ORCID Profile
0000-0001-9725-2498
Current Organisation
James Cook University
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Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-07-2005
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 22-02-2014
Abstract: Rising CO 2 levels in the oceans are predicted to have serious consequences for many marine taxa. Recent studies suggest that non-genetic parental effects may reduce the impact of high CO 2 on the growth, survival and routine metabolic rate of marine fishes, but whether the parental environment mitigates behavioural and sensory impairment associated with high CO 2 remains unknown. Here, we tested the acute effects of elevated CO 2 on the escape responses of juvenile fish and whether such effects were altered by exposure of parents to increased CO 2 (transgenerational acclimation). Elevated CO 2 negatively affected the reactivity and locomotor performance of juvenile fish, but parental exposure to high CO 2 reduced the effects in some traits, indicating the potential for acclimation of behavioural impairment across generations. However, acclimation was not complete in some traits, and absent in others, suggesting that transgenerational acclimation does not completely compensate the effects of high CO 2 on escape responses.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-09-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2003
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-12-2016
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 31-01-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-12-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S00442-013-2858-6
Abstract: Although mutualisms are ubiquitous in nature, our understanding of the potential impacts of climate change on these important ecological interactions is deficient. Here, we report on a thermal stress-related shift from cooperation to antagonism between members of a mutualistic coral-dwelling community. Increased mortality of coral-defending crustacean symbionts Trapezia cymodoce (coral crab) and Alpheus lottini (snapping shrimp) was observed in response to experimentally elevated temperatures and reduced coral-host (Pocillopora damicornis) condition. However, strong differential numerical effects occurred among crustaceans as a function of species and sex, with shrimp (75%), and female crabs (55%), exhibiting the fastest and greatest declines in numbers. These declines were due to forceful eviction from the coral-host by male crabs. Furthermore, surviving female crabs were impacted by a dramatic decline (85%) in egg production, which could have deleterious consequences for population sustainability. Our results suggest that elevated temperature switches the fundamental nature of this interaction from cooperation to competition, leading to asymmetrical effects on species and/or sexes. Our study illustrates the importance of evaluating not only in idual responses to climate change, but also potentially fragile interactions within and among susceptible species.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-11-2014
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.12455
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-11-2013
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 15-03-2010
DOI: 10.1242/JEB.037895
Abstract: Expert opinion was canvassed to identify crucial knowledge gaps in current understanding of climate change impacts on coral reef fishes. Scientists that had published three or more papers on the effects of climate and environmental factors on reef fishes were invited to submit five questions that, if addressed, would improve our understanding of climate change effects on coral reef fishes. Thirty-three scientists provided 155 questions, and 32 scientists scored these questions in terms of: (i) identifying a knowledge gap, (ii) achievability, (iii) applicability to a broad spectrum of species and reef habitats, and (iv) priority. Forty-two per cent of the questions related to habitat associations and community dynamics of fish, reflecting the established effects and immediate concern relating to climate-induced coral loss and habitat degradation. However, there were also questions on fish demographics, physiology, behaviour and management, all of which could be potentially affected by climate change. Irrespective of their in idual expertise and background, scientists scored questions from different topics similarly, suggesting limited bias and recognition of a need for greater interdisciplinary and collaborative research. Presented here are the 53 highest-scoring unique questions. These questions should act as a guide for future research, providing a basis for better assessment and management of climate change impacts on coral reefs and associated fish communities.
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS290223
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-10-2016
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 17-10-2014
DOI: 10.1242/BIO.20149894
Abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels projected to occur in the oceans by the end of this century cause a range of behavioural effects in fish, but whether other highly active marine organisms, such as cephalopods, are similarly affected is unknown. We tested the effects of projected future CO2 levels (626 and 956 µatm) on the behaviour of male two-toned pygmy squid, Idiosepius pygmaeus. Exposure to elevated CO2 increased the number of active in iduals by 19–25% and increased movement (number of line-crosses) by nearly 3 times compared to squid at present-day CO2. Squid vigilance and defensive behaviours were also altered by elevated CO2 with & % of in iduals choosing jet escape responses over defensive arm postures in response to a visual startle stimulus, compared with 50% choosing jet escape responses at control CO2. In addition, more escape responses were chosen over threat behaviours in body pattern displays at elevated CO2 and in iduals were more than twice as likely to use ink as a defence strategy at 956 µatm CO2, compared with controls. Increased activity could lead to adverse effects on energy budgets as well as increasing visibility to predators. A tendency to respond to a stimulus with escape behaviours could increase survival, but may also be energetically costly and could potentially lead to more chases by predators compared with in iduals that use defensive postures. These results demonstrate that projected future ocean acidification affects the behaviours of a tropical squid species.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-08-2014
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2003
Publisher: The Oceanography Society
Date: 12-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.TICE.2007.06.007
Abstract: We examined the peripheral olfactory organ in newly metamorphosed coral-dwelling gobies, Paragobiodon xanthosomus (SL=5.8mm+/-0.8mm, N=15), by the aid of electron microscopy (scanning and transmission) and light microscopy. Two bilateral olfactory placodes were present in each fish. They were oval-shaped and located medio-ventrally, one in each of the olfactory chambers. Each placode had a continuous cover of cilia. The placode epithelium contained three different types of olfactory receptor neurons: ciliated, microvillous and crypt cells. The latter type was rare. Following a pelagic larval phase, P. xanthosomus settle to the reef and form an obligate association with one species of coral, Seriatopora hystrix. Their well-developed olfactory organs likely enable larvae of P. xanthosomus to detect chemical cues that assist in navigating towards and selecting appropriate coral habitat at settlement. Our findings support past studies showing that the peripheral olfactory organ develops early in coral reef fishes.
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 07-2021
DOI: 10.1242/JEB.242335
Abstract: Projected future carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the ocean can alter marine animal behaviours. Disrupted functioning of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors (ligand-gated chloride channels) is suggested to underlie CO2-induced behavioural changes in fish. However, the mechanisms underlying behavioural changes in marine invertebrates are poorly understood. We pharmacologically tested the role of GABA-, glutamate-, acetylcholine- and dopamine-gated chloride channels in CO2-induced behavioural changes in a cephalopod, the two-toned pygmy squid (Idiosepius pygmaeus). We exposed squid to ambient (∼450 µatm) or elevated (∼1000 µatm) CO2 for 7 days. Squid were treated with sham, the GABAA receptor antagonist gabazine or the non-specific GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin, before measurement of conspecific-directed behaviours and activity levels upon mirror exposure. Elevated CO2 increased conspecific-directed attraction and aggression, as well as activity levels. For some CO2-affected behaviours, both gabazine and picrotoxin had a different effect at elevated compared with ambient CO2, providing robust support for the GABA hypothesis within cephalopods. In another behavioural trait, picrotoxin but not gabazine had a different effect in elevated compared with ambient CO2, providing the first pharmacological evidence, in fish and marine invertebrates, for altered functioning of ligand-gated chloride channels, other than the GABAAR, underlying CO2-induced behavioural changes. For some other behaviours, both gabazine and picrotoxin had a similar effect in elevated and ambient CO2, suggesting altered function of ligand-gated chloride channels was not responsible for these CO2-induced changes. Multiple mechanisms may be involved, which could explain the variability in the CO2 and drug treatment effects across behaviours.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 23-09-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1095-8649.2009.02274.X
Abstract: The relationship between whole-body concentrations of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) and sexual function was examined in the coral goby Gobiodon erythrospilus, a bi-directional sex-changing fish. 11-KT occurred in both female and male G. erythrospilus, but levels were not always higher in males than in females within heterosexual pairs, and were not related to the stage of gonadal development of in idual fish. These results suggest that comparable 11-KT levels in both sexes may allow serial adult sex change to take place in bi-directional sex-changing species, such as Gobiodon spp.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2003
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2002
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.1071/MF01205
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-06-2013
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1071/MF10269
Abstract: Seasonal change in temperature has a profound effect on reproduction in fish. Increasing temperatures cue reproductive development in spring-spawning species, and falling temperatures stimulate reproduction in autumn-spawners. Elevated temperatures truncate spring spawning, and delay autumn spawning. Temperature increases will affect reproduction, but the nature of these effects will depend on the period and litude of the increase and range from phase-shifting of spawning to complete inhibition of reproduction. This latter effect will be most marked in species that are constrained in their capacity to shift geographic range. Studies from a range of taxa, habitats and temperature ranges all show inhibitory effects of elevated temperature albeit about different environmental set points. The effects are generated through the endocrine system, particularly through the inhibition of ovarian oestrogen production. Larval fishes are usually more sensitive than adults to environmental fluctuations, and might be especially vulnerable to climate change. In addition to direct effects on embryonic duration and egg survival, temperature also influences size at hatching, developmental rate, pelagic larval duration and survival. A companion effect of marine climate change is ocean acidification, which may pose a significant threat through its capacity to alter larval behaviour and impair sensory capabilities. This in turn impacts on population replenishment and connectivity patterns of marine fishes.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1890/14-0802.1
Abstract: Ocean acidification, chemical changes to the carbonate system of seawater, is emerging as a key environmental challenge accompanying global warming and other human-induced perturbations. Considerable research seeks to define the scope and character of potential outcomes from this phenomenon, but a crucial impediment persists. Ecological theory, despite its power and utility, has been only peripherally applied to the problem. Here we sketch in broad strokes several areas where fundamental principles of ecology have the capacity to generate insight into ocean acidification's consequences. We focus on conceptual models that, when considered in the context of acidification, yield explicit predictions regarding a spectrum of population- and community-level effects, from narrowing of species ranges and shifts in patterns of demographic connectivity, to modified consumer-resource relationships, to ascendance of weedy taxa and loss of species ersity. Although our coverage represents only a small fraction of the breadth of possible insights achievable from the application of theory, our hope is that this initial foray will spur expanded efforts to blend experiments with theoretical approaches. The result promises to be a deeper and more nuanced understanding of ocean acidification'and the ecological changes it portends.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-03-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-06-2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-11-2011
DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.53
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-08-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2015
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 02-2017
Abstract: Ocean acidification poses a range of threats to marine invertebrates however, the emerging and likely widespread effects of rising carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels on marine invertebrate behaviour are still little understood. Here, we show that ocean acidification alters and impairs key ecological behaviours of the predatory cone snail Conus marmoreus . Projected near-future seawater CO 2 levels (975 µatm) increased activity in this coral reef molluscivore more than threefold (from less than 4 to more than 12 mm min −1 ) and decreased the time spent buried to less than one-third when compared with the present-day control conditions (390 µatm). Despite increasing activity, elevated CO 2 reduced predation rate during predator–prey interactions with control-treated humpbacked conch, Gibberulus gibberulus gibbosus 60% of control predators successfully captured and consumed their prey, compared with only 10% of elevated CO 2 predators. The alteration of key ecological behaviours of predatory invertebrates by near-future ocean acidification could have potentially far-reaching implications for predator–prey interactions and trophic dynamics in marine ecosystems. Combined evidence that the behaviours of both species in this predator–prey relationship are altered by elevated CO 2 suggests food web interactions and ecosystem structure will become increasingly difficult to predict as ocean acidification advances over coming decades.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 06-02-2012
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 03-2017
Abstract: Sharks play a key role in the structure of marine food webs, but are facing major threats due to overfishing and habitat degradation. Although sharks are also assumed to be at relatively high risk from climate change due to a low intrinsic rate of population growth and slow rates of evolution, ocean acidification (OA) has not, until recently, been considered a direct threat. New studies have been evaluating the potential effects of end-of-century elevated CO 2 levels on sharks and their relatives' early development, physiology and behaviour. Here, we review those findings and use a meta-analysis approach to quantify the overall direction and magnitude of biological responses to OA in the species of sharks that have been investigated to date. While embryo survival and development time are mostly unaffected by elevated CO 2 , there are clear effects on body condition, growth, aerobic potential and behaviour (e.g. lateralization, hunting and prey detection). Furthermore, studies to date suggest that the effects of OA could be as substantial as those due to warming in some species. A major limitation is that all past studies have involved relatively sedentary, benthic sharks that are capable of buccal ventilation—no studies have investigated pelagic sharks that depend on ram ventilation. Future research should focus on species with different life strategies (e.g. pelagic, ram ventilators), climate zones (e.g. polar regions), habitats (e.g. open ocean), and distinct phases of ontogeny in order to fully predict how OA and climate change will impact higher-order predators and therefore marine ecosystem dynamics.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 09-05-2006
Abstract: Dominant in iduals often grow faster than subordinates because they gain a greater share of important resources. However, dominants should also strategically adjust their growth rates, relative to the size of subordinates, if this improves their reproductive success. Here, we show that in iduals in breeding pairs of the coral-dwelling fish Gobiodon histrio regulate their growth to reduce the size difference between partners. In pairs where one in idual was larger than the other, the smaller in idual increased its growth rate and the larger in idual decreased its growth rate, compared to in iduals in size-matched pairs. The reproductive success of breeding pairs is limited by the size of the smallest in idual in the pair. Therefore, it appears that the larger in idual trades-off its own growth against that of the smaller in idual, thereby improving the reproductive success of both in iduals in the pair. This demonstrates a remarkable ability of in iduals to strategically adjust their body size to suit the local social environment, and reveals a novel mechanism for size-assortative mating.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 07-11-2003
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 08-05-2018
DOI: 10.3390/D10020035
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-07-2016
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.13419
Abstract: Predicting the impacts of climate change requires knowledge of the potential to adapt to rising temperatures, which is unknown for most species. Adaptive potential may be especially important in tropical species that have narrow thermal ranges and live close to their thermal optimum. We used the animal model to estimate heritability, genotype by environment interactions and nongenetic maternal components of phenotypic variation in fitness-related traits in the coral reef damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus. Offspring of wild-caught breeding pairs were reared for two generations at current-day and two elevated temperature treatments (+1.5 and +3.0 °C) consistent with climate change projections. Length, weight, body condition and metabolic traits (resting and maximum metabolic rate and net aerobic scope) were measured at four stages of juvenile development. Additive genetic variation was low for length and weight at 0 and 15 days posthatching (dph), but increased significantly at 30 dph. By contrast, nongenetic maternal effects on length, weight and body condition were high at 0 and 15 dph and became weaker at 30 dph. Metabolic traits, including net aerobic scope, exhibited high heritability at 90 dph. Furthermore, significant genotype x environment interactions indicated potential for adaptation of maximum metabolic rate and net aerobic scope at higher temperatures. Net aerobic scope was negatively correlated with weight, indicating that any adaptation of metabolic traits at higher temperatures could be accompanied by a reduction in body size. Finally, estimated breeding values for metabolic traits in F2 offspring were significantly affected by the parental rearing environment. Breeding values at higher temperatures were highest for transgenerationally acclimated fish, suggesting a possible role for epigenetic mechanisms in adaptive responses of metabolic traits. These results indicate a high potential for adaptation of aerobic scope to higher temperatures, which could enable reef fish populations to maintain their performance as ocean temperatures rise.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-11-2013
DOI: 10.1038/SREP03280
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-11-2012
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 05-10-2013
Abstract: For many aquatic organisms, olfactory-mediated behaviour is essential to the maintenance of numerous fitness-enhancing activities, including foraging, reproduction and predator avoidance. Studies in both freshwater and marine ecosystems have demonstrated significant impacts of anthropogenic acidification on olfactory abilities of fish and macroinvertebrates, leading to impaired behavioural responses, with potentially far-reaching consequences to population dynamics and community structure. Whereas the ecological impacts of impaired olfactory-mediated behaviour may be similar between freshwater and marine ecosystems, the underlying mechanisms are quite distinct. In acidified freshwater, molecular change to chemical cues along with reduced olfaction sensitivity appear to be the primary causes of olfactory-mediated behavioural impairment. By contrast, experiments simulating future ocean acidification suggest that interference of high CO 2 with brain neurotransmitter function is the primary cause for olfactory-mediated behavioural impairment in fish. Different physico-chemical characteristics between marine and freshwater systems are probably responsible for these distinct mechanisms of impairment, which, under globally rising CO 2 levels, may lead to strikingly different consequences to olfaction. While fluctuations in pH may occur in both freshwater and marine ecosystems, marine habitat will remain alkaline despite future ocean acidification caused by globally rising CO 2 levels. In this synthesis, we argue that ecosystem-specific mechanisms affecting olfaction need to be considered for effective management and conservation practices.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 26-08-2008
Abstract: Recent studies have shown that some coral reef fish larvae return to natal reefs, while others disperse to distant reefs. However, the sensory mechanisms used to find settlement sites are poorly understood. One hypothesis is that larvae use olfactory cues to navigate home or find other suitable reef habitats. Here we show a strong association between the clownfish Amphiprion percula and coral reefs surrounding offshore islands in Papua New Guinea. Host anemones and A. percula are particularly abundant in shallow water beneath overhanging rainforest vegetation. A series of experiments were carried out using paired-choice flumes to evaluate the potential role of water-borne olfactory cues in finding islands. Recently settled A. percula exhibited strong preferences for: (i) water from reefs with islands over water from reefs without islands (ii) water collected near islands over water collected offshore and (iii) water treated with either anemones or leaves from rainforest vegetation. Laboratory reared-juveniles exhibited the same positive response to anemones and rainforest vegetation, suggesting that olfactory preferences are innate rather than learned. We hypothesize that A. percula use a suite of olfactory stimuli to locate vegetated islands, which may explain the high levels of self-recruitment on island reefs. This previously unrecognized link between coral reefs and island vegetation argues for the integrated management of these pristine tropical habitats.
