ORCID Profile
0000-0001-6802-1463
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Publisher: Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.
Date: 2021
Publisher: SPIE
Date: 18-06-2008
DOI: 10.1117/12.806929
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 14-06-2004
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2004
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 07-2022
Publisher: Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.
Date: 2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1998
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Date: 07-2022
DOI: 10.2174/2589977514666220429104009
Abstract: Prunella vulgaris (PV) is a low-growing perennial herb, which can be found in different parts of the world as Asia, Europe and North America. It is traditionally used for medicinal treatment in various cultures in India, China, Japan, Korea, Russia, and Eastern Europe for treating different ailments, such as fever, and healing wounds. In our previous article, we showed the anti-tumorous effect of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of PV and characterized the steam distillation process in the extraction of VOCs from PV. This has never been done before as we are aware of. To use the VOCs as drugs, there is a question of how much of the VOCs are lost before the prepared drugs reach the patients. Thus, the first aim of the present article is to try to explore the time depletion effect on the VOCs in the PV extracts. Then, the second aim is to extend the work in the previous paper and further understand the dynamics of the distillation process of PV by changing the steam flow rate in the extraction process. To achieve the first aim to explore the aging effect of how much VOCs are depleted after they are extracted, the VOCs were first extracted by the same method as before, i.e., using steam distillation. Then, tubes of the aqueous solution containing the VOCs were then stored in a 5°C refrigerator. They were then taken out for GC-MS analysis according to a preplanned schedule up to 8 weeks after the VOCs were extracted. The chemical composition of the distillate could then be evaluated. This revealed the changes in the abundance of VOCs with aging. At the same time, the cell viability of SCC154 oral squamous cells treated by these herbal solutions, which were at different aging stages, was evaluated using a tetrazolium-based colorimetric reagent, Cell Counting Kit-8. To achieve the second aim of exploring the dynamics of the steam distillation process, the steam flow rate was adjusted by changing the temperature setting of the hot plate. GC-MS was again used to quantify the chemical constituents of the distillates. By using GC-MS to measure the abundance of volatile compounds at different time points after the distillation process, it was found that the volatile compounds persist for a very long time, or over 8 weeks, which was the longest period of our experiment. The aging of the distillates also did not depreciate much the cell cytotoxicity of the PV distillate on the cancer cells. With respect to the dynamics of the steam distillation process, it was found that, at a low steam flow rate, volatile compounds of lower molecular weight are more efficient to be extracted, while at a high steam flow rate, volatile compounds of higher molecular weight are more efficiently extracted. Our findings demonstrate that the VOC compounds extracted and present in aqueous form do not deplete much for at least 2 months after the extraction process, neither they exhibit cell cytotoxicity. The experiments on the dynamics of the steam distillation process demonstrate that the mass of herb present in the flow path of the steam has significant effects on the relative amounts of VOCs extracted.
Publisher: Society of Pharmaceutical Tecnocrats
Date: 15-03-2023
Abstract: Objective The aim is to verify our earlier suggestion which accounted for the dynamics of volatile compounds extraction from the herb Prunella vulgaris (PV) using steam distillation. Then, the anti-oxidative property of PV is explored. Methods Because we suggested earlier that the inefficient extraction using steam distillation was due to the obstruction of a mass of herb in the steam flow path, we used hydro distillation which tried to eliminate this obstacle. We used GC-MS to characterize the volatile compounds extracted, and thus compare the extraction efficiency. Then, treating the cancer cells from the SCC154 cell-line with the distillate, the cancer cell cytotoxicity was assessed using the colorimetric test reagent, the Cell Counting Kit-8. To assess the anti-oxidative activity of the PV distillate, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used. Results We successfully showed that the removal of the obstacle, formed by the mass of herb in the steam flow path, enhanced the efficiency of volatile compound extraction. Also, we showed that the PV distillate did not exhibit anti-oxidative activity. Conclusions Hydro distillation is a more efficient method than steam distillation to extract volatile compounds from the PV herb. However, mild heating did not provide sufficient energy to the convection of the boiling water to move the floating herb the obstacle still existed and limited the efficiency of extraction also. For another issue of the antioxidant effect of the volatile compounds from PV, it was studied using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. It showed that the PV volatile compounds did not possess antioxidant property. Keywords: Prunella vulgaris, Xia Ku Cao, Chinese Medicine, steam distillation, hydro distillation, anti-oxidative effect
Publisher: Optica Publishing Group
Date: 06-1998
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 11-1998
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 22-08-2003
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 18-02-2003
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 05-1997
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 1998
Location: United States of America
No related grants have been discovered for William Chi Keung Mak.