ORCID Profile
0000-0002-4747-7071
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Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 10-1996
Abstract: The myeloid cell line, NFS-60, is dependent on granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or interleukin-3 (IL-3) for survival and growth. Long-term G-CSF-dependent proliferation was found to be completely inhibited by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), cyclic AMP, and dimethylamiloride and partially inhibited by IFN-alpha and lipopolysaccharide. With the exception of IFN-gamma, these agents exhibited a corresponding pattern of inhibition of DNA synthesis in quiescent NFS-60 cells stimulated with G-CSF. IFN-gamma was only a weak inhibitor of DNA synthesis, suggesting that it may act at a later stage to block proliferation. The addition of G-CSF to NFS-60 cells resulted in phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and activation of E2F DNA binding activity. The inhibitors were found to suppress the phosphorylation of pRB, lead to the production of higher order E2F complexes, and suppress the expression of c-myc and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) to an extent that correlated with their ability to block DNA synthesis. These findings are consistent with the notion that the ratio of free/bound E2F binding activity is critical in controlling cell cycle progression through G1 to S-phase in these cells.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1996
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JOCA.2008.11.011
Abstract: The effects of inflammation on bone development from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are unclear due to the difficulty in isolating MSC. The aim of this study was to develop a MSC isolation method and to determine the in vitro effects of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) on their osteogenic differentiation. Murine MSC were isolated from the limbs of C57/Bl6 mice through collagenase digestion of bone and enriched as the Stem cell antigen (Sca-1)(+) CD31(-) CD45(-) population, using lineage immunodepletion, followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). They were differentiated along the osteoblast linage in the presence or absence of IL-1beta and TNFalpha. Mineralization was measured as was the expression of a number of osteogenic genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We show that osteogenic differentiation from the MSC population is suppressed by IL-1beta and TNFalpha. In addition to suppression of bone mineralization, both cytokines inhibited the differentiation-associated increases in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the gene expression for ALP, alpha1(I) procollagen, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osterix. However, only TNFalpha inhibited osteonectin and osteopontin mRNA expression and only IL-1beta reduced cell proliferation. The convenient isolation technique enables the easy generation of sufficient MSC to permit the molecular analysis of their differentiation. We were thus able to show that the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1beta and TNFalpha, can compromise bone development from this primary MSC population, although with some significant differences. The potential involvement of specific inflammatory mediators needs to be taken into account if optimal bone repair and presumably that of other tissues are to be achieved with MSC.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 16-06-2005
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2249.2005.02839.X
Abstract: Rapid overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines are characteristic of sepsis. CD14dimCD16+ monocytes are thought to be major producers of cytokine and have been shown to be elevated in septic patients. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are pattern recognition receptors important in mediating the innate immune response and their activation can lead to production of cytokines. Using whole blood culture and flow cytometry we have investigated TLR2 and TLR4 regulation after stimulation with sepsis-relevant antigens [lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and peptidoglycan (PGN)]. The percentage of CD14dimCD16+ monocyte population expanded at 20 h post-stimulation, after a rise in tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 at 2 h. A strong positive correlation between the percentage of CD14dimCD16+ monocytes and secreted TNF-α was demonstrated (r = 0·72). Furthermore, we were able to induce expansion of the CD14dimCD16+ population to approximately 35% of all monocytes with the addition of recombinant TNF-α to the whole blood culture. TLR4 was found to be expressed 2·5 times higher on CD14dimCD16+ compared to CD14+ CD16– monocytes, while TLR2 expression was similar in both subpopulations. The CD14dimCD16+ and CD14+ CD16– monocyte populations were different in their response to various antigens. LPS down-regulated TLR4 by 4·9 times in CD16+ monocytes compared to only 2·3 times in CD16– monocytes at 2 h. LPS was able to up-regulate TLR2 by 6·2 times after 2 h, with no difference between the subpopulations. LPS further up-regulated TLR2 by 18·4 times after 20 h only in the CD14+ CD16– population. PGN and SEB induced no significant changes in TLR2 or TLR4 expression. We hypothesize that following exposure to bacterial antigens, subsequent TNF-α drives a differentiation of monocytes into a CD14dimCD16+ subpopulation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1993