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 11-01-2018
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS12397
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 03-11-2022
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-03-2018
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.14098
Abstract: There is increasing evidence that projected near-future carbon dioxide (CO
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-01-2005
DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2496
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 22-11-2022
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2019
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 14-07-2016
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS11745
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-03-2015
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.12912
Abstract: Global warming poses a threat to organisms with temperature-dependent sex determination because it can affect operational sex ratios. Using a multigenerational experiment with a marine fish, we provide the first evidence that parents developing from early life at elevated temperatures can adjust their offspring gender through nongenetic and nonbehavioural means. However, this adjustment was not possible when parents reproduced, but did not develop, at elevated temperatures. Complete restoration of the offspring sex ratio occurred when parents developed at 1.5 °C above the present-day average temperature for one generation. However, only partial improvement in the sex ratio occurred at 3.0 °C above average conditions, even after two generations, suggesting a limitation to transgenerational plasticity when developmental temperature is substantially increased. This study highlights the potential for transgenerational plasticity to ameliorate some impacts of climate change and that development from early life may be essential for expression of transgenerational plasticity in some traits.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2008
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2019
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2019
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 06-07-2010
Abstract: There is increasing concern that ocean acidification, caused by the uptake of additional CO 2 at the ocean surface, could affect the functioning of marine ecosystems however, the mechanisms by which population declines will occur have not been identified, especially for noncalcifying species such as fishes. Here, we use a combination of laboratory and field-based experiments to show that levels of dissolved CO 2 predicted to occur in the ocean this century alter the behavior of larval fish and dramatically decrease their survival during recruitment to adult populations. Altered behavior of larvae was detected at 700 ppm CO 2 , with many in iduals becoming attracted to the smell of predators. At 850 ppm CO 2 , the ability to sense predators was completely impaired. Larvae exposed to elevated CO 2 were more active and exhibited riskier behavior in natural coral-reef habitat. As a result, they had 5–9 times higher mortality from predation than current-day controls, with mortality increasing with CO 2 concentration. Our results show that additional CO 2 absorbed into the ocean will reduce recruitment success and have far-reaching consequences for the sustainability of fish populations.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-02-2018
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 08-04-2015
Abstract: Increased oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is a threat to marine organisms and ecosystems. Among the most dramatic consequences predicted to date are behavioural impairments in marine fish which appear to be caused by the interference of elevated CO2 with a key neurotransmitter receptor in the brain. In this study, we tested the effects of elevated CO2 on the foraging and shelter-seeking behaviours of the reef-dwelling epaulette shark, Hemiscyllium ocellatum. Juvenile sharks were exposed for 30 d to control CO2 (400 µatm) and two elevated CO2 treatments (615 and 910 µatm), consistent with medium- and high-end projections for ocean pCO2 by 2100. Contrary to the effects observed in teleosts and in some other sharks, behaviour of the epaulette shark was unaffected by elevated CO2. A potential explanation is the remarkable adaptation of H. ocellatum to low environmental oxygen conditions (hypoxia) and diel fluctuations in CO2 encountered in their shallow reef habitat. This ability translates into behavioural tolerance of near-future ocean acidification, suggesting that behavioural tolerance and subsequent adaptation to projected future CO2 levels might be possible in some other fish, if adaptation can keep pace with the rate of rising CO2 levels.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-07-2012
DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.321
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.684
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-12-2017
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 2004
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS278253
Publisher: University of California Press
Date: 28-10-2010
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-05-2022
DOI: 10.1111/GEB.13513
Abstract: Understanding the variation in community composition and species abundances (i.e., β‐ ersity) is at the heart of community ecology. A common approach to examine β‐ ersity is to evaluate directional variation in community composition by measuring the decay in the similarity among pairs of communities along spatial or environmental distance. We provide the first global synthesis of taxonomic and functional distance decay along spatial and environmental distance by analysing 148 datasets comprising different types of organisms and environments. Global. 1990 to present. From diatoms to mammals. We measured the strength of the decay using ranked Mantel tests (Mantel r ) and the rate of distance decay as the slope of an exponential fit using generalized linear models. We used null models to test whether functional similarity decays faster or slower than expected given the taxonomic decay along the spatial and environmental distance. We also unveiled the factors driving the rate of decay across the datasets, including latitude, spatial extent, realm and organismal features. Taxonomic distance decay was stronger than functional distance decay along both spatial and environmental distance. Functional distance decay was random given the taxonomic distance decay. The rate of taxonomic and functional spatial distance decay was fastest in the datasets from mid‐latitudes. Overall, datasets covering larger spatial extents showed a lower rate of decay along spatial distance but a higher rate of decay along environmental distance. Marine ecosystems had the slowest rate of decay along environmental distances. In general, taxonomic distance decay is a useful tool for biogeographical research because it reflects dispersal‐related factors in addition to species responses to climatic and environmental variables. Moreover, functional distance decay might be a cost‐effective option for investigating community changes in heterogeneous environments.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-09-2016
DOI: 10.1038/SREP33216
Abstract: Neurosensory and behavioural disruptions are some of the most consistently reported responses upon exposure to ocean acidification-relevant CO 2 levels, especially in coral reef fishes. The underlying cause of these disruptions is thought to be altered current across the GABA A receptor in neuronal cells due to changes in ion gradients (HCO 3 − and/or Cl − ) that occur in the body following compensation for elevated ambient CO 2 . Despite these widely-documented behavioural disruptions, the present study is the first to pair a behavioural assay with measurements of relevant intracellular and extracellular acid-base parameters in a coral reef fish exposed to elevated CO 2 . Spiny damselfish ( Acanthochromis polyacanthus ) exposed to 1900 μatm CO 2 for 4 days exhibited significantly increased intracellular and extracellular HCO 3 − concentrations and elevated brain pH i compared to control fish, providing evidence of CO 2 compensation. As expected, high CO 2 exposed damselfish spent significantly more time in a chemical alarm cue (CAC) than control fish, supporting a potential link between behavioural disruption and CO 2 compensation. Using HCO 3 − measurements from the damselfish, the reversal potential for GABA A ( E GABA ) was calculated, illustrating that biophysical properties of the brain during CO 2 compensation could change GABA A receptor function and account for the behavioural disturbances noted during exposure to elevated CO 2 .
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.CBPA.2010.03.009
Abstract: Water temperature is expected to rise on coral reefs due to global warming. Here, we have examined if increased temperature reduces the hypoxia tolerance of coral reef fish (measured as critical [O(2)]), and if temperature acclimation in adults can change the resting rate of O(2) consumption and critical [O(2)]. Two common species from Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia) were tested, Doederlein's cardinalfish (Ostorhinchus doederleini) and lemon damselfish (Pomacentrus moluccensis). In both species, a 3 degrees C rise in water temperature caused increased oxygen consumption and reduced hypoxia tolerance, changes that were not reduced by acclimation to the higher temperature for 7 to 22 days. Critical [O(2)] increased by 71% in the cardinalfish and by 23% in the damselfish at 32 degrees C compared to 29 degrees C. The higher oxygen needs are likely to reduce the aerobic scope, which could negatively affect the capacity for feeding, growth and reproduction. The reduced hypoxia tolerance may force the fishes out of their nocturnal shelters in the coral matrix, exposing them to predation. The consequences for population and species survival could be severe unless developmental phenotypic plasticity within generations or genetic adaptation between generations could produce in iduals that are more tolerant to a warmer future.
