ORCID Profile
0000-0002-3675-5013
Current Organisations
Anses Laboratoire de santé animale de Maisons-Alfort
,
Örebro University Hospital
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Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 28-06-2022
Abstract: The importance of the parasite microbiome is gaining recognition. Of particular concern is understanding how these parasite microbiomes influence host-parasite interactions and parasite interactions with the vertebrate host microbiome as part of a system of nested holobionts.
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 05-2019
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02277-18
Abstract: The threespine stickleback species complex is an important model system in ecological and evolutionary studies because of the large number of isolated ergent populations that are experimentally tractable. For similar reasons, its coevolution with the cestode parasite Schistocephalus solidus , its interaction with gut microbes, and the evolution of its immune system are of growing interest. Herein we describe the discovery of an RNA virus that infects both freshwater and anadromous populations of sticklebacks. We show that the virus is transmitted vertically in laboratory settings and found it in Sequence Reads Archives, suggesting that experiments using sticklebacks were conducted in the presence of the virus. This discovery can serve as a reminder that the presence of viruses in wild-caught animals is possible, even when animals appear healthy. Regarding threespine sticklebacks, the impact of Threespine Stickleback picornavirus (TSPV) on the fish biology should be investigated further to ensure that it does not interfere with experimental results.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-11-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2014
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 06-01-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-06-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S00248-021-01774-Z
Abstract: Microbial communities within metazoans are increasingly linked with development, health and behaviour, possibly functioning as integrated evolutionary units with the animal in which they live. This would require microbial communities to show some consistency both ontogenetically (across life stages) and geographically (among populations). We characterise the bacteriome of the parasitic trematode Philophthalmus attenuatus, which undergoes major life cycle transitions, and test whether its bacteriome remains consistent on developmental and spatial scales. Based on sequencing the prokaryotic 16S SSU rRNA gene, we compared the parasite bacteriome (i) across three life stages (rediae in snails, cercariae exiting snails, adults in birds) in one locality and (ii) among three geographic localities for rediae only. We found that each life stage harbours a bacteriome different from that of its host (except the adult stage) and the external environment. Very few bacterial taxa were shared among life stages, suggesting substantial ontogenetic turnover in bacteriome composition. Rediae from the three different localities also had different bacteriomes, with dissimilarities increasing with geographical distance. However, rediae from different localities nevertheless shared more bacterial taxa than did different life stages from the same locality. Changes in the bacteriome along the parasite's developmental history but some degree of geographical stability within a given life stage point toward non-random, stage-specific acquisition, selection and/or propagation of bacteria.
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 29-08-2017
DOI: 10.1128/MSYSTEMS.00050-17
Abstract: Understanding how microbiomes affect host resistance, parasite virulence, and parasite-associated diseases requires a collaborative effort between parasitologists, microbial ecologists, virologists, and immunologists. We hereby propose the Parasite Microbiome Project to bring together researchers with complementary expertise and to study the role of microbes in host-parasite interactions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.MEEGID.2015.05.027
Abstract: Understanding parasite strategies for evasion, manipulation or exploitation of hosts is crucial for many fields, from ecology to medical sciences. Generally, research has focused on either the host response to parasitic infection, or the parasite virulence mechanisms. More recently, integrated studies of host-parasite interactions have allowed significant advances in theoretical and applied biology. However, these studies still provide a simplistic view of these as mere two-player interactions. Host and parasite are associated with a myriad of microorganisms that could benefit from the improved fitness of their partner. Illustrations of such complex multi-player interactions have emerged recently from studies performed in various taxa. In this conceptual article, we propose how these associated microorganisms may participate in the phenotypic alterations induced by parasites and hence in host-parasite interactions, from an ecological and evolutionary perspective. Host- and parasite-associated microorganisms may participate in the host-parasite interaction by interacting directly or indirectly with the other partner. As a result, parasites may develop (i) the disruptive strategy in which the parasite alters the host microbiota to its advantage, and (ii) the biological weapon strategy where the parasite-associated microorganism contributes to or modulates the parasite's virulence. Some phenotypic alterations induced by parasite may also arise from conflicts of interests between the host or parasite and its associated microorganism. For each situation, we review the literature and propose new directions for future research. Specifically, investigating the role of host- and parasite-associated microorganisms in host-parasite interactions at the in idual, local and regional level will lead to a holistic understanding of how the co-evolution of the different partners influences how the other ones respond, both ecologically and evolutionary. The conceptual framework we propose here is important and relevant to understand the proximate basis of parasite strategies, to predict their evolutionary dynamics and potentially to prevent therapeutic failures.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-02-2022
