ORCID Profile
0000-0002-8168-4795
Current Organisations
Harvard Medical School
,
University of Duisburg-Essen
,
Universität Konstanz
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In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Ecological Impacts of Climate Change | Wildlife and Habitat Management | Ecological Applications | Landscape Ecology | Veterinary Sciences | Pharmacology | Pathology | Microbiology (Excl. Virology) |
Ecosystem Adaptation to Climate Change | Infectious diseases | Living resources (flora and fauna) | Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity at Regional or Larger Scales | Farmland, Arable Cropland and Permanent Cropland Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.VETMIC.2019.02.020
Abstract: Chlamydiosis, caused by Chlamydia pecorum, is regarded as an important threat to koala populations. Across the koala's geographical range, disease severity associated with C. pecorum infection varies, with pathogen ersity and strain pathogenicity being likely important factors. To examine C. pecorum ersity on a sub-population level a Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) scheme, containing the housekeeping genes gatA, oppA_3, hflX, gidA, enoA, hemN and fumC, was used to type strains from two sub-populations of koalas from the Liverpool Plains, NSW, Australia, with different disease expressions. Typing of s les from 2015 to 2017, revealed a significant association between sequence type ST 69 and clinical disease and a significant difference in sequence type frequencies between sub-populations. Sequence type ST 69 has previously been identified in both subclinical and clinically diseased koalas indicating that these markers alone are not illustrative of pathogenicity. However, recent emergence of this sequence type in a naïve population may explain the differing disease expressions. Sequence types ST 73 and ST 69 have been described in koalas across a broad geographic range, indicating multiple introduction events and/or a limited veracity of the MLST loci to explore fine scale epidemiological investigations, particularly those examining the interface between pathogenic strain and disease outcome.
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 10-2009
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00565-09
Abstract: The trehalose pathway is essential for stress tolerance and virulence in fungi. We investigated the importance of this pathway for virulence of the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus gattii using the highly virulent Vancouver Island, Canada, outbreak strain R265. Three genes putatively involved in trehalose biosynthesis, TPS1 (trehalose-6-phosphate [T6P] synthase) and TPS2 (T6P phosphatase), and degradation, NTH1 (neutral trehalose), were deleted in this strain, creating the R265 tps1 Δ, R265 tps2 Δ, and R265 nth1 Δ mutants. As in Cryptococcus neoformans , cellular trehalose was reduced in the R265 tps1 Δ and R265 tps2 Δ mutants, which could not grow and died, respectively, at 37°C on yeast extract-peptone-dextrose agar, suggesting that T6P accumulation in R265 tps2 Δ is directly toxic. Characterizations of the cryptococcal hexokinases and trehalose mutants support their linkage to the control of glycolysis in this species. However, unlike C. neoformans , the C. gattii R265 tps1 Δ mutant demonstrated, in addition, defects in melanin and capsule production, supporting an influence of T6P on these virulence pathways. Attenuated virulence of the R265 tps1 Δ mutant was not due solely to its 37°C growth defect, as shown in worm studies and confirmed by suppressor mutants. Furthermore, an intact trehalose pathway controls protein secretion, mating, and cell wall integrity in C. gattii . Thus, the trehalose synthesis pathway plays a central role in the virulence composites of C. gattii through multiple mechanisms. Deletion of NTH1 had no effect on virulence, but inactivation of the synthesis genes, TPS1 and TPS2 , has profound effects on survival of C. gattii in the invertebrate and mammalian hosts. These results highlight the central importance of this pathway in the virulence composites of both pathogenic cryptococcal species.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.JCPA.2016.08.001
Abstract: Leucocyte populations in the sinonasal mucosa of cats with and without upper respiratory tract aspergillosis were compared using immunohistochemistry and computer-aided morphometry. Inflammation was identified in the nasal mucosa of all affected cats, comprising predominantly of lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the lamina propria associated with epithelial proliferation and degeneration. There was intense and diffuse expression of class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex, associated with sites of hyphal invasion with hyperplasia and ulceration of the epithelium adjacent to fungal elements. Significantly more CD79b(+) cells, total lymphocytes, immunoglobulin (Ig)-expressing cells and MAC387(+) cells infiltrated the epithelium and more IgG(+) cells and total Ig-expressing cells infiltrated the lamina propria in affected cats compared with controls. Importantly, the inflammatory profile in affected cats was not consistent with the T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cell-mediated response that confers protective acquired immunity against invasive aspergillosis in dogs and people and in murine models of the infection. This finding may help to explain the development of invasive aspergillosis in systemically immunocompetent cats.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2002
Abstract: The environmental association of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii with decaying wood in tropical and subtropical regions of the world is well documented. In Australia, the yeast appears confined to certain species of Eucalyptus or very closely related tree species. In this study, we attempted to isolate C. n. var. gattii from different gum tree species in the Blue Mountains National Park. Out of 99 s les from 9 different tree species, only 3 yielded viable yeast colonies 2 were from turpentine gums (Syncarpia glomulifera) and 1 was from a decayed stump of an unknown species. All of the colonized trees occurred in close proximity in urbanized areas of the Park, and all isolates shared identical DNA fingerprinting profiles. We suggest that domestic animal vectors may be responsible for the introduction and transmission of the yeast in this region, but that propagation and dispersal are very limited. This study indicates that C. n. var. gattii may occur on trees and in areas that were not previously expected to host it. However, the low incidence in the Blue Mountains National Park means this yeast is unlikely to pose any hazards to humans and animals living in or visiting this area.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-07-2013
DOI: 10.1111/MMI.12306