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 10-2015
DOI: 10.1242/JEB.120717
Abstract: Tropical coral reef organisms are predicted to be especially sensitive to ocean warming because many already live close to their upper thermal limit, and the expected rise in ocean CO2 is proposed to further reduce thermal tolerance. Little, however, is known about the thermal sensitivity of a erse and abundant group of reef animals, the gastropods. The humpbacked conch (Gibberulus gibberulus gibbosus), inhabiting subtidal zones of the Great Barrier Reef, was chosen as a model because vigorous jumping, causing increased oxygen uptake (ṀO2), can be induced by exposure to odour from a predatory cone snail (Conus marmoreus). We investigated the effect of present-day ambient (417–454 µatm) and projected-future (955–987 µatm) PCO2 on resting (ṀO2,rest) and maximum (ṀO2,max) ṀO2, as well as ṀO2 during hypoxia and critical oxygen tension (PO2,crit), in snails kept at present-day ambient (28°C) or projected-future temperature (33°C). ṀO2,rest and ṀO2,max were measured both at the acclimation temperature and during an acute 5°C increase. Jumping caused a 4- to 6-fold increase in ṀO2, and ṀO2,max increased with temperature so that absolute aerobic scope was maintained even at 38°C, although factorial scope was reduced. The humpbacked conch has a high hypoxia tolerance with a PO2,crit of 2.5 kPa at 28°C and 3.5 kPa at 33°C. There was no effect of elevated CO2 on respiratory performance at any temperature. Long-term temperature records and our field measurements suggest that habitat temperature rarely exceeds 32.6°C during the summer, indicating that these snails have aerobic capacity in excess of current and future needs.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2002
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 1997
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS152227
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 17-07-2013
DOI: 10.1242/BIO.20135496
Abstract: The otx2 gene encodes a transcription factor (OTX2) essential in the formation of the brain and sensory systems. Specifically, OTX2-positive cells are associated with axons in the olfactory system of mice and otx2 is upregulated in odour-exposed zebrafish, indicating a possible role in olfactory imprinting. In this study, otx2 was used as a candidate gene to investigate the molecular mechanisms of olfactory imprinting to settlement cues in the coral reef anemonefish, Amphiprion percula. The A. percula otx2 (Ap-otx2) gene was elucidated, validated, and its expression tested in settlement-stage A. percula by exposing them to behaviourally relevant olfactory settlement cues in the first 24 hours post-hatching, or daily throughout the larval phase. In-situ hybridisation revealed expression of Ap-otx2 throughout the olfactory epithelium with increased transcript staining in odour-exposed settlement-stage larval fish compared to no-odour controls, in all scenarios. This suggests that Ap-otx2 may be involved in olfactory imprinting to behaviourally relevant settlement odours in A. percula.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-06-2016
DOI: 10.1111/EVA.12386
Abstract: Predicting the impacts of climate change to biological systems requires an understanding of the ability for species to acclimate to the projected environmental change through phenotypic plasticity. Determining the effects of higher temperatures on in idual performance is made more complex by the potential for environmental conditions experienced in previous and current generations to independently affect phenotypic responses to high temperatures. We used a model coral reef fish ( Acanthochromis polyacanthus ) to investigate the influence of thermal conditions experienced by two generations on reproductive output and the quality of offspring produced by adults. We found that more gradual warming over two generations, +1.5°C in the first generation and then +3.0°C in the second generation, resulted in greater plasticity of reproductive attributes, compared to fish that experienced the same increase in one generation. Reproduction ceased at the projected future summer temperature (31.5°C) when fish experienced +3.0°C for two generations. Additionally, we found that transgenerational plasticity to +1.5°C induced full restoration of thermally affected reproductive and offspring attributes, which was not possible with developmental plasticity alone. Our results suggest that transgenerational effects differ depending on the absolute thermal change and in which life stage the thermal change is experienced.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-11-2000
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2020
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 07-01-2014
Abstract: Ocean acidification poses a range of threats to marine invertebrates however, the potential effects of rising carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) on marine invertebrate behaviour are largely unknown. Marine gastropod conch snails have a modified foot and operculum allowing them to leap backwards rapidly when faced with a predator, such as a venomous cone shell. Here, we show that projected near-future seawater CO 2 levels (961 µatm) impair this escape behaviour during a predator–prey interaction. Elevated-CO 2 halved the number of snails that jumped from the predator, increased their latency to jump and altered their escape trajectory. Physical ability to jump was not affected by elevated-CO 2 indicating instead that decision-making was impaired. Antipredator behaviour was fully restored by treatment with gabazine, a GABA antagonist of some invertebrate nervous systems, indicating potential interference of neurotransmitter receptor function by elevated-CO 2 , as previously observed in marine fishes. Altered behaviour of marine invertebrates at projected future CO 2 levels could have potentially far-reaching implications for marine ecosystems.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-06-2011
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 02-08-2019
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 20-11-2016
Abstract: An increasing number of studies have examined the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ocean acidification on marine fish, yet little is known about the effects on large pelagic fish. We tested the effects of elevated CO2 on the early life history development and behaviour of yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi. Eggs and larvae were reared in current day control (450 µatm) and two elevated CO2 treatments for a total of 6 d, from 12 h post-fertilization until 3 d post-hatching (dph). Elevated CO2 treatments matched projections for the open ocean by the year 2100 under RCP 8.5 (880 µatm CO2) and a higher level (1700 µatm CO2) relevant to upwelling zones where pelagic fish often spawn. There was no effect of elevated CO2 on survival to hatching or 3 dph. Oil globule diameter decreased with an increasing CO2 level, indicating potential effects of elevated CO2 on energy utilization of newly hatched larvae, but other morphometric traits did not differ among treatments. Contrary to expectations, there were no effects of elevated CO2 on larval behaviour. Activity level, startle response, and phototaxis did not differ among treatments. Our results contrast with findings for reef fish, where a wide range of sensory and behavioural effects have been reported. We hypothesize that the absence of behavioural effects in 3 dph yellowtail kingfish is due to the early developmental state of newly hatched pelagic fish. Behavioural effects of high CO2 may not occur until larvae commence branchial acid–base regulation when the gills develop however, further studies are required to test this hypothesis. Our results suggest that the early stages of kingfish development are tolerant to rising CO2 levels in the ocean.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2022
DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.9044
Abstract: The parental environment can alter offspring phenotypes via the transfer of non‐genetic information. Parental effects may be viewed as an extension of (within‐generation) phenotypic plasticity. Smaller size, poorer physical condition, and skewed sex ratios are common responses of organisms to global warming, yet whether parental effects alleviate, exacerbate, or have no impact on these responses has not been widely tested. Further, the relative non‐genetic influence of mothers and fathers and ontogenetic timing of parental exposure to warming on offspring phenotypes is poorly understood. Here, we tested how maternal, paternal, and biparental exposure of a coral reef fish ( Acanthochromis polyacanthus ) to elevated temperature (+1.5°C) at different ontogenetic stages (development vs reproduction) influences offspring length, weight, condition, and sex. Fish were reared across two generations in present‐day and projected ocean warming in a full factorial design. As expected, offspring of parents exposed to present‐day control temperature that were reared in warmer water were shorter than their siblings reared in control temperature however, within‐generation plasticity allowed maintenance of weight, resulting in a higher body condition. Parental exposure to warming, irrespective of ontogenetic timing and sex, resulted in decreased weight and condition in all offspring rearing temperatures. By contrast, offspring sex ratios were not strongly influenced by their rearing temperature or that of their parents. Together, our results reveal that phenotypic plasticity may help coral reef fishes maintain performance in a warm ocean within a generation, but could exacerbate the negative effects of warming between generations, regardless of when mothers and fathers are exposed to warming. Alternatively, the multigenerational impact on offspring weight and condition may be a necessary cost to adapt metabolism to increasing temperatures. This research highlights the importance of examining phenotypic plasticity within and between generations across a range of traits to accurately predict how organisms will respond to climate change.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-11-2007
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 06-03-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2012.05.032
Abstract: Exposure to pollution and environmental change can alter the behaviour of aquatic animals and here we review recent evidence that exposure to elevated CO₂ and reduced sea water pH alters the behaviour of tropical reef fish and hermit crabs. Three main routes through which behaviour might be altered are discussed elevated metabolic load, 'info-disruption' and avoidance behaviour away from polluted locations. There is clear experimental evidence that exposure to high CO₂ disrupts the ability to find settlement sites and shelters, the ability to detect predators and the ability to detect prey and food. In marine vertebrates and marine crustaceans behavioural change appears to occur via info-disruption. In hermit crabs and other crustaceans impairment of performance capacities might also play a role. We discuss the implications for such behavioural changes in terms of potential impacts at the levels of population health and ecosystem services, and consider future directions for research.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 28-06-2017
Abstract: Ocean acidification and warming, driven by anthropogenic CO 2 emissions, are considered to be among the greatest threats facing marine organisms. While each stressor in isolation has been studied extensively, there has been less focus on their combined effects, which could impact key ecological processes. We tested the independent and combined effects of short-term exposure to elevated CO 2 and temperature on the predator–prey interactions of a common pair of coral reef fishes ( Pomacentrus wardi and its predator, Pseudochromis fuscus ). We found that predator success increased following independent exposure to high temperature and elevated CO 2 . Overall, high temperature had an overwhelming effect on the escape behaviour of the prey compared with the combined exposure to elevated CO 2 and high temperature or the independent effect of elevated CO 2 . Exposure to high temperatures led to an increase in attack and predation rates. By contrast, we observed little influence of elevated CO 2 on the behaviour of the predator, suggesting that the attack behaviour of P. fuscus was robust to this environmental change. This is the first study to address how the kinematics and swimming performance at the basis of predator–prey interactions may change in response to concurrent exposure to elevated CO 2 and high temperatures and represents an important step to forecasting the responses of interacting species to climate change.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2001
Abstract: Differences in in idual fitness among habitats may explain patterns of habitat selection and why in iduals compete for habitats. Transplant experiments at two widely separated locations on the Great Barrier Reef were used to examine growth and survival of two competing species of coral-dwelling fish (Gobiodon histrio and G. brochus) that inhabit two species of coral (Acropora nasuta and A. loripes). At Lizard Island on the northern Great Barrier Reef, growth of G. histrio was 3 times higher and survival was 5 times higher on A. nasuta than on A. loripes. These fitness-related advantages may explain why G. histrio mostly inhabits and competes strongly for A. nasuta in the field. Growth of G. brochus was 2.5 times higher on A. nasuta than on A. loripes and survival was approximately equal on each species of coral. However, G. brochus mostly inhabits A. loripes in the field and is excluded from A. nasuta as a result of competition with G. histrio. Reduced growth in A. loripes demonstrates a cost of competition with G. histrio. These results also demonstrate a trade-off between competitive ability and the costs of using alternative habitats for G. histrio and G. brochus. Patterns of growth and survival on A. nasuta and A. loripes at One Tree Island on the southern Great Barrier Reef were generally similar to those at Lizard Island. However, growth rates for both species of fish on A. loripes and survival of G. histrio on A. loripes were lower at One Tree Island. Growth was closely correlated with the interbranch space of the coral species inhabited at each location Therefore, habitat structure appears to be the mechanism underlying habitat-related differences in growth.
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 02-2014
DOI: 10.1242/JEB.092478
Abstract: Vision is one of the most efficient senses used by animals to catch prey and avoid predators. Therefore, any deficiency in the visual system could have important consequences for in idual performance. We examined the effect of CO2 levels projected to occur by the end of this century on retinal responses in a damselfish, by determining the threshold of its flicker electroretinogram (fERG). The maximal flicker frequency of the retina was reduced by continuous exposure to elevated CO2, potentially impairing the capacity of fish to react to fast events. This effect was rapidly counteracted by treatment with a GABA antagonist (gabazine), indicating that GABAA receptor function is disrupted by elevated CO2. In addition to demonstrating the effects of elevated CO2 on fast flicker fusion of marine fishes, our results show that the fish retina could be a model system to study the effects of high CO2 on neural processing.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 08-2017
Abstract: The continuous increase of anthropogenic CO 2 in the atmosphere resulting in ocean acidification has been reported to affect brain function in some fishes. During adulthood, cell proliferation is fundamental for fish brain growth and for it to adapt in response to external stimuli, such as environmental changes. Here we report the first expression study of genes regulating neurogenesis and neuroplasticity in brains of three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ), cinnamon anemonefish ( Amphiprion melanopus ) and spiny damselfish ( Acanthochromis polyacanthus ) exposed to elevated CO 2 . The mRNA expression levels of the neurogenic differentiation factor (NeuroD) and doublecortin (DCX) were upregulated in three-spined stickleback exposed to high-CO 2 compared with controls, while no changes were detected in the other species. The mRNA expression levels of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) remained unaffected in the high-CO 2 exposed groups compared to the control in all three species. These results indicate a species-specific regulation of genes involved in neurogenesis in response to elevated ambient CO 2 levels. The higher expression of NeuroD and DCX mRNA transcripts in the brain of high-CO 2 –exposed three-spined stickleback, together with the lack of effects on mRNA levels in cinnamon anemonefish and spiny damselfish, indicate differences in coping mechanisms among fish in response to the predicted-future CO 2 level.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-04-2018
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Date: 04-12-2015
DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-ECOLSYS-112414-054413
Abstract: Although competition is recognized as a core ecological process, its prevalence and importance in coral reef fish communities have been debated. Here we compile and synthesize the results of 173 experimental tests of competition from 72 publications. We show that evidence for competition is pervasive both within and between species, with 72% of intraspecific tests and 56% of interspecific tests demonstrating a demographically significant consequence of competition (e.g., a decrease in recruitment, survival, growth, or fecundity). We highlight several factors that can interact with the effects of competition and make it more difficult to detect in field experiments. In light of this evidence, we discuss the role of competition in shaping coral reef fish communities and competition's status as one of several processes that contribute to species coexistence. Finally, we consider some of the complex ways that climate change may influence competition, and we provide suggestions for future research.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 19-03-2021
DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.17.435827
Abstract: Understanding the variation in community composition and species abundances, i.e., β- ersity, is at the heart of community ecology. A common approach to examine β- ersity is to evaluate directional turnover in community composition by measuring the decay in the similarity among pairs of communities along spatial or environmental distances. We provide the first global synthesis of taxonomic and functional distance decay along spatial and environmental distance by analysing 149 datasets comprising different types of organisms and environments. We modelled an exponential distance decay for each dataset using generalized linear models and extracted r 2 and slope to analyse the strength and the rate of the decay. We studied whether taxonomic or functional similarity has stronger decay across the spatial and environmental distances. We also unveiled the factors driving the rate of decay across the datasets, including latitude, spatial extent, realm, and organismal features. Taxonomic distance decay was stronger along spatial and environmental distances compared with functional distance decay. The rate of taxonomic spatial distance decay was the fastest in the datasets from mid-latitudes while the rate of functional decay increased with latitude. Overall, datasets covering larger spatial extents showed a lower rate of decay along spatial distances but a higher rate of decay along environmental distances. Marine ecosystems had the slowest rate of decay. This synthesis is an important step towards a more holistic understanding of patterns and drivers of taxonomic and functional β- ersity.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-12-2017