DOI: 10.1111/JFD.13596
Abstract: Gilthead seabream represents a species of importance in Mediterranean aquaculture. The larval stage is particularly sensitive and frequently impacted in suboptimal environmental or sanitary conditions. In the present study, investigations were carried out in a seabream hatchery following an unusual mortality reaching 70% among 50‐day post‐hatching. Anorexia, loss of appetite and abnormal swimming behaviour were observed in absence of parasites or pathogenic bacteria. Proliferation of rod‐shaped bacteria in the gut lumen was associated with focal degeneration in the intestinal mucosa. Cytopathic effects on an EK‐1 cell line after 21 days of culture at 14°C and 20°C in contact with homogenized affected larvae revealed the presence of a viral agent. Molecular characterization by high‐throughput sequencing showed a typical picornavirus genome organization with a polyprotein precursor of 2276 amino acids sharing 46.3% identity with that of the Eel Picornavirus‐1. A specific real‐time PCR confirmed the presence of the viral genome in affected larval homogenate and corresponding cell culture supernatant. We propose the name Potamipivirus daurada for this novel species within the genus Potamipivirus. The etiological role of this virus remains uncertain at this time, and future studies will be necessary to investigate its prevalence in natural and aquaculture‐reared populations as well as its ability to cause diseases in gilthead seabream.
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 15-04-2021
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-323107/V1
Abstract: Background: A growing literature demonstrates the impact of helminths on their host gut microbiome. However, there is now a need to investigate helminth associated microbes and the complex tripartite interactions between parasite, microbes, and hosts. Methods: We investigated whether the stickleback host microbiome depends on eco-evolutionary variables by testing the impact of exposure to the parasite Schistocephalus solidus , infection success, host genotype, parasite genotype, and parasite microbiome composition. Results: We observed constitutive differences in the microbiome of stickleback of different origin that increased when sticklebacks exposed to the parasite resisted infection. In contrast, the microbiome of successfully infected sticklebacks varies with parasite genotype. More specifically, we reveal that the association between microbiome and immune gene expression increases in infected in iduals, and varies with parasite genotype. In addition, we showed that S. solidus hosts a complex endo-microbiome and that the abundance and prevalence of an unknown Chloroflexi in the parasite correlate with expression of host immune genes including foxp3 , tnfr1 , cd97 , stat6 and marco . Conclusions: Within this first comprehensive analysis of a cestode’s interaction with bacteria, we demonstrate that (i) regardless of infection success, parasites contribute to modulating the host microbiome, (ii). when infection is successful, the host microbiome varies with parasite genotype due to genotype-dependent variation in parasite immunomodulation, and (iii) the parasite-associated microbiome is distinct from its host’s and contribute to the host immune response to infection. While a growing number of studies focus on determining the genetic and environmental factors contributing to host microbiome composition, this study reveals that parasites, parasite genetic factors, and parasite microbiomes can contribute regardless of whether the infection was successful.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-09-2022
DOI: 10.1111/MEC.16671
Abstract: Division of labour through the formation of morphologically and functionally distinct castes is a recurring theme in the evolution of animal sociality. The mechanisms driving the differentiation of in iduals into distinct castes remain poorly understood, especially for animals forming clonal colonies. We test the association between microbiomes and caste formation within the social trematode Philophthalmus attenuatus, using a metabarcoding approach targeting the bacterial 16S SSU rRNA gene. Clonal colonies of this trematode within snail hosts comprise large reproductive in iduals which produce dispersal stages, and small, non-reproducing soldiers which defend the colony against invaders. In colonies extracted directly from field-collected snails, reproductives harboured more erse bacterial communities than soldiers, and reproductives and soldiers harboured distinct bacterial communities, at all taxonomic levels considered. No single bacterial taxon showed high enough prevalence in either soldiers or reproductives to be singled out as a key driver, indicating that the whole microbial community contributes to these differences. Other colonies were experimentally exposed to antibiotics to alter their bacterial communities, and s led shortly after treatment and weeks later after allowing for turnover of colony members. At those time points, bacterial communities of the two castes still differed across all antibiotic treatments however, the caste ratio within colonies changed: after antibiotic disruption and turnover of in iduals, new in iduals were more likely to become reproductives than in undisturbed control colonies. Our results reveal that each caste has a distinct microbiome whether the social context affects the microbiota, or whether microbes contribute to modulating the phenotype of in iduals, remains to be determined.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-08-2021
