ORCID Profile
0000-0001-6574-448X
Current Organisation
University of Waterloo
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Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2019
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001420
Abstract: Clinicians who administer the Farnsworth-Munsell D-15 test need to pay attention to the quality and quantity of lighting and the time that they allow for completion of the test, and all repeat attempts need to be included in reports on compliance with color vision standards. The validity of the Farnsworth-Munsell D-15 has been questioned because practice may allow significantly color vision–deficient subjects to pass. In this article, we review the influence of practice and other factors that may affect the performance. These relate to both the design and the administration of the test. We review the literature and present some calculations on limitations in the colorimetric design of the test, quantity and quality of lighting, time taken, and repeat attempts. In addition to the review of the literature, color differences and luminance differences under selected sources are calculated, and the increases in luminance clues under some sources and for protanopes are illustrated. All these factors affect the outcome of the test and need specification and implementation if the test is to be applied consistently and equitably. We recommend the following: practitioners should never rely on a single color vision test regardless of the color vision standard lighting should be T cp ′′ 6500 K and R a 90 illuminance levels should be between 200 and 300 lux if detection of color vision deficiency is a priority or between 300 and 1000 lux if the need is to test at the level where illuminance has minimal influence on performance illuminance should be reported time limits should be set between 1 and 2 minutes repeat testing (beyond the specified test and one retest) should be carried out only with authorization and initial and repeated results should be reported. A set of test instructions to assist in the consistent application of the test is provided in the Appendix.
Publisher: Optica Publishing Group
Date: 12-03-2020
DOI: 10.1364/JOSAA.382301
Abstract: Lighting conditions nominated for color vision testing are many and varied. The recommendation of CIE color rendering index (CIE CRI) ≥ 90 and correlated color temperature of close to 6500 K is widely made for color vision testing generally. With the demise of incandescent and fluorescent lighting and their replacement by light-emitting diodes (LEDs), this is an opportune time to revisit the recommendation. In this paper, we consider the current sources, acceptable and unacceptable, and improvements to the recommendation as it applies to the Farnsworth–Munsell 100 Hue Test (FM100Hue Test). We conclude that there is no need to treat LEDs as a special case but propose a modified CRI measure.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 09-12-2020
DOI: 10.1155/2020/9793425
Abstract: Environmental influence is one of the attributing factors for health status. Chronic interaction with electronic display technology and lack of outdoor activities might lead to health issues. Given the concerns about the digital impact on lifestyle and health challenges, we aimed to investigate the daily activity inclination and health complaints among the Malaysian youth. A self-administered questionnaire covering lifestyle and health challenges was completed by 220 youths aged between 16 and 25. There were a total of 22 questions. Seven questions inspected the patterns of indoor and outdoor activities. Fifteen questions focused on the visual and musculoskeletal symptoms linked to both mental and physical health. The total time spent indoors (15.0 ± 5.4 hours/day) was significantly higher than that spent outdoors (2.5 ± 2.6 hours/day) (t = 39.01, p 0.05 ). Total time engrossed in sedentary activities (13.0 ± 4.5 hours/day) was significantly higher than that in nonsedentary activities (4.5 ± 3.8 hours/day) comprised of indoor sports and any outdoor engagements (t = 27.10, p 0.05 ). The total time spent on electronic related activities (9.5 ± 3.7 hours/day) was were higher than time spent on printed materials (3.4 ± 1.6 hours/day) (t = 26.01, p 0.05 ). The association of sedentary activities was positive in relation to tired eyes (χ2 = 17.58, p 0.05 ), sensitivity to bright light (χ2 = 12.10, p 0.05 ), and neck pain (χ2 = 17.27, p 0.05 ) but negative in relation to lower back pain (χ2 = 8.81, p 0.05 ). Our youth spent more time in building and engaged in sedentary activities, predominantly electronic usage. The health-related symptoms, both visual and musculoskeletal symptoms, displayed a positive association with a sedentary lifestyle and a negative association with in-building time.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-11-2021
DOI: 10.1111/OPO.12915
Abstract: The 3rd edition of the City University Colour Vision Test (CUT) was originally based on the Farnsworth‐Munsell D‐15 test (D15). The first part of the test is for detecting a defect, and the second part is used to diagnose the type and severity of the defect. This study evaluates the CUT 3rd edition relative to the Ishihara and the D15 colour vision tests. Fifty nine colour vision normal subjects and 60 subjects with a congenital red‐green colour vision defect were recruited. Subjects were tested with the Ishihara and CUT tests. Subjects who failed the Ishihara also performed the D15 test. The agreement between the Ishihara and CUT screening plates was marginally higher when using the CUT failure criterion of error compared with using errors. If the diagnostic plates were included with the screening plates in determining the pass/fail outcomes, the agreement between the Ishihara and CUT was high, with a first‐order agreement coefficient (AC1) of 0.90. The AC1 coefficient agreement between the D15 and CUT diagnostic plates in terms of pass/fail was 0.81 when using the D15 failure criteria of or crossing. The level of agreement between the 3rd edition of the CUT and D15 was lower than the 2nd edition of the CUT. The primary reason for the lower agreement of the 3rd edition of the CUT was that it had a lower specificity relative to the D15 compared to the 2nd edition. Although the CUT predictive value for failing the D15 is over 90%, the predictive value for passing shows that 19%–25% of patients who pass the 3rd edition of the CUT test will fail the D15. The 3rd edition tends to misclassify protans as deutans or cannot classify the type of defect relative to the D15 and Ishihara.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-04-2022
DOI: 10.1002/COL.22795
Abstract: To investigate if color limitations in eye and face protection standards are sufficient to avoid interfering significantly in color‐contingent clinical decisions. If not, to propose what requirement will ensure appropriate products. Yellow‐tinted eye protectors, blue‐blocking lenses and lightly tinted filters were assessed for compliance with eye and face protection standards and their effect on the color rendering. Yellow‐tinted eye protectors and many tinted filters cause significant noncompliance with hospital lighting recommendations and standards however general eye protection standards do not exclude these lenses. The standard for eye protection against intense light sources, in cosmetic and medical applications (ISO 12609‐1), does exclude lenses identified as affecting clinical color‐related decisions significantly. Any recommendation or standard for eye and face protection for persons making color‐ contingent clinical decisions must include the requirement of ISO 12909‐1. Persons making color‐contingent clinical decisions should be advised to use only untinted or neutral‐colored lenses. This research is intended to advise writers of standards and recommendations on eye and face protection for use where color‐contingent clinical decisions are made to ensure that the protector does not interfere with these decisions. It is also intended to advise on the selection of tints in their eye protection.
No related grants have been discovered for Jeffery Hovis.