DOI: 10.1038/S41559-017-0428-8
Abstract: The impacts of ocean acidification will depend on the ability of marine organisms to tolerate, acclimate and eventually adapt to changes in ocean chemistry. Here, we use a unique transgenerational experiment to determine the molecular response of a coral reef fish to short-term, developmental and transgenerational exposure to elevated CO
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2008
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 11-10-2010
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 15-10-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-08-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1558-5646.2012.01725.X
Abstract: The relationship between genetic ersity and species ersity provides insights into biogeography and historic patterns of evolution and is critical for developing contemporary strategies for bio ersity conservation. Although concordant large-scale clines in genetic and species ersity have been described for terrestrial organisms, whether these parameters co-vary in marine species remains largely unknown. We examined patterns of genetic ersity for 11 coral reef fish species s led at three locations across the Pacific Ocean species ersity gradient (Australia: ∼1600 species New Caledonia: ∼1400 species French Polynesia: ∼800 species). Combined genetic ersity for all 11 species paralleled the decline in species ersity from West to East, with French Polynesia exhibiting lowest total haplotype and nucleotide ersities. Haplotype ersity consistently declined toward French Polynesia in all and nucleotide ersity in the majority of species. The French Polynesian population of most species also exhibited significant genetic differentiation from populations in the West Pacific. A number of factors may have contributed to the general positive correlation between genetic and species ersity, including location and time of species origin, vicariance events, reduced gene flow with increasing isolation, and decreasing habitat area from West to East. However, isolation and habitat area, resulting in reduced population size, are likely to be the most influential.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1890/14-0559.1
Abstract: Reproduction in many organisms can be disrupted by changes to the physical environment, such as those predicted to occur during climate change. Marine organisms face the dual climate change threats of increasing temperature and ocean acidification, yet no studies have examined the potential interactive effects of these stressors on reproduction in marine fishes. We used a long-term experiment to test the interactive effects of increased temperature and CO2 on the reproductive performance of the anemonefish, Amphiprion melanopus. Adult breeding pairs were kept for 10 months at three temperatures (28.5°C [+0.0°C], 30.0°C [-1.5°C] and 31.5°C [+3.0°C]) cross-factored with three CO2 levels (a current-day control [417 µatm] and moderate [644 µatm] and high [1134 µatm]) treatments consistent with the range of CO2 projections for the year 2100. We recorded each egg clutch produced during the breeding season, the number of eggs laid per clutch, average egg size, fertilization success, survival to hatching, hatchling length, and yolk provisioning. Adult body condition, hepatosomatic index, gonadosomatic index, and plasma 17β-estradiol concentrations were measured at the end of the breeding season to determine the effect of prolonged exposure to increased temperature and elevated. CO2 on adults, and to examine potential physiological mechanisms for changes in reproduction. Temperature had by far the stronger influence on reproduction, with clear declines in reproduction occurring in the +1.5°C treatment and ceasing altogether in the +3.0°C treatment. In contrast, CO2 had a minimal effect on the majority of reproductive traits measured, but caused a decline in offspring quality in combination with elevated temperature. We detected no significant effect of temperature or Co2 on adult body condition or hepatosomatic index. Elevated temperature had a significant negative effect on plasma 17β-estradiol concentrations, suggesting that declines in reproduction with increasing temperature were due to the thermal sensitivity of reproductive hormones rather than a reduction in energy available for reproduction. Our results show that elevated temperature exerts a stronger influence than high CO2 on reproduction in A. melanopus. Understanding how these two environmental variables interact to affect the reproductive performance of marine organisms will be important for predicting the future impacts of climate change.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-05-2017
DOI: 10.1111/EVA.12483
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 20-03-2020
Abstract: Molecular responses of fishes to a heatwave are species specific and do not concur with measures of oxygen uptake in captivity.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-04-2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-2005
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.TREE.2005.10.020
Abstract: Here, we review recent empirical advances that have improved our understanding of why and when sex change occurs. We show that sex-changing animals use a greater ersity of strategies to increase their reproductive success than was previously recognized: some in iduals change sex early, others change sex late, some in iduals change sex more than once, and others do not change sex at all. These different strategies can be unified by the principle that in iduals change sex when it increases their reproductive value. The breeding tactics (male, female or non-breeder) adopted by in iduals often appear to be adaptive responses to their own social-ecological context and variation in these conditions results in significant differences in the timing of sex change within and between species.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-09-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1461-0248.2011.01683.X
Abstract: Little is known about the impact of ocean acidification on predator-prey dynamics. Herein, we examined the effect of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) on both prey and predator by letting one predatory reef fish interact for 24 h with eight small or large juvenile damselfishes from four congeneric species. Both prey and predator were exposed to control or elevated levels of CO(2). Mortality rate and predator selectivity were compared across CO(2) treatments, prey size and species. Small juveniles of all species sustained greater mortality at high CO(2) levels, while large recruits were not affected. For large prey, the pattern of prey selectivity by predators was reversed under elevated CO(2). Our results demonstrate both quantitative and qualitative consumptive effects of CO(2) on small and larger damselfish recruits respectively, resulting from CO(2)-induced behavioural changes likely mediated by impaired neurological function. This study highlights the complexity of predicting the effects of climate change on coral reef ecosystems.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-03-2022
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.16119
Abstract: Ocean acidification (OA) is postulated to affect the physiology, behavior, and life‐history of marine species, but potential for acclimation or adaptation to elevated p CO 2 in wild populations remains largely untested. We measured brain transcriptomes of six coral reef fish species at a natural volcanic CO 2 seep and an adjacent control reef in Papua New Guinea. We show that elevated p CO 2 induced common molecular responses related to circadian rhythm and immune system but different magnitudes of molecular response across the six species. Notably, elevated transcriptional plasticity was associated with core circadian genes affecting the regulation of intracellular pH and neural activity in Acanthochromis polyacanthus . Gene expression patterns were reversible in this species as evidenced upon reduction of CO 2 following a natural storm‐event. Compared with other species, Ac . polyacanthus has a more rapid evolutionary rate and more positively selected genes in key functions under the influence of elevated CO 2 , thus fueling increased transcriptional plasticity. Our study reveals the basis to variable gene expression changes across species, with some species possessing evolved molecular toolkits to cope with future OA.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-08-2015
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.12678
Abstract: Recent studies show that ocean acidification impairs sensory functions and alters the behavior of teleost fishes. If sharks and other elasmobranchs are similarly affected, this could have significant consequences for marine ecosystems globally. Here, we show that projected future CO2 levels impair odor tracking behavior of the smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis). Adult M. canis were held for 5 days in a current-day control (405 ± 26 μatm) and mid (741 ± 22 μatm) or high CO2 (1064 ± 17 μatm) treatments consistent with the projections for the year 2100 on a 'business as usual' scenario. Both control and mid CO2 -treated in iduals maintained normal odor tracking behavior, whereas high CO2 -treated sharks significantly avoided the odor cues indicative of food. Control sharks spent >60% of their time in the water stream containing the food stimulus, but this value fell below 15% in high CO2 -treated sharks. In addition, sharks treated under mid and high CO2 conditions reduced attack behavior compared to the control in iduals. Our findings show that shark feeding could be affected by changes in seawater chemistry projected for the end of this century. Understanding the effects of ocean acidification on critical behaviors, such as prey tracking in large predators, can help determine the potential impacts of future ocean acidification on ecosystem function.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 26-01-2017
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 2004
DOI: 10.1242/JEB.00713
Abstract: Coral reef fishes are not known for their hypoxia tolerance. The coral-dwelling goby, Gobiodon histrio, rarely leaves the shelter of its host coral colony. However, our measurements indicate that this habitat could become hypoxic on calm nights ([O2] minima=2–30% of air saturation) due to respiration by the coral and associated organisms. Moreover, at very low tides, the whole coral colony can be completely air exposed. Using closed respirometry in water, we found that G. histriomaintains O2 uptake down to 18% of air saturation, and that it can tolerate at least 2 h at even lower O2 levels. Furthermore, during air exposure, which was tolerated for more than 3 h, it upheld a rate of O2 consumption that was 60% of that in water. The hypoxia tolerance and air breathing abilities enables this fish to stay in the safety of its coral home even when exposed to severe hypoxia or air. To our knowledge, this is the first report of hypoxia tolerance in a teleost fish intimately associated with coral reefs.
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 10-02-2009
Abstract: The persistence of most coastal marine species depends on larvae finding suitable adult habitat at the end of an offshore dispersive stage that can last weeks or months. We tested the effects that ocean acidification from elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) could have on the ability of larvae to detect olfactory cues from adult habitats. Larval clownfish reared in control seawater (pH 8.15) discriminated between a range of cues that could help them locate reef habitat and suitable settlement sites. This discriminatory ability was disrupted when larvae were reared in conditions simulating CO 2 -induced ocean acidification. Larvae became strongly attracted to olfactory stimuli they normally avoided when reared at levels of ocean pH that could occur ca. 2100 (pH 7.8) and they no longer responded to any olfactory cues when reared at pH levels (pH 7.6) that might be attained later next century on a business-as-usual carbon-dioxide emissions trajectory. If acidification continues unabated, the impairment of sensory ability will reduce population sustainability of many marine species, with potentially profound consequences for marine ersity.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 17-08-2011
Abstract: Elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has recently been shown to affect chemosensory and auditory behaviour, and activity levels of larval reef fishes, increasing their risk of predation. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes are unknown. Behavioural lateralization is an expression of brain functional asymmetries, and thus provides a unique test of the hypothesis that elevated CO 2 affects brain function in larval fishes. We tested the effect of near-future CO 2 concentrations (880 µatm) on behavioural lateralization in the reef fish, Neopomacentrus azysron . In iduals exposed to current-day or elevated CO 2 were observed in a detour test where they made repeated decisions about turning left or right. No preference for right or left turns was observed at the population level. However, in idual control fish turned either left or right with greater frequency than expected by chance. Exposure to elevated-CO 2 disrupted in idual lateralization, with values that were not different from a random expectation. These results provide compelling evidence that elevated CO 2 directly affects brain function in larval fishes. Given that lateralization enhances performance in a number of cognitive tasks and anti-predator behaviours, it is possible that a loss of lateralization could increase the vulnerability of larval fishes to predation in a future high-CO 2 ocean.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2003
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-2005
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-09-2013
DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.778
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-04-2016
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 03-2004
DOI: 10.1139/F04-057
Abstract: We demonstrate sex-specific decoupling of otolith growth and somatic growth in two species of protogynous parrotfishes, Scarus frenatus and Chlorurus sordidus. Otoliths of both species increased in size consistently through life, even though somatic growth rate decreased with age (age effect). Furthermore, in S. frenatus, otoliths from terminal males were smaller than otoliths from females, despite males being larger than females of the same age. This demonstrates the presence of a sex-specific growth effect, where otoliths of fast-growing in iduals (males) are smaller than otoliths of slow-growing in iduals (females). The sex-specific growth effect for S. frenatus was most pronounced during the early life history, which suggests that only the fastest-growing females change sex to male. A sex-specific growth effect was also evident in C. sordidus, although it was not statistically significant because of greater variation in the otolith size of terminal males of this species. Our results demonstrate that the relationship between otolith and somatic growth can vary dramatically between the sexes. This will make it difficult to back-calculate size at age in protogynous species, or to conduct sex-specific back-calculations in gonochoristic species, unless the precise relationship between otolith and somatic growth is known for each sex.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-03-2018
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2009
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 30-04-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1997
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 15-09-2016
DOI: 10.1242/JEB.139493
Abstract: Many animals live in groups because of the potential benefits associated with defense and foraging. Group living may also induce a ‘calming effect’ on in iduals, reducing overall metabolic demand. This effect could occur by minimising the need for in idual vigilance and reducing stress through social buffering. However, this effect has proved difficult to quantify. We examined the effect of shoaling on metabolism and body condition in the gregarious damselfish Chromis viridis. Using a novel respirometry methodology for social species, we found that the presence of shoal-mate visual and olfactory cues led to a reduction in the minimum metabolic rate of in iduals. Fish held in isolation for 1 week also exhibited a reduction in body condition when compared with those held in shoals. These results indicate that social isolation as a result of environmental disturbance could have physiological consequences for gregarious species.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 13-05-2015
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-2017
DOI: 10.1093/ICB/ICX030
Abstract: Most studies investigating the effects of anthropogenic environmental stressors do so in conditions that are often optimal for their test subjects, ignoring natural stressors such as competition or predation. As such, the quantitative results from such studies may often underestimate the lethality of certain toxic compounds. A well-known ex le of this concept is illustrated by the marked increase in the lethality of pesticides when larval hibians are concurrently exposed to the odor of potential predators. Here, we investigated the interaction between background levels of environmental predation risk (high vs. low) and ocean acidification (ambient vs. elevated CO2) in 2 × 2 design. Wild-caught juvenile damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis, were exposed in the laboratory to the different risk and CO2 conditions for 4 days and released onto coral reef patches. Using a well-established field assay, we monitored the in situ behavior and mortality of the damselfish for 2 days. We predicted that juvenile fish exposed to elevated CO2 and high-risk conditions would display more severe behavioral impairments and increased mortality compared to fish exposed to elevated CO2 maintained under low-risk conditions. As expected, elevated CO2 exposure led to impaired antipredator responses and increased mortality in low-risk fish compared to ambient CO2 controls. However, we failed to find an effect of elevated CO2 on the behavior and survival of the high-risk fish. We hypothesized that the results may stem from either a behavioral compensation or a physiological response to high risk. Our results provide insights into the interactive nature of environmental and natural stressors and advance our understanding of the predicted effect of ocean acidification on aquatic ecosystems.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 28-01-2019
Abstract: Climate change is leading to shifts in species geographical distributions, but populations are also probably adapting to environmental change at different rates across their range. Owing to a lack of natural and empirical data on the influence of phenotypic adaptation on range shifts of marine species, we provide a general conceptual model for understanding population responses to climate change that incorporates plasticity and adaptation to environmental change in marine ecosystems. We use this conceptual model to help inform where within the geographical range each mechanism will probably operate most strongly and explore the supporting evidence in species. We then expand the discussion from a single-species perspective to community-level responses and use the conceptual model to visualize and guide research into the important yet poorly understood processes of plasticity and adaptation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of plasticity in phenotypic adaptation to rapid environmental change’.
