Lawren Sack

Measurements of stem xylem hydraulic conductivity in the laboratory and field

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 25-04-2012

DOI: 10.1111/J.2041-210X.2012.00204.X

Leaf water potential measurements using the pressure chamber: Synthetic testing of assumptions towards best practices for precision and accuracy.

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 23-04-2022

DOI: 10.1111/PCE.14330

Abstract: Leaf water potential (ψ

New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2013

DOI: 10.1071/BT12225

Abstract: Plant functional traits are the features (morphological, physiological, phenological) that represent ecological strategies and determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels and influence ecosystem properties. Variation in plant functional traits, and trait syndromes, has proven useful for tackling many important ecological questions at a range of scales, giving rise to a demand for standardised ways to measure ecologically meaningful plant traits. This line of research has been among the most fruitful avenues for understanding ecological and evolutionary patterns and processes. It also has the potential both to build a predictive set of local, regional and global relationships between plants and environment and to quantify a wide range of natural and human-driven processes, including changes in bio ersity, the impacts of species invasions, alterations in biogeochemical processes and vegetation–atmosphere interactions. The importance of these topics dictates the urgent need for more and better data, and increases the value of standardised protocols for quantifying trait variation of different species, in particular for traits with power to predict plant- and ecosystem-level processes, and for traits that can be measured relatively easily. Updated and expanded from the widely used previous version, this handbook retains the focus on clearly presented, widely applicable, step-by-step recipes, with a minimum of text on theory, and not only includes updated methods for the traits previously covered, but also introduces many new protocols for further traits. This new handbook has a better balance between whole-plant traits, leaf traits, root and stem traits and regenerative traits, and puts particular emphasis on traits important for predicting species’ effects on key ecosystem properties. We hope this new handbook becomes a standard companion in local and global efforts to learn about the responses and impacts of different plant species with respect to environmental changes in the present, past and future.

The Sites of Evaporation within Leaves

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 02-02-2017

DOI: 10.1104/PP.16.01605

Thermal sensitivity across forest vertical profiles: patterns, mechanisms, and ecological implications

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 06-12-2022

DOI: 10.1111/NPH.18539

Abstract: Rising temperatures are influencing forests on many scales, with potentially strong variation vertically across forest strata. Using published research and new analyses, we evaluate how microclimate and leaf temperatures, traits, and gas exchange vary vertically in forests, shaping tree, and ecosystem ecology. In closed‐canopy forests, upper canopy leaves are exposed to the highest solar radiation and evaporative demand, which can elevate leaf temperature ( T leaf ), particularly when transpirational cooling is curtailed by limited stomatal conductance. However, foliar traits also vary across height or light gradients, partially mitigating and protecting against the elevation of upper canopy T leaf . Leaf metabolism generally increases with height across the vertical gradient, yet differences in thermal sensitivity across the gradient appear modest. Scaling from leaves to trees, canopy trees have higher absolute metabolic capacity and growth, yet are more vulnerable to drought and damaging T leaf than their smaller counterparts, particularly under climate change. By contrast, understory trees experience fewer extreme high T leaf 's but have fewer cooling mechanisms and thus may be strongly impacted by warming under some conditions, particularly when exposed to a harsher microenvironment through canopy disturbance. As the climate changes, integrating the patterns and mechanisms reviewed here into models will be critical to forecasting forest–climate feedback.

Mapping local and global variability in plant trait distributions

Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Date: 12-2017

DOI: 10.1073/PNAS.1708984114

Abstract: Currently, Earth system models (ESMs) represent variation in plant life through the presence of a small set of plant functional types (PFTs), each of which accounts for hundreds or thousands of species across thousands of vegetated grid cells on land. By expanding plant traits from a single mean value per PFT to a full distribution per PFT that varies among grid cells, the trait variation present in nature is restored and may be propagated to estimates of ecosystem processes. Indeed, critical ecosystem processes tend to depend on the full trait distribution, which therefore needs to be represented accurately. These maps reintroduce substantial local variation and will allow for a more accurate representation of the land surface in ESMs.

The humidity inside leaves and why you should care: implications of unsaturation of leaf intercellular airspaces

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 05-2019

DOI: 10.1002/AJB2.1282

Pitfalls and possibilities in the analysis of biomass allocation patterns in plants

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Date: 2012

DOI: 10.3389/FPLS.2012.00259

The dynamic multi‐functionality of leaf water transport outside the xylem

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 29-06-2023

DOI: 10.1111/NPH.19069

Abstract: A surge of papers have reported low leaf vulnerability to xylem embolism during drought. Here, we focus on the less studied, and more sensitive, outside‐xylem leaf hydraulic responses to multiple internal and external conditions. Studies of 34 species have resolved substantial vulnerability to dehydration of the outside‐xylem pathways, and studies of leaf hydraulic responses to light also implicate dynamic outside‐xylem responses. Detailed experiments suggest these dynamic responses arise at least in part from strong control of radial water movement across the vein bundle sheath. While leaf xylem vulnerability may influence leaf and plant survival during extreme drought, outside‐xylem dynamic responses are important for the control and resilience of water transport and leaf water status for gas exchange and growth.

Leaf vein xylem conduit diameter influences susceptibility to embolism and hydraulic decline

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 11-11-2016

DOI: 10.1111/NPH.14256

Abstract: Ecosystems worldwide are facing increasingly severe and prolonged droughts during which hydraulic failure from drought‐induced embolism can lead to organ or whole plant death. Understanding the determinants of xylem failure across species is especially critical in leaves, the engines of plant growth. If the vulnerability segmentation hypothesis holds within leaves, higher order veins that are most terminal in the plant hydraulic system should be more susceptible to embolism to protect the rest of the water transport system. Increased vulnerability in the higher order veins would also be consistent with these experiencing the greatest tensions in the plant xylem network. To test this hypothesis, we combined X‐ray micro‐computed tomography imaging, hydraulic experiments, cross‐sectional anatomy and 3D physiological modelling to investigate how embolisms spread throughout petioles and vein orders during leaf dehydration in relation to conduit dimensions. Decline of leaf xylem hydraulic conductance ( K x ) during dehydration was driven by embolism initiating in petioles and midribs across all species, and K x vulnerability was strongly correlated with petiole and midrib conduit dimensions. Our simulations showed no significant impact of conduit collapse on K x decline. We found xylem conduit dimensions play a major role in determining the susceptibility of the leaf water transport system during strong leaf dehydration.

