ORCID Profile
0000-0001-8413-6797
Current Organisations
Havforskningsinstituttet
,
Université Laval
,
University of Western Australia
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Marine and Estuarine Ecology (incl. Marine Ichthyology) | Ecological Impacts of Climate Change | Ecology | Phycology (incl. Marine Grasses) | Ecology | Marine and estuarine ecology (incl. marine ichthyology) | Environmental Science and Management | Carbon sequestration science | Ecological impacts of climate change and ecological adaptation | Phycology (incl. marine grasses) | Environmental Rehabilitation (excl. Bioremediation) | Community Ecology | Global Change Biology
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Marine Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity | Effects of Climate Change and Variability on Australia (excl. Social Impacts) | Climate Change Mitigation Strategies | Ecosystem Assessment and Management of Marine Environments | Ecosystem Adaptation to Climate Change |
Related Links
Publications
Status and Trends for the World’s Kelp Forests
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2019
Recovery of algal turfs following removal
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2023
The renaissance of Odum's outwelling hypothesis in 'Blue Carbon' science
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2021
Kelp-carbon uptake by Arctic deep-sea food webs plays a noticeable role in maintaining ecosystem structural and functional traits
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
Kelp carbon sink potential decreases with warming due to accelerating decomposition
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 04-08-2022
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PBIO.3001702
Abstract: Cycling of organic carbon in the ocean has the potential to mitigate or exacerbate global climate change, but major questions remain about the environmental controls on organic carbon flux in the coastal zone. Here, we used a field experiment distributed across 28° of latitude, and the entire range of 2 dominant kelp species in the northern hemisphere, to measure decomposition rates of kelp detritus on the seafloor in relation to local environmental factors. Detritus decomposition in both species were strongly related to ocean temperature and initial carbon content, with higher rates of biomass loss at lower latitudes with warmer temperatures. Our experiment showed slow overall decomposition and turnover of kelp detritus and modeling of coastal residence times at our study sites revealed that a significant portion of this production can remain intact long enough to reach deep marine sinks. The results suggest that decomposition of these kelp species could accelerate with ocean warming and that low-latitude kelp forests could experience the greatest increase in remineralization with a 9% to 42% reduced potential for transport to long-term ocean sinks under short-term (RCP4.5) and long-term (RCP8.5) warming scenarios. However, slow decomposition at high latitudes, where kelp abundance is predicted to expand, indicates potential for increasing kelp-carbon sinks in cooler (northern) regions. Our findings reveal an important latitudinal gradient in coastal ecosystem function that provides an improved capacity to predict the implications of ocean warming on carbon cycling. Broad-scale patterns in organic carbon decomposition revealed here can be used to identify hotspots of carbon sequestration potential and resolve relationships between carbon cycling processes and ocean climate at a global scale.
Ecological surprise: concept, synthesis, and social dimensions
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1002/ECS2.2005
Detrital carbon production and export in high latitude kelp forests
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-12-2019
DOI: 10.1007/S00442-019-04573-Z
Abstract: The production and fate of seaweed detritus is a major unknown in the global C-budget. Knowing the quantity of detritus produced, the form it takes (size) and its timing of delivery are key to understanding its role as a resource subsidy to secondary production and/or its potential contribution to C-sequestration. We quantified the production and release of detritus from 10 Laminaria hyperborea sites in northern Norway (69.6° N). Kelp biomass averaged 770 ± 100 g C m
Ecosystem-level effects of large-scale disturbance in kelp forests
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 10-12-2020
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS13426
Abstract: Understanding the effects of ecological disturbances in coastal habitats is crucial and timely as these are anticipated to increase in intensity and frequency in the future due to increasing human pressure. In this study we used directed kelp trawling as a scientific tool to quantify the impacts of broad-scale disturbance on community structure and function. We tested the ecosystem-wide effects of this disturbance in a BACI design using two 15 km 2 areas. The disturbance had a substantial impact on the kelp forests in this study, removing 2986 tons of kelp and causing a 26% loss of total kelp canopy at trawled stations. This loss created a 67% reduction of epiphytes, an 89% reduction of invertebrates and altered the fish populations living within these habitats. The effect of habitat loss on fish was variable and depended on how the different species used the habitat structure. Our results show that large-scale experimental disturbances on habitat-forming species have ecological consequences that extend beyond the decline of the single species to affect multiple trophic levels of the broader ecosystem. Our findings have relevance for understanding how increasing anthropogenic disturbances, including kelp trawling and increased storm frequency caused by climate change, may alter ecosystem structure and function.
Embrace kelp forests in the coming decade
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 20-08-2021
Whole genome population structure of North Atlantic kelp confirms high‐latitude glacial refugia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-10-2022
DOI: 10.1111/MEC.16714
Abstract: Coastal refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum (~21,000 years ago) have been hypothesized at high latitudes in the North Atlantic, suggesting marine populations persisted through cycles of glaciation and are potentially adapted to local environments. Here, whole‐genome sequencing was used to test whether North Atlantic marine coastal populations of the kelp Alaria esculenta survived in the area of southwestern Greenland during the Last Glacial Maximum. We present the first annotated genome for A. esculenta and call variant positions in 54 in iduals from populations in Atlantic Canada, Greenland, Faroe Islands, Norway and Ireland. Differentiation across populations was reflected in ~1.9 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, which further revealed mixed ancestry in the Faroe Islands in iduals between putative Greenlandic and European lineages. Time‐calibrated organellar phylogenies suggested Greenlandic populations were established during the last interglacial period more than 100,000 years ago, and that the Faroe Islands population was probably established following the Last Glacial Maximum. Patterns in population statistics, including nucleotide ersity, minor allele frequencies, heterozygosity and linkage disequilibrium decay, nonetheless suggested glaciation reduced Canadian Atlantic and Greenlandic populations to small effective sizes during the most recent glaciation. Functional differentiation was further reflected in exon read coverage, which revealed expansions unique to Greenland in 337 exons representing 162 genes, and a modest degree of exon loss (103 exons from 56 genes). Altogether, our genomic results provide strong evidence that A. esculenta populations were resilient to past climatic fluctuations related to glaciations and that high‐latitude populations are potentially already adapted to local conditions as a result.