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2009
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-2012
DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1599
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-06-2015
DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2687
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 03-08-2017
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS12226
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1998
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2013
DOI: 10.1111/ELE.12185
Abstract: An increasing number of short-term experimental studies show significant effects of projected ocean warming and ocean acidification on the performance on marine organisms. Yet, it remains unclear if we can reliably predict the impact of climate change on marine populations and ecosystems, because we lack sufficient understanding of the capacity for marine organisms to adapt to rapid climate change. In this review, we emphasise why an evolutionary perspective is crucial to understanding climate change impacts in the sea and examine the approaches that may be useful for addressing this challenge. We first consider what the geological record and present-day analogues of future climate conditions can tell us about the potential for adaptation to climate change. We also examine evidence that phenotypic plasticity may assist marine species to persist in a rapidly changing climate. We then outline the various experimental approaches that can be used to estimate evolutionary potential, focusing on molecular tools, quantitative genetics, and experimental evolution, and we describe the benefits of combining different approaches to gain a deeper understanding of evolutionary potential. Our goal is to provide a platform for future research addressing the evolutionary potential for marine organisms to cope with climate change.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-01-2012
DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1352
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-03-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2656.2012.01982.X
Abstract: 1. Short-term measures of metabolic responses to warmer environments are expected to indicate the sensitivity of species to regional warming. However, given time, species may be able to acclimate to increasing temperature. Thus, it is useful to determine if short-term responses provide a good predictor for long-term acclimation ability. 2. The tropical reef fish Acanthochromis polyacanthus was used to test whether the ability for developmental thermal acclimation of two populations was indicated by their short-term metabolic response to temperature. 3. While both populations exhibited similar short-term responses of resting metabolic rate (RMR) to temperature, fish from the higher-latitude population were able to fully acclimate RMR, while the lower-latitude population could only partially compensate RMR at the warmest temperature. These differences in acclimation ability are most likely due to genetic differences between the populations rather than differences in thermal regimes. 4. This research indicates that acclimation ability may vary greatly between populations and that understanding such variation will be critical for predicting the impacts of warming environmental temperatures. Moreover, the thermal metabolic reaction norm does not appear to be a good predictor of long-term acclimation ability.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-03-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-018-36747-9
Abstract: Many studies have examined the average effects of ocean acidification and warming on phenotypic traits of reef fishes, finding variable, but often negative effects on behavioural and physiological performance. Yet the presence and nature of a relationship between these traits is unknown. A negative relationship between phenotypic traits could limit in idual performance and even the capacity of populations to adapt to climate change. Here, we examined the relationship between behavioural and physiological performance of a juvenile reef fish under elevated CO 2 and temperature in a full factorial design. Behaviourally, the response to an alarm odour was negatively affected by elevated CO 2 , but not elevated temperature. Physiologically, aerobic scope was significantly diminished under elevated temperature, but not under elevated CO 2 . At the in idual level, there was no relationship between behavioural and physiological traits in the control and single-stressor treatments. However, a statistically significant negative relationship was detected between the traits in the combined elevated CO 2 and temperature treatment. Our results demonstrate that trade-offs in performance between behavioural and physiological traits may only be evident when multiple climate change stressors are considered, and suggest that this negative relationship could limit adaptive potential to climate change.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 16-06-2005
Abstract: The enzyme aromatase controls the androgen/oestrogen ratio by catalysing the irreversible conversion of testosterone into oestradiol (E 2 ). Therefore, the regulation of E 2 synthesis by aromatase is thought to be critical in sexual development and differentiation. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that experimental manipulation of E 2 levels via the aromatase pathway induces adult sex change in each direction in a hermaphroditic fish that naturally exhibits bidirectional sex change. Our results demonstrate that a single enzymatic pathway can regulate both female and male sexual differentiation, and that aromatase may be the key enzyme that transduces environmental, including social, cues to functional sex differentiation in species with environmental sex determination.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 30-07-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 17-02-2015
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS11136
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2022
DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.8738
Abstract: Alternative splicing is a molecular mechanism that enables a single gene to encode multiple transcripts and proteins by post‐transcriptional modification of pre‐RNA molecules. Changes in the splicing scheme of genes can lead to modifications of the transcriptome and the proteome. This mechanism can enable organisms to respond to environmental fluctuations. In this study, we investigated patterns of alternative splicing in the liver of the coral reef fish Acanthochromis polyacanthus in response to the 2016 marine heatwave on the Great Barrier Reef. The differentially spliced (DS n = 40) genes during the onset of the heatwave (i.e., 29.49°C or +1°C from average) were related to essential cellular functions such as the MAPK signaling system, Ca(2+) binding, and homeostasis. With the persistence of the heatwave for a period of one month (February to March), 21 DS genes were detected, suggesting that acute warming during the onset of the heatwave is more influential on alternative splicing than the continued exposure to elevated temperatures. After the heatwave, the water temperature cooled to ~24.96°C, and fish showed differential splicing of genes related to cyto‐protection and post‐damage recovery ( n = 26). Two‐thirds of the DS genes detected across the heatwave were also differentially expressed, revealing that the two molecular mechanisms act together in A . polyacanthus to cope with the acute thermal change. This study exemplifies how splicing patterns of a coral reef fish can be modified by marine heatwaves. Alternative splicing could therefore be a potential mechanism to adjust cellular physiological states under thermal stress and aid coral reef fishes in their response to more frequent acute thermal fluctuations in upcoming decades.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-05-2018
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.14290
Abstract: Ocean warming and acidification are serious threats to marine life however, their in idual and combined effects on large pelagic and predatory fishes are poorly understood. We determined the effects of projected future temperature and carbon dioxide (CO
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-09-2014
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.12291
Abstract: Ocean acidification is one of the most pressing environmental concerns of our time, and not surprisingly, we have seen a recent explosion of research into the physiological impacts and ecological consequences of changes in ocean chemistry. We are gaining considerable insights from this work, but further advances require greater integration across disciplines. Here, we showed that projected near-future CO2 levels impaired the ability of damselfish to learn the identity of predators. These effects stem from impaired neurotransmitter function impaired learning under elevated CO2 was reversed when fish were treated with gabazine, an antagonist of the GABA-A receptor - a major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in the brain of vertebrates. The effects of CO2 on learning and the link to neurotransmitter interference were manifested as major differences in survival for fish released into the wild. Lower survival under elevated CO2 , as a result of impaired learning, could have a major influence on population recruitment.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 06-01-2009
Abstract: Both the parental legacy and current environmental conditions can affect offspring life histories however, their relative importance and the potential relationship between these two influences have rarely been investigated. We tested for the interacting effects of parental and juvenile environments on the early life history of the marine fish Acanthochromis polyacanthus . Juveniles from parents in good condition were longer and heavier at hatching than juveniles from parents in poor condition. Parental effects on juvenile size were evident up to 29 days post-hatching, but disappeared by 50 days. Offspring from good condition parents had higher early survival than offspring from poor-condition parents when reared in a low-food environment. By contrast, parental condition did not affect juvenile survival in the high-food environment. These results suggest that parental effects on offspring performance are most important when poor environmental conditions are encountered by juveniles. Furthermore, parental effects observed at hatching may often be moderated by compensatory mechanisms when environmental conditions are good.
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 10-02-2011
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS08990
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2016
DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE3087
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 08-11-2019
Abstract: The understanding of the detection threshold and behavioral response of fishes in response to crude oil is critical to predicting the effects of oil spills on wild fish populations. The
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-11-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-09-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-019-49086-0
Abstract: Cleaning interactions are textbook ex les of mutualisms. On coral reefs, most fishes engage in cooperative interactions with cleaners fishes, where they benefit from ectoparasite reduction and ultimately stress relief. Furthermore, such interactions elicit beneficial effects on clients’ ecophysiology. However, the potential effects of future ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) on these charismatic associations are unknown. Here we show that a 45-day acclimation period to OW (+3 °C) and OA (980 μatm pCO 2 ) decreased interactions between cleaner wrasses ( Labroides dimidiatus ) and clients ( Naso elegans ). Cleaners also invested more in the interactions by providing tactile stimulation under OA. Although this form of investment is typically used by cleaners to prolong interactions and reconcile after cheating, interaction time and client jolt rate (a correlate of dishonesty) were not affected by any stressor. In both partners, the dopaminergic (in all brain regions) and serotoninergic (forebrain) systems were significantly altered by these stressors. On the other hand, in cleaners, the interaction with warming ameliorated dopaminergic and serotonergic responses to OA. Dopamine and serotonin correlated positively with motivation to interact and cleaners interaction investment (tactile stimulation). We advocate that such neurobiological changes associated with cleaning behaviour may affect the maintenance of community structures on coral reefs.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-0019
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 25-06-2009
Abstract: Little is known about how fishes and other non-calcifying marine organisms will respond to the increased levels of dissolved CO 2 and reduced sea water pH that are predicted to occur over the coming century. We reared eggs and larvae of the orange clownfish, Amphiprion percula , in sea water simulating a range of ocean acidification scenarios for the next 50–100 years (current day, 550, 750 and 1030 ppm atmospheric CO 2 ). CO 2 acidification had no detectable effect on embryonic duration, egg survival and size at hatching. In contrast, CO 2 acidification tended to increase the growth rate of larvae. By the time of settlement (11 days post-hatching), larvae from some parental pairs were 15 to 18 per cent longer and 47 to 52 per cent heavier in acidified water compared with controls. Larvae from other parents were unaffected by CO 2 acidification. Elevated CO 2 and reduced pH had no effect on the maximum swimming speed of settlement-stage larvae. There was, however, a weak positive relationship between length and swimming speed. Large size is usually considered to be advantageous for larvae and newly settled juveniles. Consequently, these results suggest that levels of ocean acidification likely to be experienced in the near future might not, in isolation, significantly disadvantage the growth and performance of larvae from benthic-spawning marine fishes.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-01-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2015
DOI: 10.1890/14-1689.1
Abstract: Recent theory suggests that a mix of lottery and niche processes can facilitate coexistence between competing species, but this has not yet been empirically tested. Previous research has suggested that a competitive lottery for space promotes coexistence between two ecologically similar species, Gobiodon histrio and Gobiodon erythrospilus. However, not all the assumptions of lottery competition have been tested, and patterns of habitat use by adults suggest niche partitioning. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that the mechanism of competition changes with ontogeny, with a lottery for space operating at settlement and niche partitioning occurring in adults. Patterns of resource use in the field were compared for juveniles and adults of the two species. Pelagic larval duration (PLD) and size-at-settlement was also estimated to determine if size differences at settlement could affect the outcome of competitive interactions among juveniles. Habitat preference and size-based competitive ability were then tested for juveniles and adults in laboratory experiments. Finally, a transplant experiment was performed to test the fitness-associated consequences of niche partitioning among adults and its implications for coexistence of the two species. G. histrio had a similar PLD (20.7 ± 2.0 days) to G. erythrospilus (18.5 ± 1.9 days), and there was no difference in size-at-settlement between the species. Juveniles of the two species had similar patterns of habitat use and similar competitive abilities, supporting the lottery mechanism at settlement. However, adults differ in their habitat use, supporting the prediction that resource partitioning increases with ontogeny. In laboratory experiments, adults of each species preferred colonies of Acropora nasuta. However, G. histrio was a superior competitor and prevented G. erythrospilus from using A. nasuta in > 70% of the trials. In the field transplant experiment, G. erythrospilus (inferior competitor) suffered less of a fitness loss when occupying the non-preferred coral (A. spathulata) compared with G. histrio, which could explain its ability to persist when displaced by the superior competitor. These results suggest that the competitive mechanism operating between the two Gobiodon species shifts from a lottery for space to niche partitioning through ontogeny, and that these two mechanisms of competitive coexistence are not mutually exclusive.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 13-10-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2019
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-10-2018
DOI: 10.1111/MEC.14884
Abstract: Global warming will have far-reaching consequences for marine species over coming decades, yet the magnitude of these effects may depend on the rate of warming across generations. Recent experiments show coral reef fishes can compensate the metabolic challenges of elevated temperature when warm conditions are maintained across generations. However, the effects of a gradual temperature increase across generations remain unknown. In the present study, we analysed metabolic and molecular traits in the damselfish Acanthochromis polyacanthus that were exposed to +1.5°C in the first generation and +3.0°C in the second (Step +3.0°C). This treatment of stepwise warming was compared to fish reared at current-day temperatures (Control), second-generation fish of control parents reared at +3.0°C (Developmental +3.0°C) and fish exposed to elevated temperatures for two generations (Transgenerational +1.5°C and Transgenerational +3.0°C). Hepatosomatic index, oxygen consumption and liver gene expression were compared in second-generation fish of the multiple treatments. Hepatosomatic index increased in fish that developed at +3.0°C, regardless of the parental temperature. Routine oxygen consumption of Step +3.0°C fish was significantly higher than Control however, their aerobic scope recovered to the same level as Control fish. Step +3.0°C fish exhibited significant upregulation of genes related to mitochondrial activity and energy production, which could be associated with their increased metabolic rates. These results indicate that restoration of aerobic scope is possible when fish experience gradual thermal increase across multiple generations, but the metabolic and molecular responses are different from fish reared at the same elevated thermal conditions in successive generations.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2004
DOI: 10.1890/03-3100
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1071/MF07019
Abstract: Competition theory predicts that, when resources are limiting, interacting species should differ more in resource use where they co-occur, compared with where they do not (resource partitioning). The damselfishes Dascyllus aruanus and D. melanurus provide a useful test of this prediction because they exhibit largely allopatric geographic ranges that overlap near Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. To test whether this species pair exhibited responses in resource use that were consistent with competition theory, the depth distributions, coral substrata and diet of each species at allopatric and sympatric locations were compared. Where sympatric, the frequency of co-occurrence was examined and foraging ranges and diet on corals where the species do and do not co-occur were compared. Contrary to expectations, the species were more similar in depth, habitat use and diet in the sympatric region. Within this location, they sometimes co-existed in the same coral shelters, but much less often than would be expected with random assortment. Where they did co-exist, their diets converged. D. melanurus exhibited restricted foraging ranges and consumed smaller prey in the presence of D. aruanus, but not vice versa. It was concluded that niche shifts along different resource axes at the geographic boundary are explained both by large-scale constraints in resource availability and local-scale competitive interactions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-05-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1095-8649.2010.02644.X
Abstract: Evidence of facultative corallivory is documented in three species of obligate coral-dwelling gobies (genus Gobiodon) based on the presence of spirocysts in gut contents. Coral-dwelling gobies also consumed a broad range of other items with gut contents dominated by algae, invertebrates and amorphous material. Dietary similarities between species suggest corallivory may be widespread in this genus.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 29-05-2020
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 28-09-2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-11-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S00442-012-2521-7
Abstract: Most animals consume a narrower range of food resources than is potentially available in the environment, but the underlying basis for these preferences is often poorly understood. Foraging theory predicts that prey selection should represent a trade-off between prey preferences based on nutritional value and prey availability. That is, species should consume preferred prey when available, but select less preferred prey when preferred prey is rare. We employed both field observation and laboratory experiments to examine the relationship between prey selection and preferences in the obligate coral-feeding filefish, Oxymonacanthus longirostris. To determine the drivers of prey selection, we experimentally established prey preferences in choice arenas and tested the consequences of prey preferences for key fitness-related parameters. Field studies showed that in iduals fed almost exclusively on live corals from the genus Acropora. While diet was dominated by the most abundant species, Acropora nobilis, fish appeared to preferentially select rarer acroporids, such as A. millepora and A. hyacinthus. Prey choice experiments confirmed strong preferences for these corals, suggesting that field consumption is constrained by availability. In a longer-term feeding experiment, reproductive pairs fed on non-preferred corals exhibited dramatic reductions to body weight, and in hepatic and gonad condition, compared with those fed preferred corals. The majority of pairs fed preferred corals spawned frequently, while no spawning was observed for any pairs fed a non-preferred species of coral. These experiments suggest that fish distinguish between available corals based on their intrinsic value as prey, that reproductive success is dependent on the presence of particular coral species, and that differential loss of preferred corals could have serious consequences for the population success of these dietary specialists.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-06-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-08-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date: 31-03-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-12-2012
DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1323
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-12-2016
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.13167
Abstract: Biological communities are shaped by complex interactions between organisms and their environment as well as interactions with other species. Humans are rapidly changing the marine environment through increasing greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in ocean warming and acidification. The first response by animals to environmental change is predominantly through modification of their behaviour, which in turn affects species interactions and ecological processes. Yet, many climate change studies ignore animal behaviour. Furthermore, our current knowledge of how global change alters animal behaviour is mostly restricted to single species, life phases and stressors, leading to an incomplete view of how coinciding climate stressors can affect the ecological interactions that structure biological communities. Here, we first review studies on the effects of warming and acidification on the behaviour of marine animals. We demonstrate how pervasive the effects of global change are on a wide range of critical behaviours that determine the persistence of species and their success in ecological communities. We then evaluate several approaches to studying the ecological effects of warming and acidification, and identify knowledge gaps that need to be filled, to better understand how global change will affect marine populations and communities through altered animal behaviours. Our review provides a synthesis of the far-reaching consequences that behavioural changes could have for marine ecosystems in a rapidly changing environment. Without considering the pervasive effects of climate change on animal behaviour we will limit our ability to forecast the impacts of ocean change and provide insights that can aid management strategies.