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 22-09-2021
Abstract: Epidemiological traits of host–parasite associations depend on the effects of the host, the parasite and their interaction. Parasites evolve mechanisms to infect and exploit their hosts, whereas hosts evolve mechanisms to prevent infection and limit detrimental effects. The reasons why and how these traits differ across populations still remain unclear. Using experimental cross-infection of three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus and their species-specific cestode parasites Schistocephalus solidus from Alaskan and European populations, we disentangled host, parasite and interaction effects on epidemiological traits at different geographical scales. We hypothesized that host and parasite main effects would dominate both within and across continents, although interaction effects would show geographical variation of natural selection within and across continents. We found that mechanisms preventing infection (qualitative resistance) occurred only in a combination of hosts and parasites from different continents, while mechanisms limiting parasite burden (quantitative resistance) and reducing detrimental effects of infection (tolerance) were host-population specific. We conclude that evolution favours distinct defence mechanisms on different geographical scales and that it is important to distinguish concepts of qualitative resistance, quantitative resistance and tolerance in studies of macroparasite infections.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJPARA.2021.11.006
Abstract: Parasites harbour rich microbial communities that may play a role in host-parasite interactions, from influencing the parasite's infectivity to modulating its virulence. Experimental manipulation of a parasite's microbes would be essential, however, in order to establish their causal role. Here, we tested whether indirect exposure of a trematode parasite within its snail intermediate host to a variety of antibiotics could alter its bacterial community. Based on sequencing the prokaryotic 16S ssrRNA gene, we characterised and compared the bacterial community of the trematode Philophthalmus attenuatus before, shortly after, and weeks after exposure to different antibiotics (penicillin, colistin, gentamicin) with distinct activity spectra. Our findings revealed that indirectly treating the parasites by exposing their snail host to antibiotics resulted in changes to their bacterial communities, measured as their ersity, taxonomic composition, and/or the relative abundance of certain taxa. However, alterations to the parasite's bacterial community were not always as predicted from the activity spectrum of the antibiotic used. Furthermore, the bacterial communities of the parasites followed significantly ergent trajectories in the days post-exposure to antibiotics, but later converged toward a new state, i.e. a new bacterial community structure different from that pre-exposure. Our results confirm that a trematode's microbial community can be experimentally altered by antibiotic exposure while within its snail host, with the dynamic nature of the bacterial assemblage driving it to a new state over time after the perturbation. This research opens new possibilities for future experimental investigations of the functional roles of microbes in host-parasite interactions.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 23-08-2016
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2023
DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X23000056
Abstract: The evolution of helminth parasites has long been seen as an interplay between host resistance to infection and the parasite's capacity to bypass such resistance. However, there has recently been an increasing appreciation of the role of symbiotic microbes in the interaction of helminth parasites and their hosts. It is now clear that helminths have a different microbiome from the organisms they parasitize, and sometimes amid large variability, components of the microbiome are shared among different life stages or among populations of the parasite. Helminths have been shown to acquire microbes from their parent generations (vertical transmission) and from their surroundings (horizontal transmission). In this latter case, natural selection has been strongly linked to the fact that helminth-associated microbiota is not simply a random assemblage of the pool of microbes available from their organismal hosts or environments. Indeed, some helminth parasites and specific microbial taxa have evolved complex ecological relationships, ranging from obligate mutualism to reproductive manipulation of the helminth by associated microbes. However, our understanding is still very elementary regarding the net effect of all microbiome components in the eco-evolution of helminths and their interaction with hosts. In this non-exhaustible review, we focus on the bacterial microbiome associated with helminths (as opposed to the microbiome of their hosts) and highlight relevant concepts and key findings in bacterial transmission, ecological associations, and taxonomic and functional ersity of the bacteriome. We integrate the microbiome dimension in a discussion of the evolution of helminth parasites and identify fundamental knowledge gaps, finally suggesting research avenues for understanding the eco-evolutionary impacts of the microbiome in host–parasite interactions in light of new technological developments.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-05-2011