Embracing 3D Complexity in Leaf Carbon–Water Exchange

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.TPLANTS.2018.09.005

Abstract: Leaves are a nexus for the exchange of water, carbon, and energy between terrestrial plants and the atmosphere. Research in recent decades has highlighted the critical importance of the underlying biophysical and anatomical determinants of CO

The Role of Bundle Sheath Extensions and Life Form in Stomatal Responses to Leaf Water Status    

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 04-2011

DOI: 10.1104/PP.111.175638

Abstract: Bundle sheath extensions (BSEs) are key features of leaf structure with currently little-understood functions. To test the hypothesis that BSEs reduce the hydraulic resistance from the bundle sheath to the epidermis (r be) and thereby accelerate hydropassive stomatal movements, we compared stomatal responses with reduced humidity and leaf excision among 20 species with heterobaric or homobaric leaves and herbaceous or woody life forms. We hypothesized that low r be due to the presence of BSEs would increase the rate of stomatal opening (V) during transient wrong-way responses, but more so during wrong-way responses to excision (V e) than humidity (V h), thus increasing the ratio of V e to V h. We predicted the same trends for herbaceous relative to woody species given greater hydraulic resistance in woody species. We found that V e, V h, and their ratio were 2.3 to 4.4 times greater in heterobaric than homobaric leaves and 2.0 to 3.1 times greater in herbaceous than woody species. To assess possible causes for these differences, we simulated these experiments in a dynamic compartment/resistance model, which predicted larger V e and V e/V h in leaves with smaller r be. These results support the hypothesis that BSEs reduce r be. Comparison of our data and simulations suggested that r be is approximately 4 to 16 times larger in homobaric than heterobaric leaves. Our study provides new evidence that variations in the distribution of hydraulic resistance within the leaf and plant are central to understanding dynamic stomatal responses to water status and their ecological correlates and that BSEs play several key roles in the functional ecology of heterobaric leaves.

Optimal plant water economy

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 17-10-2016

DOI: 10.1111/PCE.12823

Abstract: It was shown over 40 years ago that plants maximize carbon gain for a given rate of water loss if stomatal conductance, g

Climate sensitive size-dependent survival in tropical trees

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 13-08-2018

DOI: 10.1038/S41559-018-0626-Z

Abstract: Survival rates of large trees determine forest biomass dynamics. Survival rates of small trees have been linked to mechanisms that maintain bio ersity across tropical forests. How species survival rates change with size offers insight into the links between bio ersity and ecosystem function across tropical forests. We tested patterns of size-dependent tree survival across the tropics using data from 1,781 species and over 2 million in iduals to assess whether tropical forests can be characterized by size-dependent life-history survival strategies. We found that species were classifiable into four 'survival modes' that explain life-history variation that shapes carbon cycling and the relative abundance within forests. Frequently collected functional traits, such as wood density, leaf mass per area and seed mass, were not generally predictive of the survival modes of species. Mean annual temperature and cumulative water deficit predicted the proportion of biomass of survival modes, indicating important links between evolutionary strategies, climate and carbon cycling. The application of survival modes in demographic simulations predicted biomass change across forest sites. Our results reveal globally identifiable size-dependent survival strategies that differ across erse systems in a consistent way. The abundance of survival modes and interaction with climate ultimately determine forest structure, carbon storage in biomass and future forest trajectories.

Detecting forest response to droughts with global observations of vegetation water content

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 25-09-2021

DOI: 10.1111/GCB.15872

Abstract: Droughts in a warming climate have become more common and more extreme, making understanding forest responses to water stress increasingly pressing. Analysis of water stress in trees has long focused on water potential in xylem and leaves, which influences stomatal closure and water flow through the soil‐plant‐atmosphere continuum. At the same time, changes of vegetation water content (VWC) are linked to a range of tree responses, including fluxes of water and carbon, mortality, flammability, and more. Unlike water potential, which requires demanding in situ measurements, VWC can be retrieved from remote sensing measurements, particularly at microwave frequencies using radar and radiometry. Here, we highlight key frontiers through which VWC has the potential to significantly increase our understanding of forest responses to water stress. To validate remote sensing observations of VWC at landscape scale and to better relate them to data assimilation model parameters, we introduce an ecosystem‐scale analog of the pressure–volume curve, the non‐linear relationship between average leaf or branch water potential and water content commonly used in plant hydraulics. The sources of variability in these ecosystem‐scale pressure‐volume curves and their relationship to forest response to water stress are discussed. We further show to what extent diel, seasonal, and decadal dynamics of VWC reflect variations in different processes relating the tree response to water stress. VWC can also be used for inferring belowground conditions—which are difficult to impossible to observe directly. Lastly, we discuss how a dedicated geostationary spaceborne observational system for VWC, when combined with existing datasets, can capture diel and seasonal water dynamics to advance the science and applications of global forest vulnerability to future droughts.