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 18-11-2009
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS08294
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1071/MF19267
Abstract: ‘Multiple drivers’ (also termed ‘multiple stressors’) is the term used to describe the cumulative effects of multiple environmental factors on organisms or ecosystems. Here, we consider ocean acidification as a multiple driver because many inorganic carbon parameters are changing simultaneously, including total dissolved inorganic carbon, CO2, HCO3–, CO32–, H+ and CaCO3 saturation state. With the rapid expansion of ocean acidification research has come a greater understanding of the complexity and intricacies of how these simultaneous changes to the seawater carbonate system are affecting marine life. We start by clarifying key terms used by chemists and biologists to describe the changing seawater inorganic carbon system. Then, using key groups of non-calcifying (fish, seaweeds, diatoms) and calcifying (coralline algae, coccolithophores, corals, molluscs) organisms, we consider how various physiological processes are affected by different components of the carbonate system.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 09-2017
Abstract: Ocean acidification, caused by the uptake of additional carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere, will have far-reaching impacts on marine ecosystems (Gattuso & Hansson 2011 Ocean acidification . Oxford University Press). The predicted changes in ocean chemistry will affect whole biological communities and will occur within the context of global warming and other anthropogenic stressors yet much of the biological research conducted to date has tested the short-term responses of single species to ocean acidification conditions alone. While an important starting point, these studies may have limited predictive power because they do not account for possible interactive effects of multiple climate change drivers or for ecological interactions with other species. Furthermore, few studies have considered variation in responses among populations or the evolutionary potential within populations. Therefore, our knowledge about the potential for marine organisms to adapt to ocean acidification is extremely limited. In 2015, two of the pioneers in the field, Ulf Riebesell and Jean-Pierre Gattuso, noted that to move forward as a field of study, future research needed to address critical knowledge gaps in three major areas: (i) multiple environmental drivers, (ii) ecological interactions and (iii) acclimation and adaptation (Riebesell and Gattuso 2015 Nat. Clim. Change 5 , 12–14 ( doi:10.1038/nclimate2456 )). In May 2016, more than 350 researchers, students and stakeholders met at the 4th International Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO 2 World in Hobart, Tasmania, to discuss the latest advances in understanding ocean acidification and its biological consequences. Many of the papers presented at the symposium reflected this shift in focus from short-term, single species and single stressor experiments towards multi-stressor and multispecies experiments that address knowledge gaps about the ecological impacts of ocean acidification on marine communities. The nine papers in this Special Feature are from authors who attended the symposium and address cutting-edge questions and emerging topics in ocean acidification research, across the taxonomic spectrum from plankton to top predators. They cover the three streams of research identified as crucial to understanding the biological impacts of ocean acidification: (i) the relationship with other environmental drivers, (ii) the effects on ecological process and species interactions, and (iii) the role that in idual variation, phenotypic plasticity and adaptation will have in shaping the impacts of ocean acidification and warming on marine ecosystems.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-08-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-09-1998
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-07-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S00442-011-2081-2
Abstract: The levels of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) predicted for the oceans by the end of this century have recently been shown to impair olfactory discrimination in larval fishes. However, whether this disruption extends to olfactory-mediated behaviour in adult fishes is unknown. In many fishes, adult survival and reproduction can be critically dependent upon navigation to home sites. We tested the effects that near-future levels of CO(2) (550, 700 or 950 ppm) have on the ability of adult five-lined cardinalfish, Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus, to home to their diurnal resting sites after nocturnal feeding. Cardinalfish exposed to elevated CO(2) exhibited impaired ability to distinguish between odours of home- versus foreign-site conspecifics in pair-wise choice experiments. A displacement experiment demonstrated that fish from all CO(2) treatments displayed a 22-31% reduction in homing success compared with control fish when released at 200 m from home sites. While CO(2)-exposed cardinalfish released directly back onto home sites exhibited similar site fidelity to control subjects, behaviour at home sites was affected, with CO(2)-exposed fish exhibiting increased activity levels and venturing further from shelter. This study demonstrates that the potential disruption of chemosensory mechanisms in fishes due to rising CO(2) levels in the ocean extend to critical adult behaviours.
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 20-11-2013
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS10493
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 12-05-2010
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 12-12-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-05-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1999
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2004
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-10-2014
DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2400
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-05-2018
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-018-26090-4
Abstract: Tropical reefs have experienced an unprecedented loss of live coral in the past few decades and the bio ersity of coral-dependent species is under threat. Many reef fish species decline in abundance as coral cover is lost, yet the mechanisms responsible for these losses are largely unknown. A commonly hypothesised cause of fish decline is the loss of shelter space between branches as dead corals become overgrown by algae. Here we tested this hypothesis by quantifying changes in predator-avoidance behaviour of a common damselfish, Pomacentrus moluccensis , before and after the death of their coral colony. Groups of P . moluccensis were placed on either healthy or degraded coral colonies, startled using a visual stimulus and their sheltering responses compared over a 7-week period. P . moluccensis stopped sheltering amongst the coral branches immediately following the death of the coral, despite the presence of le shelter space. Instead, most in iduals swam away from the dead coral, potentially increasing their exposure to predators. It appears that the presence of live coral rather than shelter per se is the necessary cue that elicits the appropriate behavioural response to potential predators. The disruption of this link poses an immediate threat to coral-associated fishes on degrading reefs.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-08-2021
DOI: 10.1111/MEC.16124
Abstract: Environmental partial pressure of CO 2 ( p CO 2 ) variation can modify the responses of marine organisms to ocean acidification, yet the underlying mechanisms for this effect remain unclear. On coral reefs, environmental p CO 2 fluctuates on a regular day–night cycle. Effects of future ocean acidification on coral reef fishes might therefore depend on their response to this diel cycle of p CO 2 . To evaluate the effects on the brain molecular response, we exposed two common reef fishes ( Acanthochromis polyacanthus and Amphiprion percula ) to two projected future p CO 2 levels (750 and 1,000 µatm) under both stable and diel fluctuating conditions. We found a common signature to stable elevated p CO 2 for both species, which included the downregulation of immediate early genes, indicating lower brain activity. The transcriptional programme was more strongly affected by higher average p CO 2 in a stable treatment than for fluctuating treatments, but the largest difference in molecular response was between stable and fluctuating p CO 2 treatments. This indicates that a response to a change in environmental p CO 2 conditions is different for organisms living in a fluctuating than in stable environments. This differential regulation was related to steroid hormones and circadian rhythm (CR). Both species exhibited a marked difference in the expression of CR genes among p CO 2 treatments, possibly accommodating a more flexible adaptive approach in the response to environmental changes. Our results suggest that environmental p CO 2 fluctuations might enable reef fishes to phase‐shift their clocks and anticipate p CO 2 changes, thereby avoiding impairments and more successfully adjust to ocean acidification conditions.
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 15-08-2019
DOI: 10.1242/JEB.202713
Abstract: Marine heatwaves, which are increasing in frequency, duration and intensity owing to climate change, are an imminent threat to marine ecosystems. On coral reefs, heatwave conditions often coincide with periods of peak recruitment of juvenile fishes and exposure to elevated temperature may affect their development. However, whether differences in the duration of high temperature exposure have effects on in idual performance is unknown. We exposed juvenile spiny damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus, to increasing lengths of time (3, 7, 30 and 108 days post-hatching) of elevated temperature (+2°C). After 108 days, we measured escape performance at present-day control and elevated temperatures, standard length, mass and critical thermal maximum. Using a Bayesian approach, we show that 30 days or more exposure to +2°C leads to improved escape performance, irrespective of performance temperature, possibly owing to developmental effects of high temperature on muscle development and/or anaerobic metabolism. Continued exposure to elevated temperature for 108 days caused a reduction in body size compared with the control, but not in fish exposed to high temperature for 30 days or less. By contrast, exposure to elevated temperatures for any length of time had no effect on critical thermal maximum, which, combined with previous work, suggests a short-term physiological constraint of ∼37°C in this species. Our study shows that extended exposure to increased temperature can affect the development of juvenile fishes, with potential immediate and future consequences for in idual performance.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2011
DOI: 10.1890/11-0037.1
Abstract: Increased habitat ersity is often predicted to promote the ersity of animal communities because a greater variety of habitats increases the opportunities for species to specialize on different resources and coexist. Although positive correlations between the ersities of habitat and associated animals are often observed, the underlying mechanisms are only now starting to emerge, and none have been tested specifically in the marine environment. Scleractinian corals constitute the primary habitat-forming organisms on coral reefs and, as such, play an important role in structuring associated reef fish communities. Using the same field experimental design in two geographic localities differing in regional fish species composition, we tested the effects of coral species richness and composition on the ersity, abundance, and structure of the local fish community. Richness of coral species overall had a positive effect on fish species richness but had no effect on total fish abundance or evenness. At both localities, certain in idual coral species supported similar levels of fish ersity and abundance as the high coral richness treatments, suggesting that particular coral species are disproportionately important in promoting high local fish ersity. Furthermore, in both localities, different microhabitats (coral species) supported very different fish communities, indicating that most reef fish species distinguish habitat at the level of coral species. Fish communities colonizing treatments of higher coral species richness represented a combination of those inhabiting the constituent coral species. These findings suggest that mechanisms underlying habitat-animal interaction in the terrestrial environment also apply to marine systems and highlight the importance of coral ersity to local fish ersity. The loss of particular key coral species is likely to have a disproportionate impact on the bio ersity of associated fish communities.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2021
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 05-06-2008
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-02-2007
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-11-2004
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-294X.2003.02019.X
Abstract: Symbiotic relationships have contributed greatly to the evolution and maintenance of biological ersity. On the Great Barrier Reef, species of obligate coral-dwelling fishes (genus Gobiodon) coexist by selectively recruiting to colonies of Acropora nasuta that differ in branch-tip colour. In this study, we investigate genetic variability among sympatric populations of two colour morphs of A. nasuta ('blue-tip' and 'brown-tip') living in symbiosis with two fish species, Gobiodon histrio and G. quinquestrigatus, respectively, to determine whether gobies are selecting between intraspecific colour polymorphisms or cryptic coral species. We also examine genetic differentiation among coral populations containing both these colour morphs that are separated by metres between local sites, tens of kilometres across the continental shelf and hundreds of kilometres along the Great Barrier Reef. We use three nuclear DNA loci, two of which we present here for the first time for Acropora. No significant genetic differentiation was detected between sympatric colour morphs at these three loci. Hence, symbiotic gobies are selecting among colour morphs of A. nasuta, rather than cryptic species. Significant genetic geographical structuring was observed among populations, independent of colour, at regional (i.e. latitudinal separation by < 500 km) and cross-shelf (< 50 km) scales, alongside relative homogeneity between local populations on within reef scales (< 5 km). This contrasts with the reported absence of large-scale genetic structuring in A. valida, which is a member of the same species group as A. nasuta. Apparent differences in biogeographical structuring between species within the A. nasuta group emphasize the need for comparative s ling across both spatial (i.e. within reefs, between reefs and between regions) and taxonomic scales (i.e. within and between closely related species).