DOI: 10.1038/ICB.2011.3
Abstract: The 185/333 proteins of sea urchins represent a family of highly variable immune response molecules with unknown functions. In this study, we show that 185/333 proteins are expressed by three cell types: amoebocytes, colourless spherule cells and gut-associated amoebocytes. A sub-population of amoebocytes express 185/333 proteins on the membranes of vesicles emanating from the trans-Golgi and which later fuse with the plasma membranes of the cells. The previously uncharacterized gut-associated amoebocytes also show a high level of 185/333 protein expression on their internal vesicles and plasma membranes. Colourless spherule cells contain 185/333 proteins within large spherules (specialized intracellular vesicles). In the presence of bacteria and yeast, the ultrastucture of colourless spherule cells changes and 185/333 proteins disappear. In contrast, 185/333 proteins were not found in the phagosomes of coelomocytes. The 185/333-positive gut amoebocytes were often associated with anuclear bodies, which appeared to incorporate material of microbial origin that was surrounded by 185/333 proteins. The association between 185/333 proteins on gut amoebocytes and anuclear bodies suggests that these proteins may be involved in the phagocytosis of microbes in the gut epithelium.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 10-10-2019
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-01-2022
DOI: 10.1111/MEC.16344
Abstract: A growing literature demonstrates the impact of helminths on their host gut microbiome. We investigated whether the stickleback host microbiome depends on ecoevolutionary variables by testing the impact of exposure to the cestode parasite Schistocephalus solidus with respect to infection success, host genotype, parasite genotype, and parasite microbiome composition. We observed constitutive differences in the microbiome of sticklebacks of different origin, and those differences increased when sticklebacks exposed to the parasite resisted infection. In contrast, the microbiome of successfully infected sticklebacks varied with parasite genotype. More specifically, we revealed that the association between microbiome and immune gene expression increased in infected in iduals and varied with parasite genotype. In addition, we showed that S . solidus hosts a complex endomicrobiome and that bacterial abundance in the parasite correlates with expression of host immune genes. Within this comprehensive analysis we demonstrated that (i) parasites contribute to modulating the host microbiome through both successful and unsuccessful infection, (ii) when infection is successful, the host microbiome varies with parasite genotype due to genotype‐dependent variation in parasite immunomodulation, and (iii) the parasite‐associated microbiome is distinct from its host and impacts the host immune response to infection.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 27-03-2013
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 29-06-2022
DOI: 10.1128/SPECTRUM.00138-22
Abstract: Little is known about the ersity of parasite-associated viruses and how these viruses may impact parasite fitness, parasite-host interactions, and virus evolution. The discovery of over a hundred viruses associated with a range of free-living and parasitic flatworms, including parasites of economic and clinical relevance, allowed us to compare the viromes of flatworms with contrasting lifestyles.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 21-12-2018
DOI: 10.1101/502195
Abstract: The complete genome sequence of an RNA virus was assembled from RNA sequencing of virus particles purified from threespine stickleback intestine s les. This new virus is most closely related to the Eel Picornavirus and can be assigned to the genus Potamipivirus in the family Picornoviridae. Its unique genetic properties are sufficient to establish a new species, dubbed the Threespine Stickleback Picornavirus (TSPV). Due to their broad geographic distribution throughout the northern hemisphere and parallel adaptation to freshwater, threespine sticklebacks have become a model in evolutionary ecology. Further analysis using diagnostic PCRs revealed that TSPV is highly prevalent in both anadromous and freshwater populations of threespine sticklebacks and is transmitted vertically to offspring obtained from in vitro fertilization in laboratory settings. It is thus necessary to test the impact of TSPV on the biology of threespine sticklebacks as this widespread virus could interfere with the behavioral, physiological, or immunological studies that employ threespine sticklebacks as model system.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 09-05-2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-01-2020
DOI: 10.1111/EVA.12920