A unique web resource for physiology, ecology and the environmental sciences: PrometheusWiki

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.1071/FP10097

Abstract: PROtocols, METHods, Explanations and Updated Standards Wiki (PrometheusWiki, www.publish.csiro.au rometheuswiki/) is a new open access, fully searchable web resource that contains protocols and methods for plant physiology, ecology and environmental sciences. Contributions can be uploaded by anyone in the community, with attributed authorship, and are open for wiki-style comment. This resource allows the gathering in one place of methods, links to published methods and detailed protocols used by leading laboratories around the world, with annotation. As a web resource, PrometheusWiki is continually evolving and updatable, easily and rapidly searchable and highly accessible. It will also enhance communication, allowing multimedia description of protocols and techniques, with spreadsheet tools, slide shows and video files easily integrated into the text. This resource is anticipated to lead to strong benefits in standardising methods, improving access to training for students and professionals, promoting collaborations and expanding the cutting edge of research.

Ghosts of dry seasons past: Legacy of severe drought enhances mangrove salinity tolerance through coordinated cellular osmotic and elastic adjustments

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 07-05-2023

DOI: 10.1111/PCE.14604

Abstract: The incidence and severity of global mangrove mortality due to drought is increasing. Yet, little is understood of the capacity of mangroves to show long‐term acclimation of leaf water relations to severe drought. We tested for differences between mid‐dry season leaf water relations in two cooccurring mangroves, Aegiceras corniculatum and Rhizophora stylosa before a severe drought (a heatwave combined with low rainfall) and after its relief by the wet season. Consistent with ecological stress memory, the legacy of severe drought enhanced salinity tolerance in the subsequent dry season through coordinated adjustments that reduced the leaf water potential at the turgor loss point and increased cell wall rigidity. These adjustments enabled maintenance of turgor and relative water content with increasing salinity. As most canopy growth occurs during the wet season, acclimation to the ‘memory’ of higher salinity in the previous dry season enables greater leaf function with minimal adjustments, as long‐lived leaves progress from wet through dry seasons. However, declining turgor safety margins ‐ the difference between soil water potential and leaf water potential at turgor loss ‐ implied increasing limitation to water use with increasing salinity. Thus, plasticity in leaf water relations contributes fundamentally to mangrove function under varying salinity regimes.

Xylem traits mediate a trade-off between resistance to freeze-thaw-induced embolism and photosynthetic capacity in overwintering evergreens

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 31-05-2011

DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.2011.03772.X

Abstract: Hydraulic traits were studied in temperate, woody evergreens in a high-elevation heath community to test for trade-offs between the delivery of water to canopies at rates sufficient to sustain photosynthesis and protection against disruption to vascular transport caused by freeze-thaw-induced embolism. Freeze-thaw-induced loss in hydraulic conductivity was studied in relation to xylem anatomy, leaf- and sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity and gas exchange characteristics of leaves. We found evidence that a trade-off between xylem transport capacity and safety from freeze-thaw-induced embolism affects photosynthetic activity in overwintering evergreens. The mean hydraulically weighted xylem vessel diameter and sapwood-specific conductivity correlated with susceptibility to freeze-thaw-induced embolism. There was also a strong correlation of hydraulic supply and demand across species interspecific differences in stomatal conductance and CO(2) assimilation rates were correlated linearly with sapwood- and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity. Xylem vessel anatomy mediated an apparent trade-off between resistance to freeze-thaw-induced embolism and hydraulic and photosynthetic capacity during the winter. These results point to a new role for xylem functional traits in determining the degree to which species can maintain photosynthetic carbon gain despite freezing events and cold winter temperatures.

Hydraulic conductance of Acacia phyllodes (foliage) is driven by primary nerve (vein) conductance and density

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 18-10-2012

DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-3040.2011.02425.X

Abstract: We determined effects of venation traits on hydraulic conductance of phyllodes (foliage), using an array of Acacia s.str. species with erse phyllode morphologies as the source of variation. Measurements were made on phyllodes from 44 species, grown in common gardens but originating from different positions along a precipitation gradient. K(phyllode) varied 18-fold and was positively correlated with primary nerve hydraulic conductance, and with primary nerve (vein) density but not with minor nerve density, in contrast with previous studies of true leaves in other dicotyledons. Phyllodes with higher primary nerve density also had greater mass per area (PMA) and larger bundle sheath extensions (BSEs) from their minor nerves. We suggest that higher primary nerve conductivity and density may decrease the distance travelled in the high-resistance extra-xylem pathways of the phyllode. Further, larger BSEs may increase the area available for dispersion of water from the xylem to the extra-xylem tissue. High PMA phyllodes were more common in acacias from areas receiving lower annual precipitation. Maximizing efficient water movement through phyllodes may be more important where rainfall is meagre and infrequent, explaining relationships between nerve patterns and the climates of origin in Australian phyllodinous Acacia.

How do leaf veins influence the worldwide leaf economic spectrum? Review and synthesis

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 10-2016

DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERT316

Abstract: Leaf vein traits are implicated in the determination of gas exchange rates and plant performance. These traits are increasingly considered as causal factors affecting the 'leaf economic spectrum' (LES), which includes the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis, dark respiration, foliar nitrogen concentration, leaf dry mass per area (LMA) and leaf longevity. This article reviews the support for two contrasting hypotheses regarding a key vein trait, vein length per unit leaf area (VLA). Recently, Blonder et al. (2011, 2013) proposed that vein traits, including VLA, can be described as the 'origin' of the LES by structurally determining LMA and leaf thickness, and thereby vein traits would predict LES traits according to specific equations. Careful re-examination of leaf anatomy, published datasets, and a newly compiled global database for erse species did not support the 'vein origin' hypothesis, and moreover showed that the apparent power of those equations to predict LES traits arose from circularity. This review provides a 'flux trait network' hypothesis for the effects of vein traits on the LES and on plant performance, based on a synthesis of the previous literature. According to this hypothesis, VLA, while virtually independent of LMA, strongly influences hydraulic conductance, and thus stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate. We also review (i) the specific physiological roles of VLA (ii) the role of leaf major veins in influencing LES traits and (iii) the role of VLA in determining photosynthetic rate per leaf dry mass and plant relative growth rate. A clear understanding of leaf vein traits provides a new perspective on plant function independently of the LES and can enhance the ability to explain and predict whole plant performance under dynamic conditions, with applications towards breeding improved crop varieties.