Abstract: The mechanistic details of the pathogenesis of Chlamydia, an obligate intracellular pathogen of global importance, have eluded scientists due to the scarcity of traditional molecular genetic tools to investigate this organism. Here we report a chemical biology strategy that has uncovered the first essential protease for this organism. Identification and application of a unique CtHtrA inhibitor (JO146) to cultures of Chlamydia resulted in a complete loss of viable elementary body formation. JO146 treatment during the replicative phase of development resulted in a loss of Chlamydia cell morphology, diminishing inclusion size, and ultimate loss of inclusions from the host cells. This completely prevented the formation of viable Chlamydia elementary bodies. In addition to its effect on the human Chlamydia trachomatis strain, JO146 inhibited the viability of the mouse strain, Chlamydia muridarum, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we report a chemical biology approach to establish an essential role for Chlamydia CtHtrA. The function of CtHtrA for Chlamydia appears to be essential for maintenance of cell morphology during replicative the phase and these findings provide proof of concept that proteases can be targeted for antimicrobial therapy for intracellular pathogens.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-10-2006
DOI: 10.1189/JLB.0506344
Abstract: Pseudomonas is one of the leading causes of contact lens-related microbial keratitis. Despite the use of antibiotics, the host inflammatory response continues to cause damage to the cornea, which may lead to blindness. CXCR2-binding chemokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas keratitis, and the exact role of this receptor remains to be elucidated. Corneas of CXCR2 knockout and wild-type mice (Cmkar 2−/− and Cmkar 2+/+) were scratched, and 2 × 106 CFU/mL Pseudomonas 6294 or 6206 was added to corneas. Twenty-four hours postinfection, mice were killed, and eyes were harvested for enumeration of bacteria, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, and inflammatory mediators. Cmkar 2−/− had 20- to 100-fold more bacteria than Cmkar 2+/+ mice. There were no differences in MPO levels between gene knockout and Cmkar 2+/+ mice. Histology revealed PMN were restricted to the limbal area. Levels of CXCR2 chemokines (keratinocyte-derived chemokine and MIP-2) were elevated significantly in gene knockout mice. A lack of CXCR2 leads to an inability to control bacterial numbers as a result of the inability of PMN to reach the site of infection in the avascular cornea. These results imply that CXCR2 is critical to the extravasation of neutrophils into the avascular cornea.
Publisher: Wildlife Disease Association
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.7589/2012-05-135
Abstract: To identify threats to the survival of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in coastal New South Wales, Australia, we compared 3,781 admission records of koalas, admitted between 1 January 1975 and 31 December 2004 to a koala rehabilitation facility on the midnorthern coast of New South Wales, against local wild population demographics, with the use of multinomial logistic regression and chi-square analyses. Trauma, the most frequent reason for admission, affected young and male animals more frequently than other groups. Seasonal differences in the probability of males presenting as trauma cases suggest behavioral factors as an important risk factor for this group. An increasing probability of koalas presenting as a result of motor vehicle accident since 1985 strongly supports the enhanced action of local authorities to pursue traffic-calming strategies if urban koala populations are to be maintained in this area. Koalas with clinical signs of chlamydiosis made up the second most frequent admission group, and these animals were more likely to be aged. This study highlights the potential usefulness of wildlife rehabilitation centers in detailing threats to local wildlife populations, provided record keeping is efficient and focused, and the role of such studies in providing evidence for focusing threat-mitigation efforts. Continual community engagement by koala researchers is important to ensure that maximum benefit is obtained from activities of special interest groups.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2013
Publisher: Begell House
Date: 2016
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1574-6968.2009.01757.X
Abstract: Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii (M. mitochondrii) belongs to a novel clade of bacteria within the order Rickettsiales. Recent PCR-based screening studies indicate that it is present in a number of blood-sucking arthropods, as well as the blood of some vertebrates. Its medical and veterinary significance remains to be determined. Electron microscopic examinations of M. mitochondrii have thus far been conducted on two infected tick species. Remarkably, the bacterium was found in abundance within the mitochondria of the ovarian cells of each tick species. This makes it the only characterized bacterium able to invade the mitochondria of any multicellular organism. To examine whether mitochondrial invasion is a consistent characteristic of M. mitochondrii, we examined two tick species found in Eastern Australia. One of these species, Ixodes holocyclus, was infected with two M. mitochondrii strains however, no bacteria were seen in the mitochondria. Comparative studies involving these strains may shed light on the unique phenomenon of mitochondrial invasion.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S1286-4579(02)00024-2
Abstract: Differences in the ability of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (CNVN) and var. gattii (CNVG) to establish localized lesions in the lungs of healthy humans remain unexplained. In this study, CNVG infection in a rat model was characterized by early neutrophil invasion into lung tissue, but phagocytosis of cryptococci was not observed. The chemical composition of non-enzymic components secreted by one strain of each variety (heat-inactivated supernatants from CNVN and CNVG, termed vns and vgs, respectively) were compared, using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Effects on human neutrophil viability and functions at both pH 5.5 and 7.0 were investigated, as the pH of cryptococcomas was found to be 5.4-5.6 in vivo. The supernatants were similar in composition, although metabolites in vns were generally present in higher concentrations. In addition, vgs contained two novel metabolites-acetoin and dihydroxyacetone. Polyphosphate was observed in cells from both varieties and may be a source of extracellular inorganic phosphate. Superoxide production in the presence of phorbol ester was enhanced by treatment with vns and decreased by vgs. At pH 5.5, vns caused high levels of necrosis in neutrophils, as well as increased adhesion/migration through A549 lung epithelial cell monolayers. In idual supernatant components such as polyols, acetoin, dihydroxyacetone, and gamma-aminobutyric acid exhibited both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, we found that vgs was potentially less pro-inflammatory than vns. Inhibition of neutrophil function by products of CNVG may promote survival of extracellular organisms, and local multiplication to form cryptococcomas.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-12-2014