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-03-2007
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 29-08-2006
Abstract: An ex le of alternative male strategies is seen in diandric protogynous (female first) hermaphrodites, where in iduals either mature directly as male (primary males) or first reproduce as female and then change sex to male (secondary males). In some sex-changing fishes, the testes of primary males appear anatomically similar to those of non-sex-changing species, whereas the testes of secondary males have anatomical evidence of their former ovarian function. Here, we provide evidence that in the bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum , these strikingly different male phenotypes arise from differences in the ontogenetic timing of environmental sex determination, timing that can be experimentally altered through changes in the social circumstances. Juveniles differentiated almost exclusively as females when reared in isolation, regardless of whether they were collected from a reef with a high proportion of primary males or from a reef with a low proportion of primary males. In contrast, one in idual usually differentiated as a primary male when reared in groups of three. Our results indicate that primary males of the bluehead wrasse are an environmentally sensitive developmental strategy that has probably evolved in response to variation in the reproductive success of primary males in populations of different sizes.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-12-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-019-56002-Z
Abstract: Under projected levels of ocean acidification, shifts in energetic demands and food availability could interact to effect the growth and development of marine organisms. Changes to in idual growth rates could then flow on to influence emergent properties of social groups, particularly in species that form size-based hierarchies. To test the potential interactive effects of (1) food availability, (2) elevated CO 2 during juvenile development, and (3) parental experience of elevated CO 2 on the growth, condition and size-based hierarchy of juvenile fish, we reared orange clownfish ( Amphiprion percula ) for 50 days post-hatching in a fully orthogonal design. Development in elevated CO 2 reduced standard length and weight of juveniles, by 9% and 11% respectively, compared to ambient. Development under low food availability reduced length and weight of juveniles by 7% and 15% respectively, compared to high food. Parental exposure to elevated CO 2 restored the length of juveniles to that of controls, but it did not restore weight, resulting in juveniles from elevated CO 2 parents exhibiting 33% lower body condition when reared in elevated CO 2 . The body size ratios (relative size of a fish from the rank above) within juvenile groups were not affected by any treatment, suggesting relative robustness of group-level structure despite alterations in in idual size and condition. This study demonstrates that both food availability and elevated CO 2 can influence the physical attributes of juvenile reef fish, but these changes may not disrupt the emergent group structure of this social species, at least amongst juveniles.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2012
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 13-02-2007
Abstract: Social queues, in which subordinates wait for their turn to inherit dominant breeding status, are a familiar feature of many animal societies. However, little is known about the mechanisms stabilizing social queues given the inevitable conflict over rank between group members. Here, we report the role of punishment and cooperation in promoting the stability of size-based queues in a coral-dwelling goby, Paragobiodon xanthosomus (Gobiidae). Quantitative analysis of the size-structure of queues revealed that in iduals of adjacent rank differ in size by a specific size ratio, and comparisons of in idual growth rates within queues demonstrated that specific size ratios are maintained over time via the regulation of subordinate growth rates. Furthermore, contest experiments demonstrated that the specific size ratio represents a threshold above which the subordinates become a threat to their immediate dominant, and as a result, dominants evict subordinates that exceed this size ratio from the group. We propose that threshold size ratios are maintained by subordinates as a form of peaceful cooperation whereby they avoid inflicting costs on dominants, and that such cooperation arises in response to the threat of punishment in the form of eviction by dominants. Societal stability is therefore achieved through the effects of punishment and cooperation acting in concert to promote the resolution of conflict over rank between group members.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 06-2011
Abstract: Ocean acidification is predicted to affect marine ecosystems in many ways, including modification of fish behaviour. Previous studies have identified effects of CO 2 -enriched conditions on the sensory behaviour of fishes, including the loss of natural responses to odours resulting in ecologically deleterious decisions. Many fishes also rely on hearing for orientation, habitat selection, predator avoidance and communication. We used an auditory choice chamber to study the influence of CO 2 -enriched conditions on directional responses of juvenile clownfish ( Amphiprion percula ) to daytime reef noise. Rearing and test conditions were based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predictions for the twenty-first century: current-day ambient, 600, 700 and 900 µatm p CO 2 . Juveniles from ambient CO 2 -conditions significantly avoided the reef noise, as expected, but this behaviour was absent in juveniles from CO 2 -enriched conditions. This study provides, to our knowledge, the first evidence that ocean acidification affects the auditory response of fishes, with potentially detrimental impacts on early survival.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-11-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-12-2010
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 28-07-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2006
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-07-2013
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.12259
Abstract: Ocean acidification is predicted to negatively impact the reproduction of many marine species, either by reducing fertilization success or erting energy from reproductive effort. While recent studies have demonstrated how ocean acidification will affect larval and juvenile fishes, little is known about how increasing partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO(2)) and decreasing pH might affect reproduction in adult fishes. We investigated the effects of near-future levels of pCO(2) on the reproductive performance of the cinnamon anemonefish, Amphiprion melanopus, from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Breeding pairs were held under three CO(2) treatments [Current-day Control (430 μatm), Moderate (584 μatm) and High (1032 μatm)] for a 9-month period that included the summer breeding season. Unexpectedly, increased CO(2) dramatically stimulated breeding activity in this species of fish. Over twice as many pairs bred in the Moderate (67% of pairs) and High (55%) compared to the Control (27%) CO(2) treatment. Pairs in the High CO(2) group produced double the number of clutches per pair and 67% more eggs per clutch compared to the Moderate and Control groups. As a result, reproductive output in the High group was 82% higher than that in the Control group and 50% higher than that in the Moderate group. Despite the increase in reproductive activity, there was no difference in adult body condition among the three treatment groups. There was no significant difference in hatchling length between the treatment groups, but larvae from the High CO(2) group had smaller yolks than Controls. This study provides the first evidence of the potential effects of ocean acidification on key reproductive attributes of marine fishes and, contrary to expectations, demonstrates an initially stimulatory (hormetic) effect in response to increased pCO(2). However, any long-term consequences of increased reproductive effort on in iduals or populations remain to be determined.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-10-2018
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.13903
Abstract: Phenotypic plasticity, both within and across generations, is an important mechanism that organisms use to cope with rapid climate change. While an increasing number of studies show that plasticity across generations (transgenerational plasticity or TGP) may occur, we have limited understanding of key aspects of TGP, such as the environmental conditions that may promote it, its relationship to within-generation plasticity (WGP) and its role in evolutionary potential. In this review, we consider how the detection of TGP in climate change experiments is affected by the predictability of environmental variation, as well as the timing and magnitude of environmental change cues applied. We also discuss the need to design experiments that are able to distinguish TGP from selection and TGP from WGP in multigenerational experiments. We conclude by suggesting future research directions that build on the knowledge to date and admit the limitations that exist, which will depend on the way environmental change is simulated and the type of experimental design used. Such an approach will open up this burgeoning area of research to a wider variety of organisms and allow better predictive capacity of the role of TGP in the response of organisms to future climate change.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2001
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-04-2014
DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2195
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2003
DOI: 10.1007/S00442-003-1356-7
Abstract: The evolution of different colour morphs and how they are maintained in animal populations is poorly understood. We investigated the mechanisms maintaining yellow and brown morphs of a coral-reef fish, Pseudochromis fuscus, at Lizard Island, on the Great Barrier Reef. Histological examination of the gonads revealed that colour morphs were not sex-limited, therefore sexual selection does not appear to promote dichromatism in this species. The field distributions of the two colour morphs were spatially segregated, limiting the opportunity for negative frequency-dependent selection to operate. Our results support another ecological mechanism of coexistence. The yellow morph occurred in deeper areas, usually close to the reef edge, where there was a proportionally high cover of live branching corals. In contrast, the brown morph occurred in shallower areas, more distant from the reef edge, that were proportionally low in live branching corals. Within these habitats, each colour morph of P. fuscus displayed a close association with similar coloured damselfishes from the genus Pomacentrus. The yellow morph was associated with predominantly yellow damselfishes (P. moluccensis and P. amboinensis) and the brown morph with darker coloured species (P. adelus and P. chrysurus). Multiple-choice experiments in the laboratory revealed that: (1) each colour morph of P. fuscus preferentially selected habitat patches occupied by damselfishes with the same colouration and (2) differences in microhabitat use between the two colour morphs of P. fuscus were due to the presence of different coloured damselfishes in these microhabitats. P. fuscus is a predator of newly recruited damselfishes and the striking resemblance between each morph of P. fuscus and the damselfish with which it was associated, suggests that aggressive mimicry may promote coexistence of P. fuscus colour morphs.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-11-2017
DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE3161
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.TREE.2013.11.001
Abstract: Ocean acidification poses a global threat to bio ersity, yet species might have the capacity to adapt through evolutionary change. Here we summarize tools available to determine species' capacity for evolutionary adaptation to future ocean change and review the progress made to date with respect to ocean acidification. We focus on two key approaches: measuring standing genetic variation within populations and experimental evolution. We highlight benefits and challenges of each approach and recommend future research directions for understanding the modulating role of evolution in a changing ocean.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-01-2015
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.12818
Abstract: Ocean warming and acidification are serious threats to marine life. While each stressor alone has been studied in detail, their combined effects on the outcome of ecological interactions are poorly understood. We measured predation rates and predator selectivity of two closely related species of damselfish exposed to a predatory dottyback. We found temperature and CO2 interacted synergistically on overall predation rate, but antagonistically on predator selectivity. Notably, elevated CO2 or temperature alone reversed predator selectivity, but the interaction between the two stressors cancelled selectivity. Routine metabolic rates of the two prey showed strong species differences in tolerance to CO2 and not temperature, but these differences did not correlate with recorded mortality. This highlights the difficulty of linking species-level physiological tolerance to resulting ecological outcomes. This study is the first to document both synergistic and antagonistic effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on a crucial ecological process like predator-prey dynamics.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-07-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-08-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S00442-013-2755-Z
Abstract: When facing decisions about where to live, juveniles have a strong tendency to choose habitats similar to where their parents successfully bred. Developing larval fishes can imprint on the chemical cues from their natal habitat. However, to demonstrate that imprinting is ecologically important, it must be shown that settlers respond and distinguish among different imprinted cues, and use imprinting for decisions in natural environments. In addition, the potential role innate preferences play compared to imprinted choices also needs to be examined. As environmental variability increases due to anthropogenic causes these two recognition mechanisms, innate and imprinting, could provide conflicting information. Here we used laboratory rearing and chemical choice experiments to test imprinting in larval anemonefish (Amphiprion percula). In iduals exposed to a variety of benthic habitat or novel olfactory cues as larvae either developed a preference for (spent >50% of their time in the cue) or increased their attraction to (increased preference but did not spend >50% of their time in the cue) the cue when re-exposed as settlers. Results indicate not only the capacity for imprinting but also the ability to adjust innate preferences after early exposure to a chemical cue. To test ecological relevance in the natural system, recruits were collected from anemones and related to their parents, using genetic parentage analysis, providing information on the natal anemone species and the species chosen at settlement. Results demonstrated that recruits did not preferentially return to their natal species, conflicting with laboratory results indicating the importance imprinting might have in habitat recognition.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-01-2021
DOI: 10.1111/EVA.13187
Abstract: Global warming can disrupt reproduction or lead to fewer and poorer quality offspring, owing to the thermally sensitive nature of reproductive physiology. However, phenotypic plasticity may enable some animals to adjust the thermal sensitivity of reproduction to maintain performance in warmer conditions. Whether elevated temperature affects reproduction may depend on the timing of exposure to warming and the sex of the parent exposed. We exposed male and female coral reef damselfish ( Acanthochromis polyacanthus ) during development, reproduction or both life stages to an elevated temperature (+1.5°C) consistent with projected ocean warming and measured reproductive output and newly hatched offspring performance relative to pairs reared in a present‐day control temperature. We found female development in elevated temperature increased the probability of breeding, but reproduction ceased if warming continued to the reproductive stage, irrespective of the male's developmental experience. Females that developed in warmer conditions, but reproduced in control conditions, also produced larger eggs and hatchlings with greater yolk reserves. By contrast, male development or pairs reproducing in higher temperature produced fewer and poorer quality offspring. Such changes may be due to alterations in sex hormones or an endocrine stress response. In nature, this could mean female fish developing during a marine heatwave may have enhanced reproduction and produce higher quality offspring compared with females developing in a year of usual thermal conditions. However, male development during a heatwave would likely result in reduced reproductive output. Furthermore, the lack of reproduction from an average increase in temperature could lead to population decline. Our results demonstrate how the timing of exposure differentially influences females and males and how this translates to effects on reproduction and population sustainability in a warming world.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 13-12-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-06-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S00442-014-2992-9
Abstract: The global decline in bio ersity is causing increasing concern about the effects of bio ersity loss on ecosystem services such as productivity. Bio ersity has been hypothesised to be important in maintaining productivity of biological assemblages because niche complementarity and facilitation among the constituent species can result in more efficient use of resources. However, these conclusions are primarily based on studies with plant communities, and the relationship between ersity and productivity at higher trophic levels is largely unknown, especially in the marine environment. Here, we used a manipulative field experiment to test the effects of species richness and species identity on biomass accumulation in coral reef fish assemblages at Lizard Island. Small patch reefs were stocked with a total of 30 juveniles belonging to three planktivorous damselfish (genus Pomacentrus) according to three different levels of fish species richness (one, two and three species) and seven different combinations of fish species. Species richness had no effect on the relative growth in this assemblage after 18 days, but relative growth differed among in idual fish species and the different combinations of species. Patterns of increase in biomass were best explained by species-specific differences and variable effects of intra- and interspecific competition on growth. These results suggest that niche complementarity and facilitation are not the most influential drivers of total productivity within this guild of planktivorous fishes. Total productivity may be resilient to declining reef fish bio ersity, but this will depend on which species are lost and on the life-history traits of remaining species.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 28-09-2017
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 08-01-2008
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1071/MF11278
Abstract: Temporal and latitudinal gradients in ocean temperature may be useful for predicting the likely responses of marine species to accelerating global warming. Here, we examined seasonal variations in early life-history traits of the reef fish Pomacentrus moluccensis at Lizard Island on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Latitudinal variations were then compared among three locations from Kimbe Bay in Papua New Guinea to the southern GBR (18° latitude). At Lizard Island, a 4°C temperature rise from spring to summer was correlated with a 0.13 mm day−1 increase in pre-settlement growth rates and a 3.28-day decrease in pelagic larval duration (PLD). The latitudinal comparison revealed a non-linear relationship where growth rate and settlement size declined and PLD increased at Kimbe Bay where temperature was the highest of all the study sites. Furthermore, the slopes of latitudinal variations in life-history traits as a function of temperature within the GBR were significantly steeper than those in the temporal analysis. These latitudinal patterns were likely to be shaped by (1) the species thermal reaction norm, (2) local adaptation or (3) location-specific environmental and demographic characteristics. The significant correlations of early life-history traits with natural temperature gradients emphasise the potential sensitivity of reef fish larvae to global warming.