Abstract: Strong and ongoing artificial selection in domestic animals has resulted in amazing phenotypic responses that benefit humans, but often at a cost to an animal's health, and problems related to inbreeding depression, including a higher incidence of cancer. Despite high rates of cancer in domesticated species, little attention has been devoted to exploring the hypothesis that persistent artificial selection may also favour the evolution of compensatory anticancer defences. Indeed, there is evidence for effective anti‐cancer defences found in several domesticated species associated with different cancer types. We also suggest that artificial selection can favour the “domestication” of inherited oncogenic mutations in rare instances, retaining those associated to late and/or less aggressive cancers, and that by studying these seemingly rare anticancer adaptations, novel cancer treatments may be found.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-2022
DOI: 10.1038/S43705-022-00092-W
Abstract: The symbiont-associated (SA) environmental package is a new extension to the minimum information about any (x) sequence (MIxS) standards, established by the Parasite Microbiome Project (PMP) consortium, in collaboration with the Genomics Standard Consortium. The SA was built upon the host-associated MIxS standard, but reflects the nestedness of symbiont-associated microbiota within and across host-symbiont-microbe interactions. This package is designed to facilitate the collection and reporting of a broad range of metadata information that apply to symbionts such as life history traits, association with one or multiple host organisms, or the nature of host-symbiont interactions along the mutualism-parasitism continuum. To better reflect the inherent nestedness of all biological systems, we present a novel feature that allows users to co-localize s les, to nest a package within another package, and to identify replicates. Adoption of the MIxS-SA and of the new terms will facilitate reports of complex s ling design from a myriad of environments.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 26-07-2018
DOI: 10.1101/378034
Abstract: Selective pressures between hosts and their parasites can result in reciprocal evolution or adaptation of specific life history traits. Local adaptation of resident hosts and parasites should lead to increase parasite infectivity/virulence (higher compatibility) when infecting hosts from the same location (in sympatry) than from a foreign location (in allopatry). Analysis of geographic variations in compatibility phenotypes is the most common proxy used to infer local adaptation. However, in some cases, allopatric host-parasite systems demonstrate similar or greater compatibility than in sympatry. In such cases, the potential for local adaptation remains unclear. Here, we study the interaction between Schistosoma and its vector snail Biomphalaria in which such discrepancy in local versus foreign compatibility phenotype has been reported. Herein, we aim at bridging this gap of knowledge by comparing life history traits (immune cellular response, host mortality, and parasite growth) and molecular responses in highly compatible sympatric and allopatric Schistosoma/Biomphalaria interactions originating from different geographic localities (Brazil, Venezuela and Burundi). We found that despite displaying similar prevalence phenotypes, sympatric schistosomes triggered a rapid immune suppression (dual-RNAseq analyses) in the snails within 24h post infection, whereas infection by allopatric schistosomes (regardless of the species) was associated with immune cell proliferation and triggered a non-specific generalized immune response after 96h. We observed that, sympatric schistosomes grow more rapidly. Finally, we identify miRNAs differentially expressed by Schistosoma mansoni that target host immune genes and could be responsible for hijacking the host immune response during the sympatric interaction. We show that despite having similar prevalence phenotypes, sympatric and allopatric snail- Schistosoma interactions displayed strong differences in their immunobiological molecular dialogue. Understanding the mechanisms allowing parasites to adapt rapidly and efficiently to new hosts is critical to control disease emergence and risks of Schistosomiasis outbreaks. Schistosomiasis, the second most widespread human parasitic disease after malaria, is caused by helminth parasites of the genus Schistosoma . More than 200 million people in 74 countries suffer from the pathological, and societal consequences of this disease. To complete its life cycle, the parasite requires an intermediate host, a freshwater snail of the genus Biomphalaria for its transmission. Given the limited options for treating Schistosoma mansoni infections in humans, much research has focused on developing methods to control transmission by its intermediate snail host. Biomphalaria glabrata . Comparative studies have shown that infection of the snail triggers complex cellular and humoral immune responses resulting in significant variations in parasite infectivity and snail susceptibility, known as the so-called polymorphism of compatibility. However, studies have mostly focused on characterizing the immunobiological mechanisms in sympatric interactions. Herein we used a combination of molecular and phenotypic approaches to compare the effect of infection in various sympatric and allopatric evolutionary contexts, allowing us to better understand the mechanisms of host-parasite local adaptation. Learning more about the immunobiological interactions between B . glabrata and S . mansoni could have important socioeconomic and public health impacts by changing the way we attempt to eradicate parasitic diseases and prevent or control schistosomiasis in the field.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.DCI.2012.03.006