Abstract: A 5-year-old, male neutered domestic shorthair cat was referred for investigation of lethargy, weight loss, pyrexia and upper respiratory tract signs. On computed tomography, an expansile, osteodestructive lesion in the right tympanic bulla was identified. A soft tissue mass extended from the bulla into the nasopharynx, cranium and subcutaneous tissues. The nasopharyngeal mass ruptured during handling, liberating purulent material from which Pasteurella multocida was isolated in pure culture. The lesion was most likely an atypical, abscessated nasopharyngeal polyp. The cat was treated with bulla osteotomy and antibiotics, and made a complete recovery.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-06-2010
DOI: 10.1007/S11046-010-9328-Z
Abstract: A model of pulmonary cryptococcosis in immunocompetent rats was developed to better understand the virulence of Cryptococcus gattii. Six isolates were studied, representing four molecular genotypes (VGI-MATα, VGIIa-MATα, VGIIa-MAT a, VGIIb-MATα), obtained from Australia, Vancouver (Canada) and Colombia. These originated from human patients, a cat and the environment and were administered intratracheally (i.t.) or transthoracically into Fischer 344 or Wistar-Furth rats in doses varying from 10(4) to 10(7) colony-forming units (CFU) in 0.1 ml of saline. With the exception of animals given the VGIIa-MAT a isolate, rats consistently became ill or died of progressive cryptococcal pneumonia following i.t. doses exceeding 10(7) CFU. Affected lungs increased in weight up to tenfold and contained numerous circumscribed, gelatinous lesions. These became larger and more extensive, progressing from limited hilar and/or tracheal lesions, to virtually confluent gelatinous masses. Disease was localized to the lungs for at least 3-4 weeks, with dissemination to the brain occurring in some animals after day 29. The dose-response relationship was steep for two VGI isolates studied (human WM179, environmental WM276) doses up to 10(6) CFU i.t. did not produce lesions, while 10(7) or more yeast cells produced progressive pneumonia. Intratracheal inoculation of rats with C. gattii provides an excellent model of human pulmonary cryptococcosis in healthy hosts, mimicking natural infections. Disease produced by C. gattii in rats is distinct from that caused by C. neoformans in that infections are progressive and ultimately fatal.
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 04-2008
DOI: 10.1128/EC.00020-08
Abstract: Disease caused by the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus gattii begins with the inhalation of an infectious propagule. As C. gattii is heavily encapsulated, this propagule is most likely to be a basidiospore. However, most C. gattii strains are infertile in laboratory crosses, and population studies indicate that recombination and dispersal are very restricted. In addition, strains of the α mating type predominate, which would not be expected in a mating population. C. gattii comprises four genetically distinct molecular genotypes, designated VGI to VGIV. C. gattii molecular type VGI has a strong association with Eucalyptus camaldulensis and can be found in high numbers in E. camaldulensis hollows. Previous work on isolates obtained from E. camaldulensis suggested that environmental populations of C. gattii are highly fragmented, have limited ability to disperse, and are confined to in idual tree hollows. In the current study, we examined large numbers of isolates from three separate hollows for evidence of recombination. In two hollows, the α and a mating types were present in approximately equal numbers. The third hollow had α cells only and was from a region where a isolates have never been found. Statistical analysis of multilocus genotypes revealed recombining subpopulations in the three Eucalyptus hollows. Recombination was equally present in the α- a and α-only populations. This is consistent with recent studies that have found evidence suggestive of α-α mating in C. gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans and raises the possibility this may be a widespread phenomenon, allowing these fungi to recombine despite a paucity of a mating partners.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JFMS.2009.05.021
Abstract: Low-grade alimentary lymphoma (LGAL) was diagnosed by histological and immunohistochemical evaluation of full-thickness biopsies from multiple regions of the gastrointestinal tract collected during exploratory laparotomy in 17 cats. The most common clinical signs were weight loss ( n=17) and vomiting and/or diarrhoea ( n=15). Clinical signs were chronic in 11 cases. Abdominal palpation was abnormal in 12 cats, including diffuse intestinal thickening ( n=8), an abdominal mass due to mesenteric lymph node enlargement ( n=5) and a focal mural intestinal mass ( n=1). The most common ultrasonographic finding was normal or increased intestinal wall thickness with preservation of layering. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirates of mesenteric lymph nodes ( n=9) were incorrectly identified as benign lymphoid hyperplasia in eight cats, in which the histological diagnosis from biopsies was lymphoma. There was neoplastic infiltration of more than one anatomic region of the gastrointestinal tract in 16/17 cats. The jejunum (15/15 cats) and ileum (13/14 cats), followed by the duodenum (10/12 cats), were the most frequently affected sites. Twelve cats were treated with oral prednisolone and high-dose pulse chlorambucil, two with a modified Madison–Wisconsin multiagent protocol and three with a combination of both protocols. Thirteen of the 17 cats (76%) had complete clinical remission with a median remission time of 18.9 months. Cats that achieved complete remission had significantly longer median survival times (19.3 months) than cats that did not achieve complete remission ( n=4) (4.1 months P=0.019). The prognosis for cats with LGAL treated with oral prednisolone in combination with high-dose pulse chlorambucil is good to excellent.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12550
Abstract: Brucellosis caused by Brucella suis is a notifiable disease that has recently emerged in dogs in New South Wales (NSW). Given the potential for zoonotic transmission, euthanasia of affected dogs is recommended, but this action is not mandatory. We report the clinical management of three dogs that underwent treatment at their owners' request. A 14-month-old spayed female crossbreed originally obtained from an urban animal shelter underwent extensive investigations in 2011-12 for lameness and back pain, culminating in decompressive laminectomy. Diagnosis of multifocal discospondylitis and spinal empyema was made, with B. suis cultured from surgical biopsy specimens. The dog responded to long-term treatment using rif icin and doxycycline. A second case of B. suis infection was diagnosed in January 2016 in a 3-year-old crossbreed pig-hunting dog with unilateral testicular enlargement. Following serological diagnosis the dog was given preliminary therapy using rif icin and doxycycline, the affected testis was resected and the patient given a further month of combination therapy. In March 2016 a 7-year-old crossbreed pig-hunting dog with brucellosis was handled similarly, although both testes were removed. Brucellosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of back pain, discospondylitis, lameness, abortion, prostatic abscessation and testicular/epididymal enlargement in dogs, especially if there is exposure to feral pigs or consumption of uncooked feral pig meat. Euthanasia is the only guarantee of reducing the public health risk to zero. However, where treatment is desired by the owner, combination therapy using rif icin and doxycycline appears to be effective, when combined with surgical resection of infected tissues. Further monitoring of dogs during and after treatment is required to document cure.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.JFMS.2010.05.002