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(93)90026-Q
Abstract: Smooth muscle cells (SMC) are the major cell type found in the walls of large blood vessels and appear to participate in local immune and inflammatory reactions, as well as in certain vascular diseases. We tested whether human arterial SMC can produce in vitro the colony stimulating factors (CSFs), granulocyte macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF) and macrophage CSF (M-CSF). Untreated internal mammary artery and aortic SMC produced no detectable GM-CSF but constitutively made M-CSF, measured by ELISA and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and, to a lesser extent, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) stimulated GM-CSF formation within 3 h mRNA levels also increased particularly in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. IL-1, TNF alpha and, in addition, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) raised the M-CSF levels within 6 h cycloheximide potentiated the effects of IL-1 and TNF alpha on mRNA levels. These results suggest that cytokine-stimulated human arterial SMC may be a source of the M-CSF found in atherosclerotic lesions. Since monocytes/macrophages can be activated by GM-CSF and M-CSF, while GM-CSF can also affect granulocyte function, SMC may participate in inflammatory reactions and vascular diseases by releasing these cytokines.
Publisher: Portland Press Ltd.
Date: 04-2001
DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3550207
Abstract: Human atherosclerotic plaque contains a partially characterized range of normal and oxidized lipids formed mainly from free and esterified cholesterol and phospholipids, some of which can be located in macrophage-derived "foam" cells. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is often considered as an important event leading to subsequent foam-cell development, which may also include enhanced cell survival and/or proliferation. The active component(s) in oxidized LDL (ox.LDL) causing macrophage proliferation is debated. We report here that the lipid component of ox.LDL can promote macrophage survival and DNA synthesis, the latter response showing a synergistic effect in the presence of low concentrations of macrophage colony-stimulating factor. 7-Ketocholesterol showed some stimulation of macrophage DNA synthesis whereas hypochlorite-oxidized (i.e. apolipoprotein B-oxidized) LDL did not. Plaque-derived lipids could enhance macrophage survival. It has not been proven that LDL in lesions is oxidized sufficiently to be the dominant source of sterols in vivo or to be able to induce macrophage growth in vitro or in vivo it has been suggested that aggregation of modified LDL in vivo is an important step in the deposition of intracellular lipid. We found that aggregation of lightly oxidized LDL potentiated dramatically its ability to stimulate macrophage DNA synthesis, indicating that extensive oxidation of LDL is not required for this response in vitro and perhaps in vivo.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1996
DOI: 10.1016/8756-3282(96)00076-2
Abstract: We previously reported that osteoclast formation in vitro, by coculture of mouse bone marrow and primary osteoblastic cells, occurs in two phases: proliferation of osteoclast progenitors followed by terminal differentiation into mature osteoclasts. Using this coculture system, we examined the effects of c-fos antisense and sense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides on osteoclast development and macrophage differentiation. Treatment with c-fos antisense for the first 4 days of coculture inhibited osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent fashion. However, when c-fos antisense was added during the second phase of coculture (4-6 days), osteoclast formation was unaffected. In contrast, c-fos antisense treatment had no effect on the appearance of F4/80 antigen-positive cells of the macrophage lineage in these cultures or on the induction by colony stimulating factor-1 of macrophage colony formation in cultures of mouse bone marrow cells in agar. Neither osteoclast differentiation nor macrophage appearance was inhibited by adding control c-fos sense in the cocultures. When c-fos antisense was added into an assay of bone resorption by mature osteoclasts, pit formation on dentine slices was unaffected. These results indicate that c-fos plays an important role in the proliferative phase of osteoclast progenitors in osteoclast development, but not in the terminal differentiation phase or in the bone resorbing activity of mature osteoclasts. c-fos antisense specifically inhibited osteoclast formation but had no effect on macrophage development.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 1999