Abstract: Genome sequences and high ersity cDNA arrays have provided a detailed molecular understanding of immune responses in a number of invertebrates, including sea urchins. However, complementary analyses have not been undertaken at the level of proteins. Here, we use shotgun proteomics to describe changes in the abundance of proteins from coelomocytes of sea urchins after immunological challenge and wounding. The relative abundance of 345 reproducibly identified proteins were measured 6, 24 and 48 h after injection. Significant changes in the relative abundance of 188 proteins were detected. These included pathogen-binding proteins, such as the complement component C3 and scavenger receptor cysteine rich proteins, as well as proteins responsible for cytoskeletal remodeling, endocytosis and intracellular signaling. An initial systemic reaction to wounding was followed by a more specific response to immunological challenge involving proteins such as apolipophorin, dual oxidase, fibrocystin L, aminopeptidase N and α-2-macroglobulin.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.JIP.2010.09.008
Abstract: Echinoderms evolved early in the deuterostome lineage, and as such constitute model organisms for comparative physiology and immunology. The sea urchin genome sequence (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) revealed a complex repertoire of genes with similarities to the immune response genes of other species. To complement these genomic data, we investigated the responses of sea urchins to the injection of bacteria using a comparative proteomics approach on a closely related species. In the sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma, the relative abundance of many proteins was altered in response to the injection of both bacteria and saline, suggesting their involvement in wounding responses, while others were differentially altered in response to bacteria only. The identities of 15 proteins that differed in relative abundance were determined by mass spectrometry. These proteins revealed a significant modification in energy metabolism in coelomocytes towards the consumption of glutamate and the production of NADPH after injection, as well as an increased concentration of cell signalling molecules, such as heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein. The injection of bacteria specifically increased the abundance of apextrin and calreticulin, suggesting that these two proteins are involved in the sequestration or inactivation of bacteria.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2022
Publisher: Springer US
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8059-5_14
Abstract: A survey for immune genes in the genome for the purple sea urchin has shown that the immune system is complex and sophisticated. By inference, immune responses of all echinoderms maybe similar. The immune system is mediated by several types of coelomocytes that are also useful as sensors of environmental stresses. There are a number of large gene families in the purple sea urchin genome that function in immunity and of which at least one appears to employ novel approaches for sequence ersification. Echinoderms have a simpler complement system, a large set of lectin genes and a number of antimicrobial peptides. Profiling the immune genes expressed by coelomocytes and the proteins in the coelomic fluid provide detailed information about immune functions in the sea urchin. The importance of echinoderms in maintaining marine ecosystem stability and the disastrous effects of their removal due to disease will require future collaborations between ecologists and immunologists working towards understanding and preserving marine habitats.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 22-03-2022
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01954-21
Abstract: Technical advances in metagenomics and metatranscriptomics have dramatically accelerated virus discovery in recent years. “Chuviruses” were first described in 2015 as obscure negative-sense RNA viruses of erse arthropods. Although chuviruses first appeared to be members of the negarnaviricot order Mononegavirales in phylogenetic analyses using RNA-directed RNA polymerase sequences, further characterization revealed unusual gene orders in genomes that are nonsegmented, segmented, and/or possibly circular.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 03-07-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2011
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 20-03-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.DCI.2013.01.007
Abstract: The purple sea urchin has a complex immune system that is likely mediated by gene expression in coelomocytes (blood cells). A broad array of potential immune receptors and immune response proteins has been deduced from their gene models. Here we use shotgun mass spectrometry to describe 307 proteins with possible immune function in sea urchins including proteins involved in the complement pathway and numerous SRCRs. The relative abundance of dual oxidase 1, ceruloplasmin, ferritin and transferrin suggests the production of reactive oxygen species in coelomocytes and the sequestration of iron. Proteins such as selectin, cadherin, talin, galectin, amassin and the Von Willebrand factor may be involved in generating a strong clotting reaction. Cell signaling proteins include a guanine nucleotide binding protein, the Rho GDP dissociation factor, calcium storage molecules and a variety of lipoproteins. However, based on this dataset, the expression of TLRs, NLRs and fibrinogen domain containing proteins in coelomic fluid and coelomocytes could not be verified.