Publisher: PeerJ
Date: 12-12-2019
DOI: 10.7717/PEERJ.8266
Abstract: Anthropogenic CO 2 emissions are causing global ocean warming and ocean acidification. The early life stages of some marine fish are vulnerable to elevated ocean temperatures and CO 2 concentrations, with lowered survival and growth rates most frequently documented. Underlying these effects, damage to different organs has been found as a response to elevated CO 2 in larvae of several species of marine fish, yet the combined effects of acidification and warming on organ health are unknown. Yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi , a circumglobal subtropical pelagic fish of high commercial and recreational value, were reared from fertilization under control (21 °C) and elevated (25 °C) temperature conditions fully crossed with control (500 µatm) and elevated (1,000 µatm) pCO 2 conditions. Larvae were s led at 11 days and 21 days post hatch for histological analysis of the eye, gills, gut, liver, pancreas, kidney and liver. Previous work found elevated temperature, but not elevated CO 2 , significantly reduced larval kingfish survival while increasing growth and developmental rate. The current histological analysis aimed to determine whether there were additional sublethal effects on organ condition and development and whether underlying organ damage could be responsible for the documented effects of temperature on survivorship. While damage to different organs was found in a number of larvae, these effects were not related to temperature and/or CO 2 treatment. We conclude that kingfish larvae are generally vulnerable during organogenesis of the digestive system in their early development, but that this will not be exacerbated by near-future ocean warming and acidification.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-09-2004
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 29-09-2023
Publisher: Zoological Society of Japan
Date: 07-2005
DOI: 10.2108/ZSJ.22.797
Abstract: Coral reef fishes exhibit a ersity of hermaphroditic strategies and comparisons among species with different ecological characteristics will help identify the underlying basis of this complexity. We used manipulative experiments to test the potential for bi-directional sex change in three species of Pseudochromis (Pseudochromidae): P. flavivertex, P. aldabraensis and P. cyanotaenia. The first two species are sexually monochromatic, whereas, P. cyanotaenia is sexually dichromatic. For each species, where two functional females were kept together, one in idual in the pair changed sex to male. Where two functional males were kept together, one in idual in the pair changed sex to female. In all three species, functional sex change from male to female (52-93 days) took longer than sex change from female to male (18-56 days). In the sexually dichromatic species, P. cyanotaenia, colour change accompanied adult sex change. Females that changed sex to male took on the bright colouration of males and males that changed sex to female took on the drab colouration of females. These results indicate that bi-directional sex change is probably widespread in the family Pseudochromidae and cannot be predicted by the presence or absence of secondary sexual characteristics.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-10-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2002
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 08-12-2021
Abstract: Knowledge of adaptive potential is crucial to predicting the impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on marine organisms. In the spiny damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus , in idual variation in behavioural tolerance to elevated pCO 2 has been observed and is associated with offspring gene expression patterns in the brain. However, the maternal and paternal contributions of this variation are unknown. To investigate parental influence of behavioural pCO 2 tolerance, we crossed pCO 2 -tolerant fathers with pCO 2 -sensitive mothers and vice versa, reared their offspring at control and elevated pCO 2 levels, and compared the juveniles' brain transcriptional programme. We identified a large influence of parental phenotype on expression patterns of offspring, irrespective of environmental conditions. Circadian rhythm genes, associated with a tolerant parental phenotype, were uniquely expressed in tolerant mother offspring, while tolerant fathers had a greater role in expression of genes associated with histone binding. Expression changes in genes associated with neural plasticity were identified in both offspring types: the maternal line had a greater effect on genes related to neuron growth while paternal influence impacted the expression of synaptic development genes. Our results confirm cellular mechanisms involved in responses to varying lengths of OA exposure, while highlighting the parental phenotype's influence on offspring molecular phenotype.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-04-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-02-2012
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 13-05-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-03-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2016.07.038
Abstract: Coral reefs are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to ocean acidification. While our understanding of the potential impacts of ocean acidification on coral reef ecosystems is growing, gaps remain that limit our ability to translate scientific knowledge into management action. To guide solution-based research, we review the current knowledge of ocean acidification impacts on coral reefs alongside management needs and priorities. We use the world's largest continuous reef system, Australia's Great Barrier Reef (GBR), as a case study. We integrate scientific knowledge gained from a variety of approaches (e.g., laboratory studies, field observations, and ecosystem modelling) and scales (e.g., cell, organism, ecosystem) that underpin a systems-level understanding of how ocean acidification is likely to impact the GBR and associated goods and services. We then discuss local and regional management options that may be effective to help mitigate the effects of ocean acidification on the GBR, with likely application to other coral reef systems. We develop a research framework for linking solution-based ocean acidification research to practical management options. The framework assists in identifying effective and cost-efficient options for supporting ecosystem resilience. The framework enables on-the-ground OA management to be the focus, while not losing sight of CO2 mitigation as the ultimate solution.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-01-2019
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1997
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 22-10-2004
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS290207
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 26-08-2019
Abstract: In fishes, olfactory cues evoke behavioral responses that are crucial to survival however, the receptors, olfactory sensory neurons, are directly exposed to the environment and are susceptible to damage from aquatic contaminants. In 2010, 4.9 million barrels of crude oil were released into the northern Gulf of Mexico from the
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-06-2011
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 09-07-2019
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-01-2014
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.12399
Abstract: The temperature dependence of aerobic scope has been suggested to be a major determinant of how marine animals will cope with future rises in environmental temperature. Here, we present data suggesting that in some animals, the temperature dependence of anaerobic scope (i.e., the capacity for surviving severe hypoxia) may determine present-day latitudinal distributions and potential for persistence in a warmer future. As a model for investigating the role of anaerobic scope, we studied two sibling species of coral-dwelling gobies, Gobiodon histrio, and G. erythrospilus, with different latitudinal distributions, but which overlap in equal abundance at Lizard Island (14°40'S) on the Great Barrier Reef. These species did not differ in the temperature dependence of resting oxygen consumption or critical oxygen concentration (the lowest oxygen level where resting oxygen consumption can be maintained). In contrast, the more equatorial species (G. histrio) had a better capacity to endure anaerobic conditions at oxygen levels below the critical oxygen concentration at the high temperatures (32-33 °C) more likely to occur near the equator, or in a warmer future. These results suggest that anaerobic scope, in addition to aerobic scope, could be important in determining the impacts of global warming on some marine animals.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-08-2013
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 22-06-2011
Abstract: Abstract. Calcification in many invertebrate species is predicted to decline due to ocean acidification. The potential effects of elevated CO2 and reduced carbonate saturation state on other species, such as fish, are less well understood. Fish otoliths (earbones) are composed of aragonite, and thus, might be susceptible to either the reduced availability of carbonate ions in seawater at low pH, or to changes in extracellular concentrations of bicarbonate and carbonate ions caused by acid-base regulation in fish exposed to high pCO2. We reared larvae of the clownfish Amphiprion percula from hatching to settlement at three pHNBS and pCO2 levels (control: ~pH 8.15 and 404 μatm CO2 intermediate: pH 7.8 and 1050 μatm CO2 extreme: pH 7.6 and 1721 μatm CO2) to test the possible effects of ocean acidification on otolith development. There was no effect of the intermediate treatment (pH 7.8 and 1050 μatm CO2) on otolith size, shape, symmetry between left and right otoliths, or otolith elemental chemistry, compared with controls. However, in the more extreme treatment (pH 7.6 and 1721 μatm CO2) otolith area and maximum length were larger than controls, although no other traits were significantly affected. Our results support the hypothesis that pH regulation in the otolith endolymph can lead to increased precipitation of CaCO3 in otoliths of larval fish exposed to elevated CO2, as proposed by an earlier study, however, our results also show that sensitivity varies considerably among species. Importantly, our results suggest that otolith development in clownfishes is robust to even the more pessimistic changes in ocean chemistry predicted to occur by 2100.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-05-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2014
DOI: 10.1890/13-1345.1
Publisher: Faculty Opinions Ltd
Date: 04-11-2014
DOI: 10.12703/P6-99
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-02-2002
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-08-2017
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-017-10378-Y
Abstract: Elevated CO 2 levels associated with ocean acidification (OA) have been shown to alter behavioural responses in coral reef fishes. However, all studies to date have used stable p CO 2 treatments, not considering the substantial diel p CO 2 variation that occurs in shallow reef habitats. Here, we reared juvenile damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus , and clownfish, Amphiprion percula , at stable and diel cycling p CO 2 treatments in two experiments. As expected, absolute lateralization of A. polyacanthus and response to predator cue of Am. percula were negatively affected in fish reared at stable, elevated p CO 2 in both experiments. However, diel p CO 2 fluctuations reduced the negative effects of OA on behaviour. Importantly, in experiment two, behavioural abnormalities that were present in fish reared at stable 750 µatm CO 2 were largely absent in fish reared at 750 ± 300 µatm CO 2 . Overall, we show that diel p CO 2 cycles can substantially reduce the severity of behavioural abnormalities caused by elevated CO 2 . Thus, past studies may have over-estimated the impacts of OA on the behavioural performance of coral reef fishes. Furthermore, our results suggest that diel p CO 2 cycles will delay the onset of behavioural abnormalities in natural populations.
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 19-08-2009
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS08137
Publisher: PeerJ
Date: 06-10-2016
DOI: 10.7717/PEERJ.2501
Abstract: Pioneering studies into the effects of elevated CO 2 on the behaviour of reef fishes often tested high-CO 2 reared fish using control water in the test arena. While subsequent studies using rearing treatment water (control or high CO 2 ) in the test arena have confirmed the effects of high CO 2 on a range of reef fish behaviours, a further investigation into the use of different test water in the experimental arena is warranted. Here, we used a fully factorial design to test the effect of rearing treatment water (control or high CO 2 ) and experimental test water (control or high CO 2 ) on antipredator responses of larval reef fishes. We tested antipredator behaviour in larval clownfish Amphiprion percula and ambon damselfish Pomacentrus amboinensis , two species that have been used in previous high CO2 experiments. Specifically, we tested if: (1) using control or high CO 2 water in a two channel flume influenced the response of larval clownfish to predator odour and (2) using control or high CO 2 water in the test arena influenced the escape response of larval damselfish to a startle stimulus. Finally, (3) because the effects of high CO 2 on fish behaviour appear to be caused by altered function of the GABA-A neurotransmitter we tested if antipredator behaviours were restored in clownfish treated with a GABA antagonist (gabazine) in high CO 2 water. Larval clownfish reared from hatching in control water (496 µatm) strongly avoided predator cue whereas larval clownfish reared from hatching in high CO 2 (1,022 µatm) were attracted to the predator cue, as has been reported in previous studies. There was no effect on fish responses of using either control or high CO 2 water in the flume. Larval damselfish reared for four days in high CO 2 (1,051 µatm) exhibited a slower response to a startle stimulus and slower escape speed compared with fish reared in control conditions (464 µatm). There was no effect of test water on escape responses. Treatment of high-CO 2 reared clownfish with 4 mg l −1 gabazine in high CO 2 seawater restored the normal response to predator odour, as has been previously reported with fish tested in control water. Our results show that using control water in the experimental trials did not influence the results of previous studies on antipredator behaviour of reef fishes and also supports the results of novel experiments conducted in natural reef habitat at ambient CO 2 levels.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2019
Abstract: Lay summaries: The altered behaviours of fish exposed to elevated CO2 have been linked to changes in ion gradients and neurotransmitter function. To explain how relatively small changes in ion concentrations could have such profound neural effects, we propose that a vicious cycle can be triggered that lifies the initial disturbance.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2000
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 02-2019
Abstract: Parental effects have been shown to buffer the negative effects of within-generation exposure to ocean acidification (OA) conditions on the offspring of shallow water marine organisms. However, it remains unknown if parental effects will be impacted by the presence of diel CO 2 cycles that are prevalent in many shallow water marine habitats. Here, we examined the effects that parental exposure to stable elevated (1000 µatm) and diel-cycling elevated (1000 ± 300 µatm) CO 2 had on the survival and growth of juvenile coral reef anemonefish, Amphiprion melanopus . Juvenile survival was unaffected by within-generation exposure to either elevated CO 2 treatment but was significantly increased (8%) by parental exposure to diel-cycling elevated CO 2 . Within-generation exposure to stable elevated CO 2 caused a significant reduction in juvenile growth (10.7–18.5%) however, there was no effect of elevated CO 2 on growth when diel CO 2 cycles were present. Parental exposure to stable elevated CO 2 also ameliorated the negative effects of elevated CO 2 on juvenile growth, and parental exposure to diel CO 2 cycles did not alter the effects of diel CO 2 cycles on juveniles. Our results demonstrate that within-generation exposure to diel-cycling elevated CO 2 and parental exposure to stable elevated CO 2 had similar outcomes on juvenile condition. This study illustrates the importance of considering natural CO 2 cycles when predicting the long-term impacts of OA on marine ecosystems.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.MARENVRES.2019.104812
Abstract: The oceans are absorbing additional carbon dioxide (CO
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-07-2015
DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2724
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-06-2016
DOI: 10.1111/GCB.13350
Abstract: Shelled pteropods play key roles in the global carbon cycle and food webs of various ecosystems. Their thin external shell is sensitive to small changes in pH, and shell dissolution has already been observed in areas where aragonite saturation state is ~1. A decline in pteropod abundance has the potential to disrupt trophic networks and directly impact commercial fisheries. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how pteropods will be affected by global environmental change, particularly ocean acidification. In this study, physiological and molecular approaches were used to investigate the response of the Mediterranean pteropod, Heliconoides inflatus, to pH values projected for 2100 under a moderate emissions trajectory (RCP6.0). Pteropods were subjected to pH
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 15-11-2012
DOI: 10.1242/JEB.074765
Abstract: Average sea-surface temperature and the amount of CO2 dissolved in the ocean are rising as a result of increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Many coral reef fishes appear to be living close to their thermal optimum, and for some of them, even relatively moderate increases in temperature (2–4°C) lead to significant reductions in aerobic scope. Reduced aerobic capacity could affect population sustainability because less energy can be devoted to feeding and reproduction. Coral reef fishes seem to have limited capacity to acclimate to elevated temperature as adults, but recent research shows that developmental and transgenerational plasticity occur, which might enable some species to adjust to rising ocean temperatures. Predicted increases in PCO2, and associated ocean acidification, can also influence the aerobic scope of coral reef fishes, although there is considerable interspecific variation, with some species exhibiting a decline and others an increase in aerobic scope at near-future CO2 levels. As with thermal effects, there are transgenerational changes in response to elevated CO2 that could mitigate impacts of high CO2 on the growth and survival of reef fishes. An unexpected discovery is that elevated CO2 has a dramatic effect on a wide range of behaviours and sensory responses of reef fishes, with consequences for the timing of settlement, habitat selection, predator avoidance and in idual fitness. The underlying physiological mechanism appears to be the interference of acid–base regulatory processes with brain neurotransmitter function. Differences in the sensitivity of species and populations to global warming and rising CO2 have been identified that will lead to changes in fish community structure as the oceans warm and becomes more acidic however, the prospect for acclimation and adaptation of populations to these threats also needs to be considered. Ultimately, it will be the capacity for species to adjust to environmental change over coming decades that will determine the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems.
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 22-02-2010
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS08366
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 15-05-2014
DOI: 10.1242/JEB.105890
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-2017
DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE3374
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 22-01-2015
Abstract: The vast majority of research into the mechanisms of camouflage has focused on forms that confound visual perception. However, many organisms primarily interact with their surroundings using chemosensory systems and may have evolved mechanisms to ‘blend in’ with chemical components of their habitat. One potential mechanism is ‘chemical crypsis' via the sequestration of dietary elements, causing a consumer's odour to chemically match that of its prey. Here, we test the potential for chemical crypsis in the coral-feeding filefish, Oxymonacanthus longirostris , by examining olfactory discrimination in obligate coral-dwelling crabs and a predatory cod. The crabs, which inhabit the corals consumed by O. longirostris , were used as a bioassay to determine the effect of coral diet on fish odour. Crabs preferred the odour of filefish fed their preferred coral over the odour of filefish fed a non-preferred coral, suggesting coral-specific dietary elements that influence odour are sequestered. Crabs also exhibited a similar preference for the odour of filefish fed their preferred coral and odour directly from that coral, suggesting a close chemical match. In behavioural trials, predatory cod were less attracted to filefish odour when presented alongside the coral it had been fed on, suggesting diet can reduce detectability. This is, we believe, the first evidence of diet-induced chemical crypsis in a vertebrate.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-12-2019
Publisher: Portico
Date: 19-01-2012
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 02-10-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-04-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-09-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-06-2016
DOI: 10.1111/FAF.12164
No related grants have been discovered for Philip Munday.