Abstract: Abstract —Modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL), eg, by oxidation, has been proposed as being important for the formation of foam cells and therefore for the development of atherosclerotic plaques. There are a number of reports showing that macrophage-derived foam cells can proliferate in both human and animal lesions, particularly in the early phase of the disease and possibly involving macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF, or CSF-1). We studied the in vitro effects of oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) on murine bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMMs), a cell population with a high proliferative capacity in vitro in response to CSF-1 and a dependence for survival on the presence of this growth factor. We report here that treatment of BMMs with low doses of ox-LDL, but not with native LDL, led to cell survival, DNA synthesis, and an enhanced response to the proliferative actions of CSF-1 and granulocyte macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF) the effects were dependent on the degree of LDL oxidation. For CSF-1, a synergistic effect was noticeable at suboptimal doses. The effect of ox-LDL occurred even in the absence of endogenous CSF-1 or GM-CSF. Our findings suggest that ox-LDL, and possibly other modified forms of LDL, could maintain macrophage (and foam cell) survival and therefore lengthen their tenure in a plaque the modified LDL could also cause local macrophage proliferation or “prime” them so that they could proliferate better in response to CSF-1 (and GM-CSF) concentrations that may be present in the atheroma.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00116-0
Abstract: Smooth muscle cell proliferation is a key event in the development of atherosclerosis. Inhibition of this proliferation may lead to better prevention and treatment of the disease. While a number of agents have been found to inhibit SMC proliferation, their mechanisms of action are not fully understood. We wanted to determine the effects of three physiologically relevant anti-mitogenic agents on two classes of proteins which have major roles in cellular proliferation, namely cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks). Following stimulation with fetal calf serum (FCS), quiescent human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (HUASMC) synthesised cyclin D1 mRNA and protein and cdk2 mRNA in the G1 phase, whereas cdc2 protein was expressed after the onset of the S phase. Heparin, a strong inhibitor of HUASMC proliferation, strongly down-modulated the levels of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein, cdk2 mRNA and cdc2 protein. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) or 8-bromo-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) also lowered the levels of these cell cycle regulatory proteins, although their effects were relatively weak, reflecting their only partial inhibition of HUASMC DNA synthesis. There was specificity in the cell cycle targets of the agents since none appeared to affect the levels of cdk4 protein.
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 02-1997
Abstract: Like other cytokines, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) activates a complex array of signal transduction pathways involving multiple kinases and phosphatases. We sought to identify phosphoproteins specific to G-CSF signaling. Using 2D-SDS-PAGE of 32P-labeled cytosolic extracts, we compared phosphoprotein patterns of NFS-60 cells treated with G-CSF or interleukin-3 (IL-3). We also compared the patterns found after stimulation of M-NFS-60 cells with macrophage-CSF (M-CSF). A large number of phosphoproteins were found that were specific for the G-CSF response. Their distribution contrasted with that of Erk-1-related spots, identified by Western blotting, which were common to G-CSF, M-CSF (CSF-1), and IL-3 responses. The activation of Erk-1 by these cytokines was confirmed by in vitro kinase assays. The 2D-SDS-PAGE approach was also used to demonstrate that a series of unrelated G1 phase inhibitors of the mitogenic action of G-CSF elicited both common and erse protein phosphorylation changes in G-CSF-treated NFS-60 cells that were not dependent on the inhibition of Erk-1 activity, as demonstrated by both in vitro kinase assays and 2D-SDS-PAGE. Therefore, 2D-SDS-PAGE has potential to dissect both the signal transduction pathways lying downstream of the G-CSF receptor (and of the receptors for other CSFs) and also the site of action of proliferation inhibitors.
No related grants have been discovered for James Hamilton.