Hawaiian native forest conserves water relative to timber plantation: Species and stand traits influence water use

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2009

DOI: 10.1890/08-1704.1

Abstract: Tropical forests are becoming increasingly alien-dominated through the establishment of timber plantations and secondary forests. Despite widespread recognition that afforestation results in increased evapotranspiration and lower catchment yields, little is known of the impacts of timber plantations on water balance relative to native forest. Native forest trees have been claimed to use water conservatively and enhance groundwater recharge relative to faster-growing alien species, and this argument should motivate native forest preservation and restoration. However, data have been available primarily for leaf-level gas exchange rather than for whole-plant and stand levels. We measured sap flow of dominant tree and tree fern species over eight weeks in native Metrosideros polymorpha forest and adjacent alien timber plantations on the island of Hawai'i and estimated total stand transpiration. Metrosideros polymorpha had the lowest values of sap flux density and whole-tree water use (200 kg m(-2) sapwood d(-1), or 8 kg/d for trees of 35 cm mean diameter at breast height, D), substantially less than timber species Eucalyptus saligna or Fraxinus uhdei (33 and 34 kg/d for trees of 73 and 30 cm mean D, respectively). At the stand level, E. saligna and F. uhdei trees had three- and ninefold higher water use, respectively, than native M. polymorpha trees. Understory Cibotium tree ferns were most abundant in M. polymorpha-dominated forest where they accounted for 70% of water use. Overall, F. uhdei plantation had the highest water use at 1.8 mm/d, more than twice that of either E. saligna plantation or M. polymorpha forest. Forest water use was influenced by species composition, stem density, tree size, sapwood allocation, and understory contributions. Transpiration varied strongly among forest types even within the same wet tropical climate, and in this case, native forest had strikingly conservative water use. Comparisons of vegetation cover in water use should provide additional resolution to ecosystem valuation and land management decisions.

ABA Accumulation in Dehydrating Leaves Is Associated with Decline in Cell Volume, Not Turgor Pressure

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 23-10-2017

DOI: 10.1104/PP.17.01097

Which is a better predictor of plant traits: temperature or precipitation?

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 15-05-2014

DOI: 10.1111/JVS.12190

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 31-12-2019

DOI: 10.1111/GCB.14904

Abstract: Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to bio ersity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on in idual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.

How does biomass distribution change with size and differ among species? An analysis for 1200 plant species from five continents

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 22-07-2015

DOI: 10.1111/NPH.13571

Abstract: We compiled a global database for leaf, stem and root biomass representing c . 11 000 records for c . 1200 herbaceous and woody species grown under either controlled or field conditions. We used this data set to analyse allometric relationships and fractional biomass distribution to leaves, stems and roots. We tested whether allometric scaling exponents are generally constant across plant sizes as predicted by metabolic scaling theory, or whether instead they change dynamically with plant size. We also quantified interspecific variation in biomass distribution among plant families and functional groups. Across all species combined, leaf vs stem and leaf vs root scaling exponents decreased from c . 1.00 for small plants to c . 0.60 for the largest trees considered. Evergreens had substantially higher leaf mass fractions ( LMF s) than deciduous species, whereas graminoids maintained higher root mass fractions ( RMF s) than eudicotyledonous herbs. These patterns do not support the hypothesis of fixed allometric exponents. Rather, continuous shifts in allometric exponents with plant size during ontogeny and evolution are the norm. Across seed plants, variation in biomass distribution among species is related more to function than phylogeny. We propose that the higher LMF of evergreens at least partly compensates for their relatively low leaf area : leaf mass ratio.

Why are leaves hydraulically vulnerable?

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 09-2016

DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERW304

Shifting access to pools of shoot water sustains gas exchange and increases stem hydraulic safety during seasonal atmospheric drought

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 25-05-2021

DOI: 10.1111/PCE.14080

Abstract: Understanding how plants acclimate to drought is crucial for predicting future vulnerability, yet seasonal acclimation of traits that improve drought tolerance in trees remains poorly resolved. We hypothesized that dry season acclimation of leaf and stem traits influencing shoot water storage and hydraulic capacitance would mitigate the drought‐associated risks of reduced gas exchange and hydraulic failure in the mangrove Sonneratia alba . By late dry season, availability of stored water had shifted within leaves and between leaves and stems. While whole shoot capacitance remained stable, the symplastic fraction of leaf water increased 86%, leaf capacitance increased 104% and stem capacitance declined 80%. Despite declining plant water potentials, leaf and whole plant hydraulic conductance remained unchanged, and midday assimilation rates increased. Further, the available leaf water between the minimum water potential observed and that corresponding to 50% loss of stem conductance increased 111%. Shifting availability of pools of water, within and between organs, maintained leaf water available to buffer periods of increased photosynthesis and losses in stem hydraulic conductivity, mitigating risks of carbon depletion and hydraulic failure during atmospheric drought. Seasonal changes in access to tissue and organ water may have an important role in drought acclimation and avoidance.