Grazers extend blue carbon transfer by slowing sinking speeds of kelp detritus
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-05-2018
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-018-34721-Z
Abstract: Marine plant communities such as kelp forests produce significant amounts of detritus, most of which is exported to areas where it can constitute an important trophic subsidy or potentially be sequestered in marine sediments. Knowing the vertical transport speed of detrital particles is critical to understanding the potential magnitude and spatial extent of these linkages. We measured sinking speeds for Laminaria hyperborea detritus ranging from whole plants to small fragments and sea urchin faecal pellets, capturing the entire range of particulate organic matter produced by kelp forests. Under typical current conditions, we determined that this organic material can be transported 10 s of m to 10 s of km. We show how the conversion of kelp fragments to sea urchin faeces, one of the most pervasive processes in kelp forests globally, increases the dispersal potential of detritus by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. Kelp detritus sinking speeds were also faster than equivalent phytoplankton, highlighting its potential for rapid delivery of carbon to deep areas. Our findings support arguments for a significant contribution from kelp forests to subsidizing deep sea communities and the global carbon sink.
A global dataset of seaweed net primary productivity
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-08-2022
DOI: 10.1038/S41597-022-01554-5
Abstract: Net primary productivity (NPP) plays a pivotal role in the global carbon balance but estimating the NPP of underwater habitats remains a challenging task. Seaweeds (marine macroalgae) form the largest and most productive underwater vegetated habitat on Earth. Yet, little is known about the distribution of their NPP at large spatial scales, despite more than 70 years of local-scale studies being scattered throughout the literature. We present a global dataset containing NPP records for 246 seaweed taxa at 429 in idual sites distributed on all continents from the intertidal to 55 m depth. All records are standardized to annual aerial carbon production (g C m −2 yr −1 ) and are accompanied by detailed taxonomic and methodological information. The dataset presented here provides a basis for local, regional and global comparative studies of the NPP of underwater vegetation and is pivotal for achieving a better understanding of the role seaweeds play in the global coastal carbon cycle.
Integrating team science into interdisciplinary graduate education: an exploration of the SESYNC Graduate Pursuit
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-03-2019
Restore or Redefine: Future Trajectories for Restoration
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 17-04-2020
Ethics of Assisted Evolution in Marine Conservation
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 30-01-2019
Seaweed forests are carbon sinks that may help mitigate CO2 emissions: a comment on Gallagher et al. (2022)
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-07-2023
Abstract: Recently, Gallagher et al. (2022) suggested that seaweed ecosystems are net heterotrophic carbon sources due to CO2 released from the consumption of external subsidies. Here we outline several flaws in their argument, which we believe confuse research on the blue carbon potential of seaweed ecosystems, and unjustifiably generate doubt around initiatives to protect and restore seaweed forests. Gallagher et al.’s evidence relies on 18 studies with highly variable measures of net ecosystem production, which do not statistically support their conclusion that most seaweed ecosystems are heterotrophic. This dataset is also inappropriate as it is incomplete and misrepresents seaweed ecosystems globally, particularly seaweed forests, which contribute disproportionately to global seaweed productivity. We maintain that the climate change mitigation value of an ecosystem depends on the net difference in CO2 uptake between the original ecosystem and its replacement ecosystem. We provide evidence that most seaweed ecosystems, which drawdown the largest carbon flux of any vegetated coastal habitat, are indeed net autotrophic ecosystems. We recognize that substantial uncertainties remain concerning the magnitude of CO2 drawdown by seaweed ecosystems and recommend that carbon fluxes around seaweed ecosystems should be considered more broadly and taken into account in estimates of their CO2 mitigation potential.
Marine heatwaves and the collapse of marginal North Atlantic kelp forests
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-08-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-70273-X
Abstract: Extreme climatic events including marine heatwaves (MHWs) are becoming more frequent and severe in the Anthropocene. However, our understanding of how these events affect population dynamics of ecologically important species is limited, in part because extreme events are rare and difficult to predict. Here, we quantified the occurrence and severity of MHWs over 60 years in warm range edge kelp forests on both sides of the North Atlantic. The cumulative annual intensity of MHWs increased two- to four-fold during this period, coinciding with the disappearance of kelps. We experimentally demonstrated a relationship between strong and severe 2018 heatwaves and high kelp mortality in both regions. Patterns of kelp mortality were strongly linked to maximum temperature anomalies, which crossed lethal thresholds in both regions. Translocation and tagging experiments revealed similar kelp mortality rates on reefs dominated by healthy kelp forests and degraded sediment-laden algal ‘turfs’, indicating equal vulnerability to extreme events. These results suggest a mechanistic link between MHWs and broad-scale kelp loss, and highlight how warming can make ecosystem boundaries unstable, forcing shifts to undesirable ecosystem states under episodically extreme climatic conditions.
