean CVI and CVR were 0.99. The exploratory factor analysis revealed four factors covering 42.57% of the total variance. The factor loading order of the items did not exactly correspond to the order obtained in the English version of the scale's validity and reliability analysis. The obtained factors called included: life appreciation, stress management, nutrition, and health responsibility. In the current study, both Cronbach's ɑ and the intraclass correlation coefficient were calculated at 0.84 and 0.99. The Persian version of the Adolescent Health Promotion scale developed in the present study is acceptable for the validity of the content, face, and reliability. However, the construct validity of this scale should be checked in other s les.
Genomic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates from backyard chickens and guinea fowl in the Gambia
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 15-05-2020
DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.14.096289
Abstract: Chickens and guinea fowl are commonly reared in Gambian homes as affordable sources of protein. Using standard microbiological techniques, we obtained 68 caecal isolates of Escherichia coli from ten chickens and nine guinea fowl in rural Gambia. After Illumina whole-genome sequencing, 28 sequence types were detected in the isolates (four of them novel), of which ST155 was the most common (22/68, 32%). These strains span four of the eight main phylogroups of E. coli , with phylogroups B1 and A being most prevalent. Nearly a third of the isolates harboured at least one antimicrobial resistance gene, while most of the ST155 isolates (14/22, 64%) encoded resistance to ≥3 classes of clinically relevant antibiotics, as well as putative virulence factors, suggesting pathogenic potential in humans. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering revealed that several Gambian poultry strains were closely related to isolates from humans. Although the ST155 lineage is common in poultry from Africa and South America, the Gambian ST155 isolates belong to a unique cgMLST cluster comprised of closely related (38-39 alleles differences) isolates from poultry and livestock from sub-Saharan Africa—suggesting that strains can be exchanged between poultry and livestock in this setting. Continued surveillance of E. coli and other potential pathogens in rural backyard poultry from sub-Saharan Africa is warranted. All supporting data and protocols have been provided within the article or as supplementary data files. Eleven supplementary figures and eight supplementary files are available with the online version of this article. The genomic assemblies for the isolates reported here are available for download from EnteroBase ( enterobase.warwick.ac.uk/species/index/ecoli ) and the EnteroBase assembly barcodes are provided in File S2. Sequences have been deposited in the NCBI SRA, under the BioProject ID: PRJNA616250 and accession numbers SAMN14485281 to SAMN14485348 (File S2). Assemblies have been deposited in GenBank under the BioProject ID: PRJNA616250 and accession numbers CP053258 and CP053259 . Domestic birds play a crucial role in human society, in particular contributing to food security in low-income countries. Many households in Sub-Saharan Africa rear free-range chickens and guinea fowl, which are often left to scavenge for feed in and around the family compound, where they are frequently exposed to humans, other animals and the environment. Such proximity between backyard poultry and humans is likely to facilitate transmission of pathogens such as Escherichia coli or antimicrobial resistance between the two host species. Little is known about the population structure of E. coli in rural chickens and guinea fowl, although this information is needed to contextualise the potential risks of transmission of bacterial strains between humans and rural backyard poultry. Thus, we sought to investigate the genomic ersity of E. coli in backyard poultry from rural Gambia.
Sputum bacterial load and bacterial composition correlate with lung function and are altered by long-term azithromycin treatment in children with HIV-associated chronic lung disease
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-02-2023
DOI: 10.1186/S40168-023-01460-X
Abstract: Long-term azithromycin (AZM) treatment reduces the frequency of acute respiratory exacerbation in children and adolescents with HIV-associated chronic lung disease (HCLD). However, the impact of this treatment on the respiratory bacteriome is unknown. African children with HCLD (defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 s z -score (FEV1 z ) less than − 1.0 with no reversibility) were enrolled in a placebo-controlled trial of once-weekly AZM given for 48-weeks (BREATHE trial). Sputum s les were collected at baseline, 48 weeks (end of treatment) and 72 weeks (6 months post-intervention in participants who reached this timepoint before trial conclusion). Sputum bacterial load and bacteriome profiles were determined using 16S rRNA gene qPCR and V4 region licon sequencing, respectively. The primary outcomes were within-participant and within-arm (AZM vs placebo) changes in the sputum bacteriome measured across baseline, 48 weeks and 72 weeks. Associations between clinical or socio-demographic factors and bacteriome profiles were also assessed using linear regression. In total, 347 participants (median age: 15.3 years, interquartile range [12.7–17.7]) were enrolled and randomised to AZM (173) or placebo (174). After 48 weeks, participants in the AZM arm had reduced sputum bacterial load vs placebo arm (16S rRNA copies/µl in log 10 , mean difference and 95% confidence interval [CI] of AZM vs placebo − 0.54 [− 0.71 − 0.36]). Shannon alpha ersity remained stable in the AZM arm but declined in the placebo arm between baseline and 48 weeks (3.03 vs. 2.80, p = 0.04, Wilcoxon paired test). Bacterial community structure changed in the AZM arm at 48 weeks compared with baseline (PERMANOVA test p = 0.003) but resolved at 72 weeks. The relative abundances of genera previously associated with HCLD decreased in the AZM arm at 48 weeks compared with baseline, including Haemophilus (17.9% vs. 25.8%, p 0.05, ANCOM ω = 32) and Moraxella (1% vs. 1.9%, p 0.05, ANCOM ω = 47). This reduction was sustained at 72 weeks relative to baseline. Lung function (FEV1 z ) was negatively associated with bacterial load (coefficient, [CI]: − 0.09 [− 0.16 − 0.02]) and positively associated with Shannon ersity (0.19 [0.12 0.27]). The relative abundance of Neisseria (coefficient, [standard error]: (2.85, [0.7], q = 0.01), and Haemophilus (− 6.1, [1.2], q 0.001) were positively and negatively associated with FEV1 z , respectively. An increase in the relative abundance of Streptococcus from baseline to 48 weeks was associated with improvement in FEV1 z (3.2 [1.11], q = 0.01) whilst an increase in Moraxella was associated with decline in FEV1 z (-2.74 [0.74], q = 0.002). AZM treatment preserved sputum bacterial ersity and reduced the relative abundances of the HCLD-associated genera Haemophilus and Moraxella . These bacteriological effects were associated with improvement in lung function and may account for reduced respiratory exacerbations associated with AZM treatment of children with HCLD.