Patterns of nitrogen‐fixing tree abundance in forests across Asia and America

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 30-05-2019

DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13199

Plant diversity increases with the strength of negative density dependence at the global scale

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Date: 30-06-2017

DOI: 10.1126/SCIENCE.AAM5678

Abstract: Negative interaction among plant species is known as conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD). This ecological pattern is thought to maintain higher species ersity in the tropics. LaManna et al. tested this hypothesis by comparing how tree species ersity changes with the intensity of local biotic interactions in tropical and temperate latitudes (see the Perspective by Comita). Stronger local specialized biotic interactions seem to prevent erosion of bio ersity in tropical forests, not only by limiting populations of common species, but also by strongly stabilizing populations of rare species, which tend to show higher CNDD in the tropics. Science , this issue p. 1389 see also p. 1328

The correlations and sequence of plant stomatal, hydraulic, and wilting responses to drought

Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Date: 02-11-2016

DOI: 10.1073/PNAS.1604088113

Abstract: Many plant species face increasing drought under climate change, making plant drought tolerance integral to predicting species and ecosystem responses. Many physiology traits interact to determine overall drought tolerance, but trait relationships have not been assessed for general patterns across global plant ersity. We analyzed stomatal, hydraulic, and mesophyll drought tolerance traits for 310 species from ecosystems worldwide. We evaluated the sequence of drought responses for plants under increasing water stress, and showed that coselection with environmental water stress drives most trait correlations across species, with functional coordination additionally important for some relationships. These results provide insight into how variation in multiple traits should be represented within plants and across species in models of plant responses to drought.

The Causes of Leaf Hydraulic Vulnerability and Its Influence on Gas Exchange in Arabidopsis thaliana

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 26-10-2018

DOI: 10.1104/PP.18.00743

Shoot surface water uptake enables leaf hydraulic recovery in Avicennia marina

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 17-09-2019

DOI: 10.1111/NPH.16126

Abstract: The significance of shoot surface water uptake (SSWU) has been debated, and it would depend on the range of conditions under which it occurs. We hypothesized that the decline of leaf hydraulic conductance (K

Anatomical constraints to nonstomatal diffusion conductance and photosynthesis in lycophytes and bryophytes.

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 03-02-2019

DOI: 10.1111/NPH.15675

Abstract: Photosynthesis in bryophytes and lycophytes has received less attention than terrestrial plant groups. In particular, few studies have addressed the nonstomatal diffusion conductance to CO

Burning questions for a warming and changing world: 15 unknowns in plant abiotic stress

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 26-08-2022

DOI: 10.1093/PLCELL/KOAC263

Abstract: We present unresolved questions in plant abiotic stress biology as posed by 15 research groups with expertise spanning eco-physiology to cell and molecular biology. Common themes of these questions include the need to better understand how plants detect water availability, temperature, salinity, and rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels how environmental signals interface with endogenous signaling and development (e.g. circadian clock and flowering time) and how this integrated signaling controls downstream responses (e.g. stomatal regulation, proline metabolism, and growth versus defense balance). The plasma membrane comes up frequently as a site of key signaling and transport events (e.g. mechanosensing and lipid-derived signaling, aquaporins). Adaptation to water extremes and rising CO2 affects hydraulic architecture and transpiration, as well as root and shoot growth and morphology, in ways not fully understood. Environmental adaptation involves tradeoffs that limit ecological distribution and crop resilience in the face of changing and increasingly unpredictable environments. Exploration of plant ersity within and among species can help us know which of these tradeoffs represent fundamental limits and which ones can be circumvented by bringing new trait combinations together. Better defining what constitutes beneficial stress resistance in different contexts and making connections between genes and phenotypes, and between laboratory and field observations, are overarching challenges.

Adamts5 (aggrecanase‐2) is widely expressed in the mouse musculoskeletal system and is induced in specific regions of knee joint explants by inflammatory cytokines

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 28-07-2011

DOI: 10.1002/JOR.21508

Abstract: ADAMTS5 (aggrecanase-2) is an extracellular matrix-degrading protease implicated in cartilage destruction in arthritis. Our goals were to determine expression sites of Adamts5 in the murine musculoskeletal system and in an ex vivo joint inflammation model. In mice with an intragenic LacZ reporter controlled by the Adamts5 promoter, β-galactosidase staining was used to identify Adamts5 expressing cells. Mice expressing one wild-type Adamts5 allele were used to determine distribution of Adamts5 mRNA, cleaved aggrecan and versican, and the ADAMTS5 activating enzymes furin and PACE4. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting were used to validate the immunohistochemistry results. Adamts5 was expressed in mouse synovium, tenosynovium, bone marrow sinusoids, tendons, ligaments, ligament insertions, periosteal cells, and bone vasculature. In knee joint explants treated with IL-1α and TNFα, Adamts5 expression was induced in tenocytes, synovium, and in patellar, but not femoral or tibial articular cartilage. In contrast, increased proteoglycan breakdown in tibial and femoral articular cartilage was associated with increased immunohistochemical staining of PACE4 and furin. These studies identify erse cell types in the musculoskeletal system that express Adamts5. They also suggest that Adamts5 induction in joint components other than cartilage, and its post-translational activation by PACE4 and/or furin may be important in the pathophysiology of arthritis.

Response to Comment on “Plant diversity increases with the strength of negative density dependence at the global scale”

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Date: 25-05-2018

DOI: 10.1126/SCIENCE.AAR3824

Abstract: Hülsmann and Hartig suggest that ecological mechanisms other than specialized natural enemies or intraspecific competition contribute to our estimates of conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD). To address their concern, we show that our results are not the result of a methodological artifact and present a null-model analysis that demonstrates that our original findings—(i) stronger CNDD at tropical relative to temperate latitudes and (ii) a latitudinal shift in the relationship between CNDD and species abundance—persist even after controlling for other processes that might influence spatial relationships between adults and recruits.