Carbon sequestration potential increased by incomplete anaerobic decomposition of kelp detritus
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 18-02-2021
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS13613
Abstract: Kelps are highly productive macroalgae that form habitats along one-quarter of the worlds’ coastlines. Emerging evidence suggests that kelps have the potential to sequester carbon through the export of detritus to deep marine sinks, yet how much of this detrital carbon is remineralized through grazing and microbial decomposition before it reaches these sinks remains a critical knowledge gap. We measured decay of Laminaria hyperborea detritus in shallow kelp forests (10 m) and adjacent deep fjords (300 m), and experimentally tested the effect of temperature and oxygen conditions similar to those at these habitats in ex situ experiments. Initial decay rate ( k ) was high (-0.107 to -0.183 d -1 ) with 40-60% of the original carbon biomass being lost within few weeks, after which decay rates slowed down ( k = -0.009 to -0.038 d -1 ). Temperature had little effect on the rate and extent of decomposition within the temperature range tested (4-10°C). Blade detritus decomposed almost completely in 300 d under aerobic conditions. Anaerobic decay of both blade and stipe detritus ceased, in contrast, after 150-200 d, leaving 20-30% of the initial biomass to decompose extremely slowly or not at all. Decomposition was followed by changes in chemical composition C:N ratios increased substantially, while mannitol and phenolics disappeared almost completely from the detritus matrix. Slow and incomplete anaerobic decomposition suggest that the potential for long-term burial and sequestration of kelp carbon will be enhanced if detritus is exported to nearby deep areas with permanent or periodic hypoxia near the bottom.
Homogenization and miniaturization of habitat structure in temperate marine forests
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-07-2021
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.15759
Abstract: Humans are rapidly transforming the structural configuration of the planet's ecosystems, but these changes and their ecological consequences remain poorly quantified in underwater habitats. Here, we show that the loss of forest‐forming seaweeds and the rise of ground‐covering ‘turfs’ across four continents consistently resulted in the miniaturization of underwater habitat structure, with seascapes converging towards flattened habitats with smaller habitable spaces. Globally, turf seascapes occupied a smaller architectural trait space and were structurally more similar across regions than marine forests, evidencing habitat homogenization. Surprisingly, such habitat convergence occurred despite turf seascapes consisting of vastly different species richness and with different taxa providing habitat architecture, as well as across disparate drivers of marine forest decline. Turf seascapes contained high sediment loads, with the miniaturization of habitat across 100s of km in mid‐Western Australia resulting in reefs retaining an additional ~242 million tons of sediment (four orders of magnitude more than the sediments delivered fluvially annually). Together, this work demonstrates that the replacement of marine forests by turfs is a generalizable phenomenon that has profound consequences for the ecology of temperate reefs.
The present is the key to the past: linking regime shifts in kelp beds to the distribution of deep‐living sea urchins
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1002/ECY.1638
Abstract: Understanding processes that drive sudden shifts in ecosystem structure and function has become an important research focus for coastal management. In kelp bed ecosystems, regime shifts occur when high densities of sea urchins destructively graze kelp and create coralline algal barrens. While the importance of predation and disease in mediating shifts between kelp beds and barrens on shallow rocky reefs has been well documented, little is known about the role of deep-living urchins in these alternative stable-state dynamics. In this study, we test the hypothesis that deep-living urchins along the central Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia move onshore and trigger shifts from kelp beds to barrens on shallow rocky reefs. We documented urchin distribution and abundance using tow-camera surveys down to 140 m depth and spanning 140 km of coast and created a predictive species-distribution model using these observations and spatial data on environmental factors that likely delineate suitable habitat for urchins. We used a random forest model to generate our predictions, which correctly classified 91% of observations into a positive or negative occurrence of urchins. Sea urchins predominantly occurred within 1.5 km of shore, in depressions and flat habitats between 40 and 85 m depth. We found that shallow regions where destructive grazing fronts have been documented over the past four decades were closer to deep-living sea urchin habitats compared to regions that remained in a kelp bed state during the same period. This supports our prediction that deep-living urchins play an important role in driving shallow regime shift dynamics, and indicates that their distribution can help identify areas of coast that are most vulnerable to a collapse to barrens.
Large-scale degradation of a kelp ecosystem in an ocean warming hotspot
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 03-02-2016
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS11554
Whole‐genome sequencing reveals forgotten lineages and recurrent hybridizations within the kelp genus Alaria (Phaeophyceae)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-10-2021
DOI: 10.1111/JPY.13212
Abstract: The genomic era continues to revolutionize our understanding of the evolution of bio ersity. In phycology, emphasis remains on assembling nuclear and organellar genomes, leaving the full potential of genomic datasets to answer long‐standing questions about the evolution of bio ersity largely unexplored. Here, we used whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) datasets to survey species ersity in the kelp genus Alaria , compare phylogenetic signals across organellar and nuclear genomes, and specifically test whether phylogenies behave like trees or networks. Genomes were sequenced from across the global distribution of Alaria (including Alaria crassifolia , A. praelonga , A. crispa , A. marginata , and A. esculenta ), representing over 550 GB of data and over 2.2 billion paired reads. Genomic datasets retrieved 3,814 and 4,536 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes, respectively, and upwards of 148,542 high‐quality nuclear SNPs. WGS revealed an Arctic lineage of Alaria , which we hypothesize represents the synonymized taxon A. grandifolia . The SNP datasets also revealed inconsistent topologies across genomic compartments, and hybridization (i.e., phylogenetic networks) between Pacific A . praelonga , A . crispa , and putative A . grandifolia , and between some lineages of the A . marginata complex. Our analysis demonstrates the potential for WGS data to advance our understanding of evolution and bio ersity beyond licon sequencing, and that hybridization is potentially an important mechanism contributing to novel lineages within Alaria . We also emphasize the importance of surveying phylogenetic signals across organellar and nuclear genomes, such that models of mixed ancestry become integrated into our evolutionary and taxonomic understanding.