Abstract: The diagnosis, management, and subsequent post-mortem confirmation of a case of suspected reactivated spinal toxoplasmosis in a 10-year-old female neutered Cornish Rex are described. While an ante-mortem diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was considered possible based on the neuroanatomical diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) disease primarily involving spinal cord segment C6–T2 and the progressive elimination of other potential causes, Toxoplasma gondii antibody titres were consistent with previous exposure rather than active infection. A poor response to appropriate therapy did not support a diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. A post-mortem morphological diagnosis of marked segmental non-suppurative myelitis and necrosis, and an aetiological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis were made. The clinical and pathological findings are supportive of CNS inflammation due to reactivation of latent tissue T gondii cysts.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2004
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2004.TB12155.X
Abstract: A 20-year-old Welsh Mountain Pony (212 kg) mare was initially presented for a chronic cough, fever, weight loss and low grade abdominal pain. She later developed dyspnoea, tachypnoea and exercise intolerance. The presence of multiple masses (up to 17 cm diameter) in the pulmonary parenchyma was established using lateral thoracic radiography and transthoracic ultrasonography. Encapsulated, budding yeasts were observed in smears made from transtracheal washings and needle aspirates of the pulmonary lesions. Cryptococcus gattii (synonym: Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii Cryptococcus bacillisporus) was cultured from the transtracheal washings and aspirates of the lung masses. The pony was successfully treated using daily intravenous infusions of hotericin B (typically 0.5 mg/kg in 1 L 5% dextrose in water over 1 h, following premedication with 50 mg flunixin intravenously) over a 1 month period, until a cumulative dose of 3 g had been administered. Treatment was considered to be successful on the basis of progressive improvement in clinical signs, reduction in the size of pulmonary cryptococcomas, 48 kg weight gain and a reduction in the cryptococcal antigen titre from 4096 to 256, 1 year after cessation of treatment.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.JFMS.2011.05.018
Abstract: A 13-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat presented with an acute onset of dyspnoea. Thoracic radiographs revealed marked, bilateral, caudal lung lobe consolidation. A diagnosis of anatomically mixed T-cell lymphoma with pulmonary, renal and alimentary involvement was confirmed on histopathology. Pulmonary involvement in cases of feline lymphoma is uncommon and the radiographic appearance of pulmonary lymphoma is highly variable. Lung lobe consolidation has been described with primary lung tumours in cats, but not previously in association with pulmonary lymphoma. This unusual presentation serves to alert practitioners to the possibility of lymphoma as a cause of severe bronchopulmonary disease in the cat.
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 03-2003
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.71.3.1328-1336.2003
Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis is one of the most destructive diseases of the cornea. The host response to this infection is critical to the outcome. The cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) is thought to play an important role in modulating excessive inflammation and antimicrobial defenses. We have found that in IL-10 −/− mice there is a significant decrease in bacterial load in corneas at 7 days postchallenge with P. aeruginosa . This decrease was accompanied by a reduction in neutrophil numbers in the cornea and changes in cytokine levels compared to those of wild-type mice. A characteristic increase in neovascularization in the cornea was found in the IL-10 −/− mice. This increased angiogenesis correlated with an increased expression of KC, whereas the kinetics of macrophage inflammatory peptide 2 expression correlated with neutrophil numbers. This finding suggests that KC may play a role in corneal angiogenesis. The source of IL-10 in mouse corneas was identified as a subpopulation of infiltrating cells and keratocytes. This study demonstrates that IL-10 plays an important role in regulating the balance of inflammatory mediators during P. aeruginosa infection of the cornea.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-01-2021
DOI: 10.3390/JOF7010029
Abstract: Cryptococcosis is typically a sporadic disease that affects a broad range of animal species globally. Disease is a consequence of infection with members of the Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii species complexes. Although cryptococcosis in many domestic animals has been relatively well-characterized, free-living wildlife animal species are often neglected in the literature outside of occasional case reports. This review summarizes the clinical presentation, pathological findings and potential underlying causes of cryptococcosis in various other animals, including terrestrial wildlife species and marine mammals. The evaluation of the available literature supports the hypothesis that anatomy (particularly of the respiratory tract), behavior and environmental exposures of animals play vital roles in the outcome of host–pathogen–environment interactions resulting in different clinical scenarios. Key ex les range from koalas, which exhibit primarily C. gattii species complex disease presumably due to their behavior and environmental exposure to eucalypts, to cetaceans, which show predominantly pulmonary lesions due to their unique respiratory anatomy. Understanding the factors at play in each clinical scenario is a powerful investigative tool, as wildlife species may act as disease sentinels.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2005
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2005.TB11580.X
Abstract: A 16-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was presented for investigation of weight loss, lethargy, inappetence and polydypsia. On serum biochemical analysis there was evidence of severe hepatocellular damage and cholestasis. Abdominal ultrasonographic examination revealed an irregular lesion of mixed echogenicity in a left hepatic lobe. It was compromised of a hypoechoic periphery surrounding an anechoic central area containing highly echogenic densities with distal acoustic shadowing suggestive of gas formation. On necropsy, the only gross abnormality was a solitary 5 cm x 3 cm x 3 cm multilobulated mass in the left lateral hepatic lobe, containing foul-smelling purulent fluid within a thick fibrous wall. Cytological examination of the fluid revealed numerous degenerate neutrophils and large numbers of Gram-positive spore-forming rods. The histopathological diagnosis was hepatocellular carcinoma with secondary abscessation. The bacterial morphology was consistent with Clostridia sp. Both hepatocellular carcinoma and focal hepatic abscessation are rare in cats. Hepatic abscesses should be included in the differential diagnosis of cats with non-specific signs, even in the absence of biochemical evidence of a hepatopathy.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-11-2014