Plant hydraulics as a central hub integrating plant and ecosystem function: meeting report for ‘Emerging Frontiers in Plant Hydraulics’ (Washington, DC, May 2015)

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 20-07-2016

DOI: 10.1111/PCE.12732

Abstract: Water plays a central role in plant biology and the efficiency of water transport throughout the plant affects both photosynthetic rate and growth, an influence that scales up deterministically to the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, hydraulic traits mediate the ways in which plants interact with their abiotic and biotic environment. At landscape to global scale, plant hydraulic traits are important in describing the function of ecological communities and ecosystems. Plant hydraulics is increasingly recognized as a central hub within a network by which plant biology is connected to palaeobiology, agronomy, climatology, forestry, community and ecosystem ecology and earth-system science. Such grand challenges as anticipating and mitigating the impacts of climate change, and improving the security and sustainability of our food supply rely on our fundamental knowledge of how water behaves in the cells, tissues, organs, bodies and erse communities of plants. A workshop, 'Emerging Frontiers in Plant Hydraulics' supported by the National Science Foundation, was held in Washington DC, 2015 to promote open discussion of new ideas, controversies regarding measurements and analyses, and especially, the potential for expansion of up-scaled and down-scaled inter-disciplinary research, and the strengthening of connections between plant hydraulic research, allied fields and global modelling efforts.

Leaf vein topology confers water transport efficiency

Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC

Date: 06-12-2022

DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-2344990/V1

Abstract: The evolution of xylem vessels and dense leaf vein networks in flowering plants enabled unprecedented increases in plant water transport and rates of CO 2 assimilation. We tested the hypothesis that independent of vein density, higher leaf vein topological efficiency ( VTE ), achieved with denser free vein endings, would reduce the extraxylary pathlength, further benefitting whole-leaf conductance, while reducing carbon investment, and releasing space for light capture. Our analysis across 52 phylogenetically erse angiosperm species demonstrated that for a given vein density, high VTE conferred by dense free endings can shorten the extraxylary pathlength by up to 11%. Across species, high VTE was associated with high stomatal conductance, non-vein area fraction for light capture, and low leaf mass per area. Our findings identify leaf vein topological efficiency as an important measure of the use of leaf space and biomass, and a key factor influencing plant adaptation to historical and future environmental conditions.

Regional forcing explains local species diversity and turnover on tropical islands

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-01-2018

DOI: 10.1111/GEB.12712

How Does Leaf Anatomy Influence Water Transport outside the Xylem?

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 17-06-2015

DOI: 10.1104/PP.15.00731

Response to Comment on “Plant diversity increases with the strength of negative density dependence at the global scale”

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Date: 25-05-2018

DOI: 10.1126/SCIENCE.AAR5245

Abstract: Chisholm and Fung claim that our method of estimating conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) in recruitment is systematically biased, and present an alternative method that shows no latitudinal pattern in CNDD. We demonstrate that their approach produces strongly biased estimates of CNDD, explaining why they do not detect a latitudinal pattern. We also address their methodological concerns using an alternative distance-weighted approach, which supports our original findings of a latitudinal gradient in CNDD and a latitudinal shift in the relationship between CNDD and species abundance.

Diversity of hydraulic traits in nine Cordia species growing in tropical forests with contrasting precipitation

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 21-06-2007

DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.2007.02137.X

Abstract: Inter- and intraspecific variation in hydraulic traits was investigated in nine Cordia (Boraginaceae) species growing in three tropical rainforests differing in mean annual precipitation (MAP). Interspecific variation was examined for the different Cordia species found at each site, and intraspecific variation was studied in populations of the widespread species Cordia alliodora across the three sites. Strong intra- and interspecific variation were observed in vulnerability to drought-induced embolism. Species growing at drier sites were more resistant to embolism than those growing at moister sites the same pattern was observed for populations of C. alliodora. By contrast, traits related to hydraulic capacity, including stem xylem vessel diameter, sapwood specific conductivity (K(s)) and leaf specific conductivity (K(L)), varied strongly but independently of MAP. For C. alliodora, xylem anatomy, K(s), K(L) and Huber value varied little across sites, with K(s) and K(L) being consistently high relative to other Cordia species. A constitutively high hydraulic capacity coupled with plastic or genotypic adjustment in vulnerability to embolism and leaf water relations would contribute to the ability of C. alliodora to establish and compete across a wide precipitation gradient.

What is conservation physiology? Perspectives on an increasingly integrated and essential science

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 26-03-2013

DOI: 10.1093/CONPHYS/COT001

Harvesting water from unsaturated atmospheres: deliquescence of salt secreted onto leaf surfaces drives reverse sap flow in a dominant arid climate mangrove, Avicennia marina

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 12-06-2021

DOI: 10.1111/NPH.17461

Abstract: The mangrove Avicennia marina adjusts internal salt concentrations by foliar salt secretion. Deliquescence of accumulated salt causes leaf wetting that may provide a water source for salt‐secreting plants in arid coastal wetlands where high nocturnal humidity can usually support deliquescence whereas rainfall events are rare. We tested the hypotheses that salt deliquescence on leaf surfaces can drive top‐down rehydration, and that such absorption of moisture from unsaturated atmospheres makes a functional contribution to dry season shoot water balances. Sap flow and water relations were monitored to assess the uptake of atmospheric water by branches during shoot wetting events under natural and manipulated microclimatic conditions. Reverse sap flow rates increased with increasing relative humidity from 70% to 89%, consistent with function of salt deliquescence in harvesting moisture from unsaturated atmospheres. Top‐down rehydration elevated branch water potentials above those possible from root water uptake, subsidising transpiration rates and reducing branch vulnerability to hydraulic failure in the subsequent photoperiod. Absorption of atmospheric moisture harvested through deliquescence of salt on leaf surfaces enhances water balances of Avicennia marina growing in hypersaline wetlands under arid climatic conditions. Top‐down rehydration from these frequent, low intensity wetting events contributes to prevention of carbon starvation and hydraulic failure during drought.

Global climatic drivers of leaf size.