Local flexibility in feeding behaviour and contrasting microhabitat use of an omnivore across latitudes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-05-2021
Author Correction: Substantial blue carbon in overlooked Australian kelp forests
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2029
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-74313-4
Abstract: An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Green gravel as a vector of dispersal for kelp restoration
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 12-09-2022
DOI: 10.3389/FMARS.2022.910417
Abstract: Kelp forests are experiencing substantial declines due to climate change, particularly ocean warming and marine heatwaves, and active interventions are necessary to halt this decline. A new restoration approach termed “green gravel” has shown promise as a tool to combat kelp forest loss. In this approach, substrata (i.e. small gravel) are seeded with kelp propagules, reared in controlled conditions in the laboratory before out-planting to degraded reefs. Here, we tested the feasibility of cultivating Australia’s dominant kelp, Ecklonia radiata on green gravel with the aim of optimising the seeding conditions for E.radiata . We seeded substrata (i.e. gravel), that had different surface texture and size, with E. radiata gametophytes at two average seeding densities: high density of ~230 fragments mL -1 and low density of ~115 fragments mL -1 . The tested substrata were small basalt, large basalt, crushed laterite and limestone. Gametophytes successfully adhered to all four tested substrata, however, gametophytes that adhered to the limestone gravel (the natural reef type off Western Australia) suffered extreme tissue bleaching likely due to dissolution and decrease in seawater pH. Gametophytes that adhered to the three other test substrata were healthy, fertilised following seeding and microscopic sporophytes were observed attaching to the gravel. Substrata and seeding density did not affect sporophyte growth (i.e. length) at the time of transferring into aquarium tanks (after three months of rearing in incubators) but over time substrata showed a significant effect on maximum lengths. After 12 months in aquarium tanks, sporophytes on both small and large basalt gravel were significantly larger than those on the crushed laterite. Gametophytes were also found to not only survive on the gravel itself but also detach from the gravel, settle successfully, fertilise and develop into healthy sporophytes ex situ on the surrounding substratum through lateral transfer. Substrata had a significant effect on density of detached gametophytes with rougher and larger gravel showing higher densities of detachment. Our results show the potential for green gravel to be a vector of dispersal for restoration in Western Australia where natural recovery of kelp forests has failed.
Arctic kelp forests: Diversity, resilience and future
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
Ocean temperature controls kelp decomposition and carbon sink potential
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 15-07-2020
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-38503/V1
Abstract: Compelling new evidence shows that kelp production contributes an important and underappreciated flux of carbon in the ocean. Major questions remain, however, about the controls on the cycling of this organic carbon in the coastal zone, and their implications for future carbon sequestration. Here we used field experiments distributed across 28° latitude, and the entire range of two dominant kelps in the northern hemisphere, to measure decomposition rates of kelp detritus on the seafloor in relation to environmental factors. Ocean temperature was the strongest control on detritus decomposition in both species, and it was positively related to decomposition. This suggests that decomposition could accelerate with ocean warming under climate change, increasing remineralization and reducing overall kelp carbon sequestration. However, we also demonstrate the potential for high kelp-carbon storage in cooler (northern) regions, which could be targeted by climate mitigation strategies to expand blue carbon sinks.
Movement of pulsed resource subsidies from kelp forests to deep fjords
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-03-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S00442-018-4121-7
Abstract: Resource subsidies in the form of allochthonous primary production drive secondary production in many ecosystems, often sustaining ersity and overall productivity. Despite their importance in structuring marine communities, there is little understanding of how subsidies move through juxtaposed habitats and into recipient communities. We investigated the transport of detritus from kelp forests to a deep Arctic fjord (northern Norway). We quantified the seasonal abundance and size structure of kelp detritus in shallow subtidal (0‒12 m), deep subtidal (12‒85 m), and deep fjord (400‒450 m) habitats using a combination of camera surveys, e observations, and detritus collections over 1 year. Detritus formed dense accumulations in habitats adjacent to kelp forests, and the timing of depositions coincided with the discrete loss of whole kelp blades during spring. We tracked these blades through the deep subtidal and into the deep fjord, and showed they act as a short-term resource pulse transported over several weeks. In deep subtidal regions, detritus consisted mostly of fragments and its depth distribution was similar across seasons (50% of total observations). Tagged pieces of detritus moved slowly out of kelp forests (displaced 4‒50 m (mean 11.8 m ± 8.5 SD) in 11‒17 days, based on minimum estimates from recovered pieces), and most (75%) variability in the rate of export was related to wave exposure and substrate. Tight resource coupling between kelp forests and deep fjords indicate that changes in kelp abundance would propagate through to deep fjord ecosystems, with likely consequences for the ecosystem functioning and services they provide.
Marine cold-spells
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2021
Future trajectories of change for an Arctic deep‐sea ecosystem connected to coastal kelp forests
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-01-2021
DOI: 10.1111/REC.13327
Abstract: Environmental stressors related to climate change and other anthropogenic activities are impacting Arctic marine ecosystems at exceptional rates. Within this context, predicting future scenarios of deep‐sea ecosystems and their consequences linked with the fate of coastal areas is a growing need and challenge. We used an existing food‐web model developed to represent the outer basin of the Malangen fjord, a northern Norwegian deep‐sea ecosystem, to assess the potential effects of plausible future trajectories of change for major drivers in the area, including links to coastal kelp forests. We considered four major drivers (kelp particulate organic matter [POM] production entering the deep sea, fishing effort, king crab invasion, and ocean warming) to project 12 future scenarios using the temporal dynamic module of Ecopath with Ecosim approach. Overall, we found that the impact of warming on the deep‐sea ecosystem structure and functioning, as well as on ecosystem services, are predicted to be greater than changes in kelp forest dynamics and their POM production entering the deep sea and the king crab invasion. Yet, the cumulative impacts are predicted to be more important than noncumulative since some stressors acted synergistically. These results illustrate the vulnerability of sub‐Arctic and Arctic marine ecosystems to climate change and consequently call for conservation, restoration, and adaptation measures in deep‐sea and adjacent ecosystems. Results also highlight the importance of considering additional stressors affecting deep‐sea communities to predict cumulative impacts in an ecosystem‐based management and global change context and the interlinkages between coastal and deep‐sea environments.