Publisher: The American Association of Immunologists
Date: 15-02-2009
DOI: 10.4049/JIMMUNOL.07012766
Abstract: 185/333 genes and transcripts from the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, predict high levels of amino acid ersity within the encoded proteins. Based on their expression patterns, 185/333 proteins appear to be involved in immune responses. In the present study, one- and two-dimensional Western blots show that 185/333 proteins exhibit high levels of molecular ersity within and between in idual sea urchins. The molecular masses of 185/333-positive bands or spots range from 30 to 250 kDa with a broad array of isoelectric points. The observed molecular masses are higher than those predicted from mRNAs, suggesting that 185/333 proteins form strong associations with other molecules or with each other. Some sea urchins expressed & distinct 185/333 proteins, and each animal had a unique suite of the proteins that differed from all other in iduals. When sea urchins were challenged in vivo with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs bacterial LPS and peptidoglycan), the expression of 185/333 proteins increased. More importantly, different suites of 185/333 proteins were expressed in response to different PAMPs. This suggests that the expression of 185/333 proteins can be tailored toward different PAMPs in a form of pathogen-specific immune response.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-11-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S00705-022-05546-Z
Abstract: In March 2022, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by two new families (bunyaviral Discoviridae and Tulasviridae), 41 new genera, and 98 new species. Three hundred forty-nine species were renamed and/or moved. The accidentally misspelled names of seven species were corrected. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 26-04-2016
DOI: 10.1128/MSYSTEMS.00028-16
Abstract: Given the complexity of host-microbiota symbioses, scientists and philosophers are asking questions at new biological levels of hierarchical organization—what is a holobiont and hologenome? When should this vocabulary be applied? Are these concepts a null hypothesis for host-microbe systems or limited to a certain spectrum of symbiotic interactions such as host-microbial coevolution? Critical discourse is necessary in this nascent area, but productive discourse requires that skeptics and proponents use the same lexicon.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 15-12-2021
DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.15.472606
Abstract: Because parasites have an inextricable relationship with their host, they have the potential to serve as viral reservoirs or facilitate virus host-shifts. Yet, little is known about viruses infecting parasitic hosts except for blood-feeding arthropods that are well-known vectors of zoonotic viruses. Herein we uncover viruses of flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes, group Neodermata) that specialize in parasitizing vertebrates and their ancestral free-living relatives. We discovered 115 novel viral sequences, including 1 in Macrostomorpha, 5 in Polycladida, 44 in Tricladida, 1 in Monogenea, 15 in Cestoda and 49 in Trematoda, through data mining. The majority of newly identified viruses constitute novel families or genera. Phylogenetic analyses show that the virome of flatworms changed dramatically during the transition of Neodermatans to a parasitic lifestyle. Most Neodermatan viruses seem to co- ersify with their host, with the exception of rhabdoviruses which may switch host more often, based on phylogenetic relationships. Neodermatan rhabodviruses also have an ancestral position to vertebrate-associated viruses, including Lyssaviruses, suggesting that vertebrate rhabdoviruses emerged from a flatworm rhabdovirus in a parasitized host. This study reveals an extensive ersity of viruses in Platyhelminthes and highlights the need to evaluate the role of viral infection in flatworm-associated diseases.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 18-12-2018
Publisher: Unpublished
Date: 2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.DCI.2015.02.019
Abstract: Vibrio harveyi is a marine bacterial pathogen responsible for episodic abalone mortalities in France, Japan and Australia. In the European abalone, V. harveyi invades the circulatory system in a few hours after exposure and is lethal after 2 days of infection. In this study, we investigated the responses of European abalone immune cells over the first 24 h of infection. Results revealed an initial induction of immune gene expression including Rel/NF-kB, Mpeg and Clathrin. It is rapidly followed by a significant immuno-suppression characterized by reduced cellular hemocyte parameters, immune response gene expressions and enzymatic activities. Interestingly, Ferritin was overexpressed after 24 h of infection suggesting that abalone attempt to counter V. harveyi infection using soluble effectors. Immune function alteration was positively correlated with V. harveyi concentration. This study provides the evidence that V. harveyi has a hemolytic activity and an immuno-suppressive effect in the European abalone.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-06-2013
Abstract: Biomphalaria glabrata is the mollusc intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni , a digenean flatworm parasite that causes human intestinal schistosomiasis. An estimated 200 million people in 74 countries suffer from schistosomiasis, in terms of morbidity this is the most severe tropical disease after malaria. Epigenetic information informs on the status of gene activity that is heritable, for which changes are reversible and that is not based on the DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms generate variability that provides a source for potentially heritable phenotypic variation and therefore could be involved in the adaptation to environmental constraint. Phenotypic variations are particularly important in host-parasite interactions in which both selective pressure and rate of evolution are high. In this context, epigenetic changes are expected to be major drivers of phenotypic