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Date: 09-2017

DOI: 10.1126/SCIENCE.AAL4760

Abstract: Leaf size varies by over a 100,000-fold among species worldwide. Although 19th-century plant geographers noted that the wet tropics harbor plants with exceptionally large leaves, the latitudinal gradient of leaf size has not been well quantified nor the key climatic drivers convincingly identified. Here, we characterize worldwide patterns in leaf size. Large-leaved species predominate in wet, hot, sunny environments small-leaved species typify hot, sunny environments only in arid conditions small leaves are also found in high latitudes and elevations. By modeling the balance of leaf energy inputs and outputs, we show that daytime and nighttime leaf-to-air temperature differences are key to geographic gradients in leaf size. This knowledge can enrich "next-generation" vegetation models in which leaf temperature and water use during photosynthesis play key roles.

Leaf water storage increases with salinity and aridity in the mangrove Avicennia marina: integration of leaf structure, osmotic adjustment and access to multiple water sources

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 20-06-2017

DOI: 10.1111/PCE.12962

Abstract: Leaf structure and water relations were studied in a temperate population of Avicennia marina subsp. australasica along a natural salinity gradient [28 to 49 parts per thousand (ppt)] and compared with two subspecies grown naturally in similar soil salinities to those of subsp. australasica but under different climates: subsp. eucalyptifolia (salinity 30 ppt, wet tropics) and subsp. marina (salinity 46 ppt, arid tropics). Leaf thickness, leaf dry mass per area and water content increased with salinity and aridity. Turgor loss point declined with increase in soil salinity, driven mainly by differences in osmotic potential at full turgor. Nevertheless, a high modulus of elasticity (ε) contributed to maintenance of high cell hydration at turgor loss point. Despite similarity among leaves in leaf water storage capacitance, total leaf water storage increased with increasing salinity and aridity. The time that stored water alone could sustain an evaporation rate of 1 mmol m

Resolving Australian analogs for an Eocene Patagonian paleorainforest using leaf size and floristics

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 07-2015

DOI: 10.3732/AJB.1500159

Abstract: • The erse early Eocene flora from Laguna del Hunco (LH) in Patagonia, Argentina has many nearest living relatives (NLRs) in Australasia but few in South America, indicating the differential survival of an ancient, trans-Antarctic rainforest biome. To better understand this significant biogeographic pattern, we used detailed comparisons of leaf size and floristics to quantify the legacy of LH across a large network of Australian rainforest-plot assemblages.• We applied vein scaling, a new method for estimating the original areas of fragmented leaves. We then compared leaf size and floristics at LH with living Australian assemblages and tabulated the climates of those where NLRs occur, along with additional data on climatic ranges of "ex-Australian" NLRs that survive outside of Australia.• Vein scaling estimated areas as accurately as leaf-size classes. Applying vein scaling to fossil fragments increased the grand mean area of LH by 450 mm(2), recovering more originally large leaves. The paleoflora has a majority of microphyll leaves, comparable to leaf litter in subtropical Australian forests, which also have the greatest floristic similarity to LH. Tropical Australian assemblages also share many taxa with LH, and ex-Australian NLRs mostly inhabit cool, wet montane habitats no longer present in Australia.• Vein scaling is valuable for improving the resolution of fossil leaf-size distributions by including fragmented specimens. The legacy of LH is evident not only in subtropical and tropical Australia but also in tropical montane Australasia and Southeast Asia, reflecting the disparate histories of surviving Gondwanan lineages.

Leaf mass per area is independent of vein length per area: avoiding pitfalls when modelling phenotypic integration (reply to Blonder et al. 2014)

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 12-08-2014

DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERU305

Global importance of large‐diameter trees

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 08-05-2018

DOI: 10.1111/GEB.12747

Outside-Xylem Vulnerability, Not Xylem Embolism, Controls Leaf Hydraulic Decline during Dehydration

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 03-01-2017

DOI: 10.1104/PP.16.01643

The Cohesion‐Tension Theory

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 23-06-2004

DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.2004.01142.X

The Developmental Basis of Stomatal Density and Flux  

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 06-06-2016

DOI: 10.1104/PP.16.00476

Abstract: Equations for stomatal density and maximum theoretical stomatal conductance as functions of stomatal initiation rate, epidermal cell size, and stomatal size enable scaling from development to flux.

Adjustment of structure and function of Hawaiian Metrosideros polymorpha at high vs. low precipitation

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 03-08-2007

DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2435.2007.01323.X

Fossil leaf economics quantified: calibration, Eocene case study, and implications

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 12-2007

DOI: 10.1666/07001.1

Meta-analysis reveals that hydraulic traits explain cross-species patterns of drought-induced tree mortality across the globe

Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Date: 18-04-2016

DOI: 10.1073/PNAS.1525678113

Abstract: Predicting the impacts of climate extremes on plant communities is a central challenge in ecology. Physiological traits may improve prediction of drought impacts on forests globally. We perform a meta-analysis across 33 studies that span all forested biomes and find that, among the examined traits, hydraulic traits explain cross-species patterns in mortality from drought. Gymnosperm and angiosperm mortality was associated with different hydraulic traits, giving insight into the relative weights of different traits and mechanisms in mortality prediction. Our results provide a foundation for more mechanistic predictions of drought-induced tree mortality across Earth’s erse forests.

Coordinated decline of leaf hydraulic and stomatal conductances under drought is not linked to leaf xylem embolism for different grapevine cultivars

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 11-12-2020

DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERAA392

Abstract: Drought decreases water transport capacity of leaves and limits gas exchange, which involves reduced leaf leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) in both the xylem and outside-xylem pathways. Some literature suggests that grapevines are hyper-susceptible to drought-induced xylem embolism. We combined Kleaf and gas exchange measurements, micro-computed tomography of intact leaves, and spatially explicit modeling of the outside-xylem pathways to evaluate the role of vein embolism and Kleaf in the responses of two different grapevine cultivars to drought. Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay exhibited similar vulnerabilities of Kleaf and gs to dehydration, decreasing substantially prior to leaf xylem embolism. Kleaf and gs decreased by 80% for both cultivars by Ψ leaf approximately –0.7 MPa and –1.2 MPa, respectively, while leaf xylem embolism initiated around Ψ leaf = –1.25 MPa in the midribs and little to no embolism was detected in minor veins even under severe dehydration for both cultivars. Modeling results indicated that reduced membrane permeability associated with a Casparian-like band in the leaf vein bundle sheath would explain declines in Kleaf of both cultivars. We conclude that during moderate water stress, changes in the outside-xylem pathways, rather than xylem embolism, are responsible for reduced Kleaf and gs. Understanding this mechanism could help to ensure adequate carbon capture and crop performance under drought.