Ocean Forests Hold Unique Solutions to Our Current Environmental Crisis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2020
Potential role of seaweeds in climate change mitigation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2023
Invertebrate herbivores: Overlooked allies in the recovery of degraded coral reefs?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
Niche and neutral assembly mechanisms contribute to latitudinal diversity gradients in reef fishes
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-08-2021
DOI: 10.1111/JBI.14237
Abstract: The influence of niche and neutral mechanisms on the assembly of ecological communities have long been debated. However, we still have a limited knowledge on their relative importance to explain patterns of ersity across latitudinal gradients (LDG). Here, we investigate the extent to which these ecological mechanisms contribute to the LDG of reef fishes. Eastern Atlantic Ocean. Reef‐associated ray‐finned fishes. We combined abundance data across ~60° of latitude with functional trait data and phylogenetic trees. A null model approach was used to decouple the influence of taxonomic ersity (TD) on functional (FD) and phylogenetic (PD) ersity. Standardized effect sizes (SES FD and SES PD) were used to explore patterns of overdispersion, clustering and randomness. Information theoretic approaches were used to investigate the role of large‐ (temperature, geographic isolation, nitrate and net primary productivity) and local‐scale (human population and depth) drivers. We further assessed the role of demographic stochasticity and its interaction with species trophic identity and dispersal capacity. Taxonomic ersity peaked at ~15°–20°N, with a second mode of lower magnitude at ~45°N a pattern that was predicted by temperature, geographic isolation and productivity. Tropical regions displayed a higher proportion of overdispersed assemblages, whilst clustering increased towards temperate regions. Phylogenetic and functional overdispersion were associated with warmer, productive and isolated regions. Demographic stochasticity also contributed largely to community assembly, independently of ecoregions, although variation was dependent on the trophic identity and body size of species. Niche‐based processes linking thermal and resource constraints to local coexistence mechanisms have contributed to the LDG in reef fishes. These processes do not act in isolation, stressing the importance of understanding interactions between deterministic and stochastic factors driving community structure in the face of rapid bio ersity change.
Detrital kelp subsidy supports high reproductive condition of deep-living sea urchins in a sedimentary basin
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 17-12-2014
DOI: 10.3354/AB00607
Spatial Patterns and Predictors of Drift Algal Subsidy in Deep Subtidal Environments
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-05-2016
Rise of Turfs: A New Battlefront for Globally Declining Kelp Forests
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 17-01-2018
Sea ice and substratum shape extensive kelp forests in the Canadian Arctic
Publisher: California Digital Library (CDL)
Date: 23-09-2021
Operationalizing marketable blue carbon
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2022
Hurricane-mediated defoliation of kelp beds and pulsed delivery of kelp detritus to offshore sedimentary habitats
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 30-05-2012
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS09667
Kelp in the Eastern Canadian Arctic: Current and Future Predictions of Habitat Suitability and Cover
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 07-10-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FMARS.2021.742209
Abstract: Climate change is transforming marine ecosystems through the expansion and contraction of species’ ranges. Sea ice loss and warming temperatures are expected to expand habitat availability for macroalgae along long stretches of Arctic coastlines. To better understand the current distribution of kelp forests in the Eastern Canadian Arctic, kelps were s led along the coasts for species identifications and percent cover. The s ling effort was supplemented with occurrence records from global bio ersity databases, searches in the literature, and museum records. Environmental information and occurrence records were used to develop ensemble models for predicting habitat suitability and a Random Forest model to predict kelp cover for the dominant kelp species in the region – Agarum clathratum , Alaria esculenta , and Laminariaceae species ( Laminaria solidungula and Saccharina latissima ). Ice thickness, sea temperature and salinity explained the highest percentage of kelp distribution. Both modeling approaches showed that the current extent of arctic kelps is potentially much greater than the available records suggest. These modeling approaches were projected into the future using predicted environmental data for 2050 and 2100 based on the most extreme emission scenario (RCP 8.5). The models agreed that predicted distribution of kelp in the Eastern Canadian Arctic is likely to expand to more northern locations under future emissions scenarios, with the exception of the endemic arctic kelp L. solidungula , which is more likely to lose a significant proportion of suitable habitat. However, there were differences among species regarding predicted cover for both current and future projections. Notwithstanding model-specific variation, it is evident that kelps are widespread throughout the area and likely contribute significantly to the functioning of current Arctic ecosystems. Our results emphasize the importance of kelp in Arctic ecosystems and the underestimation of their potential distribution there.
Sea urchin barrens as alternative stable states of collapsed kelp ecosystems
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 09-01-2014
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS10573
Distribution and abundance of the invasive seagrass Halophila stipulacea and associated benthic macrofauna in Carriacou, Grenadines, Eastern Caribbean
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
Can multitrophic interactions and ocean warming influence large‐scale kelp recovery?
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-02-2019
DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.4963
Heating rate explains species-specific coral bleaching severity during a simulated marine heatwave
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 23-02-2023
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS14246
Abstract: Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are becoming more frequent as a consequence of climate change. These discrete events are causing widespread stress and mortality in marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. The heat tolerance of different coral species is often complex and depends on a combination of environmental and biological factors, making accurate predictions of the impact of MHWs on in idual species challenging. Heating rate has been shown to influence coral bleaching in Acropora species, but it remains unknown how heating rate influences bleaching in other corals with contrasting morphology and bleaching sensitivities. In this study, we explored the sensitivity of Pocillopora damicornis and Plesiastrea versipora , representing branching and encrusting growth forms, respectively, to heating rate. We experimentally simulated MHWs with slow (0.5°C d -1 ) and fast (1°C d -1 ) heating rates and measured physiological responses to quantify changes in coral health, including photochemical efficiency, holobiont metabolism, tissue biomass, chl a , and symbiont density. Our results confirm that heating rate is a good predictor of coral bleaching sensitivity for these species, with faster heating rates causing more severe bleaching and declines in coral health. However, bleaching sensitivity differed between P. damicornis and P. versipora , with P. damicornis more affected by the faster heating rate. The use of heating rate, in addition to other metrics such as duration and intensity of heat, will enhance our capacity to predict the local impact of MHW events and their overarching ecological consequences for coral ecosystems.