Abstract: This is the first report concerning biological variation and reference change values of feline plasma biochemistry components in the peer-reviewed literature. Biological variation refers to inherent physiological variation of analytes. The ratio of in idual biological variation to group biological variation is referred to as an analyte’s index of in iduality. This index determines the suitability of an analyte to be assessed in relation to population- or subject-based reference intervals. A subject-based reference interval is referred to as a reference change value or critical difference, and is calculated from in idual biological variation. Fourteen cats were s led for plasma biochemistry analysis once weekly for 6 weeks. S les were stored and then tested at the same time. Results were assessed in duplicate and coefficients of variation for each analyte were isolated to distinguish variation within each subject, between all subjects and by the analyser. From these results, an index of in iduality and reference change values were determined for each analyte. Five plasma biochemistry analytes (alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, cholesterol, creatinine and globulin) had high in iduality and, therefore, subject-based reference intervals are more appropriate only one analyte (sodium) had low in iduality, indicating that population-based reference intervals are appropriate. Most analytes had intermediate in iduality so population-based reference intervals should be assessed in relation to subject-based reference intervals. The results of this study demonstrate high in iduality for most analytes and, therefore, that population-based reference intervals are of limited utility for most biochemical analytes in cats.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-02-2013
DOI: 10.1111/JVP.12038
Abstract: The pharmacokinetic profile of meloxicam in clinically healthy koalas (n = 15) was investigated. Single doses of meloxicam were administered intravenously (i.v.) (0.4 mg/kg n = 5), subcutaneously (s.c.) (0.2 mg/kg n = 1) or orally (0.2 mg/kg n = 3), and multiple doses were administered to two groups of koalas via the oral or s.c. routes (n = 3 for both routes) with a loading dose of 0.2 mg/kg for day 1 followed by 0.1 mg/kg s.i.d for a further 3 days. Plasma meloxicam concentrations were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Following i.v. administration, meloxicam exhibited a rapid clearance (CL) of 0.44 ± 0.20 (SD) L/h/kg, a volume of distribution at terminal phase (Vz ) of 0.72 ± 0.22 L/kg and a volume of distribution at steady state (Vss ) of 0.22 ± 0.12 L/kg. Median plasma terminal half-life (t(1/2)) was 1.19 h (range 0.71-1.62 h). Following oral administration either from single or repeated doses, only maximum peak plasma concentration (C(max) 0.013 ± 0.001 and 0.014 ± 0.001 μg/mL, respectively) was measurable [limit of quantitation (LOQ) >0.01 μg/mL] between 4-8 h. Oral bioavailability was negligible in koalas. Plasma protein binding of meloxicam was ~98%. Three meloxicam metabolites were detected in plasma with one identified as the 5-hydroxy methyl derivative. This study demonstrated that koalas exhibited rapid CL and extremely poor oral bioavailability compared with other eutherian species. Accordingly, the currently recommended dose regimen of meloxicam for this species appears inadequate.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1080/02713680590968583
Abstract: To determine the contribution of interleukin-4 (IL-4) to the initial host response during corneal infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a mouse model. Corneas of 6- to 8-week-old IL-4(-/-) and wild-type mice were topically challenged with P. aeruginosa. Ocular tissue was collected 24 hr and 7 days postchallenge. Viable bacterial counts, myeloperoxidase assays, cytokine levels, and clinical and histological examinations were performed. During challenge with P. aeruginosa, no differences were observed clinically, histologically, or in bacterial load between IL-4(-/-) and wild-type mice at either time point. However, differences in cytokine levels of IL-6, KC, and IL-10 were observed. The data presented indicate that IL-4, a central Th2 cytokine, may not be critical to the pathogenesis or bacterial clearance in this model of P. aeruginosa bacterial keratitis during the early stages of the infectious process.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-08-2015
DOI: 10.1111/VCP.12276
Abstract: In chronic kidney disease (CKD), anemia and hypertension are significant co-morbidities that contribute to cardiovascular and renal disease progression. The purpose of the study was to identify correlations between changes in hematologic variables against markers of renal function, blood pressure, and erythropoietin (EPO) in a naturally occurring hypertensive model of CKD, the Lewis polycystic kidney (LPK) rat. Complete blood count, systolic blood pressure, urea and creatinine concentration, urinary protein to creatinine ratio, and plasma EPO concentration were determined in control Lewis (n = 51) and LPK rats (n = 56) aged 6-24 weeks. Renal EPO gene expression and RBC osmotic fragility were also documented. Hematopoiesis in spleen and bone marrow were assessed. Lewis polycystic kidney rats had increasing urea and creatinine concentrations, concurrent with the development of a nonregenerative normocytic/normochromic anemia and hypertension, with a significant negative correlation between both HGB and HCT with urea concentration and blood pressure (P < .01). HCT was also significantly negatively correlated with creatinine concentration (P = .014). WBC was significantly negatively correlated with urea (P < .01). Plasma EPO concentration was increased and renal EPO mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in LPK animals. The former was significantly positively correlated with blood pressure and platelet count (P < .05). RBC osmotic fragility was normal in LPK rats and there was no evidence for increased RBC elimination or extramedullary hematopoiesis. Marked anemia in the LPK CKD rodent model in the presence of elevated EPO suggests inefficient erythropoiesis that is correlated with plasma urea concentration and blood pressure.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 11-04-2022