Secrecy Outage on Transmit Antenna Selection/Maximal Ratio Combining in MIMO Cognitive Radio Networks

Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Date: 12-2016

DOI: 10.1109/TVT.2016.2529704

The anatomical and compositional basis of leaf mass per area

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 14-02-2017

DOI: 10.1111/ELE.12739

Abstract: Leaf dry mass per unit leaf area (LMA) is a central trait in ecology, but its anatomical and compositional basis has been unclear. An explicit mathematical and physical framework for quantifying the cell and tissue determinants of LMA will enable tests of their influence on species, communities and ecosystems. We present an approach to explaining LMA from the numbers, dimensions and mass densities of leaf cells and tissues, which provided unprecedented explanatory power for 11 broadleaved woody angiosperm species erse in LMA (33-262 g m

When facilitation meets clonal integration in forest canopies.

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 25-10-2020

DOI: 10.1111/NPH.16228

Abstract: Few studies have explored how - within the same system - clonality and positive plant-plant interactions might interact to regulate plant community composition. Canopy-dwelling epiphytes in species-rich forests provide an ideal system for studying this because many epiphytic vascular plants undertake clonal growth and because vascular epiphytes colonize canopy habitats after the formation of nonvascular epiphyte (i.e. bryophyte and lichen) mats. We investigated how clonal integration of seven dominant vascular epiphytes influenced inter-specific interactions between vascular epiphytes and nonvascular epiphytes in a subtropical montane moist forest in southwest China. Both clonal integration and environmental buffering from nonvascular epiphytes increased survival and growth of vascular epiphytes. The benefits of clonal integration for vascular epiphytes were higher when nonvascular epiphytes were removed. Similarly, facilitation from nonvascular epiphytes played a more important role when clonal integration of vascular epiphytes was eliminated. Overall, clonal integration had greater benefits than inter-specific facilitation. This study provides novel evidence for interactive effects of clonality and facilitation between vascular and nonvascular species, and has implications for our understanding of a wide range of ecosystems where both high levels of clonality and facilitation are expected to occur.

Testing the association of relative growth rate and adaptation to climate across natural ecotypes of Arabidopsis

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 08-08-2022

DOI: 10.1111/NPH.18369

Abstract: Ecophysiologists have reported a range of relationships, including intrinsic trade‐offs across and within species between plant relative growth rate in high resource conditions (RGR) vs adaptation to tolerate cold or arid climates, arising from trait‐based mechanisms. Few studies have considered ecotypes within a species, in which the lack of a trade‐off would contribute to a wide species range and resilience to climate change. For 15 ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana in a common garden we tested for associations between RGR vs adaptation to cold or dry native climates and assessed hypotheses for its mediation by 15 functional traits. Ecotypes native to warmer, drier climates had higher leaf density, leaf mass per area, root mass fraction, nitrogen per leaf area and carbon isotope ratio, and lower osmotic potential at full turgor. Relative growth rate was statistically independent of the climate of the ecotype native range and of in idual functional traits. The decoupling of RGR and cold or drought adaptation in Arabidopsis is consistent with multiple stress resistance and avoidance mechanisms for ecotypic climate adaptation and would contribute to the species’ wide geographic range and resilience as the climate changes.

Distribution of biomass dynamics in relation to tree size in forests across the world.

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 24-02-2022

DOI: 10.1111/NPH.17995

Abstract: Tree size shapes forest carbon dynamics and determines how trees interact with their environment, including a changing climate. Here, we conduct the first global analysis of among-site differences in how aboveground biomass stocks and fluxes are distributed with tree size. We analyzed repeat tree censuses from 25 large-scale (4-52 ha) forest plots spanning a broad climatic range over five continents to characterize how aboveground biomass, woody productivity, and woody mortality vary with tree diameter. We examined how the median, dispersion, and skewness of these size-related distributions vary with mean annual temperature and precipitation. In warmer forests, aboveground biomass, woody productivity, and woody mortality were more broadly distributed with respect to tree size. In warmer and wetter forests, aboveground biomass and woody productivity were more right skewed, with a long tail towards large trees. Small trees (1-10 cm diameter) contributed more to productivity and mortality than to biomass, highlighting the importance of including these trees in analyses of forest dynamics. Our findings provide an improved characterization of climate-driven forest differences in the size structure of aboveground biomass and dynamics of that biomass, as well as refined benchmarks for capturing climate influences in vegetation demographic models.

Georgetown University

Location: United States of America

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Cleveland Clinic Lerner College Of Medicine Of Case Western Reserve University

Location: United States of America

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University Of Pennsylvania

Location: United States of America

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Rothman Orthopaedic Institute

Location: United States of America

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Cleveland Clinic

Location: United States of America

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Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP110105380

Start Date: 2011

End Date: 12-2014

Amount: $315,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP180102969

Start Date: 05-2018

End Date: 12-2021

Amount: $368,400.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0881009

Start Date: 04-2008

End Date: 07-2011

Amount: $318,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP150104437

Start Date: 06-2015

End Date: 06-2018

Amount: $428,900.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP1096749

Start Date: 2010

End Date: 12-2012

Amount: $326,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council