Arctic marine forest distribution models showcase potentially severe habitat losses for cryophilic species under climate change
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-03-2022
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.16142
Abstract: The Arctic is among the fastest‐warming areas of the globe. Understanding the impact of climate change on foundational Arctic marine species is needed to provide insight on ecological resilience at high latitudes. Marine forests, the underwater seascapes formed by seaweeds, are predicted to expand their ranges further north in the Arctic in a warmer climate. Here, we investigated whether northern habitat gains will compensate for losses at the southern range edge by modelling marine forest distributions according to three distribution categories: cryophilic (species restricted to the Arctic environment), cryotolerant (species with broad environmental preferences inclusive but not limited to the Arctic environment), and cryophobic (species restricted to temperate conditions) marine forests. Using stacked MaxEnt models, we predicted the current extent of suitable habitat for contemporary and future marine forests under Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios of increasing emissions (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5). Our analyses indicate that cryophilic marine forests are already ubiquitous in the north, and thus cannot expand their range under climate change, resulting in an overall loss of habitat due to severe southern range contractions. The extent of marine forests within the Arctic basin, however, is predicted to remain largely stable under climate change with notable exceptions in some areas, particularly in the Canadian Archipelago. Succession may occur where cryophilic and cryotolerant species are extirpated at their southern range edge, resulting in ecosystem shifts towards temperate regimes at mid to high latitudes, though many aspects of these shifts, such as total biomass and depth range, remain to be field validated. Our results provide the first global synthesis of predicted changes to pan‐Arctic coastal marine forest ecosystems under climate change and suggest ecosystem transitions are unavoidable now for some areas.
Global estimates of the extent and production of macroalgal forests
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-05-2022
DOI: 10.1111/GEB.13515
Abstract: Macroalgal habitats are believed to be the most extensive and productive of all coastal vegetated ecosystems. In stark contrast to the growing attention on their contribution to carbon export and sequestration, understanding of their global extent and production is limited and these have remained poorly assessed for decades. Here we report a first data‐driven assessment of the global extent and production of macroalgal habitats based on modelled and observed distributions and net primary production (NPP) across habitat types. Global coastal ocean. Contemporary. Macroalgae. Here we apply a comprehensive niche model to generate an improved global map of potential macroalgal distribution, constrained by incident light on the seafloor and substrate type. We compiled areal net primary production (NPP) rates across macroalgal habitats from the literature and combined this with our estimates of the global extent of these habitats to calculate global macroalgal NPP. We show that macroalgal forests are a major biome with a global area of 6.06–7.22 million km 2 , dominated by red algae, and NPP of 1.32 Pg C/year, dominated by brown algae. The global macroalgal biome is comparable, in area and NPP, to the Amazon forest, but is globally distributed as a thin strip around shorelines. Macroalgae are expanding in polar, subpolar and tropical areas, where their potential extent is also largest, likely increasing the overall contribution of algal forests to global carbon sequestration.
Green gravel: a novel restoration tool to combat kelp forest decline
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-03-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-60553-X
Abstract: Kelp forests are in decline globally and large-scale intervention could be required to halt the loss of these valuable ecosystems. To date kelp forest restoration has had limited success and been expensive and unable to address the increasing scale of ecosystem deterioration. Here we developed and tested a new approach: “green gravel”. Small rocks were seeded with kelp and reared in the laboratory until 2–3 cm, before out-planting to the field. The out-planted kelp had high survival and growth over 9 months, even when dropped from the surface. This technique is cheap, simple, and does not require scuba ing or highly trained field workers. It can be up-scaled to treat large areas or even used to introduce genes from more resilient kelp populations onto vulnerable reefs. Green gravel thus overcomes some of the current major limitations of kelp restoration and provides a promising new defense against kelp forest decline.
Habitat configurations shape the trophic and energetic dynamics of reef fishes in a tropical–temperate transition zone: implications under a warming future
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-11-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S00442-022-05278-6
Abstract: Understanding the extent to which species’ traits mediate patterns of community assembly is key to predict the effect of natural and anthropogenic disturbances on ecosystem functioning. Here, we apply a trait-based community assembly framework to understand how four different habitat configurations (kelp forests, Sargassum spp. beds, hard corals, and turfs) shape the trophic and energetic dynamics of reef fish assemblages in a tropical–temperate transition zone. Specifically, we tested (i) the degree of trait ergence and convergence in each habitat, (ii) which traits explained variation in species’ abundances, and (iii) differences in standing biomass (kg ha −1 ), secondary productivity (kg ha −1 day −1 ) and turnover (% day −1 ). Fish assemblages in coral and kelp habitats displayed greater evidence of trait convergence, while turf and Sargassum spp. habitats displayed a higher degree of trait ergence, a pattern that was mostly driven by traits related to resource use and thermal affinity. This filtering effect had an imprint on the trophic and energetic dynamics of reef fishes, with turf habitats supporting higher fish biomass and productivity. However, these gains were strongly dependent on trophic guild, with herbivores/detritivores disproportionately contributing to among-habitat differences. Despite these perceived overall gains, turnover was decoupled for fishes that act as conduit of energy to higher trophic levels (i.e. microinvertivores), with coral habitats displaying higher rates of fish biomass replenishment than turf despite their lower productivity. This has important implications for bio ersity conservation and fisheries management, questioning the long-term sustainability of ecological processes and fisheries yields in increasingly altered marine habitats.