Abstract: Cryptococcosis caused by yeasts of the Cryptococcus gattii species complex is an increasingly important mycological disease in humans and other mammals. In Australia, cases of C. gattii-related cryptococcosis are more prevalent in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) compared to humans and other animals, likely due to the close association that both C. gattii and koalas have with Eucalyptus species. This provides a cogent opportunity to investigate the epidemiology of spontaneous C. gattii infections in a free-living mammalian host, thereby offering insights into similar infections in humans. This study aimed to establish a link between nasal colonisation by C. gattii in free-ranging koalas and the tree hollows of Eucalyptus species, the key environmental source of the pathogen. We (i) detected and genotyped C. gattii from nine out of 169 free-ranging koalas and representative tree hollows within their home range in the Liverpool Plains, New South Wales, and (ii) examined potential environmental predictors of nasal colonisation in koalas and the presence of C. gattii in tree hollows. Phylogenetic analyses based on multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that the koalas were most likely colonised by the most abundant C. gattii genotypes found in the Eucalyptus species, or closely related genotypes. Importantly, the likelihood of the presence of C. gattii in tree hollows was correlated with increasing hollow size.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 21-08-2201
Abstract: For each species, the manufacturers of in-house analysers (and commercial laboratories) provide standard reference intervals (RIs) that do not account for any differences such as geographical population differences and do not overtly state the potential for variation between results obtained from serum or plasma. Additionally, biases have been demonstrated for in-house analysers which result in different RIs for each different type of analyser. The objective of this study was to calculate RIs (with 90% confidence intervals [CIs]) for 13 biochemistry analytes when tested on three commonly used in-house veterinary analysers, as well as a commercial laboratory analyser. The calculated RIs were then compared with those provided by the in-house analyser manufacturers and the commercial laboratory. Plasma s les were collected from 53 clinically normal cats. After centrifugation, plasma was ided into four aliquots one aliquot was sent to the commercial laboratory and the remaining three were tested using the in-house biochemistry analysers. The distribution of results was used to choose the appropriate statistical technique for each analyte from each analyser to calculate RIs. Provided reference limits were deemed appropriate if they fell within the 90% CIs of the calculated reference limits. Transference validation was performed on provided and calculated RIs. Twenty-nine of a possible 102 provided reference limits (28%) were within the calculated 90% CIs. To ensure proper interpretation of laboratory results, practitioners should determine RIs for their practice populations and/or use reference change values when assessing their patients’ clinical chemistry results.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-2002
DOI: 10.1080/714031114
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 06-2001
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.69.6.4116-4119.2001
Abstract: Lack of interleukin-6 (IL-6) during Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal infection leads to more severe disease with changes in neutrophil recruitment. Exogenous IL-6 leads to increased efficiency of neutrophil recruitment and reduced bacterial loads in corneal infection in both IL-6 gene knockout and wild-type mice. This may be mediated by IL-6 increasing the production of corneal macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1. We conclude that effective recruitment of neutrophils into the cornea is dependent on the production of IL-6 and that early augmentation of IL-6 may be protective in corneal infection.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-1999
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-280X.1999.00236.X
Abstract: Over a 22-month period, sequential nasal and skin swabs were obtained from 52 healthy captive koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) from the Sydney region. Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated in 17 koalas from 64 of 262 (24%) nasal swabs and from nine of 262 (3%) skin swabs. Prevalence of nasal colonization varied seasonally from 12% (3/25) to 38% (10/26). Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii alone was cultured from 37, var. neoformans alone from 22 and both varieties from five nasal swabs. Of 33 koalas s led on three or more occasions, organisms were isolated persistently from six, occasionally from eight and never from 19. Two koalas were persistently and heavily (>/=100 colonies late) colonized by C. neoformans var. gattii and two with var. neoformans. Isolation of C. neoformans var. gattii from the skin was low grade and sporadic. No koalas from which C. neoformans was persistently isolated showed clinical signs of cryptococcosis and all except one had a negative latex cryptococcal antigen test, therefore the nasal cavity was presumed to be colonized by, rather than infected with, C. neoformans. Preliminary observations of koalas from Coffs Harbour indicated a much higher prevalence of colonization by C. neoformans, suggesting that environmental factors influenced the extent of carriage by C. neoformans.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-11-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.CBPC.2013.12.002
Abstract: Quantitative and qualitative aspects of in vitro metabolism of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam, mediated via hepatic microsomes of specialized foliage (Eucalyptus) eating marsupials (koalas and ringtail possums), a generalized foliage eating marsupial (brushtail possum), rats, and dogs, are described. Using a substrate depletion method, intrinsic hepatic clearance (in vitro Clint) was determined. Significantly, rates of oxidative transformation of meloxicam, likely mediated via cytochromes P450 (CYP), were higher in marsupials compared to rats or dogs. The rank order of apparent in vitro Clint was brushtail possums (n=3) (mean: 394μL/min/mg protein), >koalas (n=6) (50), >ringtail possums (n=2) (36) (with no significant difference between koalas and ringtail possums), >pooled rats (3.2)>pooled dogs (in which the rate of depletion, as calculated by the ratio of the substrate remaining was <20% and too slow to determine). During the depletion of meloxicam, at a first-order rate constant, 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite (M1) was identified in the brushtail possums and the rat as the major metabolite. However, multiple hydroxyl metabolites were observed in the koala (M1, M2, and M3) and the ringtail possum (M1 and M3) indicating that these specialized foliage-eating marsupials have erse oxidation capacity to metabolize meloxicam. Using a well-stirred model, the apparent in vitro Clint of meloxicam for koalas and the rat was further scaled to compare with published in vivo Cl. The closest in vivo Cl prediction from in vitro data of koalas was demonstrated with scaled hepatic Cl(total) (average fold error=1.9) excluding unbound fractions in the blood and microsome values whereas for rats, the in-vitro scaled hepatic Cl fu(blood, mic), corrected with unbound fractions in the blood and microsome values, provided the best prediction (fold error=1.86). This study indicates that eutherians such as rats or dogs serve as inadequate models for dosage extrapolation of this drug to marsupials due to differences in hepatic turnover rate. Furthermore, as in vivo Cl is one of the pharmacokinetic indexes for determining therapeutic drug dosages, this study demonstrates the utility of in vitro to in vivo scaling as an alternative prediction method of drug Cl in koalas.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-04-2016