plasticity and co-adaptation between host and parasite. Consequently, with characterization of the genomes of invertebrates that are parasite vectors or intermediate hosts, it is also essential to understand how the epigenetic machinery functions to better decipher the interplay between host and parasite. The CpGo/e ratios were used as a proxy to investigate the occurrence of CpG methylation in B. glabrata coding regions. The presence of DNA methylation in B. glabrata was also confirmed by several experimental approaches: restriction enzymatic digestion with isoschizomers, bisulfite conversion based techniques and LC-MS/MS analysis. In this work, we report that DNA methylation, which is one of the carriers of epigenetic information, occurs in B. glabrata approximately 2% of cytosine nucleotides are methylated. We describe the methylation machinery of B. glabrata . Methylation occurs predominantly at CpG sites, present at high ratios in coding regions of genes associated with housekeeping functions. We also demonstrate by bisulfite treatment that methylation occurs in multiple copies of Nimbus, a transposable element. This study details DNA methylation for the first time, one of the carriers of epigenetic information in B. glabrata . The general characteristics of DNA methylation that we observed in the B. glabrata genome conform to what epigenetic studies have reported from other invertebrate species.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 11-04-2022
DOI: 10.3389/FMICB.2022.863725
Abstract: Tick-borne encephalitis virus’ (TBEV) geographic range and the human incidence are increasing throughout Europe, putting a number of non-endemic regions and countries at risk of outbreaks. In spring 2020, there was an outbreak of tick-born encephalitis (TBE) in Ain, Eastern France, where the virus had never been detected before. All patients but one had consumed traditional unpasteurised raw goat cheese from a local producer. We conducted an investigation in the suspected farm using an integrative One Health approach. Our methodology included (i) the detection of virus in cheese and milk products, (ii) serological testing of all animals in the suspected farm and surrounding farms, (iii) an analysis of the landscape and localisation of wooded area, (iv) the capture of questing ticks and small mammals for virus detection and estimating enzootic hazard, and (v) virus isolation and genome sequencing. This approach allowed us to confirm the alimentary origin of the TBE outbreak and witness in real-time the seroconversion of recently exposed in iduals and excretion of virus in goat milk. In addition, we identified a wooded focus area where and around which there is a risk of TBEV exposure. We provide the first TBEV isolate responsible for the first alimentary-transmitted TBE in France, obtained its full-length genome sequence, and found that it belongs to the European subtype of TBEV. TBEV is now a notifiable human disease in France, which should facilitate surveillance of its incidence and distribution throughout France.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2023
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 19-05-2020
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 02-02-2016
DOI: 10.1101/038596
Abstract: Given the complexity of host-microbiota symbioses, scientists and philosophers are asking questions at new biological levels of hierarchical organization - What is a holobiont and hologenome? When should this vocabulary be applied? Are these concepts a null hypothesis for host-microbe systems or limited to a certain spectrum of symbiotic interactions such as host-microbial coevolution? Critical discourse is necessary in this nascent area, but productive discourse requires that skeptics and proponents use the same lexicon. For instance, critiquing the hologenome concept is not synonymous with critiquing coevolution, and arguing that an entity is not a primary unit of selection dismisses that the hologenome concept has always embraced multi-level selection. Holobionts and hologenomes are incontrovertible, multipartite entities that result from ecological, evolutionary and genetic processes at varying levels. They are not restricted to one special process but constitute a wider vocabulary and framework for host biology in light of the microbiome.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-04-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41396-020-0642-2
Abstract: Parasitic flatworms (Neodermata) infect all vertebrates and represent a significant health and economic burden worldwide due to the debilitating diseases they cause. This study sheds light for the first time into the virome of a tapeworm by describing six novel RNA virus candidate species associated with Schistocephalus solidus , including three negative-strand RNA viruses (order Jingchuvirales , Mononegavirales , and Bunyavirales ) and three double-stranded RNA viruses. Using in vitro culture of S. solidus , controlled experimental infections and field s ling, we demonstrate that five of these viruses are vertically transmitted, and persist throughout the S. solidus complex life cycle. Moreover, we show that one of the viruses, named Schistocephalus solidus rhabdovirus (SsRV1), is excreted by the parasite and transmitted to parasitized hosts indicating that it may impact S. solidus –host interactions. In addition, SsRV1 has a basal phylogenetic position relative to vertebrate rhabdoviruses suggesting that parasitic flatworms could have contributed to virus emergence. Viruses similar to four of the S. solidus viruses identified here were found in geographically distant S. solidus populations through data mining. Further studies are necessary to determine if flatworm viruses can replicate in parasitized hosts, how they contribute to parasite infection dynamics and if these viruses could be targeted for treatment of parasitic disease.
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 25-08-2023
DOI: 10.1099/JGV.0.001864
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 15-08-2019
Location: France
Location: Russian Federation
Start Date: 2018
End Date: 2021
Funder: Marsden Fund
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