Increasing depth distribution of Arctic kelp with increasing number of open water days with light
Publisher: University of California Press
Date: 2023
DOI: 10.1525/ELEMENTA.2022.00051
Abstract: Kelps are a dominant macrophyte group and primary producer in Arctic nearshore waters that provide significant services to the coastal ecosystem. The quantification of these services in the Arctic is constrained, however, by limited estimates of kelp depth extent, which creates uncertainties in the area covered by kelp. Here, we test the environmental drivers of the depth extent of Arctic kelp. We used South ton Island (SI), Nunavut, Canada, as an ex le region after an initial survey found deep Arctic kelp (at depths to at least 50 m) with relatively low grazing pressure within erse hydrographic conditions. We found abundant rocky substrata, but no influence of substratum type on kelp cover. The kelp cover increased with depth until 20 m and then decreased (the median maximum depth for all stations was 37 m). The best predictor of kelp depth extent was the number of annual open (ice-free) water days with light (r2 = 44–52%) combining depth extent data from SI with published data from Greenland strengthened this relationship (r2 = 58–71%). Using these relationships we estimated the maximum kelp-covered area around SI to be 27,000–28,000 km2, yielding potential primary production between 0.6 and 1.9 Tg Cyr−1. Water transparency was a key determinant of the underwater light environment and was essential for explaining cross-regional differences in kelp depth extent in SI and Greenland. Around SI the minimum underwater light required by kelp was 49 mol photons m−2 yr−1, or 1.4% of annual integrated incident irradiance. Future consideration of seasonal variation in water transparency can improve these underwater light estimations, while future research seeking to understand the kelp depth extent relationship with nutrients and ocean dynamics can further advance estimates of their vertical distribution. Improving our understanding of the drivers of kelp depth extent can reduce uncertainties around the role of kelp in Arctic marine ecosystems.
Missing the marine forest for the trees
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 07-03-2019
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS12867
Global seaweed productivity
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 16-09-2022
Abstract: The magnitude and distribution of net primary production (NPP) in the coastal ocean remains poorly constrained, particularly for shallow marine vegetation. Here, using a compilation of in situ annual NPP measurements across sites in 72 geographic ecoregions, we provide global predictions of the productivity of seaweed habitats, which form the largest vegetated coastal biome on the planet. We find that seaweed NPP is strongly coupled to climatic variables, peaks at temperate latitudes, and is dominated by forests of large brown seaweeds. Seaweed forests exhibit exceptionally high per-area production rates (a global average of 656 and 1711 gC m −2 year −1 in the subtidal and intertidal, respectively), being up to 10 times higher than coastal phytoplankton in temperate and polar seas. Our results show that seaweed NPP is a strong driver of production in the coastal ocean and call for its integration in the oceanic carbon cycle, where it has traditionally been overlooked.
Substantial blue carbon in overlooked Australian kelp forests
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-07-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-69258-7
Abstract: Recognition of the potential for vegetated coastal ecosystems to store and sequester carbon has led to their increasing inclusion into global carbon budgets and carbon offset schemes. However, kelp forests have been overlooked in evaluations of this ‘blue carbon’, which have been limited to tidal marshes, mangrove forests, and seagrass beds. We determined the continental-scale contribution to blue carbon from kelp forests in Australia using areal extent, biomass, and productivity measures from across the entire Great Southern Reef. We reveal that these kelp forests represent 10.3–22.7 Tg C and contribute 1.3–2.8 Tg C year −1 in sequestered production, amounting to more than 30% of total blue carbon stored and sequestered around the Australian continent, and ~ 3% of the total global blue carbon. We conclude that the omission of kelp forests from blue carbon assessments significantly underestimates the carbon storage and sequestration potential from vegetated coastal ecosystems globally.
Quantifying ecological and social drivers of ecological surprise
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-06-2018
Leveraging the blue economy to transform marine forest restoration
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-03-2022
DOI: 10.1111/JPY.13239
Abstract: The UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration is a response to the urgent need to substantially accelerate and upscale ecological restoration to secure Earth’s sustainable future. Globally, restoration commitments have focused overwhelmingly on terrestrial forests. In contrast, despite a strong value proposition, efforts to restore seaweed forests lag far behind other major ecosystems and continue to be dominated by small‐scale, short‐term academic experiments. However, seaweed forest restoration can match the scale of damage and threat if moved from academia into the hands of community groups, industry, and restoration practitioners. Connecting two rapidly growing sectors in the Blue Economy—seaweed cultivation and the restoration industry—can transform marine forest restoration into a commercial‐scale enterprise that can make a significant contribution to global restoration efforts.
Intergrading reef communities across discrete seaweed habitats in a temperate–tropical transition zone
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2022
DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.8538
Abstract: Temperate reefs are increasingly affected by the direct and indirect effects of climate change. At many of their warm range edges, cool‐water kelps are decreasing, while seaweeds with warm‐water affinities are increasing. These habitat‐forming species provide different ecological functions, and shifts to warm‐affinity seaweeds are expected to modify the structure of associated communities. Predicting the nature of such shifts at the ecosystem level is, however, challenging, as they often occur gradually over large geographical areas. Here, we take advantage of a climatic transition zone, where cool‐affinity (kelp) and warm‐affinity ( Sargassum ) seaweed forests occur adjacently under similar environmental conditions, to test whether these seaweed habitats support different associated seaweed, invertebrate, coral, and fish assemblages. We found clear differences in associated seaweed assemblages between habitats characterized by kelp and Sargassum abundance, with kelp having higher biomass and seaweed ersity and more cool‐affinity species than Sargassum habitats. The multivariate invertebrate and fish assemblages were not different between habitats, despite a higher ersity of fish species in the Sargassum habitat. No pattern in temperature affinity of the invertebrate or fish assemblages in each habitat was found, and few fish species were exclusive to one habitat or the other. These findings suggest that, as ocean warming continues to replace kelps with Sargassum , the abundance and ersity of associated seaweeds could decrease, whereas fish could increase. Nevertheless, the more tropicalized seaweed habitats may provide a degree of functional redundancy to associated fauna in temperate seaweed habitats.
Sea Ice and Substratum Shape Extensive Kelp Forests in the Canadian Arctic
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 31-03-2022
DOI: 10.3389/FMARS.2022.754074
Abstract: The coastal zone of the Canadian Arctic represents 10% of the world’s coastline and is one of the most rapidly changing marine regions on the planet. To predict the consequences of these environmental changes, a better understanding of how environmental gradients shape coastal habitat structure in this area is required. We quantified the abundance and ersity of canopy forming seaweeds throughout the nearshore zone (5–15 m) of the Eastern Canadian Arctic using ing surveys and benthic collections at 55 sites distributed over 3,000 km of coastline. Kelp forests were found throughout, covering on average 40.4% (±29.9 SD) of the seafloor across all sites and depths, despite thick sea ice and scarce hard substrata in some areas. Total standing macroalgal biomass ranged from 0 to 32 kg m –2 wet weight and averaged 3.7 kg m –2 (±0.6 SD) across all sites and depths. Kelps were less abundant at depths of 5 m compared to 10 or 15 m and distinct regional assemblages were related to sea ice cover, substratum type, and nutrient availability. The most common community configuration was a mixed assemblage of four species: Agarum clathratum (14.9% benthic cover ± 12.0 SD), Saccharina latissima (13% ± 14.7 SD), Alaria esculenta (5.4% ± 1.2 SD), and Laminaria solidungula (3.7% ± 4.9 SD). A. clathratum dominated northernmost regions and S. latissima and L. solidungula occurred at high abundance in regions with more open water days. In southeastern areas along the coast of northern Labrador, the coastal zone was mainly sea urchin barrens, with little vegetation. We found positive relationships between open water days (days without sea ice) and kelp biomass and seaweed ersity, suggesting kelp biomass could increase, and the species composition of kelp forests could shift, as sea ice diminishes in some areas of the Eastern Canadian Arctic. Our findings demonstrate the high potential productivity of this extensive coastal zone and highlight the need to better understand the ecology of this system and the services it provides.
Carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation using macroalgae: a state of knowledge review
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-07-2023
DOI: 10.1111/BRV.12990
Abstract: The conservation, restoration, and improved management of terrestrial forests significantly contributes to mitigate climate change and its impacts, as well as providing numerous co‐benefits. The pressing need to reduce emissions and increase carbon removal from the atmosphere is now also leading to the development of natural climate solutions in the ocean. Interest in the carbon sequestration potential of underwater macroalgal forests is growing rapidly among policy, conservation, and corporate sectors. Yet, our understanding of whether carbon sequestration from macroalgal forests can lead to tangible climate change mitigation remains severely limited, h ering their inclusion in international policy or carbon finance frameworks. Here, we examine the results of over 180 publications to synthesise evidence regarding macroalgal forest carbon sequestration potential. We show that research efforts on macroalgae carbon sequestration are heavily skewed towards particulate organic carbon (POC) pathways (77% of data publications), and that carbon fixation is the most studied flux (55%). Fluxes leading directly to carbon sequestration (e.g. carbon export or burial in marine sediments) remain poorly resolved, likely hindering regional or country‐level assessments of carbon sequestration potential, which are only available from 17 of the 150 countries where macroalgal forests occur. To solve this issue, we present a framework to categorize coastlines according to their carbon sequestration potential. Finally, we review the multiple avenues through which this sequestration can translate into climate change mitigation capacity, which largely depends on whether management interventions can increase carbon removal above a natural baseline or avoid further carbon emissions. We find that conservation, restoration and afforestation interventions on macroalgal forests can potentially lead to carbon removal in the order of 10's of Tg C globally. Although this is lower than current estimates of natural sequestration value of all macroalgal habitats (61–268 Tg C year −1 ), it suggests that macroalgal forests could add to the total mitigation potential of coastal blue carbon ecosystems, and offer valuable mitigation opportunities in polar and temperate areas where blue carbon mitigation is currently low. Operationalizing that potential will necessitate the development of models that reliably estimate the proportion of production sequestered, improvements in macroalgae carbon fingerprinting techniques, and a rethinking of carbon accounting methodologies. The ocean provides major opportunities to mitigate and adapt to climate change, and the largest coastal vegetated habitat on Earth should not be ignored simply because it does not fit into existing frameworks.
Carbon export is facilitated by sea urchins transforming kelp detritus
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-12-2019
DOI: 10.1007/S00442-019-04571-1
Abstract: With the increasing imperative for societies to act to curb climate change by increasing carbon stores and sinks, it has become critical to understand how organic carbon is produced, released, transformed, transported, and sequestered within and across ecosystems. In freshwater and open-ocean systems, shredders play a significant and well-known role in transforming and mobilizing carbon, but their role in the carbon cycle of coastal ecosystems is largely unknown. Marine plants such as kelps produce vast amounts of detritus, which can be captured and consumed by shedders as it traverses the seafloor. We measured capture and consumption rates of kelp detritus by sea urchins across four s ling periods and over a range of kelp detritus production rates and sea urchin densities, in northern Norway. When sea urchin densities exceeded 4 m
Stalked tunicates Boltenia ovifera form biogenic habitat in the rocky subtidal zone of Nova Scotia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-04-2014
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