The Global Landscape of Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis Data Reported to the World Health Organization-Coordinated Invasive Bacterial Vaccine-Preventable Disease Surveillance Network, 2014-2019
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-2021
Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) coordinates the Global Invasive Bacterial Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (IB-VPD) Surveillance Network to support vaccine introduction decisions and use. The network was established to strengthen surveillance and laboratory confirmation of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Sentinel hospitals report cases of children & years of age hospitalized for suspected meningitis. Laboratories report confirmatory testing results and strain characterization tested by polymerase chain reaction. In 2019, the network included 123 laboratories that follow validated, standardized testing and reporting strategies. From 2014 through 2019, & 000 suspected meningitis cases were reported by 58 participating countries, with 44.6% (n = 61 386) reported from countries in the WHO African Region. More than half (56.6%, n = 77 873) were among children & year of age, and 4.0% (n = 4010) died among those with reported disease outcome. Among suspected meningitis cases, 8.6% (n = 11 798) were classified as probable bacterial meningitis. One of 3 bacterial pathogens was identified in 30.3% (n = 3576) of these cases, namely S. pneumoniae (n = 2177 [60.9%]), H. influenzae (n = 633 [17.7%]), and N. meningitidis (n = 766 [21.4%]). Among confirmed bacterial meningitis cases with outcome reported, 11.0% died case fatality ratio varied by pathogen (S. pneumoniae, 12.2% H. influenzae, 6.1% N. meningitidis, 11.0%). Among the 277 children who died with confirmed bacterial meningitis, 189 (68.2%) had confirmed S. pneumoniae. The proportion of pneumococcal cases with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) serotypes decreased as the number of countries implementing PCV increased, from 77.8% (n = 273) to 47.5% (n = 248). Of 397 H. influenzae specimens serotyped, 49.1% (n = 195) were type b. Predominant N. meningitidis serogroups varied by region. This multitier, global surveillance network has supported countries in detecting and serotyping the 3 principal invasive bacterial pathogens that cause pediatric meningitis. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen detected globally despite the growing number of countries that have nationally introduced PCV. The large proportions of deaths due to S. pneumoniae reflect the high proportion of meningitis cases caused by this pathogen. This global network demonstrated a strong correlation between PCV introduction status and reduction in the proportion of pneumococcal meningitis infections caused by vaccine serotypes. Maintaining case-based, active surveillance with laboratory confirmation for prioritized vaccine-preventable diseases remains a critical component of the global agenda in public health. The World Health Organization (WHO)-coordinated Invasive Bacterial Vaccine-Preventable Disease (IB-VPD) Surveillance Network reported data from 2014 to 2019, contributing to the estimates of the disease burden and serotypes of pediatric meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis.
State-of-the-art in the pneumococcal field
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-02-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S41479-019-0064-Y
Abstract: The International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD) is the premier global scientific symposium dedicated to the exchange, advancement and dissemination of the latest research on the pneumococcus, one of the world’s deadliest bacterial pathogens. Since the first ISPPD was held in 1998, substantial progress has been made to control pneumococcal disease, for instance, more than half of surviving infants (78.6 million) from 143 countries now have access to the life-saving pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). The 11th ISPPD (ISPPD-11) was held in Melbourne, Australia in April 2018 and the proceedings of the symposium are captured in this report. Twenty years on from the first ISPPD, there remain many challenges and unanswered questions such as the continued disparity in disease incidence in Indigenous populations, the slow roll-out of PCV in some regions such as Asia, the persisting burden of disease in adults, serotype replacement and diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. ISPPD-11 also put the spotlight on cutting-edge science including metagenomic, transcriptomic, microscopy, medical imaging and mathematical modelling approaches. ISPPD-11 was highly erse, bringing together 1184 delegates from 86 countries, representing various fields including academia, primary healthcare, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, policymakers and public health.
Related Organisations
Liverpool School Of Tropical Medicine
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Macromolecules (American Chemical Society)
Location: United States of America
Royal Society Of Chemistry
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill
Location: United States of America
Zanjan University Of Medical Sciences
Location: Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Tehran University Of Medical Sciences
Location: Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Iran University Of Medical Sciences
Location: Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Tabriz University Of Medical Sciences
Location: Iran (Islamic Republic of)
University College London
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
London School Of Hygiene And Tropical Medicine
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme - Kamuzu University Of Health Sciences
Location: Malawi
Related Funding Activities
No related grants have been discovered for Brenda Kwambana.