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2002
Abstract: Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii has been shown to have a strong association with eucalypts frequently used by koalas and, not surprisingly, it has been shown to colonize the nasal cavities of koalas. The progression from nasal colonization to tissue invasion is critical to understanding the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis in this species and provides a model for pathogenesis of cryptococcosis in other species. Cryptococcal antigenaemia was detected in twenty-eight healthy koalas from three different regions. This was interpreted as representing limited subclinical disease. One koala developed cryptococcal pneumonia 6 months after leaving the study, whereas another developed cryptococcal meningoencephalitis during the course of the study. Opportunistic necropsies on ten antigen-positive koalas resulted in discovery of small cryptococcal lesions in two (paranasal sinus and lung, respectively). Our data suggest that cryptococcal antigenaemia occurs commonly in koalas, especially in areas with a high environmental presence of C n. var. gattii. Subclinical disease appears most likely to manifest as a small focal lesion in the respiratory tract. Possible outcomes include elimination by an effective immune response, quiescence with possibility of later re-activation or direct progression to overt disease. Symptomatic and subclinical cases showed differences in levels of antigenaemia. The data presented have significant implications for koalas in captivity.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-05-2014
Publisher: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
Date: 12-2007
DOI: 10.1638/2007-0005R.1
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-11-2012
DOI: 10.1111/JVP.12024
Abstract: Clinically normal koalas (n = 19) received a single dose of intravenous (i.v.) chlor henicol sodium succinate (SS) (25 mg/kg n = 6), subcutaneous (s.c.) chlor henicol SS (60 mg/kg n = 7) or s.c. chlor henicol base (60 mg/kg n = 6). Serial plasma s les were collected over 24-48 h, and chlor henicol concentrations were determined using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography assay. The median (range) apparent clearance (CL/F) and elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of chlor henicol after i.v. chlor henicol SS administration were 0.52 (0.35-0.99) L/h/kg and 1.13 (0.76-1.40) h, respectively. Although the area under the concentration-time curve was comparable for the two s.c. formulations, the absorption rate-limited disposition of chlor henicol base resulted in a lower median C(max) (2.52 range 0.75-6.80 μg/mL) and longer median tmax (8.00 range 4.00-12.00 h) than chlor henicol SS (C(max) 20.37, range 13.88-25.15 μg/mL t(max) 1.25, range 1.00-2.00 h). When these results were compared with susceptibility data for human Chlamydia isolates, the expected efficacy of the current chlor henicol dosing regimen used in koalas to treat chlamydiosis remains uncertain and at odds with clinical observations.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-08-2019
DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.5498
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2006
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1080/13693780601187158
Abstract: Systemic protothecosis was diagnosed in 17 Australian dogs between 1988 and 2005. There was a preponderance of young-adult (median 4 years), medium- to large-breed dogs. Females (12/17 cases) and Boxer dogs (7 cases, including 6 purebreds and one Boxer cross) were over-represented. Sixteen of 17 dogs died, with a median survival of four months. A disproportionate number of cases were from coastal Queensland. In most patients, first signs were referable to colitis (11/17 cases), which varied in severity, and was often present for many months before other symptoms developed. Subsequent to dissemination, signs were mostly ocular (12 cases) and/or neurologic (8 cases). Two dogs had signs due to bony lesions. Once dissemination was evident, death or euthanasia transpired quickly. Prototheca organisms had a tropism for the eye, central nervous system (CNS), bone, kidneys and myocardium, tissues with a good blood supply. Microscopic examination and culture of urine (5 cases), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF case), rectal scrapings (4 cases), aspirates or biopsies of eyes (5 cases) and histology of colonic biopsies (6 cases) as well as skin and lymph nodes (2 cases) helped secure a diagnosis. Of the cases where culture was successful, P wickerhamii was isolated from two patients, while P zopfii was isolated from five. P zopfii infections had a more aggressive course. Treatment was not attempted in most cases. Combination therapy with hotericin B and itraconazole proved effective in two cases, although in one of these treatment should have been for a longer duration. One surviving dog is currently still receiving itraconazole. Protothecosis should be considered in all dogs with refractory colitis, especially in female Boxers.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.JFMS.2006.05.005
Abstract: Four new cases of sarcoptic mange in cats are described. Two cats resided in areas known to be frequented by foxes, another cohabited with a dog recently diagnosed with sarcoptic mange, while the final cat lived with a mixed breed dog that had been treated for sarcoptic mange 7 months previously. Three cases were diagnosed on the basis of characteristic mite size and morphology in skin scraping from representative lesions, situated on the head (two cases) or head and distal hind limbs (one case). Mites were highly mobile and abundant in all instances, and easily detected also in skin biopsy specimens procured from two cases. Eosinophilic inflammation, hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis were prominent in the tissue sections. In the remaining case, the diagnosis was presumptive, based on characteristic lesions, cohabitation with a canine scabies patient and positive response to scabicide therapy. Pruritus was not a prominent clinical feature in any patient and was considered to be absent in three of the four cases. Lesions in three cats with long-standing disease were reminiscent of crusted scabies (synonym: Norwegian scabies, parakeratotic scabies) as seen in human patients. In three cases, in-contact human carriers developed itchy cutaneous papular lesions. Two cases responded promptly to therapy with systemic avermectin drugs, while one responded to topical treatment with lime sulphur and the remaining cat received both a lime sulphur rinse and ivermectin. Sarcoptic mange should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cats with non-pruritic crusting skin diseases, especially when there is contact with foxes or dogs, and when owners have itchy papular lesions.
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 08-2005
DOI: 10.1128/EC.4.8.1403-1409.2005
Abstract: Cryptococcus gattii is a pathogenic yeast that together with Cryptococcus neoformans causes cryptococcosis in humans and animals. High numbers of viable C. gattii propagules can be obtained from certain species of Australian Eucalyptus camaldulensis trees, and an epidemiological link between Eucalyptus colonization and human exposure has been proposed. However, the highest prevalence of C. gattii cryptococcosis occurs in Papua New Guinea and in regions of Australia where the eucalypt species implicated to date are not endemic. This study investigated the population structure of three geographically distinct clinical and veterinary populations of C. gattii from Australia and Papua New Guinea. All populations that consisted of a genotype found frequently in Australia (VGI) were strongly clonal and were highly differentiated from one another. Two populations of the less common VGII genotype from Sydney and the Northern Territory had population structures inferring recombination. In addition, there was some evidence of reduced genetic differentiation between these geographically remote regions. In a companion study presented in this issue, VGII isolates were overwhelmingly more fertile than those of the VGI genotype, giving biological support to the indirect assessment of sexual exchange. It appears that the VGI genotype propagates clonally on eucalypts in Australia and on an unknown substrate in Papua New Guinea, with infection initiated by an unidentified infectious propagule. VGII isolates are completing their life cycles and may be dispersed via sexually produced basidiospores, which are also likely to initiate respiratory infection.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-08-2015
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 08-03-2022
Abstract: Pneumocystis is an atypical fungus that resides in the pulmonary parenchyma of many mammals, including humans and dogs. Immunocompetent human hosts are usually asymptomatically colonised or show subtle clinical signs, but some immunocompromised people can develop florid life-threatening Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Since much less is known concerning Pneumocystis in dogs, we posit the question: can Pneumocystis colonization be present in dogs with inflammatory airway or lung disease caused by other pathogens or disease processes? In this study, Pneumocystis DNA was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of 22/255 dogs (9%) with respiratory distress and/or chronic cough. Although young dogs ( year-of-age) and pedigree breeds were more often Pneumocystis-qPCR positive than older dogs and crossbreds, adult dogs with other infectious conditions and/or a history of therapy-resistant pulmonary disease could also be qPCR-positive, including two patients with suppression of the immune system. Absence of pathognomonic clinical or radiographic signs render it impossible to convincingly discriminate between overt PCP versus other lung/airway disease processes colonised by P. canis. It is possible that colonisation with P. canis might play a certain role as a co-pathogen in some canine patients with lower respiratory disease.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-10-2015
Abstract: In-house analysers are commonplace in small animal practices but cannot be calibrated by the operator therefore, any bias in the generated plasma analyte values cannot be corrected. Guidelines such as grading of renal disease and published reference intervals (RIs) in veterinary textbooks assume plasma biochemistry values generated by different analysers are equivalent. This study evaluated the degree of bias, as well as if bias was constant or proportional, for feline plasma biochemical analytes assessed by three in-house biochemistry analysers compared with a commercial laboratory analyser. Blood s les were collected on 101 occasions from 94 cats and, after centrifugation, plasma was ided into four aliquots. One aliquot was sent to the commercial laboratory and the remaining three were tested using the in-house biochemistry analysers. Results from each analyser were compared with the commercial laboratory results by difference plots and analyses, and by comparing percentages of results within provided RIs. Substantial bias was evident relative to the results of the commercial analyser for at least half of the analytes tested for each machine. In most cases, bias was proportional, meaning that the difference between the methods varied with the concentration of the analyte. The results demonstrate that values obtained from these analysers should not be directly compared and that RIs are not transferable between these analysers. Potential effects of bias on clinical decision-making may be overcome by use of appropriately generated RIs, or reference change values which, for most biochemistry analytes, are more appropriate than subject-based RIs.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.JCPA.2010.12.011
Abstract: Low-grade alimentary lymphoma (LGAL) is a recently described entity displaying many microscopical features similar to lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE). The aim of this study was to review the histopathological and immunohistochemical features of LPE and LGAL to determine if specific features are useful in distinguishing between these disorders. Fifty-three cases of LPE (n=24) or LGAL (n=29) were recruited retrospectively and prospectively. Of the 24 cases of LPE, 12 were mild, seven were moderate and five were marked in severity. The ileum and jejunum were the most common sites affected for both LGAL and LPE (70-90% of cases). Involvement of the stomach was more common with LPE (29%) than LGAL (7%) (P<0.0001). Twelve cases of LGAL (41%) had evidence of concurrent LPE. Microscopical features significantly associated with LGAL were epitheliotropism, involvement of the muscularis propria and/or serosa, more severe infiltration and more severe changes to the villus and crypt architecture. Plasma cell infiltration within the mucosa, conversely, was a feature of LPE. Twenty-eight of the 29 cases of LGAL were of T-cell phenotype. While many LGAL and most LPE cases had a mixed infiltrate of T and B lymphocytes, LGAL cases had a clear predominance of the T-cell phenotype. Expression of class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex by enterocytes did not differentiate between LGAL and LPE. In eight of 12 cases of moderate-marked LPE there was disparity in diagnosis by two pathologists regarding differentiation from LGAL, requiring assessment by a third pathologist to reach a consensus diagnosis. This demonstrates the inherent difficulty in differentiating LPE from LGAL on the basis of microscopical and immunohistochemical features alone. Other diagnostic tools such as clonality testing may assist in the definitive diagnosis of such cases.
Start Date: 05-2005
End Date: 10-2009
Amount: $392,262.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 06-2015
End Date: 12-2019
Amount: $384,853.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity