ORCID Profile
0000-0002-8750-525X
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Carleton University
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University of Adelaide
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Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2007
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 18-03-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2002
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-1995
DOI: 10.1007/BF02537486
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-1995
DOI: 10.1007/BF02537487
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1992
DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(92)90213-3
Abstract: Fish oil was fed to rats in combination with an equal amount of olive, sunflower or linseed (flax) oil in semisynthetic diets for 3 weeks. Following stimulation of isolated neutrophils with calcium ionophore the levels of leukotrienes (LT) were determined by HPLC. Graphical presentation of the resultant data show a direct linear relationship between LTB production and substrate concentration with no preferential conversion of n-3 or n-6 substrates. In addition the results highlighted the greater conversion of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) to 5-hydroxy metabolites in stimulated neutrophils. There is no suggestion in our results of inhibition of any of the enzymatic conversion steps between EPA or AA and LTB production by any of the dietary fatty acids except by altering the EPA/AA ratio in neutrophil membranes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1990
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90146-O
Abstract: The effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5(n-3), as the ethyl ester) on plasma lipid levels and the incorporation of EPA into erythrocyte and plasma lipids were investigated in the marmoset monkey. Marmosets were fed high mixed-fat diets (14.5% total fat) supplemented with or without 0.8% EPA for 30 weeks. Markedly elevated plasma cholesterol (16.4 mmol/l) was induced by an atherogenic-type diet but with EPA supplementation, plasma cholesterol increased to only 6.6 mmol/l. Plasma triacylglycerol levels were not elevated with an atherogenic type diet. Substantial EPA incorporation was evident for plasma phospholipid, triacylglycerol and cholesterol ester fractions. The proportion of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5(n-3)) but not docosahexaenoic acid (22:6(n-3)) was also elevated in these plasma lipid fractions. Greatest incorporation of EPA occurred when it was administered with an atherogenic type diet having a P:M:S (polyunsaturated:monounsaturated:saturated) fatty acid ratio of about 0.2:0.6:1.0 in comparison to the control diet of 1.0:1.0:1.0. Incorporation of EPA and 22:5(n-3)) into erythrocyte phospholipids was also apparent and this was at the expense of linoleic acid (18:2(n-6)). These results in the marmoset highlight both the cholesterol-lowering properties of EPA and the extent of its incorporation into plasma lipids and erythrocyte membrane phospholipids with far greater incorporation occurring when the level of dietary linoleic acid was reduced.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1992
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90215-H
Abstract: Four strains of rat (Dark Agouti, DA Ginger Hooded, GH Portion, P Hooded Wistar, HW) were fed elemental diets containing different sources of fat at the 10% (w/w) level. The dietary fats used included the following oils olive (rich in oleate), sunflower (rich in linoleate), linseed (rich in alpha-linolenate) and fish (rich in eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate). Differences between strains in response to in idual diets were modest compared with the much greater differences achieved by the dietary treatments. In general, the changes in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels in the plasma lipids of all rat strains followed the major PUFA in the diet. There were, however, strong interactions between dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFA which affected not only the level of particular PUFA in lipid fractions but also the lipid fraction in which a particular PUFA appeared. Our findings indicate that a response to dietary fats in the plasma lipids of one strain of rat can be expected to occur with relatively minor variations in other commonly used rat strains.
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Date: 09-1999
Abstract: To determine if dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) affect the growth of formula-fed infants relative to breastfed infants. A randomized, double-blind trial of three formula-fed groups and a parallel reference group of breastfed infants was conducted. The three treatments were a placebo (no LCPUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplemented, and DHA plus arachidonic acid supplemented formulas fed for 12 months. Infant weight, length, head circumference, and fatty acid status were assessed at 6, 16, 34 weeks, and 1 year of age. Anthropometrics were repeated at 2 years of age. There were no differences between the randomized formula groups for weight, length, or head circumference even after adjustment for gender, gestational age, and the actual age at assessment. Post hoc regressions demonstrated a small negative association between DHA status at 16 weeks of age and weight at 1 and 2 years. Dietary LCPUFA do not influence growth of healthy term infants to a clinically significant degree.
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Date: 08-2001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2010
Abstract: Studies relating cardiovascular outcomes to dietary or blood measures of various fatty acids rely on the implicit assumptions that dietary change results in changes in blood fatty acids that, in turn, alter cardiac fatty acids. Although dietary intakes of n-3 (omega-3), n-6 (omega-6), and trans fatty acids are reflected in their concentrations in blood, there are few human data on the relation between blood and cardiac concentrations of fatty acids. The objective was to explore relations between blood and myocardial n-3, n-6, trans, monosaturated, and saturated fatty acids over a range of community intakes to evaluate whether blood fatty acids are useful surrogate markers of their cardiac counterparts. Patients undergoing on-pump coronary bypass surgery were recruited. Right atrial appendages and blood were collected at surgery for fatty acid analysis. Atrial appendages and matching blood s les were collected from 61 patients. Highly significant correlations were identified between atrial and erythrocyte or plasma n-3 [eg, eicosapentaenoic acid (erythrocytes: r = 0.93, P < 0.0001 plasma: r = 0.87, P < 0.0001)], some n-6 [eg, arachidonic acid (erythrocytes: r = 0.45, P = 0.0003 plasma: r = 0.39, P = 0.002)], trans [eg, total trans 18:1 (erythrocytes: r = 0.89, P < 0.0001 plasma: r = 0.74, P < 0.0001)], and monounsaturated [eg, oleic acid (erythrocytes: r = 0.37, P = 0.003)] fatty acids. There were no statistical associations between blood and cardiac saturated fatty acids. Erythrocyte- and plasma phospholipid-derived fatty acids can be used to estimate cardiac fatty acid status in humans.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-08-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.2007.01148.X
Abstract: There are conflicting reports as to whether breastfed infants respond with higher antibody levels to conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine compared with formula-fed infants. These observations prompted us to investigate the effect of feeding method on the antibody concentration to Hib polyribosylribitol (PRP) both prior to and 3 months after the primary course of immunisation with Hib (PRP-OMP). We measured plasma concentrations of IgG antibody to Hib PRP by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in blood s les from a total of 272 breastfed and formula-fed infants prior to immunisation (7 weeks of age, n = 82 and n = 148, respectively) and again 3 months after completion of the primary course of immunisation with Hib PRP-OMP (7 months of age, n = 88 and n = 132, respectively). Breastfeeding was associated with lower plasma antibody titres at both times (P < 0.01, T-test) with 49% of breastfed infants having anti-PRP concentrations below 1.0 microg/mL at age 7 months. There was no reported invasive Hib disease in this cohort of infants, and nationally the effectiveness of the Hib vaccination programme remains high. These data suggest that breastfeeding may be associated with immunomodulation of infant Hib immunisation responses with this immunisation regime. Further research is needed to determine whether differences in antibody concentration described here are primarily determined by factors directly attributed to breastfeeding or whether other environmental factors may play a significant role.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1998
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70069-1
Abstract: Six-month-old breast-fed infants were randomly allocated to a high iron (8.2 +/- 2.9 mg/day, n = 36) weaning diet or a control group (5.2 +/- 3.4 mg/day, n = 26). We could detect no effect of increased iron intake from weaning foods on iron status of these iron-sufficient infants at 12 months.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 23-04-2021
DOI: 10.3390/NU13051419
Abstract: The sensitivity of fingertip whole blood to reflect habitual dietary and dose-dependent supplemental omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) intake in premenopausal women was compared to that of venous erythrocytes and plasma fatty acids. S les were obtained from women in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which premenopausal women (n = 53) were supplemented with DHA-rich tuna oil capsules and/or placebo (Sunola oil) capsules (6 capsules per day) for 8 weeks to achieve doses of either 0, 0.35, 0.7 or 1.05 g/day n-3 LCPUFA. All blood biomarkers were very similar in their ability to reflect dietary n-3 LCPUFA intake (r = 0.38–0.46 for EPA and DHA intake), and in their dose-dependent increases in n-3 LCPUFA levels after supplementation (R2 = 0.41–0.51 for dose effect on biomarker EPA and DHA levels (mol %)). Fingertip whole blood is an effective alternative to erythrocytes and plasma as a biomarker n-3 LCPUFA intake in premenopausal women.
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 20-10-2010
Abstract: Uncertainty about the benefits of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for pregnant women and their children exists, despite international recommendations that pregnant women increase their DHA intakes. To determine whether increasing DHA during the last half of pregnancy will result in fewer women with high levels of depressive symptoms and enhance the neurodevelopmental outcome of their children. A double-blind, multicenter, randomized controlled trial (DHA to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome [DOMInO] trial) in 5 Australian maternity hospitals of 2399 women who were less than 21 weeks' gestation with singleton pregnancies and who were recruited between October 31, 2005, and January 11, 2008. Follow-up of children (n = 726) was completed December 16, 2009. Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil capsules (providing 800 mg/d of DHA) or matched vegetable oil capsules without DHA from study entry to birth. High levels of depressive symptoms in mothers as indicated by a score of more than 12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 6 weeks or 6 months postpartum. Cognitive and language development in children as assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition, at 18 months. Of 2399 women enrolled, 96.7% completed the trial. The percentage of women with high levels of depressive symptoms during the first 6 months postpartum did not differ between the DHA and control groups (9.67% vs 11.19% adjusted relative risk, 0.85 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.02 P = .09). Mean cognitive composite scores (adjusted mean difference, 0.01 95% CI, -1.36 to 1.37 P = .99) and mean language composite scores (adjusted mean difference, -1.42 95% CI, -3.07 to 0.22 P = .09) of children in the DHA group did not differ from children in the control group. The use of DHA-rich fish oil capsules compared with vegetable oil capsules during pregnancy did not result in lower levels of postpartum depression in mothers or improved cognitive and language development in their offspring during early childhood. anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12605000569606.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
Abstract: The omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has proven effective at reducing fat storage in animal studies. However, a systematic review of human trials showed a lack of quality data to support or refute this hypothesis. We sought to determine whether maternal DHA supplementation during the second half of pregnancy results in a lower body mass index (BMI) and percentage of body fat in children. We conducted a follow-up at 3 and 5 y of age of children who were born to mothers enrolled in the DOMInO (DHA to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome) double-blind, randomized controlled trial, in which women with a singleton pregnancy were provided with DHA-rich fish-oil capsules (800 mg DHA/d) or vegetable-oil capsules (control group) in the second half of pregnancy. Primary outcomes were the BMI z score and percentage of body fat at 3 and 5 y of age. Potential interactions between prenatal DHA and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) genotype as a measure of the genetic predisposition to obesity were investigated. A total of 1614 children were eligible for the follow-up. Parent or caregiver consent was obtained for 1531 children (95%), and these children were included in the analysis. BMI z scores and percentages of body fat of children in the DHA group did not differ from those of children in the control group at either 3 y of age [BMI z score adjusted mean difference: 0.03 (95% CI: -0.07, 0.13 P = 0.61) percentage of body fat adjusted mean difference: -0.26 (95% CI: -0.99, 0.46 P = 0.47)] or 5 y of age [BMI z score adjusted mean difference: 0.02 (95% CI: -0.08, 0.12 P = 0.66) percentage of body fat adjusted mean difference: 0.11 (95% CI: -0.60, 0.82 P = 0.75)]. No treatment effects were modified by the PPARγ genotype of the child. Independent of a genetic predisposition to obesity, maternal intake of DHA-rich fish oil during the second half of pregnancy does not affect the growth or body composition of children at 3 or 5 y of age. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN1260500056906 and ACTRN12611001127998.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.JTEMB.2014.07.005
Abstract: In this study a novel method to determine iodine concentrations in human breast milk was developed and validated. The iodine was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) following tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) extraction at 90°C in disposable polypropylene tubes. While similar approaches have been used previously, this method adopted a shorter extraction time (1h vs. 3h) and used antimony (Sb) as the internal standard, which exhibited greater stability in breast milk and milk powder matrices compared to tellurium (Te). Method validation included: defining iodine linearity up to 200μgL(-1) confirming recovery of iodine from NIST 1549 milk powder. A recovery of 94-98% was also achieved for the NIST 1549 milk powder and human breast milk s les spiked with sodium iodide and thyroxine (T4) solutions. The method quantitation limit (MQL) for human breast milk was 1.6μgL(-1). The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variation for the breast milk s les and NIST powder were <1% and <3.5%, respectively. NIST 1549 milk powder, human breast milk s les and calibration standards spiked with the internal standard were all stable for at least 2.5 months after extraction. The results of the validation process confirmed that this newly developed method provides greater accuracy and precision in the assessment of iodine concentrations in human breast milk than previous methods and therefore offers a more reliable approach for assessing iodine concentrations in human breast milk.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.CYTO.2006.02.009
Abstract: Development of lymphocyte subpopulations and response to antigen exposure will be influenced by the limited ability of neonates to produce cytokines. In the case of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2 which are potent T lymphocyte regulators but poorly produced by newborn infants, the supply of cytokines through human milk could alleviate an immunological deficit and potentially aid the maturation of the immune system. We analysed human milk from 52 mothers (15-357 days postpartum) by ELISA to determine levels of aqueous IL-2, as well as production by human milk cells. IL-2 was detectable (>8 pg/mL) in the aqueous phase of 81% of all day 1 s les with no significant difference found in the mean concentration over 3 consecutive days. IL-2 was produced constitutively at detectable levels by 57% of milk cell s les and production was significantly increased by stimulation with Con A (380%). No correlation was found between aqueous and cellular IL-2, however there was a significant correlation between milk aqueous IL-2 and serum IL-2. This is the first report of IL-2 in the aqueous phase of human milk. A supply of exogenous IL-2 in human milk may provide the suckling infant with important immunological signals during a significant stage of T cell development.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-1988
DOI: 10.1007/BF02537355
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1994
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.1994.TB00561.X
Abstract: The results are presented of a survey of infant weaning practices carried out in shopping complexes in the Adelaide metropolitan area. The types of foods and fluids currently being consumed by the s le of 258 healthy infants was documented, and a comparison made between the feeding practices of breast and artificially fed infants and with respect to socio-economic status. While the majority of weaning diets were compatible with the South Australian guidelines, 40% of infants under 4 months of age were having solid foods and a greater percentage of these infants were artificially fed. Iron intake may not be optimal after six months of age with the increasing use of cow's milk and non-fortified adult cereals. There is an increasing awareness of the inappropriateness of adding sugar and salt to infant foods however, foods high in sugar and salt are still being used. The results suggest that parents may not always be aware of or understand the rationale behind recommendations for weaning and that dietary guidelines for adults and children may not always be appropriate for infants. Consistent guidelines for infants, modified to consider current food trends, would be useful for parents.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-03-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1750-3841.2012.02626.X
Abstract: Hempseed (HS) is rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, with approximately 17% of total fatty acids as alpha-linolenic acid. As such, HS and its oil may be used in hen diet formulations to produce eggs enriched in essential fatty acids. Because omega-3 eggs have the potential for unpleasant aromas and flavors, the current study was designed to assess the fatty acid profile and sensory attributes of eggs procured from hens consuming diets containing hempseed oil (HO) or HS. A total of 48 in idually caged White Bovan hens received 1 of 6 diets containing 4%, 8%, 12% HO, 10%, 20% HS or 0% hemp (w/w) for 12 wk. Total omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content was highest in the 12% HO group (15.3 mg/g of yolk) compared to the control (2.4 mg/g of yolk). Trained panellists (n= 8) found no significant differences (P≥ 0.05) in aroma or flavor between cooked eggs from different dietary treatments, with the exception of sweet flavor. The 4% HO group yielded the least sweet eggs compared to the 20% HS group, which was highest. For yolk color, L*, a*, and b* values (Mean ± SEM) for control eggs were 61.2 ± 0.10, 1.1 ± 0.05, and 43.0 ± 0.22, respectively. Addition of hemp led to significant (P < 0.001) reductions in L*, and significant increases in a* and b*, with the largest changes observed in the 20% HS treatment (L*= 58.7 ± 0.10 a*= 5.8 ± 0.05 b*= 60.5 ± 0.22). The results show that hemp use in hen diets leads to increased omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content and color intensity of egg yolks, but does not have adverse effects on the sensory profiles of the cooked eggs. This study provides evidence that HS and hempseed oil (HO) can safely be utilized as feed ingredients for laying hens to produce table eggs that are enriched in essential fatty acids. Additionally, the eggs procured from these hens had similar aroma and flavor compared to eggs from hens not fed any hemp. The greater the dietary hemp inclusion, the more pigmented the resulting yolks became in terms of darkness, redness, and yellowness.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-07-2008
DOI: 10.1111/J.1399-3038.2008.00718.X
Abstract: Rising rates of food allergies in early childhood reflect increasing failure of early immune tolerance mechanisms. There is mounting concern that the current recommended practice of delaying complementary foods until 6 months of age may increase, rather than decrease, the risk of immune disorders. Tolerance to food allergens appears to be driven by regular, early exposure to these proteins during a 'critical early window' of development. Although the timing of this window is not clear in humans, current evidence suggests that this is most likely to be between 4 and 6 months of life and that delayed exposure beyond this period may increase the risk of food allergy, coeliac disease and islet cell autoimmunity. There is also evidence that other factors such as favourable colonization and continued breastfeeding promote tolerance and have protective effects during this period when complementary feeding is initiated. This discussion paper explores the basis for concern over the current recommendation to delay complementary foods as an approach to preventing allergic disease. It will also examine the growing case for introducing complementary foods from around 4 months of age and maintaining breastfeeding during this early feeding period, for at least 6 months if possible.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-1999
DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199905010-00006
Abstract: Breast milk contains many immunologically active components that influence the development of the immune system of the breast-fed infant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in specific lymphocyte subsets between breast-fed and formula-fed 6-mo-old infants. Peripheral blood s les were collected from 79 breast-fed (< 120 mL formula/wk) and 69 formula-fed (breast-fed < 4 wk) infants at 6 mo. All infants had been born at term and had no known illness at the time of blood collection. Packed cells from whole blood were incubated with fluorochrome-labeled monoclonal antibodies, followed by erythrocyte lysis. Washed lymphocytes were analyzed by two-color direct immunofluorescence on a flow cytometer. The percentage of T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of 6-mo-old infants was the same, regardless of feeding regimen. However, the relative frequency of natural killer (NK) cells was greater in breast-fed infants than in formula-fed infants (9.7% vs 7.1% p < 0.001). The percentage of cells expressing CD4 was lower in breast-fed infants than in formula-fed infants (47.3% vs 50.9% p < 0.005), and that of cells expressing CD8 was greater (18.0% vs 16.4% p < 0.05). As a result, the CD4:CD8 ratio in breast-fed infants was lower than that in formula-fed infants (2.8 vs 3.3 p < 0.005). The absolute size of the lymphocyte subpopulations T, B, and CD8+ was the same for each of the two populations of infants. However, breast-fed infants had fewer CD4+ T cells (p < 0.05) and a greater number of NK cells (p < 0.01) than the age-matched formula-fed infants. The immunophenotypic differences between breast-fed and formula-fed infants are consistent with reported age-related changes, suggesting greater maturity in the development of the immune system of breast-fed infants.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-05-2014
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2015.04.003
Abstract: Thirty one infants born less than 30 weeks׳ gestational age were randomised to receive either 40 (n=11), 80 (n=9) or 120 (n=11) mg/kg/day of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) respectively as an emulsion, via the feeding tube, commenced within 4 days of the first enteral feed. Twenty three infants were enroled in non-randomised reference groups n=11 who had no supplementary DHA and n=12 who had maternal DHA supplementation. All levels of DHA in the emulsion were well tolerated with no effect on number of days of interrupted feeds or days to full enteral feeds. DHA levels in diets were directly related to blood DHA levels but were unrelated to arachidonic acid (AA) levels. All randomised groups and the maternal supplementation reference group prevented the drop in DHA levels at study end that was evident in infants not receiving supplementation. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12610000382077.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1996
DOI: 10.1007/BF02522420
Abstract: Background Racial and ethnic disparities contribute to differences in access and outcomes for patients undergoing heart transplantation. We evaluated contemporary outcomes for heart transplantation stratified by race and ethnicity as well as the new 2018 allocation system. Methods and Results Adult heart recipients from 2011 to 2020 were identified in the United Network for Organ Sharing database and stratified into 3 groups: Black, Hispanic, and White. We analyzed recipient and donor characteristics, and outcomes. Among 32 353 patients (25% Black, 9% Hispanic, 66% White), Black and Hispanic patients were younger, more likely to be women and have diabetes mellitus or renal disease (all,
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-02-2014
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114513004212
Abstract: The safety and nutritional adequacy of goat milk infant formulas have been questioned. The primary aim of the present study was to compare the growth and nutritional status of infants fed a goat milk infant formula with those of infants fed a typical whey-based cow milk infant formula. The secondary aim was to examine a range of health- and allergy-related outcomes. A double-blind, randomised controlled trial with 200 formula-fed term infants randomly assigned to receive either goat or cow milk formula from 2 weeks to at least 4 months of age was conducted. A cohort of 101 breast-fed infants was included for comparison. Weight, length and head circumference were measured at 2 weeks and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 months of age. Nutritional status was assessed from serum albumin, urea, creatinine, Hb, ferritin, and folate and plasma amino acid concentrations at 4 months. Z -scores for weight, length, head circumference and weight for length were not different between the two formula-fed groups. There were differences in the values of some amino acids and blood biomarkers between the formula-fed groups, but the mean values for biomarkers were within the normal reference range. There were no differences in the occurrence of serious adverse events, general health, and incidence of dermatitis or medically diagnosed food allergy. The incidence of parentally reported blood-stained stools was higher in the goat milk formula-fed group, although this was a secondary outcome and its importance is unclear. Goat milk formula provided growth and nutritional outcomes in infants that did not differ from those provided by a standard whey-based cow milk formula.
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1242/JEB.150698
Abstract: Cellular and mitochondrial metabolic capacity of the heart has been suggested to limit performance of fish at warm temperatures. We investigated this hypothesis by studying the effects of acute temperature increases (16, 23, 30, 32.5 and 36°C) on the thermal sensitivity of 10 key enzymes governing cardiac oxidative and glycolytic metabolism in two populations of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) field-acclimated to 15.5 and 22.5°C, as well as the effects of acclimation on cardiac lipid composition. In both populations of perch, the activity of glycolytic (pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) and tricarboxylic acid cycle (pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase) enzymes increased with acute warming. However, at temperatures exceeding 30°C, a drastic thermally-induced decline in citrate synthase activity was observed in the cold- and warm-acclimated populations respectively, indicating a bottleneck for producing the reducing equivalents required for oxidative phosphorylation. Yet, the increase in aspartate aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase activities occurring in both populations at temperatures exceeding 30°C, suggests that the malate-aspartate shuttle may aid to maintain cardiac oxidative capacities at high temperatures. Warm acclimation resulted in a reorganization of the lipid profile, a general depression of enzymatic activity and an increased fatty acid metabolism and oxidative capacity. While these compensatory mechanisms may contribute to maintain cardiac energy production at high temperatures, the activity of the electron transport system enzymes, such as complexes I and IV, declined at 36°C in both populations indicating a thermal limit of oxidative phosphorylation capacity in the heart of European perch.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.BBRC.2012.05.110
Abstract: Desaturase and elongase are two key enzyme categories in the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) pathway that convert dietary α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3). The Δ6 desaturase is considered as rate limiting in the conversion. In a previous study in barramundi we demonstrated that the desaturase had a low Δ6 activity but noted that the enzyme also possessed Δ8 ability that utilised 20-carbon fatty acids. This observation suggests that an alternative pathway may exist in the barramundi via elongases to form 20-carbon metabolites from 18:3n-3 to 20:3n-3 and then Δ6/8 desaturase to 20:4n-3. Cloning of the barramundi elongation of very long-chain fatty acid gene (ELOVL) and heterologous expression of the corresponding elongase were performed to examine activity with regard to time course, substrate concentration and substrate preference. Results revealed that the barramundi elongase showed a broad range of substrate specificity including 18-carbon PUFA (including 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6), 20- and 22-carbon LCPUFA, with greater activity towards omega-3 (n-3) than n-6 fatty acids. The findings from this study provide molecular evidence for an alternative n-3 fatty acid elongation pathway utilising 18:3n-3 in barramundi.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1992
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81250-8
Abstract: The fatty acid composition of erythrocyte total lipids taken from a group of term infants 10 weeks after being fed a commercial infant formula with a high ratio of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) (LA) to alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) (ALA) (19:1 LA, 14% ALA, 0.7% group A, n = 10) was compared with the fatty acid composition of erythrocytes from infants fed formulas that contained LA/ALA ratios reduced by either increasing ALA (4:1 LA, 13% ALA, 3.3% group B, n = 11) or decreasing LA (3:1 LA, 3.5% ALA, 1.1% group C, n = 8). Results were compared with those in an age-controlled group (n = 9) of breast-fed infants. Decreasing the LA/ALA ratio increased n-3 C20 and C22 fatty acid incorporation (formula B = 8.98% +/- 0.65% formula C = 9.30% +/- 0.95%) relative to formula A (5.97% +/- 0.76% p less than 0.05). Although docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) (DHA) incorporation was highest in infants fed formulas B and C (4.78% +/- 0.45% and 4.48% +/- 0.49%, respectively) relative to formula A (3.47% +/- 0.46% p less than 0.05), it did not reach levels found in breast-fed infants (6.55% +/- 1.23% p less than 0.05). In addition, levels of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) (AA) were lower in all formula-fed groups (p less than 0.05) relative to those in breast-fed infants. Based on some equations, it is predicted that AA levels in tissues of infants fed lower LA/ALA ratios would be reduced even further. Because both AA and DHA are probably essential for normal neural development of the infant, formulas with LA/ALA ratios below 4:1 are likely to result in fatty acid profiles notably different from those of breast-fed infants.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 08-11-2022
DOI: 10.3390/W14223593
Abstract: Climate change-driven forces and anthropogenic interventions have led to considerable changes in coastal zones and shoreline positions, resulting in coastal erosion or sedimentation. Shoreline change detection through cost-effective methods and easy-access data plays a key role in coastal management, where other effective parameters such as land-use/land-cover (LULC) change should be considered. This paper presents a remotely sensed shoreline monitoring in Sandbanks Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, from 1984 to 2021. The CoastSat toolkit for Python and a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network classifier were used for shoreline detection, and an unsupervised change detection framework followed by a postclassification change detection method was implemented for LULC classification and change detection. The study assessed the recent coastal erosion and accretion trends in the region in association with spatiotemporal changes in the total area of the West and East Lakes, the transition between LULC classes, extreme climate events, population growth, and future climate projection scenarios. The results of the study illustrate that the accretion trend apparently can be seen in most parts of the study area since 1984 and is affected by several factors, including lake water-level changes, total annual precipitations, sand movements, and other hydrologic/climatic parameters. Furthermore, the observed LULC changes could be in line with climate change-driven forces and population growth to accelerate the detected accretion trend in the East and West Lakes. In total, the synergistic interaction of the investigated parameters would result in a greater accretion trend along with a lower groundwater table amid even a low carbon scenario. The discussed findings could be beneficial to regional rovincial authorities, policymakers, and environmental advocates for the sustainable development of coastal communities.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1983
DOI: 10.1007/BF02534631
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-01-2009
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508084080
Abstract: Probiotics and long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) may be beneficial supplements for infants who are not breast-fed. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the safety of an infant formula containing the LC-PUFA DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) and the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis by comparing the growth rate of infants fed the supplemented and unsupplemented formulas. One hundred and forty-two healthy, term infants were enrolled in a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, controlled, parallel-group trial, and allocated to receive either standard or probiotic and LC-PUFA-containing experimental formulas. The infants were fed with their assigned formulas for 7 months. The primary outcome (weight gain) and the secondary outcomes (length, head circumference and formula tolerance) were measured throughout the study. LC-PUFA status was assessed at 4 months of age and immune response to childhood vaccines was measured at 7 months of age. There was no significant difference in growth between the two groups. The 90 % CI for the difference in mean weight gain was − 0·08, 3·1 g in the intention-to-treat population and 0·1–3·8 g in the per protocol population, which lay within the predefined boundaries of equivalence, − 3·9–3·9. There were no significant differences in mean length and head circumference. DHA and AA concentrations were higher in infants in the experimental formula group compared with the control formula group. No influence of the supplements on the response to vaccines was observed. Growth characteristics of term infants fed the starter formula containing a probiotic and LC-PUFA were similar to standard formula-fed infants.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 13-12-2014
DOI: 10.1159/000365766
Abstract: This paper presents an updated and revised summary of the ‘core data set' that has been proposed to be recorded and reported in all clinical trials on infant nutrition by the recently formed Consensus Group on Outcome Measures Made in Paediatric Enteral Nutrition Clinical Trials (COMMENT). This core data set was developed based on a previous proposal by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition in 2003. It comprises confidential data to identify subjects and facilitate contact for further follow-up, data to characterize the cohort studied and data on withdrawals from the study, and some additional core data for all nutrition studies on preterm infants. We recommend that all studies on nutrition in infancy should collect and report this core data set to facilitate interpretation and comparison of results from clinical studies, and of systematic data evaluation and meta-analyses. Editors of journals publishing such reports are encouraged to require the reporting of the minimum data set described here either in the main body of the publication or as supplementary online material. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-1999
DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199906000-00013
Abstract: The presence of interleukin-12 (IL-12) in 39 s les of human milk was investigated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-12 (>40 pg/mL) was detected in 24 of the 39 s les collected (1408 +/- 2256 pg/mL, mean +/- SD, n = 24). A range of concentrations of IL-12 was observed in colostrum, transitional, and mature milk, with an apparent decrease in the mean concentration over time postpartum.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-08-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1998
DOI: 10.1080/080352598750031301
Abstract: Exciting new research has shown that both preterm and term infants can actively convert the essential fatty acids linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) to long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). However, the amount of LCPUFA being produced, particularly of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), may not be sufficient to meet the developmental requirement of the infant. Because DHA is a major component of retinal and brain tissues, a number of studies have been initiated to test the effect of dietary LCPUFA on neural outcomes in infants. These studies have largely involved a comparison of neural responses from infants fed standard infant formula (no LCPUFA) with infants receiving LCPUFA from either supplemented formula or breast milk. The results have been equivocal and may be due to the variety of LCPUFA supplements and formula fat blends used, differing testing techniques as well as variations in clinical trial conduct, but are clearer in preterm than term infants. Overall the results indicate a possible role for LCPUFA in neurodevelopment.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1991
DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(91)90195-B
Abstract: While both animal and human studies have shown that fish oil can exert antiinflammatory actions, the effects are modest and require large doses. The effects may be lified by modifying the intake of other dietary fats and by making use of favourable interactions between fish oil and drugs.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1988
DOI: 10.1111/J.1445-5994.1988.TB00160.X
Abstract: Fish and fish oils are rich in omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids which are capable of acting as both a source of active eicosanoids and as inhibitors of synthesis of eicosanoids from arachidonic acid by a variety of human cells. There is an extensive literature on the role of omega 3 polyunsaturates in ameliorating the risk factors associated with coronary heart disease, including both atherosclerotic and thrombotic factors. In addition, there is a limited number of studies which report the results of trials testing the effects of fish oils on other clinical conditions including diabetes, arthritis, migraine and psoriasis. There appears to be sufficient evidence to suggest that patients at risk from heart disease could benefit from low dose (1-6 g/day) of fish oil in conjunction with a prudent diet.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1983
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(83)90082-2
Abstract: Diets supplemented with relatively high levels of either saturated fatty acids derived from sheep kidney fat (sheep kidney fat diet) or unsaturated fatty acids derived from sunflower seed oil (sunflower seed oil diet) were fed to rats for a period of 16 weeks and changes in the thermotropic behaviour of liver and heart mitochondrial lipids were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The diets induced similar changes in the fatty acid composition in both liver and heart mitochondrial lipids, the major change being the omega 6 to omega 3 unsaturated fatty acid ratio, which was elevated in mitochondria from animals on the sunflower seed oil diet and lowered with the mitochondria from the sheep kidney fat dietary animals. When examined by DSC, aqueous buffer dispersions of liver and heart mitochondrial lipids exhibited two independent, reversible phase transitions and in some instances a third highly unstable transition. The dietary lipid treatments had their major effect of the temperature at which the lower phase transition occurred, there being an inverse relationship between the transition temperature and the omega 6 to omega 3 unsaturated fatty acid ratio. No significant effect was observed for the temperature of the higher phase transition. These results indicate that certain domains of mitochondrial lipids, probably containing some relatively higher melting-point lipids, independently undergo formation of the solidus or gel phase and this phenomenon is not greatly influenced by the lipid composition of the mitochondrial membranes. Conversely, other domains, representing the bulk of the membrane lipids and which probably contain the relatively lower melting point lipids, undergo solidus phase formation at temperatures which reflect changes in the membrane lipid composition which are in turn, a reflection of the nature of the dietary lipid intake. These lipid phase transitions do not appear to correlate directly with those events considered responsible for the altered Arrhenius kinetics of various mitochondrial membrane-associated enzymes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2008.09.015
Abstract: Formula supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improves retinal function of preterm infants but the optimal dose is unknown. In a randomized controlled trial we examined the effect of increasing the DHA concentration of human milk and formula on circulating fatty acids of preterm infants. Infants born <33 weeks gestation were fed high-DHA milk (1% total fat as DHA) or standard-DHA milk (0.2-0.3% DHA) until reaching their estimated due date (EDD). Milk arachidonic acid (AA) concentration was approximately 0.5% for both groups. At EDD, erythrocyte membrane phospholipid DHA was elevated in the high-DHA group compared with standard-DHA (mean+/-SD, high-DHA 6.8+/-1.2, standard-DHA 5.2+/-0.7, p<0.0005) but AA was lower (high-DHA 14.9+/-1.3, standard-DHA 16.0+/-1.2, p<0.0005). Feeding preterm infants human milk and formula with 1% DHA raises but does not saturate erythrocyte phospholipids with DHA. Milk exceeding 1% DHA may be required to increase DHA status to levels seen in term infants.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-05-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2016.02.003
Abstract: Randomised controlled trials are the ideal way to assess the effects of interventions. Small trials are useful for generating pilot data to determine s les sizes for larger trials, but can produce unreliable or biased results if they are considered in their own right. We investigate the impact of small s le sizes due to either inadequate recruitment targets or high attrition rates on the results of fatty acid intervention trials. Data from our large trial of DHA supplementation during pregnancy with minimal attrition are used for illustration. Our findings demonstrate that recruiting fewer participants or neglecting to follow up difficult participants can lead to substantially different results and alter conclusions about the effectiveness of the intervention. Developing strategies for overcoming these inadequacies should be a top priority in fatty acid intervention trials.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2009
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-001-0830-5
Abstract: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have been associated with aspects of immune regulation including cytokine production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal dietary supplementation with tuna oil, rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on the concentration of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFbeta1) and TGFbeta2 in breast milk. In this randomized, dietary intervention trial, mothers of term infants consumed a daily supplement of 2000 mg oil containing either placebo (n = 40), 300 mg DHA (n = 40), or 600 mg DHA (n = 40). The DHA increase in milk and plasma was proportional to dietary DHA. There was no relationship between milk DHA status and TGFbeta1 and TGFbeta2 levels.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1159/000348775
Abstract: Infants born with low birthweight (LBW) have poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes compared with their term counterparts with appropriate weight for gestational age. The perinatal period is a time of high energy and high nutrient needs, and any process, such as preterm birth, poor nutrition or placental insufficiency, that interrupts the concentrated flow of nutrients to the fetus may result in babies with LBW. Therefore, it makes logical sense that at least part of the cognitive deficits may be explained by nutritional deprivation. The nutrients commonly deficient in LBW infants include protein and energy and micronutrients such as iron, zinc and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this review, we aimed to determine the effect of nutrient supplementation on neurodevelopment in LBW infants. While few trials have supported the hypothesis that nutritional supplementation improves neurodevelopment, many studies are limited by s le size and methodological shortcomings. Further large-scale rigorously designed intervention trials, with long-term neurodevelopment follow-up, are required to determine the optimal nutritional supplements and the timing of their administration to LBW infants.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1988
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1988
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 1994
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 05-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2005
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-005-1461-6
Abstract: Flaxseed, echium, and canola oils contain alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3, ALA) in a range of concentrations. To examine their effect on elevating cardiac levels of long-chain n-3 FA, diets based on these n-3-containing vegetable oils were fed to rats for 4 wk. Sunflower oil, which contains little ALA, was a comparator. Despite canola oil having the lowest ALA content of the three n-3-containing vegetable oils, it was the most potent for elevating DHA (22:6n-3) levels in rat hearts and plasma. However, the relative potencies of the dietary oils for elevation of EPA (20:5n-3) in heart and plasma followed the same rank order as their ALA content, i.e., flaxseed > echium > canola > sunflower oil. This paradox may be explained by lower ALA intake leading to decreased competition for Delta6 desaturase activity between ALA and the 24:5n-3 FA precursor to DHA formation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1995
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91035-2
Abstract: We investigated whether the disparity in neural maturation between breastfed and formula-fed term infants could be corrected by the addition of fish oil, a source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 omega 3), to infant formula. Healthy, term infants were randomised at birth to receive either a supplemented or placebo formula if their mothers had chosen to bottle feed. Breastfed term infants were enrolled as a reference group. Infant erythrocyte fatty acids and anthropometry were assessed on day 5 and at 6, 16, and 30 weeks of age. Visual evoked potential (VEP) acuity was determined at 16 and 30 weeks. VEP acuities of breastfed and supplemented-formula-fed infants were better than those of placebo-formula-fed infants at both 16 and 30 weeks of age (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01). Erythrocyte DHA in breastfed and supplemented-formula-fed infants was maintained near birth levels throughout the 30-week study period but fell in placebo-formula-fed infants (p < 0.001). Erythrocyte DHA was the only fatty acid that consistently correlated with VEP acuity in all infants at both ages tested. A continuous supply of DHA may be required to achieve optimum VEP acuity since infants breastfed for short periods (< 16 weeks) had slower development of VEP than infants receiving a continuous supply of DHA from either breastmilk or supplemented formula. Erythrocyte arachidonic acid (20:4 omega 6) in supplemented-formula-fed infants was reduced below that of infants fed breastmilk or placebo formula at 16 and 30 weeks (p < 0.001), although no adverse effects were noted, with growth of all infants being similar. DHA seems to be an essential nutrient for the optimum neural maturation of term infants as assessed by VEP acuity. Whether supplementation of formula-fed infants with DHA has long-term benefits remains to be elucidated.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1999
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1972
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/23.1.152
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2012.07.005
Abstract: The effects of enriching broiler chicken diets with a vegetable source of n-3 fat in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) on the accumulation of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in chicken meat were investigated. Sixty unsexed one-day-old broiler chickens (Cobb 500) were randomly allocated to one of six diets (n=10 birds/diet) for 4 weeks. The ALA levels varied from 1 to 8% energy (%en) while the level of the n-6 fatty acid linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) was held to less than 5%en in all diets. At harvest (day 28) the levels of n-3 LCPUFA including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in breast and thigh meat increased in a curvilinear manner as dietary ALA increased, reaching 4- to 9-fold above the levels seen in control birds. In contrast, arachidonic acid (AA) was reduced in response to increasing dietary ALA.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 1993
DOI: 10.1136/ADC.68.1_SPEC_NO.27
Abstract: The topical application of vegetable oil was assessed as an alternative means of providing essential fatty acids (EFA) to parentally fed preterm infants who were not receiving lipid. Three infant pairs ranging in gestational age from 26-32 weeks were studied. Safflower oil or safflower oil esters (1 g linoleic acid/kg/day) were applied to available areas daily. All infants rapidly developed biochemical EFA deficiency. The plasma fatty acid profiles were similar in infants with or without topical oil, and all returned to normal once parenteral lipid was introduced. We found no evidence to suggest that the transdermal route is of use in the nutritional management of preterm infants.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-1990
DOI: 10.1007/BF02537165
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1999
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1754.1999.00331.X
Abstract: To examine the association between duration of exclusive breast-feeding and developmental indices in initially breast-fed infants at 1 year of age. A cohort of 96 healthy term infants, aged between 10 and 14 months, were recruited from public immunization clinics and child care centres in southern metropolitan Adelaide. Infants were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Mental and Psychomotor Developmental Indices) within 2 weeks of enrollment. Information regarding duration of breast-feeding was provided retrospectively by the mothers of the infants. Duration of exclusive breast-feeding and socio-demographic variables were used as independent variables to determine their effects on development. Due to a significant interaction between duration of breast-feeding and gender on mental development scores, separate regression models for boys and girls were explored. Duration of breast-feeding significantly predicted mental development scores for boys (partial r2 = 0.14, P < 0.005), but not for girls. Duration of breast-feeding did not predict psychomotor development scores. These findings deserve further examination in large, prospective studies.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1999
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-1999
DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199908000-00012
Abstract: Postpartum changes in the concentrations of IL-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), TGF-beta2, and prostaglandin E2 in 257 human milk s les collected longitudinally from 49 healthy mothers during the first 12 wk of lactation were determined by ELISA or RIA. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were present in only a proportion of s les, and there was a wide range of concentrations detected at each time in the present study (IL-1beta, <15-400 pg/mL IL-6, <15-1032 pg/mL TNF-alpha, <15-2933 pg/mL). Concentrations of prostaglandin E2 increased after the first week and remained elevated for the remainder of the study (range, < 10-9966 pg/mL). The antiinflammatory cytokines TGF-beta1 (range, 43-7108 pg/mL) and TGF-beta2 (range, 208-57935 pg/mL) were present in substantial quantities in all s les, and there was little change in the mean concentration during 12 wk of lactation. The present study shows that immunomodulating agents are normally present in human milk in physiologically relevant quantities for at least the first 3 mo of the breast-fed infant's life.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2002
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-04-2017
DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1293798
Abstract: 1. This study aimed to determine the minimal duration required for feeding male broilers (Cobb 500) with a flaxseed oil diet while still retaining long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) accumulation in the meat at a desirable level. 2. Three groups of broilers (60 each) were fed on a 3% flaxseed oil (high α-linolenic acid (ALA)) diet for either 6, 4 or 2 weeks prior to slaughter. During the remaining time they were maintained on a 3% macadamia oil (low ALA) diet. A fourth group (control, n = 60) was fed on a commercial diet for 6 weeks. 3. No significant difference was observed in growth performance of broilers between groups. The amounts of total n-3 and n-3 LCPUFA in breast and thigh meat were not different between broilers fed the flaxseed oil diet for 4 and 6 weeks, but they were lower (P < 0.001) in those fed the flaxseed diet for only 2 weeks. 4. These results suggest comparable levels of n-3 LCPUFA in the meat can be achieved by only feeding the flaxseed oil diet in the last 3-4 weeks of the growth period this would result in a ≥ 9.4% reduction in the use of flaxseed oil compared to 6 weeks of feeding thereby reducing the cost of the enrichment process.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 02-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1990
DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(90)90108-W
Abstract: Patients (n = 23) with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis were given 18 g/day fish oil in gelatin capsules which provided 3.2 g/day EPA and 2.0 g/day DHA. The treatment period was 12 weeks followed by a 4 week washout period. Fish oil supplementation to the diet resulted in a substantial increase in the content of EPA and DHA in each of the plasma fractions examined (PL, TG, and CE). Little change was seen in the AA level of the TG and CE fractions but a modest decrease in AA was seen in PL. However the intake of fish oil caused a significant depression in the content of DGLA in the PL (p less than 0.005) and CE (p less than 0.01) fractions relative to baseline values. All changes had reverted to near baseline levels 4 weeks after dietary intervention. Since DGLA is the precursor of PGE1, which has been shown to be anti-inflammatory, our findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of fish oil consumption could be mitigated by an associated reduction in DGLA.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1995
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.1995.TB02904.X
Abstract: Docosahexaenoic acid levels were measured by gas chromatography in s les of frontal lobe and brainstem taken from 28 and 26 infants, respectively, who had died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Significantly higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid were present in the frontal lobe tissues derived from the 13 breast fed infants (age range = 3.3-36.3 weeks mean 15.9 +/- 11.3 weeks) compared to the 15 formula fed infants (age range = 6.9-47.7 weeks mean 19.3 +/- 10.6 weeks) mean (+/- s.d.) levels were 8.5 +/- 1.1% and 7.6 +/- 0.8% of total fatty acids (P = 0.019). There was, however, no significant difference in brainstem docosahexaenoic acid levels between breast and formula fed infants. Given these variable findings, further investigation of the relationship between dietary fatty acid intake and cerebral lipid levels may help to clarify whether different modes of feeding have a role in the pathogenesis of SIDS.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2013.05.006
Abstract: Effects of diet and ontogeny on the expression of fatty acid desaturases and elongases were examined in broiler chickens. In Study 1, 120 day-old male chicks received one of six diets with LA:ALA ranging from 46:4 to 16:34, for 33 days. Total n-6 PUFA decreased, and n-3 PUFA increased in response to a decrease in the dietary LA:ALA. FADS1, FADS2, ELOVL2 and ELOVL5 mRNAs were highest (P<0.05) in birds fed lower LA:ALA diets. In Study 2, 60 day-old male chicks were fed a basal diet, and liver s les were collected on day of hatch, and on days 2, 7, 14, 21 and 35 post-hatch. Total n-6 and n-3 PUFA increased (P<0.01) from days 7 to days 21. FADS1, FADS2 and ELOVL2 mRNAs generally increased (P<0.01) with age. These findings provide evidence for the dietary and developmental regulation of PUFA metabolism in broiler chickens.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1994
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.1994.TB00661.X
Abstract: A preliminary investigation was made into the effectiveness of two breastmilk fortifiers on the Australian market (FM-85 [Nestlé, Vevey, Switzerland] and Enfamil Human Milk Fortifier [EHMF Mead Johnson, Evansville, IN, USA]). Infants < 1800 g and < 34 weeks gestation at birth, who were receiving breast milk, were randomized to receive either of the fortifiers (n = 14 for FM-85, n = 10 for EHMF), until a weight of 2 kg was reached. Infants not receiving breast milk (n = 9) were fed a preterm formula (Prenan, Nestlé). The two fortifier groups were similar in most parameters examined: (i) weight gain (17.9 +/- 3.0 vs 17.4 +/- 3.5 g/kg per day) (ii) head circumference growth (1.02 +/- 0.28 vs 1.03 +/- 0.25 cm/week) (iii) arm muscle area growth (32.6 +/- 20.0 vs 33.5 +/- 13.7 mm2/week) (iv) arm fat area growth (14.0 +/- 8.7 mm2/week) (v) plasma calcium (2.52 +/- 0.08 vs 2.58 +/- 0.15 mmol/L) (vi) plasma phosphate (2.02 +/- 0.21 vs 2.13 +/- 0.32 mmol/L) (vii) plasma copper (5.28 +/- 2.83 vs 5.66 +/- 3.07 mumol/L) and (vii) plasma zinc (13.3 +/- 5.5 vs 15.8 +/- 9.2 mumol/L). The FM-85 group had a higher alkaline phosphatase level (355 +/- 110 vs 231 +/- 70 iu/L) than the EHMF group however, no values were outside the normal range. The Prenan group had a higher rate of weight gain (23.6 +/- 3.3 g/kg per day) and higher arm fat area growth rate (25.2 +/- 7.6 mm2/week) than the fortifier groups while all other parameters were similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-10-2006
Abstract: To examine the effect of nucleotide (NT)-supplemented cow's milk-based formula on growth and biochemical indices of immune function in healthy infants. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) of formula-fed term infants allocated to control formula with an innate level of NT at 10 mg/l (n = 102), or formula fortified with NT at 33.5 mg/l (n = 98). A parallel group of 125 breastfed infants followed the same protocol as a reference. Growth was assessed at enrolment, 7 weeks, 4 months and 7 months of age. Natural killer cell activity, cytokine production and lymphocyte subpopulations were assessed at 7 weeks of age. Antibody responses to diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) immunizations were measured at 7 months of age. NT supplementation did not influence the growth of formula fed infants or any markers of immunity measured at 7 weeks of age. Antibody responses to tetanus toxoid were higher in the NT-supplemented group (n = 68) compared with the control group (n = 70) at 7 months of age (median (5th, 95% percentile): 1.57(0.42, 3.43) vs 1.01(0.41, 4.66) IU/ml, P < 0.03). A difference between treatments was seen in response to diphtheria toxoid but this effect disappeared when adjusted for hepatitis B immunization at birth. There was no effect of treatment on antibody responses to Hib immunization. Supplementation of formulas with NT at 33.5 mg/l resulted in a modest improvement in antibody response consistent with RCTs that used higher levels of NT supplementation. Whether this translates to clinical benefits in well-nourished infants requires further study. Supported by a grant from Wyeth Nutrition. Dr Makrides was supported by an RD Wright Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and Dr Gibson was partially supported by the MS McLeod Research Trust and a Senior Research Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2014.07.013
Abstract: This paper aimed to identify the dietary and non-dietary determinants of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in umbilical cord blood at delivery. DHA was measured in cord blood plasma phospholipids of 1571 participants from the DOMInO (DHA to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome) randomized controlled trial. Socioeconomic, lifestyle and clinical data relating to the mother and current pregnancy were obtained from all women and their relationships with cord blood DHA assessed. DHA concentrations in the cord plasma phospholipids at delivery covered a 3-4 fold range in both control and DHA groups. The total number of DHA-rich intervention supplement capsules consumed over the course of pregnancy and gestational age at delivery in idually explained 21% and 16% respectively of the variation in DHA abundance in the cord blood plasma phospholipids at delivery, but no other clinical or life-style factors explored in this study could account for >2% of the variation. Indeed, more than 65% of the variation remained unaccounted for even when all factors were included in the analysis. These data suggest that factors other than maternal DHA intake have an important role in determining cord blood DHA concentrations at delivery, and may at least partially explain the variation in the response of infants to maternal DHA supplementation reported in published trials.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1984
DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(84)90193-7
Abstract: Rats and marmosets were fed different lipid supplemented diets and the phospholipid fatty acid composition and the respiration rate of liver and heart mitochondria were determined. For both species, diets of differing lipid saturation had little effect on the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in the mitochondrial membranes, however the omega 6/omega 3 unsaturated fatty acid ratio was significantly altered by diets of different lipid saturation. In comparison to animals fed low fat diets, mitochondrial respiration in the marmoset was reduced by high fat diets irrespective of the dietary level of lipid saturation. This effect of high fat diets on mitochondrial respiration was not observed for the rat.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1996
DOI: 10.1016/0920-9964(95)00095-X
Abstract: Several reports have indicated that people suffering from schizophrenia show an associated abnormality in levels of certain essential fatty acids (EFAs) in blood cells. Similar abnormalities have also been noted in association with the presence of tar e dyskinesia (TD). In order to study this further, 72 patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were examined to assess the relationship between psychiatric status, movement disorder (TD) and relative levels of the n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids in red blood cell membranes and plasma. Patients were followed up over the next 4.5 years to determine whether or not changes in clinical state showed any systematic relationship to changes in essential fatty acid levels. We hypothesised that patients with schizophrenia would show persistently lowered levels of n-6 and n-3 series essential fatty acids, compared with normal controls. We further hypothesised that this abnormality would be greater in the presence versus absence of TD and the dominance of negative rather than positive symptoms. The only consistent findings were that lower levels of linoleic acid and higher levels of dihomogamma-linolenic acid characterised the patient population compared with control subjects but there was considerable variability in patients' EFA profile.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2002
Abstract: S les of milk (n = 80) and venous blood were collected at 5 weeks postpartum from 82 lactating mothers. Human milk cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and the production of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-a in the absence and presence of lipopolysaccharide was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Human milk cells spontaneously produced significantly less interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha than peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the absence of stimulation. In vitro stimulation of human milk cells with lipopolysaccharide (500 ng/ml) for 24 hr increased cytokine production by approximately 40-50%, whereas peripheral blood mononuclear cells responded to lipopolysaccharide (200 ng/ml) with increased cytokine production of up to 350%. These observations suggest that cells in milk are capable of active involvement in the production of the interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-a in the mammary gland and have the capacity to respond to further stimulation after leaving the breast.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1988
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-10-2008
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-007-3122-9
Abstract: The effect of unsaturated fatty acids on the abundance of Delta6 desaturase (D6D) mRNA and the fatty acid composition of HepG2 cell membranes was examined. Supplementation of HepG2 cells with oleic acid (18:1n-9, OA), linoleic acid (18:2n-6, LA), alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3, ALA), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, AA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) reduced D6D mRNA abundance by 39 +/- 6.6, 40 +/- 2.2, 31 +/- 5.2, 55 +/- 4.8, and 52 +/- 5.0%, respectively, compared with control cells. Despite the reduction in D6D mRNA abundance, the level of D6D conversion products (20:3n-9, EPA and AA) in OA, ALA and LA supplemented cells, respectively, was elevated above that in control cells. Our results suggest that although unsaturated fatty acids decrease the abundance of D6D mRNA by as much as 50%, the conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and accumulation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in HepG2 cell phospholipids continues to occur.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.JPEDS.2007.06.001
Abstract: The iron status at 6 months and 4 years of children born to women who were randomly allocated to receive 20 mg of iron daily in the second half of pregnancy did not differ from children of mothers in the control group.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1992
DOI: 10.1007/BF02536173
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1993
DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(93)90184-X
Abstract: Mice were fed a chow diet plus 10% cellulose, 10% fish oil or 10% sunflower oil for 3 weeks, then exposed to 100% oxygen for 75 h. Large changes in lung fatty acid composition occurred, but this did not affect hyperoxic lung damage nor levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances or myeloperoxidase in lungs of mice following exposure to hyperoxia. Thus there is no evidence that the ingestion of large quantities of fish oil increased the susceptibility to the oxidative stress induced by hyperoxia.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2005
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-005-1425-X
Abstract: There have been conflicting reports regarding the effectiveness of dietary nucleotides (NT) to regulate tissue desaturases and hence stimulate accumulation of both n-6 and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of NT-supplemented cow's milk-based formula on erythrocyte phospholipid FA status in a large randomized controlled trial involving a well-nourished infant population born at term. Formula-fed infants were allocated to control formula with an innate level of NT at 10 mg/L (n = 102), or formula fortified with NT at 34 mg/L (n = 98). A parallel group of breastfed infants was included as a reference. Peripheral blood s les were collected by venipuncture at 7 mon of age and erythrocyte phospholipid FA determined by capillary GC. Erythrocyte LCPUFA levels did not differ between the NT-supplemented and control formula groups and were reduced in both groups compared with breastfed infants. We conclude that there is no induction of LCPUFA accumulation in erythrocyte phospholipids of term, formula-fed infants following 7 mon of NT supplementation.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1159/000325585
Abstract: Dairy foods are widely recommended as part of a healthy diet mainly because of the ready availability of calcium but also because they are a good source of protein, minerals and fat soluble vitamins. On the other hand, dairy foods have been viewed with suspicion by many because dairy fats contain saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. It has been thought, particularly by consumers, that dairy fats may increase the risk of coronary heart disease because of the contribution they make to total saturated fat intake. However, dairy fats contain other lipid bioactives (e.g. omega-3 fatty acids, gangliosides, conjugated linoleic acid) that may counteract the effect of saturates in a well balanced diet. Surprisingly, there have been few studies that have addressed this issue.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2015.10.001
Abstract: Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children and increases the risk of disease and death from severe infections. In addition, fat soluble vitamin A and associated retinoids directly regulate the expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism. Conventional methods for measuring vitamin A involve venipuncture, centrifugation and refrigeration all of which make measuring vitamin A in nutritional surveys expensive. We aimed to develop a simple and robust system for measurement of retinol (biomarker for vitamin A) using dried blood spot (DBS) s les. Low recoveries and inconsistent results reported by others were found to be due to poor extraction efficiency rather than retinol instability. Maintaining acid conditions during extraction resulted in recoveries >95% with <6.5% of coefficient of variation. Using isocratic high performance liquid chromatography, separation was achieved in 95%) at room temperature for up to 10 weeks. DBS values for retinol were highly correlated with venous blood s les from 24 healthy subjects (r=0.9724) and were consistent with results from a commercial laboratory. This simple and reliable method for the determination of vitamin A status should prove particularly valuable for population studies and large clinical trials.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-06-2015
DOI: 10.1111/AJO.12344
Abstract: Observational studies have implicated low serum vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)) levels in the development of mood disorders. Postpartum depression (PPD) is an important public health issue, although little is known about its association with serum 25(OH)D. To determine the association between 25(OH)D at delivery and the subsequent risk of PPD at six weeks and six months postpartum in a large cohort of Australian women. Cord blood s les from 1040 women participating in the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to Optimise Maternal Infant Outcome randomised controlled trial were analysed for 25(OH)D by mass spectroscopy. Maternal PPD was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at six weeks and six months postpartum. The association between standardised 25(OH)D and PPD was assessed, taking into account DHA treatment, social and demographic variables. There was no association between cord blood 25(OH)D concentration at delivery and PPD at either six weeks or six months postpartum. Cord blood 25(OH)D 25-50 and >50 nmol/L at delivery was associated with decreased risk of PPD at six weeks postpartum compared with 25(OH)D <25 nmol/L in the control group, but not the DHA group. There was no association between cord blood 25(OH)D <25 nmol/L at delivery and PPD at six months postpartum. This largest study to date of 25(OH)D levels at delivery and PPD did not reveal a consistent link with PPD.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-05-2015
DOI: 10.1038/SREP10430
Abstract: The large-scale migrations of anadromous fish species from freshwater to seawater have long been considered particularly enigmatic, as this life history necessitates potentially energetically costly changes in behaviour and physiology. A significant knowledge gap concerns the integral role of cardiovascular responses, which directly link many of the well-documented adaptations ( i.e. through oxygen delivery, water and ion transport) allowing fish to maintain osmotic homeostasis in the sea. Using long-term recordings of cardiorespiratory variables and a novel method for examining drinking dynamics, we show that euryhaline rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) initiate drinking long before the surrounding environment reaches full seawater salinity (30–33 ppt), suggesting the presence of an external osmo-sensing mechanism. Onset of drinking was followed by a delayed, yet substantial increase in gastrointestinal blood flow through increased pulse volume exclusively, as heart rate remained unchanged. While seawater entry did not affect whole animal energy expenditure, enhanced gastrointestinal perfusion represents a mechanism crucial for ion and water absorption, as well as possibly increasing local gastrointestinal oxygen supply. Collectively, these modifications are essential for anadromous fish to maintain homeostasis at sea, whilst conserving cardiac and metabolic scope for activities directly contributing to fitness and reproductive success.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1985
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(85)90174-1
Abstract: The output of lipids and lipoproteins by isolated perfused livers of normal-fed and cholesterol-fed rabbits has been examined. There was a comparable output of triglyceride by the livers of both groups, resulting in an accumulation of 40-50 mg triglyceride/liver/2 h in the perfusate in each case. The output of cholesteryl esters, however, was very much greater from the livers of cholesterol-fed (45 mg/liver/2 h) than from normal-fed (3.3 mg/liver/2 h) rabbits. The major lipoproteins in liver perfusates from both groups of animals were very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). In the perfusate of normal livers the VLDL were enriched with triglyceride and depleted of cholesteryl esters when compared with plasma VLDL from normal animals. VLDL in the perfusate of livers from cholesterol-fed rabbits, on the other hand, were markedly enriched with cholesteryl esters cholesteryl esters accounted for 33% by mass of VLDL from cholesterol-fed livers and only 3.1% of VLDL from normal livers. The cholesteryl esters in the plasma lipoproteins of cholesterol-fed rabbits were relatively enriched with cholesteryl oleate when compared to those in normal plasma. Similarly, cholesteryl oleate predominated in the VLDL in the liver perfusate of the cholesterol-fed animals, consistent with an hepatic acyl CoA/cholesterol acyltransferase origin. Thus, cholesterol-feeding in the rabbit results in a marked increase in the hepatic secretion of cholesteryl esters as a component of VLDL.
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 07-05-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-03-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S10529-012-0891-X
Abstract: Barramundi is a commercially farmed fish in Australia. To examine the potential for barramundi to metabolise dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3), the existence of barramundi desaturase enzymes was examined. A putative fatty acid Δ6 desaturase was cloned from barramundi liver and expressed in yeast. Functional expression revealed Δ6 desaturase activity with both the 18 carbon (C(18)) and C(24) n-3 fatty acids, ALA and 24:5 n-3 as well as the C(18) n-6 fatty, linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n-6). Metabolism of ALA was favoured over LA. The enzyme also had Δ8 desaturase activity which raises the potential for synthesis in barramundi of omega-3 (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from ALA via a pathway that bypasses the initial Δ6 desaturase step. Our findings not only provide molecular evidence for the fatty acid desaturation pathway in the barramundi but also highlight the importance of taking extracellular fatty acid levels into account when assessing enzyme activity expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2009
Abstract: The capacity for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to improve broiler chicken growth, influence the intestinal microbial communities, and modify the PUFA content of meat was studied. Male Cobb 500 chickens were fed 1 of 4 diets from hatch: control (standard diet with no additives), ZnB (standard diet with added antibiotics), 2% SALmate (standard diet with 2% SALmate, which is composed of 42% fish oil and 58% starch), and 5% SALmate (standard diet with 5% SALmate). A 7-d energy metabolism study was conducted between d 15 and 22 posthatch. Birds were killed at d 25 and intestinal s les were collected to assess microbial communities by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and Lactobacillus PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Diet did not affect BW, feed intake, feed conversion, or ileal digestible energy (P > 0.05). Apparent ME was greater in ZnB-fed birds compared with all other diets (P < 0.05). Breast tissue levels of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and total n-3 PUFA were elevated significantly in 2% SALmate- and 5% SALmate-fed chickens compared with control and ZnB diets (P 0.05). Birds fed 2% SALmate had a significantly different cecal Lactobacillus species profile compared with birds fed the control diet (P < 0.05) however, no differences were observed in birds fed 5% SALmate compared with birds fed all other diets. In addition to the expected increase in breast tissue n-3 fatty acid levels, a low level of dietary n-3 PUFA also altered the intestinal Lactobacillus species profiles. However, n-3 PUFA supplementation did not alter the overall microbial communities or broiler performance.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2006
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-006-5059-9
Abstract: A protective association between breastfeeding and the development of bronchial asthma has been demonstrated. However, a mechanism remains unclear. FA present in human milk but rare in infant formula have been associated with marked immunological modulation as well as some indications of protection from asthma development. We examined the effect of in vitro manipulation of membrane phospholipid on the production of cytokines and prostaglandin (PG)E2 by respiratory epithelial cells (A549) in response to stimulation by mast cell mediators of allergic disease [histamine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5]. DHA and CLA significantly decreased the production of IL-8 in response to stimulation by TNF-alpha [2907 +/- 970 (DHA) and 6471 +/- 1203 (CLA) vs. 12,287 +/- 2309 (control) pg/mL P < or = 0.05, mean +/- SEM], whereas both EPA and DHA reduced histamine-stimulated RANTES (regulation on activation, T cell-expressed and -secreted) production [2314 +/- 861 (EPA) and 877 +/- 326 (DHA) vs. 8526 +/- 1118 (control) pg/mL P < or = 0.03]. PGE2 released in response to histamine was decreased by n-3 [1305 +/- 399 (alpha-linolenic acid), 406 +/- 73 (EPA), and 265 +/- 32 (DHA) vs. 9324 +/- 3672 (control) pg/mL P < or = 0.05] and increased by n-6 [18,843 +/- 4439 (arachidonic acid) vs. 9324 +/- 3672 (control) pg/mL P = 0.02], with CLA producing a decrease of the same magnitude as DHA [553 +/- 126 (CLA) vs. 9324 +/- 3672 (control) pg/mL P = 0.03]. This study demonstrates the potential for immunological manipulation of the respiratory epithelium by FA in situ during allergic responses and suggests that further investigation into FA intervention in infants via human milk or supplemented infant formula, to prevent the development of allergic disease, may be worthwhile.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2010.04.001
Abstract: The conversion of linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) is known to involve desaturation and elongation steps. Although there is evidence that genes for these steps can be regulated by extremes of dietary PUFA, the degree to which there is meaningful regulation of LCPUFA levels in tissues by diet as a result of changes in expression of desaturase and elongase genes is unclear. In this study, we tested the effect of increasing ALA levels in diets of rats from 0.2% to 2.9% energy (en) against a constant LA level (1%en) on plasma and liver phospholipid LCPUFA content together with the expression of hepatic genes involved in PUFA metabolism, the desaturases FADS1 and FADS2, the elongases ELOV2 and ELOV5, and the transcription factors sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). The levels of plasma and liver eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) increased in proportion to dietary ALA whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased only up to 1%en ALA. A low PUFA (0.4%en) reference diet stimulated the expression of delta 6 desaturase (FADS2) and elongase 2 (ELOVL2) when compared to higher PUFA diets. There was, however, no difference in the expression of any of the genes in rats, which were fed diets containing between 0.2%en and 2.9%en ALA and mRNA expression was unrelated to tissue lasma LCPUFA content. These data suggest that the endogenous synthesis of n-3 LCPUFA from the precursor ALA is regulated independently of changes in the expression of the synthetic enzymes or regulatory transcription factor, and provides evidence that n-3 LCPUFA synthesis is regulated more by substrate competition for existing enzymes than by an increase in their mRNA expression.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1984
DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(84)90091-4
Abstract: Total lipids were extracted from 22 species of Malaysian fish and the constituent fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography. Malaysian fish generally contained high levels of saturated fatty acids (range 36-55% total fatty acids) and contained variable amounts of monounsaturates, chiefly palmitic and stearic acids, but only trace levels of 20:1 and 22:1. Unlike fish caught in colder northern hemisphere waters, Malaysian fish were found to contain arachidonic acid (20:4 omega 6, range 2-12%) in addition to the expected eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 omega 3, range 1-13%) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 omega 3, range 6.6-40.4%).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2015.08.002
Abstract: Recent research emphasized the nutritional benefits of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) during pregnancy. Based on a double-blind randomised controlled trial named "DHA to Optimize Mother and Infant Outcome" (DOMInO), we examined how omega 3 DHA supplementation during pregnancy may affect pregnancy related in-patient hospital costs. We conducted an econometric analysis based on ordinary least square and quantile regressions with bootstrapped standard errors. Using these approaches, we also examined whether smoking, drinking, maternal age and BMI could influence the effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy on hospital costs. Our regressions showed that in-patient hospital costs could decrease by AUD92 (P<0.05) on average per singleton pregnancy when DHA supplements were consumed during pregnancy. Our regression results also showed that the cost savings to the Australian public hospital system could be between AUD15 - AUD51 million / year. Given that a simple intervention like DHA-rich fish-oil supplementation could generate savings to the public, it may be worthwhile from a policy perspective to encourage DHA supplementation among pregnant women.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1994
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3476(06)80736-5
Abstract: Commercial infant formulas with a ratio of linoleic acid (LA) to alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) of 10:1 or higher are nutritionally inadequate the tissue levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are lower and the visual function indices are reduced in infants who are fed these formulas. All the evidence points to using LA:ALA ratios of less than 8:1, but there has been only one study in infants that used formulas with reduced LA:ALA ratios, and only biochemical indices were monitored. There is a need for both short-term studies to establish the ratios of LA to ALA that will make possible the accumulation of DHA to levels close to those in breast-fed infants and long-term trials to determine the effects of such fat blends on growth and development.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-10-2013
Abstract: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of fish oil supplementation on postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) following cardiac surgery have produced mixed results. In this study, we examined relationships between levels of red blood cell (RBC) n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and the incidence of POAF. We used combined data (n=355) from RCTs conducted in Australia and Iceland. The primary end point was defined as POAF lasting >10 min in the first 6 days following surgery. The odds ratios (ORs) for POAF were compared between quintiles of preoperative RBC n-3 LC-PUFA levels by multivariable logistic regression. Subjects with RBC docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the fourth quintile, comprising a RBC DHA range of 7.0-7.9%, had the lowest incidence of POAF. Subjects in the lowest and highest quintiles had significantly higher risk of developing POAF compared with those in the fourth quintile (OR=2.36: 95% CI 1.07-5.24 and OR=2.45: 95% CI 1.16-5.17, respectively). There was no association between RBC eicosapentaenoic acid levels and POAF incidence. The results suggest a 'U-shaped' relationship between RBC DHA levels and POAF incidence. The possibility of increased risk of POAF at high levels of DHA suggests an upper limit for n-3 LC-PUFAs in certain conditions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1994
DOI: 10.1007/BF02536722
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1981
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-2009
DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.555136
Abstract: Background and Purpose— Fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids have long been associated with cardiovascular protection. In this trial, we assessed whether treatment with a guideline-recommended moderate-dose fish oil supplement could improve cardiovascular biomarkers, mood- and health-related quality of life in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods— Patients with CT-confirmed stroke were randomized to 3 g/day encapsulated fish oil containing approximately 1.2 g total omega-3 (0.7 g docosahexaenoic acid 0.3 g eicosapentaenoic acid) or placebo oil (combination palm and soy) taken daily over 12 weeks. Serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and associated lipoproteins, selected inflammatory and hemostatic markers, mood, and health-related quality of life were assessed at baseline and follow-up. The primary outcome was change in triglycerides. Compliance was assessed by capsule count and serum phospholipid omega-3 levels (Australian Clinical Trials Registration: ACTRN12605000207617). Results— One hundred two patients were randomized to fish oil or placebo. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol ( % compliance) analyses showed no significant effect of fish oil treatment on any lipid, inflammatory, hemostatic, or composite mood parameters measured. Adherence to treatment based on pill count was good (89%) reflected by increased serum docosahexanoic acid ( P .001) and eicosapentaenoic acid ( P =0.0006) in the fish oil group. Analysis of oil composition, however, showed some degradation and potentially adverse oxidation products at the end of the study. Conclusions— There was no effect of 12 weeks of treatment with moderate-dose fish oil supplements on cardiovascular biomarkers or mood in patients with ischemic stroke. It is possible that insufficient dose, short duration of treatment, and/or oxidation of the fish oils may have influenced these outcomes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1981
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1159/000281154
Abstract: There has been intense interest in the role of the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), in growth and development of infants. In 2009, there are at least twelve published randomized controlled trials (RCT) assessing the effects of LCPUFA supplementation of infant formula for preterm infants and seventeen RCTs involving formula-fed term infants. In addition, at least five RCTs have investigated the effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation on infant and early child development. Collectively, the published literature has demonstrated no harm of dietary LCPUFA for infants regardless of whether they are born preterm or at term. However, developmental benefit is more consistently observed in infants born preterm. This may be explained by the fact that DHA accretion to neural tissues peaks during the fetal brain growth spurt in the last trimester of pregnancy. Infants born preterm are denied the full gestation period to accumulate DHA and are at risk of incomplete DHA accumulation. New research is focused on the timing and dose of DHA supplementation needed to optimize developmental outcomes.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1990
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90024-R
Abstract: We examined the influence of various dietary oils, including linseed and fish oil on the relative rates of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and LTB5 production by rat peritoneal exudate cells in five rat strains. While there was an association between the membrane phospholipid levels of the fatty acid precursors (arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) and the rate of synthesis of their respective 5-lipoxygenase products (LTB4 and LTB5), the rate of LTB4 synthesis was a combined function of both AA and EPA levels. We observed a strong linear relationship (correlation coefficient = 0.99) between the ratio of EPA/AA in the cell membrane phospholipids and the ratio of LTB5/LTB4 produced by these cells in vitro this association was independent of genetic (strain) variability and was independent of the source of EPA (dietary EPA or EPA endogenously synthesized from dietary alpha-linolenic acid).
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Date: 07-2011
Abstract: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been associated with downregulation of inflammatory responses. To report the effect of DHA supplementation on long-term atopic and respiratory outcomes in preterm infants. This study is a multicenter, randomized controlled trial comparing the outcomes for preterm infants & weeks' gestation who consumed expressed breast milk from mothers taking either tuna oil (high-DHA diet) or soy oil (standard-DHA) capsules. Data collected included incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and parental reporting of atopic conditions over the first 18 months of life. Six hundred fifty-seven infants were enrolled (322 to high-DHA diet, 335 to standard), and 93.5% completed the 18-month follow-up. There was a reduction in BPD in boys (relative risk [RR]: 0.67 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47–0.96] P = .03) and in all infants with a birth weight of & g (RR: 0.75 [95% CI: 0.57–0.98] P = .04). There was no effect on duration of respiratory support, admission length, or home oxygen requirement. There was a reduction in reported hay fever in all infants in the high-DHA group at either 12 or 18 months (RR: 0.41 [95% CI: 0.18–0.91] P = .03) and at either 12 or 18 months in boys (RR: 0.15 [0.03–0.64] P = .01). There was no effect on asthma, eczema, or food allergy. DHA supplementation for infants of & weeks' gestation reduced the incidence of BPD in boys and in all infants with a birth weight of & g and reduced the incidence of reported hay fever in boys at either 12 or 18 months.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2005
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-005-1463-4
Abstract: Infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) results in substantial infant morbidity and has been associated with the subsequent development of childhood asthma. Inflammatory mediators produced by both the epithelium and tissue leukocytes during RSV infection stimulate the release of chemotactic factors by the respiratory epithelium and the subsequent influx of inflammatory cells, predominantly neutrophils. We investigated the production of inflammatory mediators [prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha] and chemokines [IL-8, RANTES (regulation on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted)] by alveolar epithelial cells in response to RSV infection. Infection of a human alveolar epithelial transformed cell line (A549 cells) with live RSV substantially increased production of PGE2, IL-8, and RANTES. By altering cell membrane FA through incorporation of the long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) arachidonic acid, EPA, and DHA, we were subsequently able to significantly modulate PGE2 production by the infected epithelium. Because of the dynamic nature of the effects of PGE2 on lung function, regulation of this prostaglandin during RSV infection by n-3 LCPUFA has the potential to significantly alter the disease process.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
Abstract: Transmembrane protease serine 6 (TMPRSS6) regulates iron homeostasis by inhibiting the expression of hepcidin. Multiple common variants in TMPRSS6 were significantly associated with serum iron in recent genome-wide association studies, but their effects in the Chinese remain to be elucidated. The objective was to determine whether the TMPRSS6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs855791(V736A) and rs4820268(D521D) were associated with blood hemoglobin and plasma ferritin concentrations and risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese in iduals. The SNPs rs855791(V736A) and rs4820268(D521D) in the TMPRSS6 gene were genotyped and tested for their associations with plasma iron and type 2 diabetes risk in 1574 unrelated Chinese Hans from Beijing. The 2 TMPRSS6 SNPs rs855791(V736A) and rs4820268(D521D) were both significantly associated with plasma ferritin (P ≤ 0.0058), hemoglobin (P ≤ 0.0013), iron overload risk (P ≤ 0.0068), and type 2 diabetes risk (P ≤ 0.0314). None of the associations with hemoglobin or plasma ferritin remained significant (P ≥ 0.1229) when the 2 variants were both included in one linear regression model. A haplotype carrying both iron-lowering alleles from the 2 TMPRSS SNPs showed significant associations with lower hemoglobin (P = 0.0014), lower plasma ferritin (P = 0.0027), and a reduced risk of iron overload (P = 0.0017) and of type 2 diabetes (P = 0.0277). These findings suggest that TMPRSS6 variants were significantly associated with plasma ferritin, hemoglobin, risk of iron overload, and type 2 diabetes in Chinese Hans. The type 2 diabetes risk conferred by the TMPRSS6 SNPs is possibly mediated by plasma ferritin.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2000
Abstract: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is provided directly to human premature infants during parenteral nutrition from the egg yolk fraction of an intravenous fat emulsion. This study aimed to determine whether the high egg yolk phospholipid content of Intralipid 10% (IL 10%, Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) relative to the standard emulsion Intralipid 20% (IL 20%, Pharmacia) could be a strategy to increase the delivery of DHA to the developing brain. Male, Large White piglets were randomly selected from sows 3 d after birth. Piglets were assigned to receive a 9-d continuous intravenous infusion commencing 5 d after birth of either Intralipid (IL) 10%, IL 20%, or Lipofundin S 20% (LFS B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany). There were four piglets in each treatment group. IL 10% provides twice as much DHA as IL 20%, while LFS provides no DHA. Protein and other nutrients were provided enterally using a low-fat milk formula. After 9 d, animals were killed, and the fatty acid compositions of blood, liver, and cerebral cortex were analyzed. IL 10% infusion approximately doubled the amount of plasma phospholipid DHA (microg/mL of plasma) in comparison to IL 20%. However, red blood cells, liver, and cerebral cortex phospholipid DHA levels were indistinguishable between these two groups. LFS was associated with reduced levels of DHA in plasma, red blood cell and liver phospholipids in comparison to IL 20%. We conclude that infusion of additional phospholipid is an ineffective strategy for increasing DHA delivery to piglet tissues. This may be due to the formation of inert phospholipid particles in plasma. The data do not support the concept of using IL 10% as a means of providing additional DHA to premature human infants.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-10-1983
DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(83)90119-8
Abstract: Diets supplemented with high levels of saturated fatty acids derived from sheep kidney (perirenal) fat or unsaturated fatty acids derived from sunflower seed oil were fed to rats and the effect on heart mitochondrial lipid composition and membrane-associated enzyme behaviour was determined. The dietary lipid treatments did not change the overall level of membrane lipid unsaturation but did alter the proportion of various unsaturated fatty acids. This led to a change in the omega 6/omega 3 unsaturated fatty acid ratio, which was highest in the sunflower seed oil fed rats. Arrhenius plots of the mitochondrial membrane associated enzymes succinate-cytochrome c reductase and oligomycin-sensitive adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) after dietary lipid treatment revealed different responses in their critical temperature. For succinate-cytochrome c reductase, the critical temperature was 29 degrees C for rats fed the sheep kidney fat diet and 20 degrees C for rats fed the sunflower seed oil diet. In contrast, no shift in the critical temperature for the mitochondrial ATPase was apparent as a result of the differing dietary lipid treatments. The results suggest that the discontinuity in the Arrhenius plot of succinate-cytochrome c reductase is induced by some change in the physical properties of the membrane lipids. In contrast, mitochondrial ATPase appears insensitive, in terms of its thermal behaviour, to changes occurring in the composition of the membrane lipids. However, the specific activity of the mitochondrial ATPase was affected by the dietary lipid treatment being highest for the rats fed the sheep kidney fat diet. No dietary lipid effect was observed for the specific activity of succinate-cytochrome c reductase. This differential response of the two mitochondrial membrane enzymes to dietary-induced changes in membrane lipid composition may affect mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-1986
DOI: 10.1097/00005176-198605000-00013
Abstract: Nineteen patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were studied to determine whether plasma fatty acids correlated with severity of their lung disease as assessed by pulmonary function testing. Results were compared with 19 normal subjects of similar age and sex. Linoleic acid content of all lipid fractions was significantly lower in CF patients than controls including cholesterol ester fraction (CF 31%, control 50%, p less than 0.001), triglyceride fraction (7.6 to 16.6%, p less than 0.001), and phospholipid fraction (13.9 to 21.7%, p less than 0.001). Mean 20:3 omega 9/20:4 omega 6 ratio for CF patients was higher in all lipid classes and was suggestive of essential fatty acid deficiency. Correlations were found to exist between most pulmonary function parameters and fatty acids of plasma phospholipids but not any other lipid class. Positive correlations were found between all ventilatory tests and total omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and also 22:5 omega 3 and 22:6 omega 3. There was no correlation between total saturated fatty acids, total monounsaturates, total omega 6 fatty acids, or triene/tetraene ratios and pulmonary function. Positive correlations were found between pulmonary function parameters and certain omega 6 polyunsaturates including 20:4 and 22:4 but not 18:2.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Abstract: n-3 (omega-3) Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) inhibit fat cell differentiation and fat storage in adults, and this has led to the hypothesis that maternal n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation may reduce fat mass in children. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation in pregnancy or lactation on infant and child body composition in randomized controlled trials. MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for relevant articles. Human trials that supplemented the maternal diet with n-3 LC-PUFAs during pregnancy or lactation and assessed either body fat mass or body mass index in children were included. Trials had to be randomized in design. The quality of all included studies was assessed against set criteria, and results of eligible trials were compared. There were only 3 human trials (4 publications) that met our inclusion criteria. There was considerable disparity in study design and trial quality. The results were variable and showed positive, negative, or neutral effects of maternal n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation on body fat mass in children. This systematic review highlights the paucity of robust data from human studies to evaluate the effect of increased n-3 LC-PUFA exposure during the perinatal period on body fat mass in offspring. Further studies are required in which the intervention is confined to the perinatal period and that are sufficiently powered, have appropriate controls, have adequate blinding of participants and investigators, and have high retention rates.
Publisher: Rynnye Lyan Resources
Date: 20-06-2021
DOI: 10.26656/FR.2017.5(S2).010
Abstract: The aim of the study was to increase the levels of omega-3 fatty acids in eggs, mainly in the form of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n -3) as EPA and DHA have beneficial health effects. This study tested whether the inclusion of a vegetable source of omega-3 (n-3) fat in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) in the diets of laying hens (Hy-Line brown) would improve n-3 fat accumulation, without altering the product performance or the sensory characteristics of eggs. In this study, the ALA levels of the diets were varied from 0.3 to 6% energy (%en). In order to optimize the conversion of ALA into n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), grain-based diets containing a low linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) level were chosen as a basal diet, and the level of competing substrate, LA, in the dietary treatments was also kept constant. Results showed that increasing the levels of dietary ALA increased all n-3 LCPUFA (EPA, DPA, and DHA) in the eggs. Importantly, diets enriched with ALA did not impair the sensory quality of the eggs. In conclusion, brown laying hens fed ALA enriched diets produced eggs higher in n-3 fatty acids, and met the requirement needed for labelling as n-3 PUFA sources, which provides an alternative n-3 rich food for consumers.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1991
DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(91)90192-8
Abstract: Inflamed rats with adjuvant-induced polyarthritis showed similar incorporation of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) into peritoneal exudate cell (PEC) membrane phospholipids compared to pair fed non-inflamed control rats. Arachidonic acid (AA) content was similar in PEC phospholipids of inflamed and control rats whereas the linoleic acid content was consistently higher in inflamed rats.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-10-2009
Abstract: To compare the efficacy and side effects of low-dose vs high-dose iron supplements to correct anaemia in pregnancy. One hundred and eighty women with anaemia (haemoglobin <110 g l(-1)) in mid-pregnancy. The women were randomly allocated to 20 40 or 80 mg of iron daily for 8 weeks from mid-pregnancy. One hundred and seventy-nine (99%) women completed the trial. At the end of treatment, there was a clear dose-response of increasing mean haemoglobin concentration with iron dose (111+/-13 g l(-1) at 20 mg per day, 114+/-11 g l(-1) at 40 mg per day and 119+/-12 g l(-1) at 80 mg per day, P=0.006). However, the incidence of anaemia did not differ statistically between groups. Compared with women in the 80 mg iron group, the odds ratio of anaemia was 1.9 (95% CI: 0.8, 4.3, P=0.130) and 1.1 (95% CI: 0.5, 2.6, P=0.827), respectively, for women in the 20 mg iron group and the 40 mg iron group. The incidence of gastrointestinal side effects was significantly lower for women in the 20 mg iron group compared with women in the 80 mg iron group the odds ratio was 0.4 (95% CI: 0.2, 0.8, P=0.014) for nausea, 0.3 (95% CI: 0.2, 0.7, P=0.005) for stomach pain and 0.4 (95% CI: 0.2, 0.9, P=0.023) for vomiting. Low-dose iron supplements may be effective at treating anaemia in pregnancy with less gastrointestinal side effects compared with high-dose supplements.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2011
Abstract: The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake of pregnant women is lower than estimates of the DHA accretion by the fetus, and recommendations were made to increase the DHA intake of pregnant women. The objective of this study was to determine whether the supplementation of pregnant women with DHA improved the visual acuity of infants at 4 mo. We conducted a blinded assessment of a subset of healthy, full-term infants born to women enrolled in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial called the DHA for Maternal and Infant Outcomes (DOMInO) trial. Women were randomly assigned to consume DHA-rich fish-oil capsules (≈800 mg DHA/d in the treatment group) or vegetable oil capsules (control group) from midpregnancy to delivery. The primary outcome was the sweep visual evoked potential (VEP) acuity at 4 mo. The VEP latency at 4 mo was a secondary outcome. Mean (±SD) VEP acuity did not differ between treatment and control groups [treatment group: 8.37 ± 2.11 cycles per degree (cpd), n = 89 control group: 8.55 ± 1.86 cpd, n = 93 P = 0.55]. VEP latencies also did not differ between groups. Irrespective of the group, maternal smoking in pregnancy was independently associated with poorer VEP acuity in the infant. DHA supplementation in women with singleton pregnancies does not enhance infant visual acuity in infants at 4 mo of age. Visual acuity in infancy is adversely associated with maternal smoking in pregnancy. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12606000327583. The DOMInO trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12605000569606.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-005-1354-8
Abstract: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of modifying 18-carbon PUFA [18-C PUFA: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6)] in the diets of term and preterm infants on DHA (22:6n-3) status, growth, and developmental outcomes. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) involving formula-fed term and preterm infants, in which the 18-C PUFA composition of the formula was changed and growth or developmental outcomes were measured, were included. Differences were presented as control (standard formula) and treatment (18-C PUFA-supplemented formula). Primary analyses for term infants were 4 and 12 mon and for preterm infants 37-42 and 57 wk postmenstrual age. Five RCT involving term infants and three RCT involving preterm infants were included in the systematic review. Infants fed ALA-supplemented formula had significantly higher plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid DHA levels than control infants. There was no effect of ALA supplementation on the growth of preterm infants. In term infants, ALA supplementation was associated with increased weight and length at 12 mon, which was at least 4 mon after the end of dietary intervention. Developmental indices of term infants did not differ between groups. There was a transient improvement in the retinal function of preterm infants fed ALA-supplemented diets compared with controls. The findings suggest that ALA-supplemented diets improve the DHA status of infants. Further studies are needed to provide convincing evidence regarding the effects of ALA supplementation of formula on infant growth and development.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUT.2006.12.011
Abstract: We investigated the relation between duration of breast-feeding in infancy and the intelligence quotient (IQ) of children at 4 y of age in a well-nourished population of an industrialized country. Data on duration of breast-feeding were collected prospectively from a cohort of 302 children born between 1998 and 1999 in Adelaide, Australia. The IQ of the children was assessed at 4 y of age using the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Information on important predictors of childhood IQ including the quality of the home environment was also collected prospectively. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the effect of duration of breast-feeding on IQ with adjustment for potential confounders. There was no association between the duration of breast-feeding and IQ of the children. The expected IQ of a child at 4 y of age who was breast-fed for 6 mo was only 0.2 point (95% confidence interval -0.8 to 1.2) higher than that of a child who had never been breast-fed after adjustments for the quality of the home environment and socioeconomic characteristics of families using multivariable regression analysis. The quality of the home environment, as assessed by the Home Screening Questionnaire, was the strongest predictor of IQ at 4 y. There was no association between duration of breast-feeding and childhood IQ in this relatively well-nourished cohort from an industrialized society. In such settings, the apparent benefit of breast-feeding on cognitive function is most likely attributable to sociodemographic factors.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 07-2015
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1155/2010/927836
Abstract: This study aimed to determine the effect of varying dietary intake of the major n-3 PUFA in human diets, α -linolenic acid (ALA 18 : 3n-3), on expression of lipogenic genes in adipose tissue. Rats were fed diets containing from 0.095%en to 6.3%en ALA and a constant n-6 PUFA level for 3 weeks. S les from distinct adipose depots (omental and retroperitoneal) were collected and mRNA expression of the pro-lipogenic transcription factors Sterol-Retinoid-Element-Binding-Protein1c (SREBP1c) and Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor- γ (PPAR γ ), lipogenic enzymes Sterol-coenzyme Desaturase1 (SCD-1), Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) and adipokines leptin and adiponectin determined by qRT-PCR. Increasing dietary ALA content resulted in altered expression of SREBP1c, FAS and G3PDH mRNA in both adipose depots. SREBP1c mRNA expression was related directly to n-6 PUFA concentrations (omental, r 2 = .71 P .001 Retroperitoneal, r 2 = .20 P .002 ), and inversely to n-3 PUFA concentrations (omental, r 2 = .59 P .001 Retroperitoneal, r 2 = .19 P .005 ) independent of diet. The relationship between total n-6 PUFA and SREBP1c mRNA expression persisted when the effects of n-3 PUFA were controlled for. Altering red blood cell concentrations of n-3 PUFA is thus associated with altered expression of lipogenic genes in a depot-specific manner and this effect is modulated by prevailing n-6 PUFA concentrations.
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 05-2013
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.03910-12
Abstract: The aim of the study was to compare the compositions of the fecal microbiotas of infants fed goat milk formula to those of infants fed cow milk formula or breast milk as the gold standard. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene sequences was used in the analysis of the microbiotas in stool s les collected from 90 Australian babies (30 in each group) at 2 months of age. Beta- ersity analysis of total microbiota sequences and Lachnospiraceae sequences revealed that they were more similar in breast milk/goat milk comparisons than in breast milk/cow milk comparisons. The Lachnospiraceae were mostly restricted to a single species ( Ruminococcus gnavus ) in breast milk-fed and goat milk-fed babies compared to a more erse collection in cow milk-fed babies. Bifidobacteriaceae were abundant in the microbiotas of infants in all three groups. Bifidobacterium longum , Bifidobacterium breve , and Bifidobacterium bifidum were the most commonly detected bifidobacterial species. A semiquantitative PCR method was devised to differentiate between B. longum subsp. longum and B. longum subsp. infantis and was used to test stool s les. B. longum subsp. infantis was seldom present in stools, even of breast milk-fed babies. The presence of B. bifidum in the stools of breast milk-fed infants at abundances greater than 10% of the total microbiota was associated with the highest total abundances of Bifidobacteriaceae . When Bifidobacteriaceae abundance was low, Lachnospiraceae abundances were greater. New information about the composition of the fecal microbiota when goat milk formula is used in infant nutrition was thus obtained.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1159/000318954
Abstract: A variety of systems are used to establish efficacy of food ingredients. Immortal human cell lines have the advantage of rapid throughput and often have the ability to point to mechanisms of action. Transgenic and natural variants of animals (usually rats and mice) have proven to be extremely useful in elucidating effects in vivo, although extrapolation of results to humans has risks. Animal models are also useful in establishing safety and toxic levels of ingredients. Human trials have the most relevance to society. Types of evidence for efficacy rise from improved status level in subjects as a result of eating food (long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, levels in erythrocytes), change in surrogate markers as a result of eating food (plasma cholesterol or glutathione peroxidase activity), change in a physiological outcome (such as visual evoked potential acuity or heart rate variability) through to the highest level of evidence, a change in a clinical outcome (improved global development, reduction in infections) established in randomized controlled trials. Ultimately, there is a need for tests of pragmatic interventions that can easily be incorporated into usual dietary practices of the culture in which it is tested.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-03-2011
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1972
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/23.3.775
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 28-02-2012
DOI: 10.1210/EN.2011-1917
Abstract: It is increasingly evident that micronutrient environment experienced before birth and in infancy is important for achieving optimal bone mass by adolescence and maintaining bone health. This study determined whether maternal supplementation with ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3FA) improved offspring bone growth and adult bone mass. Female rats were fed a diet containing 0.1% (control, n = 10) or 1% (n3FA, n = 11) docosahexanoic acid (DHA) during pregnancy and lactation. Offspring were weaned onto a control rat chow diet. Tibial growth plate and metaphysis structure, osteoblast/osteoclast density and differentiation, and gene expression were assessed in offspring at 3 wk (weaning), 6 wk (adolescent), and 3 months (adult). Maternal n3FA supplementation elevated offspring plasma n3FA levels at 3 and 6 wk. Although total growth plate heights were unaffected at any age, the resting zone thickness was increased in both male and female offspring at 3 wk. In n3FA males, but not females, bone trabecular number and thickness were increased at 3 wk but not other ages. The wk 3 n3FA males also exhibited an increased bone volume, an increased osteoblast but decreased osteoclast density, and lower expression of osteoclastogenic cytokines receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, TNF-α, and IL-6. No effects were seen at 6 wk or 3 months in either sex. Thus, perinatal n3FA supplementation is associated with increased bone formation, decreased resorption, and a higher bone mass in males, but not in females, at weaning these effects do not persist into adolescence and adulthood and are unlikely to produce lasting improvements in bone health.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-1986
DOI: 10.1007/BF02535693
Abstract: The history of the genus Trichocnemis LeConte, 1851 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Prioninae) is discussed. Its taxonomic status in relation to the genera Ergates Audinet-Serville, 1832 and Callergates Lameere, 1904 is clarified. The synonymy of Macrotoma californica White, 1853, Macrotoma spiculigera White, 1853, and Trichocnemis spiculatus LeConte, 1851 is confirmed. A key to all three genera and their species is provided.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
Abstract: Forty-eight 19-wk-old Bovan White laying hens were fed 1 of 5 diets containing either hemp seed (HS) or hemp seed oil (HO). The level of HO was 4, 8, or 12%, whereas the level was 10 or 20% for the HS. A set of 8 birds fed wheat-, barley-, and corn oil-based diets served as the control. Performance was monitored over 12 wk. Average hen-day egg production was not affected upon feeding of either HS or HO diets. Egg weight was higher than that of the controls for hens consuming the 20% HS diet (P < 0.05). Feed intake was lower than that of the controls for birds consuming the 4% HO diet but similar across other treatments. Final BW were not affected by diet, with the exception of being lower than that of the controls (P < 0.05) in hens consuming the 12% HO diet. The total egg yolk n-3 fatty acid content increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary α-linolenic acid provision with the HS- or HO-based diets. A quadratic response (P < 0.05) was observed for docosahexaenoic acid levels in egg yolk in response to increasing dietary α-linolenic acid supply. The expression of hepatic fatty acid desaturase 1 and 2, key genes for the desaturation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, was significantly decreased (50-60% of controls P < 0.05) as a result of feeding HS or HO diets. Based on the results from the current study, the inclusion of the hemp products HS or HO in the diets of laying hens up to a maximum level of 20 and 12%, respectively, does not adversely effect the performance of laying hens and leads to the enrichment of the n-3 fatty acid content of eggs.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 29-03-2011
DOI: 10.1017/S000711451000509X
Abstract: The effect of the dietary n -3 long-chain PUFA, DHA (22 : 6 n -3), on the growth of pre-term infants is controversial. We tested the effect of higher-dose DHA (approximately 1 % dietary fatty acids) on the growth of pre-term infants to 18 months corrected age compared with standard feeding practice (0·2–0·3 % DHA) in a randomised controlled trial. Infants born 33 weeks gestation ( n 657) were randomly allocated to receive breast milk and/or formula with higher DHA or standard DHA according to a concealed schedule stratified for sex and birth-weight ( 1250 and ≥ 1250 g). The dietary arachidonic acid content of both diets was constant at approximately 0·4 % total fatty acids. The intervention was from day 2 to 5 of life until the infant's expected date of delivery (EDD). Growth was assessed at EDD, and at 4, 12 and 18 months corrected age. There was no effect of higher DHA on weight or head circumference at any age, but infants fed higher DHA were 0·7 cm (95 % CI 0·1, 1·4 cm P = 0·02) longer at 18 months corrected age. There was an interaction effect between treatment and birth weight strata for weight ( P = 0·01) and length ( P = 0·04). Higher DHA resulted in increased length in infants born weighing ≥ 1250 g at 4 months corrected age and in both weight and length at 12 and 18 months corrected age. Our data show that DHA up to 1 % total dietary fatty acids does not adversely affect growth.
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 26-01-2011
DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2011.19
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1992
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2013
Abstract: To evaluate nutritional interventions in preterm infants, a simple, accurate assessment of the type of growth, that is, change in body composition through the relative contributions of lean body tissue and fat mass to weight gain, is needed. Bioelectrical impedance may provide such a method. The aim of this study was to develop resistivity coefficients appropriate for use in bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) analysis of body water volumes in preterm infants. A total of 99 preterm infants were enrolled (mean gestational age 32 completed weeks). Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were determined using the reference methods of deuterium and bromide dilution. BIS measurements taken at the same time allowed calculation of resistivity coefficients. Predictions of TBW and ECW obtained using these coefficients were then validated against volumes determined using the reference methods in a separate cohort of infants. Data were available for 91 preterm infants. BIS-predicted TBW and ECW correlated well with the measured volumes (Pearson's r(p)=0.825 and 0.75, respectively). There was a small bias (TBW 10 ml and ECW 40 ml) but large limits of agreement (TBW ± 650 ml and ECW ± 360 ml). BIS appears to have limited clinical utility however, the relatively small bias means that it may be useful for measurements within a population or for comparisons between groups in which population means rather than in idual values are compared.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1972
DOI: 10.1093/JXB/23.2.381
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2002
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-002-0969-0
Abstract: Previous randomized clinical trials suggest that supplementation of the human infant diet with up to 0.35% DHA may benefit visual development. The aim of the current study was to assess the impact of including arachidonic acid (AA) and a higher level of DHA in the postnatal monkey diet on visual development. Infant rhesus monkeys were fed either a control diet (2.0% alpha-linolenic acid as the sole n-3 FA) or a supplemented diet (1.0% DHA and 1.0% AA) from birth. Visual evoked potential acuity was measured at 3 mon of age. Rod and cone function were assessed in terms of parameters describing phototransduction. Electroretinogram (ERG) litudes and implicit times were recorded over a wide intensity range (-2.2 to 4.0 log scot td-sec) and assessed in terms of intensity response functions. Plasma DHA and AA were significantly increased (P < 0.001) in the diet-supplemented monkeys compared with the control monkeys. There was an approximately equal effect of diet for the rod phototransduction parameters, sensitivity, and capacitance but in the opposite directions. Diet-supplemented monkeys had significantly shorter b-wave implicit times at low retinal illuminances (<-0.6 log scot td-sec). There were no significant effects of diet for visual acuity or the other 23 ERG parameters measured. The results suggest that supplementation of the infant monkey diet with 1.0% DHA and 1.0% AA neither harms nor provides substantial benefit to the development of visual acuity or retinal function in the first four postnatal months.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1992
DOI: 10.1007/BF02537067
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2010
Abstract: The visual and mental development of preterm infants improved after feeding them milk enriched with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in amounts matching the fetal accretion rate. The objective was to evaluate whether feeding preterm infants milk with a higher DHA content than that used in current practice influences language or behavior in early childhood. This was a follow-up study in a subgroup of infants enrolled in the DINO (Docosahexaenoic acid for the Improvement in Neurodevelopmental Outcome) trial. In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, infants born at <33 wk of gestation were fed milk containing 1% of total fatty acids as DHA (higher-DHA group) or approximately 0.3% DHA (control group) until reaching full-term equivalent age. The longer-term effects of the intervention on language, behavior, and temperament were measured by using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (MCDI) at 26-mo corrected age, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and the Short Temperament Scale for Children (STSC) between 3- and 5-y corrected age. Mean (+/-SD) MCDI scores did not differ significantly (adjusted P = 0.8) between the higher-DHA group (308 +/- 179, n = 60) and the control group (316 +/- 192, n = 67) per the Vocabulary Production subscale. Composite scores on the SDQ and STSC did not differ between the higher-DHA group and the control group [SDQ Total Difficulties: higher-DHA group (10.3 +/- 6.0, n = 61), control group (9.5 +/- 5.5, n = 64), adjusted P = 0.5 STSC score: higher-DHA group (3.1 +/- 0.7, n = 61), control group (3.0 +/- 0.7, n = 64), adjusted P = 0.3]. Feeding preterm infants milk containing 3 times the standard amount of DHA did not result in any clinically meaningful change to language development or behavior when assessed in early childhood. Whether longer-term effects of dietary DHA supplementation can be detected remains to be assessed. This trial was registered with the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry at www.anzctr.org.au as 12606000327583.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-12-2015
DOI: 10.1111/IJFS.12710
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1997
DOI: 10.1111/J.1651-2227.1997.TB08891.X
Abstract: Indicators of selenium (Se) status were measured in a longitudinal study of 63 preterm and 46 term infants. Se levels in both groups were similar in the first few days of life. Preterm infants fed parenteral nutrition (PN) for several weeks developed very low plasma Se levels (< 10 micrograms/l). In those receiving either breast milk or formula in conjunction with PN, plasma Se also declined over the first 6 weeks. In the breastfed term infants plasma levels increased by 50%, but there was no increase in the term formula-fed group. In healthy preterm infants who received mainly breast milk, plasma Se concentrations remained constant at newborn levels and were below those of breastfed term infants at 6 weeks. Erythrocyte GSHPx activity did not reflect plasma Se or Se intake. In conclusion, the type of feeding, and hence Se intake, influenced plasma Se concentration in preterm infants. Provision of enteral feeding in conjunction with PN was unable to prevent a decline in plasma Se and at 6 weeks levels were well below those of the reference breastfed term infants.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1998
DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1754.1998.00205.X
Abstract: Chronic iron deficiency in children is associated with anaemia and impaired mental and psychomotor development. The aim of this study was to assess the iron status and dietary intake of 6-24-month-old Caucasian and Asian children living in metropolitan Adelaide. A total of 234 healthy children (82% Caucasian and 18% Asian) aged 6-24 months were studied. Dietary iron intake of children was estimated from semiquantitative diet recall questionnaire administered to their parents. Blood s les for full blood count, serum ferritin (SF), serum iron (SI) and transferrin (TF) level estimations were obtained by venesection. Based on the laboratory test results, infants were classified as iron sufficient (IS) if the haemoglobin (Hb) concentration was > 110 g L(-1), SF > or = 15 microg L(-1), TF2 3.0 g L(-1), SI > or = 8 micromol L(-1) and iron saturation (ISAT) > or = 12% or nonanaemic iron deficiency (NAID) if the Hb concentration was > 110 g L(-1) and SF < 15 microg L(-1) or SI 3.0 g L(-1), and ISAT < 12% or as iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) if the Hb concentration was < 110 g L(-1) in association with SF < 15 microg L(-1) or with SI 3.0 g L(-1) and ISAT < 12%. Sixty-nine per cent of Caucasian children were classified IS, 25% as NAID and 6% were IDA while 72% of Asian children were classified IS, 14% as NAID and 14% were IDA. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that factors associated with iron deficiency (SF </5 microg L(-1)) included age, duration of breast-feeding and cows' milk intake. Iron deficiency is common in our young population. Additional strategies to prevent IDA need be developed and evaluated in Australian infants.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-08-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1399-3038.2007.00565.X
Abstract: Although epidemiological evidence is generally supportive of a causal association between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis during infancy and the development of persistent wheeze/asthma, if not allergy, the mechanism by which this occurs and an explanation for why all children do not succumb remains to be elucidated. Breast feeding has been found to confer a protective effect against respiratory infections such as RSV bronchiolitis and allergy however, again there is little direct evidence and no clear mechanism. In this study, we examined whether human milk immunomodulatory factors (cells, cytokines) change in response to clinically diagnosed, severe bronchiolitis in the recipient breast-fed infant. We examined milk from 36 breast feeding mothers of infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis and compared them with milk from 63 mothers of postpartum age-matched healthy controls. Milks from mothers of infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis had significantly greater numbers of viable cells when compared with the milks obtained from mothers of healthy infants (1.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 0.3 +/- 0.03 x 10(6) cells/ml, mean +/- s.e.m. p < or = 0.001). Further, the cells obtained from the mothers of infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis were found to produce a skewed cytokine profile ex vivo in response to stimulation by live RSV but not when cultured with a non-specific mitogen (concanavalin A). This study provides preliminary evidence for an immunological link between mothers and their breast-fed infants during severe respiratory infections as well as a possible contributing factor to the development of persistent wheeze in these infants.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-03-2017
DOI: 10.1038/SREP45778
Abstract: Anadromy is a distinctive life-history strategy in fishes that has evolved independently many times. In an evolutionary context, the benefits of anadromy for a species or population must outweigh the costs and risks associated with the habitat switch. The migration of fish across the freshwater-ocean boundary coincides with potentially energetically costly osmoregulatory modifications occurring at numerous levels of biological organization. By integrating whole animal and sub-cellular metabolic measurements, this study presents significant findings demonstrating how an anadromous salmonid ( i.e. rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss ) is able to transform from a hyper- to hypo-osmoregulatory state without incurring significant increases in whole animal oxygen consumption rate. Instead, underlying metabolic mechanisms that fuel the osmoregulatory machinery at the organ level ( i.e. intestine) are modulated, as mitochondrial coupling and anaerobic metabolism are increased to satisfy the elevated energetic demands. This may have positive implications for the relative fitness of the migrating in idual, as aerobic capacity may be maintained for locomotion ( i.e. foraging and predator avoidance) and growth. Furthermore, the ability to modulate mitochondrial metabolism in order to maintain osmotic balance suggests that mitochondria of anadromous fish may have been a key target for natural selection, driving species adaptations to different aquatic environments.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2006.04.005
Abstract: As an evaluation of fatty acid intake measurement, our aim was to examine associations between diet and plasma phospholipid (PL) fatty acids, and whether these were modified by age, sex, country of birth, fasting status, use of cholesterol-lowering medication, body size, chronic disease and other lifestyle factors. Cross-sectional analysis of plasma PL fatty acid composition and dietary fatty acid intake over 12 months from a 121-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in 4439 men and women aged 40-69 years, born in Australia, Greece or Italy. Crude correlation coefficients ranged from 0.18 to 0.40 and corrected correlation coefficients from 0.38 to 0.78 for total monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, n-6, n-3 fatty acids, oleic acid, linoleic acid, EPA and DHA. Weaker associations were observed for other fatty acids. The associations did not vary significantly by fasting status, use of lipid lowering medication or alcohol intake, but for some fatty acids did vary by sex, age, body mass index, country of birth, smoking and previous heart attack or diabetes. The FFQ provides useful information on intakes of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Correlations did not differ by fasting status, or use of lipid-lowering medication.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2012.04.003
Abstract: The conversion of the plant-derived omega-3 (n-3) α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) to the long-chain eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) can be increased by ALA sufficient diets compared to ALA deficient diets. Diets containing ALA above an optimal level result in no further increase in DHA levels in animals and humans. The present study evaluates means of maximizing plasma DHA accumulation by systematically varying both linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and ALA dietary level. Weanling rats were fed one of 54 diets for three weeks. The diets varied in the percentage of energy (en%) of LA (0.07-17.1 en%) and ALA (0.02-12.1 en%) by manipulating both the fat content and the balance of vegetable oils. The peak of plasma phospholipid DHA (>8% total fatty acids) was attained as a result of feeding a narrow dietary range of 1-3 en% ALA and 1-2 en% LA but was suppressed to basal levels (∼2% total fatty acids) at dietary intakes of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) above 3 en%. We conclude it is possible to enhance the DHA status of rats fed diets containing ALA as the only source of n-3 fatty acids but only when the level of dietary PUFA is low (<3 en%).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.CBPB.2012.10.001
Abstract: This study examined the effects of substituting fish oil and fish meal with a blend of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3) rich vegetable oils (14%, w/w) and defatted poultry meal (34%, w/w) in a formulated diet, on growth and tissue fatty acid profiles in barramundi fingerlings. Results indicated that on average, while the ALA levels of the barramundi liver and fillet increased with increasing dietary ALA, there was no corresponding increase in the levels of the omega-3 (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA). Compared to fish consuming a commercial feed, which contained fish meal and fish oil, fish on the ALA diets grew slower, had a lower feed intake and lower n-3 LCPUFA levels in the tissues. Hepatic mRNA expression of Δ6 desaturase (FADS2) and elongase (ELOVL5/2) was ~10 fold and ~3 fold higher, respectively, in all the ALA dietary groups, relative to those fed the commercial feed. However, the level of expression of the two genes was not different between fish fed differing ALA levels. These data demonstrate that increasing the ALA level of the diet is not an appropriate strategy for replacing marine sources of n-3 LCPUFA in barramundi. It was also noted, however, that within the different ALA dietary groups there was a large amount of variation between in idual fish in their tissue DHA levels, suggesting a significant heterogeneity in their capacity for conversion of ALA and/or retention of n-3 LCPUFA. When dietary ALA intakes were greater than 0.8% en, tissue DHA levels were inversely related to ALA intake, suggesting that high intake of dietary ALA may inhibit DHA synthesis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1983
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(83)90380-2
Abstract: Diets supplemented with high levels of either saturated fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids were fed to adult rats for a period of 9 weeks and changes in the liver mitochondrial membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition and thermal behaviour of succinate: cytochrome c reductase were determined. The dietary treatment induced a change in the omega 6 to omega 3 unsaturated fatty acid ratio in the membrane lipids, with the ratio being highest with the unsaturated fatty acid and lowest with the saturated fatty acid diet. Arrhenius plots of succinate: cytochrome c reductase activity exhibited differences in both critical temperature (Tf) and Arrhenius activation energy (Ea) depending on the type of dietary treatment. The Tf was elevated from 23 degrees C in control to 32 degrees C in the saturated fatty acid-supplemented group. No significant effect on the Tf was observed in the unsaturated fatty acid-supplemented group however higher Ea values were observed due to the unsaturated fatty acid diet. The changes in succinate: cytochrome c reductase are probably due to changes in the lipid-protein interactions in the membrane, induced by the dietary lipid supplementation.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-04-2017
DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2017.1306017
Abstract: Topical corticosteroids (TCS) are key to managing chronic inflammatory dermatoses (CID). Parents atients cite TCS phobia as an impediment to treatment adherence. Family/friends and the Internet are a source of misinformation on TCS which can negatively impact perceptions of TCS safety. To assess information from family/friends and the Internet, as related to and reported by patients arents using long-term TCS. A multicenter cross-sectional survey of patients (aged >18 years) and parents of patients (aged <18 years) with a history of CID requiring long-term (≥1 month) TCS use assessing messages about TCS received from family/friends and the Internet. A total of 123 patients and 78 parents completed the survey (n = 201). Parents atients were more likely to be informed by the Internet "[having] my [child's] skin condition means that [I/he/she] will need to use topical corticosteroids" (p < .001) and that "inflamed skin conditions will improve with the topical corticosteroids" (p = .007). Family/friends were more likely to recommend parents atients "try non-prescription creams/ointments before resorting to the use of prescription topical corticosteroids" (p = .014). High rates of messages about TCS "risk" from family/friends and the Internet may affect patient arent understanding about TCS safety. This may contribute to treatment non-adherence.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1990
Abstract: Lamellar bodies were isolated from homogenates of lungs obtained at autopsy from premature infants (n = 9), and compared to lamellar bodies from three full term reference groups including 55 infants with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 14 control infants, and 3 who succumbed to intra-uterine death (IUD) at term. Analysis of the phospholipids was expected to reveal a high proportion of sphingomyelin (Spm) in the lamellar bodies isolated from the lungs of premature infants (24 to 33 weeks gestational age) since at this stage of their development the percentage of Spm in the amniotic fluid is high. However, Spm was either absent or a small proportion of the total phospholipid in lamellar body surfactant from these premature infants. Spm was also a small percentage of phospholipid in the lamellar body surfactant of infants with SIDS and from control and IUD specimens. It is suggested that Spm may not be a normal constituent of lamellar body surfactant but rather a contaminant from membranes.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-11-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JPC.12770
Abstract: To assess vitamin D status and its predictors in a representative population s le of pre-school children in Adelaide (latitude of 35°S). Cross-sectional survey of children aged between 1 and 5 years from areas of low, medium and high socio-economic status as identified from the 2001 Census data, Australian Bureau of Statistics. Children were recruited between September 2005 and July 2007 using a door knocking protocol based on a stratified s ling method to obtain a representative s le of this age group. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was determined using a radio-immunoassay kit. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25(OH)D) <30 nmol/L and insufficiency defined as serum 25(OH)D ≥30 and <50 nmol/L according to the Institute of Medicine. Fifty-two per cent of eligible children took part in the study. Mean (standard deviation) serum 25(OH)D was 73 (26) nmol/L (n = 221). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was 4% and 16%, respectively, with the prevalence being higher in winter (8% and 22%, respectively). Season of the year of blood collection and mother being born in Australia were significant predictors of serum 25(OH)D concentration, but age, sex, socio-economic status, BMI category or dietary supplement use were not related to vitamin D status. Vitamin D status of this representative s le of pre-school children in Australia is adequate, and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is low based on the Institute of Medicine criteria.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2001
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-001-0797-2
Abstract: The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in infant nutrition has now been well studied through many randomized controlled trials (RCT) that provide us with high-quality evidence, particularly in relation to efficacy. As a result of a systematic search of the literature for RCT of supplementation of formulas of term and preterm infants with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), we have identified 21 studies that have physiological responses or growth as outcomes. There have been 11 RCT involving preterm infants, and many of these claim a beneficial effect on visual, neural, or developmental outcomes. There are some reports of negative effects on growth in relation to the addition of n-3 LC-PUFA to preterm formulas but not when AA is added with n-3 LC-PUFA. Small studies have shown no differences in prostanoid formation or peroxidative stress between n-3 LC-PUFA-supplemented and unsupplemented infants. There have been 10 RCT involving term infants whereas some studies report an effect on visual/neural/developmental outcomes, an equal number report no effect. There have been no reports of negative effects of n-3 LC-PUFA on growth in term infants. In summary, there appear to be few safety concerns relating to the use of LC-PUFA in infant nutrition. The potential medium- and long-term effects of including these compounds in the early diet of infants remain to be assessed.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-05-2013
DOI: 10.1002/IJC.28203
Abstract: Animal and experimental studies have demonstrated that long-chain n-3 fatty acids inhibit the development of prostate cancer, whereas n-6 fatty acids might promote it. We performed a case-cohort analysis within the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study using a random s le of 1,717 men and 464 prostate cancer cases to investigate associations between fatty acids assessed in plasma phospholipids (PPLs) or diet (estimated using a 121-item food frequency questionnaire) and prostate cancer risk. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression. Prostate cancer risk was positively associated with %PPL saturated fatty acids (SFAs) HR [95% CI] = 1.51 [1.06, 2.16] (Q5 vs. Q1, fifth vs. first quintile) p-trend = 0.003. HRs (Q5 to Q2 vs. Q1) were significantly elevated for %PPL palmitic acid. %PPL oleic acid was inversely associated with risk, HR = 0.62 [0.43, 0.91] (Q5 vs. Q1) p-trend = 0.04. No statistically significant linear trends were observed for dietary intakes. The HRs were elevated for moderate intakes of linoleic acid (Q2 and Q3 vs. Q1, 1.58 [1.10, 2.28] and 1.70 [1.18, 2.46], respectively), but the increase was not significant for higher intakes (Q4 and Q5). No association varied significantly by tumour aggressiveness (all p-homogeneity > 0.1). Prostate cancer risk was positively associated with %PPL SFA, largely attributable to palmitic acid and inversely associated with %PPL monounsaturated fatty acids, largely attributable to oleic acid. Higher risks were also observed for dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fats, primarily linoleic acid.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2012.04.005
Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess relationships between the fatty acid contents of plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids and those in liver, heart, brain, kidney and quadriceps muscle in rats. To obtain a wide range of tissue omega-3 (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) we subjected weanling rats to dietary treatment with the n-3 LCPUFA precursor, alpha linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3) for 3 weeks. With the exception of the brain, we found strong and consistent correlations between the total n-3 LCPUFA fatty acid content of both plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids with fatty acid levels in all tissues. The relationships between eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3) content in both blood fractions with levels in liver, kidney, heart and quadriceps muscle phospholipids were stronger than those for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3). The strong correlations between the EPA+DHA (the Omega-3 Index), total n-3 LCPUFA and total n-3 PUFA contents in both plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids and tissues investigated in this study suggest that, under a wide range of n-3 LCPUFA values, plasma and erythrocyte n-3 fatty acid content reflect not only dietary PUFA intakes but also accumulation of endogenously synthesised n-3 LCPUFA, and thus can be used as a reliable surrogate for assessing n-3 status in key peripheral tissues.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-03-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-12-2012
DOI: 10.1111/JPC.12057
Abstract: To determine the effect of neonatal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in preterm infants on later respiratory-related hospitalisations. We enrolled 657 infants in a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial designed to study the long-term efficacy of higher dose dietary DHA in infants born <33 weeks' gestation. Treatment was with high DHA (∼1%) compared with standard DHA (∼0.3%) in breast milk or formula, given from the first week of life to term equivalent. Parent-reported hospital admissions to 18 months corrected age were recorded. The proportion of children hospitalised for lower respiratory tract (LRT) conditions and the mean number of hospitalisations per infant were determined. Twenty-three per cent (154/657) of infants were hospitalised for LRT conditions. Seventy-three per cent (173/238) of admissions were for bronchiolitis. There was no significant effect of higher DHA on the proportion of infants admitted for LRT conditions (high DHA 22% vs. standard DHA 25%, adjusted relative risk 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68-1.24, P = 0.57) or in the mean number of admissions per infant (high DHA 0.34, standard DHA 0.38, adjusted ratio of means 0.91, 95% CI 0.63-1.32, P = 0.62). The sexes responded differently to treatment (interaction P = 0.046), with reduced admissions in boys given high DHA, but this was not statistically significant (high DHA 19%, standard DHA 28%, adjusted relative risk 0.69, 95% CI 0.46-1.04, P = 0.08). Hospitalisation for LRT problems in the first 18 months for preterm infants was not reduced by neonatal supplementation with 1% DHA.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1984
DOI: 10.1007/BF02534730
Abstract: Myocardial perfusion imaging is a non-invasive imaging technique commonly used for the diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease and is based on the injection of radiopharmaceutical tracers into the blood stream. The patient's heart is imaged while at rest and under stress in order to determine its capacity to react to the imposed challenge. Assessment of imaging data is commonly performed by visual inspection of polar maps showing the tracer uptake in a compact, two-dimensional representation of the left ventricle. This article presents a method for automatic classification of polar maps based on graph convolutional neural networks. Furthermore, it evaluates how well localization techniques developed for standard convolutional neural networks can be used for the localization of pathological segments with respect to clinically relevant areas. The method is evaluated using 946 labeled datasets and compared quantitatively to three other neural-network-based methods. The proposed model achieves an agreement with the human observer on 89.3% of rest test polar maps and on 91.1% of stress test polar maps. Localization performed on a fine 17-segment ision of the polar maps achieves an agreement of 83.1% with the human observer, while localization on a coarse 3-segment ision based on the vessel beds of the left ventricle has an agreement of 78.8% with the human observer. Our method could thus assist the decision-making process of physicians when analyzing polar map data obtained from myocardial perfusion images.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-1999
DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199910000-00007
Abstract: Human formula-fed infants have a lower concentration of docosahexanoic acid (DHA) in cerebral cortex compared with breast-fed infants. It is uncertain whether this biochemical deficit is reversible in later infancy. We used a piglet model to determine whether a critical window exists for the deposition of DHA in cerebral cortex during early postnatal development. Milk formula supplemented with DHA was fed to piglets for one of two 14-day periods commencing at either 2 or 16 d of life (early or late supplementation). Comparison of cortical DHA levels in response to supplemented formula was made with age-matched piglets receiving a control formula devoid of DHA. The level of DHA incorporated into whole brain during supplemented formula-feeding seemed to be less with increasing postnatal age. However, when cerebral cortex was examined, dietary DHA was efficiently incorporated during both early and late supplementation periods. Thus, analysis of whole brain was misleading, emphasizing the need to consider the effect of myelination when interpreting developmental changes in brain fatty acids. We conclude that the piglet cerebral cortex is responsive to dietary DHA during the postnatal phase of the brain growth spurt. The lower cortical DHA levels of human formula-fed infants may, therefore, be reversible in later infancy. Plasma phospholipid DHA levels were approximately doubled and liver phospholipid DHA levels increased 50% relative to starting values during control formula-feeding. This suggests a higher rate of DHA synthesis in the piglet in comparison with the human infant, which may be an important limitation of the piglet model.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1983
DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(83)90603-5
Abstract: 1. The thermal behaviour of sheep, rat and rabbit pulmonary surfactant lipids was investigated using high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). 2. Phase transitions were evident in the surfactant lipids from all three animals, with the upper limit of the phase transition being 30.1 C in the sheep, 36.8 C in the rat and 36.3 C in the rabbit. 3. The relatively greater fluidity of the sheep surfactant lipids in comparison to those of the rat and rabbit was due primarily to differences in their palmitic acid content.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1159/000342500
Abstract: During pregnancy, the metabolic requirements of the mother are increased however, the relationship between maternal intake of key nutrients and optimal fetal growth is not always clear. In this chapter, we have reviewed randomized controlled trials of nutritional interventions during pregnancy, with a particular focus on birthweight and infants who are small for gestational age (SGA). Of the trials that have investigated changing macronutrient and energy intakes during pregnancy, supplements in which <25% of the energy is provided by protein yielded the most promising results, producing a 31-32% reduction in the risk of SGA infants and an increase in birthweight (38-60 g) compared with control. Single-nutrient intervention trials using n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplements demonstrated small increases in birthweight (≈50 g) and birth length (≈0.5 cm), which may be explained by small increases in gestation length (approximately 2.5 days). n-3 LCPUFA supplementation in pregnancy did not however decrease the proportion of SGA infants. Multiple-micronutrient supplementation trials in developing countries have resulted in increased mean birthweight (22-44 g) and reduced the risk SGA by 9-15%. Further nutritional intervention studies which are rigorously designed and implemented are needed particularly to delineate differential effects in developed and developing countries.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.2009.01645.X
Abstract: To characterise and compare the nutritional management and growth in infants <33 weeks' gestation in two tertiary centres. An audit of daily intake and growth from birth to discharge home was undertaken in two neonatal units: The KK Women's and Children's Hospital Singapore and the Adelaide Women's and Children's Hospital, South Australia. Mixed models were used to model intake and daily weight (g/day) accounting for repeated day per subject. The clinical characteristics of the two cohorts were similar. The Adelaide cohort had a higher initial energy intake in the first 5 days compared with the Singapore cohort, and a significantly greater weekly increase of 21.0 kcal/week (95% CI 7.7-34.3 P = 0.002). The Adelaide cohort also had a higher initial protein intake and a significantly greater weekly increase of 0.88 g/week (95% CI 0.5, 1.3), P < 0.001) compared with the Singapore cohort. The weight gain of the Adelaide cohort was 9 g/day more than the Singapore cohort (95% CI 7.3, 10.7 P < 0.001). Post-natal growth failure was evident in 32% (n = 64) of the Adelaide cohort and 64% (n = 94) of the Singapore cohort. The two centres showed distinct differences in nutritional management. A higher energy and protein intake was associated with improved growth yet growth in both cohorts was still below current recommendations.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2003
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-003-1078-9
Abstract: Dietary fish oil supplements have been shown to have benefits in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), other inflammatory diseases, and in cardiovascular disease. As with any medical advice, variability will exist with regard to adherence and consequent biochemical or pharmacophysiologic effects. The aim was to explore the utility of plasma phospholipid EPA as a measure of n-3 PUFA intake and response to standardized therapeutic advice given in an outpatient or office practice setting, to increase dietary n-3 PUFA, including a fish oil supplement. Patients with early RA were given verbal and written advice to alter their dietary n-3 PUFA intake, including ingestion of 20 mL of bottled fish oil on juice daily. The advice included instructions to increase n-3 PUFA and to avoid foods rich in n-6 PUFA. Every 3 mon, blood s les were obtained for analysis of plasma phospholipid FA. Plasma phospholipid EPA was used as the primary index of n-3 PUFA intake. A erse response was seen, with about one-third of patients achieving a substantial elevation of plasma phospholipid EPA over the 12-mon study period. A third had little change, with the remainder achieving intermediate levels. Data obtained longitudinally from in idual patients indicated that substantial elevations of EPA (> 5% total plasma phospholipid FA) could be maintained for more than 3 yr. Plasma phospholipid EPA is a convenient measure of adherence to advice to take a dietary n-3 PUFA-rich fish oil supplement This measure may prove a useful adjunct to intention to treat analyses in determining the effect of dietary fish oil supplements on long-term outcomes in arthritis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. It may also provide a guide to the effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive messages designed to increase n-3 PUFA intake.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 17-08-2009
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114509371664
Abstract: There is interest in the degree to which fats in dairy foods contribute to CHD. We undertook a systematic review to investigate the effect of dairy consumption on CHD using prospective cohort studies. A systematic search of electronic databases identified studies relating dairy food intake in adulthood to episodes or death from CHD, IHD and myocardial infarction. Included studies were assessed for quality based on study methodology, validity of dietary assessment, success of follow-up, standardised assessment of CHD, IHD or myocardial infarction end points and appropriateness of statistical adjustment. Data from twelve cohorts involving 000 subjects were included. Most studies had follow-up of %, adjusted statistically for three or more confounders and used standard criteria to determine end points. About half the studies used a validated FFQ, administered the FFQ more than once or had follow-up of years. Fewer than half the studies involved subjects representative of the general population. Four of the twelve cohorts found no association between dairy intake and CHD. Eight studies reported varying relationships between different dairy foods and CHD or differential associations based on race, sex or over time. Although dairy foods contribute to the SFA composition of the diet, this systematic review could find no consistent evidence that dairy food consumption is associated with a higher risk of CHD. This could be due to the limited sensitivity of the dietary assessment methods to detect an effect of a single food in a mixed diet on complex clinical outcomes.
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 14-01-2009
Abstract: Uncertainty exists about the benefit of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the neurodevelopment of preterm infants. To determine the effect of meeting the estimated DHA requirement of preterm infants on neurodevelopment at 18 months' corrected age. Randomized, double-blind controlled trial enrolling infants born at less than 33 weeks' gestation from April 2001 to October 2005 at 5 Australian tertiary hospitals, with follow-up to 18 months. High-DHA (approximately 1% total fatty acids) enteral feeds compared with standard DHA (approximately 0.3% total fatty acids) from day 2 to 4 of life until term corrected age. Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) at 18 months' corrected age. A priori subgroup analyses were conducted based on randomization strata (sex and birth weight or = 1250 g). Of the 657 infants enrolled, 93.5% completed the 18-month follow-up. Bayley MDI scores did not differ between the high- and standard-DHA groups (mean difference, 1.9 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.0 to 4.7). The MDI among girls fed the high-DHA diet was higher than girls fed standard DHA in unadjusted and adjusted analyses (unadjusted mean difference, 4.7 95% CI, 0.5-8.8 adjusted mean difference, 4.5 95% CI, 0.5-8.5). The MDI among boys did not differ between groups. For infants born weighing less than 1250 g, the MDI in the high-DHA group was higher than with standard DHA in the unadjusted comparison (mean difference, 4.7 95% CI, 0.2-9.2) but did not reach statistical significance following adjustment for gestational age, sex, maternal education, and birth order (mean difference, 3.8 95% CI, -0.5 to 8.0). The MDI among infants born weighing at least 1250 g did not differ between groups. A DHA dose of approximately 1% total fatty acids in early life did not increase MDI scores of preterm infants overall born earlier than 33 weeks but did improve the MDI scores of girls. anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12606000327583.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-02-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2014.09.009
Abstract: Conventional assays of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) status in humans involve venous blood collection and expensive, multi-step processes that limit their usefulness as screening tools. This study aimed to develop a capillary dried blood spot (DBS) system capable of protecting n-3 LCPUFA from oxidation for up to 2 months at room temperature (20-25°C). We demonstrated that a DBS system comprising both an antioxidant and chelating agent on silica-gel coated paper prevented any significant change in the n-3 LCPUFA profile after 2 months. Our DBS assay was then tested in fifty subjects, and this demonstrated the presence of strong and significant correlations between the results obtained from the DBS system and those obtained from conventional measures for all fatty acids, in particular the n-3 LCPUFA EPA and DHA (r>0.96, P<0.0001). This study therefore validates our DBS system as a reliable method for the assessment of n-3 LCPUFA status in humans.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1992
DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90232-8
Abstract: It has been demonstrated that both auranofin and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have anti-inflammatory properties and both inhibit neutrophil leukotriene B4 (LTB4) synthesis. In the present study, we examined interactions between auranofin and EPA with regard to inhibition of human neutrophil LTB4 synthesis. Auranofin inhibited A23187-stimulated LTB4 synthesis, but the dose required for inhibition of LTB4 was greater than that required for inhibition of other 5-lipoxygenase metabolites namely, the all-trans isomers of LTB4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. These results were explained after a comparison of the rates of synthesis of these 5-lipoxygenase metabolites in the presence and absence of added arachidonic acid which led to the conclusion that leukotriene A hydrolase, the enzyme catalysing the formation of LTB4, was saturated with substrate and rate-limiting for LTB4 synthesis during A23187 stimulation. In combination, auranofin and EPA had a simple additive effect on inhibition of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Favorable drug/EPA combinations have the potential to provide a beneficial anti-inflammatory effect with lower levels of each component than are required when used in idually.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.AMJCARD.2011.04.036
Abstract: An open-label study reported that ingestion of a fish oil concentrate decreased the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. However, a general cardiac surgery population involves valve and CABG surgeries. We undertook a double-blinded randomized controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of fish oil supplementation on the incidence of postsurgical AF after CABG and valve procedures. The primary end point was incidence of AF in the first 6 days after surgery. Two hundred patients were randomized to receive fish oil (providing 4.6 g/day of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids) or a control oil starting 3 weeks before surgery 194 subjects completed the study, with 47 of 97 subjects in the control group and 36 of 97 subjects in the fish oil group developing AF (odds ratio 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35 to 1.11). There was a nonstatistically significant delay in time to onset of AF in the fish oil group (hazard ratio 0.66, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.01). There was a significant decrease in mean length of stay in the intensive care unit in the fish oil group (ratio of means 0.71, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.90). In conclusion, in a mixed cardiac surgery population, supplementation with dietary fish oil did not result in a significant decrease in the incidence of postsurgical AF. However, there was a significant decrease in time spent in the intensive care unit.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-1996
DOI: 10.1007/BF02522978
Publisher: Rockefeller University Press
Date: 12-1993
Abstract: Studies were undertaken to assess the biochemical effects of dietary supplementation with n-9 eicosatrienoic acid (ETrA), an arachidonic acid analogue that is normally present in cell membranes at very low levels but is raised in the presence of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). The incorporation of dietary ETrA into rat neutrophils and its effect on A23187-stimulated 5-lipoxygenase metabolism in these cells was examined in addition, the effect of ETrA was compared with that of another arachidonic acid analogue, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which is known to accumulate in cell membranes and inhibit synthesis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) a product of the 5-lipoxygenase metabolic pathway. Rats were fed a defined diet that was sufficient in essential fatty acids and that contained EPA or ETrA (0.014% of energy) or no added fatty acid, for 3 wk. In the cells from ETrA-fed rats, LTB4 synthesis was inhibited relative to control values, but synthesis of the other products of 5-lipoxygenase metabolism, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) and the all-trans isomers of LTB4, were not inhibited. This pattern indicates inhibition of LTA hydrolase in ETrA-fed rats. In EPA-fed rats, there was inhibition of LTB4 and the all-trans isomers of LTB4, but there was no inhibition of 5-HETE. This pattern indicates inhibition of LTA synthase in EPA-fed rats. The results establish that dietary ETrA effectively inhibits synthesis of the inflammatory mediator, LTB4, and suggest that ETrA may confer antiinflammatory benefits similar to those observed with EFAD or dietary fish oil (which contains EPA). Because ETrA is substantially less unsaturated than EPA, it can be expected to have greater chemical stability, which could be an important practical advantage when used as a dietary constituent or supplement.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-09-2013
DOI: 10.1111/ALL.12233
Abstract: Diets high in n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) may modulate the development of IgE-mediated allergic disease and have been proposed as a possible allergy prevention strategy. The aim of this study was to determine whether n-3 LCPUFA supplementation of pregnant women reduces IgE-mediated allergic disease in their children. Follow-up of children (n = 706) at hereditary risk of allergic disease in the Docosahexaenoic Acid to Optimise Mother Infant Outcome randomized controlled trial. The intervention group (n = 368) was randomly allocated to receive fish oil capsules (providing 900 mg of n-3 LCPUFA daily) from 21 weeks' gestation until birth the control group (n = 338) received matched vegetable oil capsules without n-3 LCPUFA. The diagnosis of allergic disease was made during medical assessments at 1 and 3 years of age. No differences were seen in the overall percentage of children with IgE-mediated allergic disease in the first 3 years of life between the n-3 LCPUFA and control groups (64/368 (17.3%) vs 76/338 (22.6%) adjusted relative risk 0.78 95% CI 0.58-1.06 P = 0.11). Eczema was the most common allergic disease 13.8% of children in the n-3 LCPUFA group had eczema with sensitization compared with 19.0% in the control group (adjusted relative risk 0.75 95% CI 0.53-1.05 P = 0.10). Overall, n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy did not significantly reduce IgE-associated allergic disease in the first 3 years of life. Further studies should examine whether the nonsignificant reductions in IgE-associated allergies are of clinical and public health significance.
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.5694/MJA11.11080
Abstract: To determine the nutrient intakes and status of preschool children from a representative population s le in Adelaide. Cross-sectional survey of children aged 1-5 years, using a stratified random s ling method and a doorknocking strategy, between September 2005 and July 2007. Dietary intake, assessed using a 3-day weighed-food diary anthropometrics, biomarkers of iron, zinc and vitamin B(12), and fatty acid profiles assessed using standard methods. Median energy intakes were within dietary recommendations for the age group. Overall energy contributions from carbohydrate, protein, fat and saturated fat intakes were 50%, 17%, 33% and 16%, respectively. The rates of inadequate intake of iron, zinc, calcium and vitamin C were low, as was the prevalence of iron deficiency (5%). Only a minority of children achieved the adequate intake for n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (32%) and dietary fibre (18%). There was no association between socioeconomic status and intakes of macronutrients and key micronutrients. Fourteen per cent of children were obese (BMI, > 95th percentile) no association between BMI and energy intake was shown. The dietary intake of children in the study was adequate for macronutrients and the majority of micronutrients. However, low intakes of fibre and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and high saturated fat intakes have raised concerns that this dietary pattern may be associated with adverse long-term health effects.
Publisher: Now Publishers
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1561/0500000032
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1992
DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90445-B
Abstract: Mice were fed a chow diet or diets enriched in fish oil, sunflower oil or beef tallow for 3 weeks. Fatty acid analysis was carried out in s les of plasma, brain and lungs from these animals and large changes were found in plasma and lungs with relatively small dietary-induced changes in brain tissue. Bleeding times were increased very significantly in the fish oil group, and slightly increased in the sunflower oil group. Endogenous lipid peroxidation (measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) was unchanged in lung and brain, but lung tissue from fish oil fed mice produced more lipid peroxides in vitro during incubation at 37 degrees than those of other dietary groups. Mice fed the four different diets were exposed to hyperbaric oxygen at 618, 585 and 515 kPa and convulsive activity and lung damage was recorded. No dietary-induced alterations in susceptibility to oxygen toxicity were found.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2010.02.034
Abstract: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) are important nutrients in the preterm diet and fixed ratios have been proposed for formula. We evaluated the intra- and inter-in idual variation in milk fatty acids from mothers of preterm infants involved in a randomised trial of tuna oil or placebo supplementation. Milk s les were collected every 2 weeks while infants were hospitalised and fatty acids analysed by capillary gas chromatography. DHA was higher in milk of supplemented mothers than control (% total fatty acids, mean+/-SD, treatment 0.9+/-0.4, control 0.3+/-0.1, p<0.0005) and ranged between 0.3-2.5% and 0.1-1.1%, respectively. AA did not differ between groups and ranged between 0.2-0.9% and 0.3-0.9%, respectively. Control mothers milk had wider AA:DHA ratio than treatment mothers (0.4-3.2 versus 0.2-2.1). Due to the wide variation in milk AA and DHA, statements recommending infant formula based on a fixed AA:DHA ratio should be re-examined.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
Abstract: Preterm human milk-fed infants often experience suboptimal growth despite the use of human milk fortifier (HMF). The extra protein supplied in fortifiers may be inadequate to meet dietary protein requirements for preterm infants. We assessed the effect of human milk fortified with a higher-protein HMF on growth in preterm infants. This is a randomized controlled trial in 92 preterm infants born at <31 wk gestation who received maternal breast milk that was fortified with HMF containing 1.4 g protein/100 mL (higher-protein group) or 1.0 g protein/100 mL (current practice) until discharge or estimated due date, whichever came first. The HMFs used were isocaloric and differed only in the amount of protein or carbohydrate. Length, weight, and head-circumference gains were assessed over the study duration. Length gains did not differ between the higher- and standard-protein groups (mean difference: 0.06 cm/wk 95% CI: -0.01, 0.12 cm/wk P = 0.08). Infants in the higher-protein group achieved a greater weight at study end (mean difference: 220 g 95% CI: 23, 419 g P = 0.03). Secondary analyses showed a significant reduction in the proportion of infants who were less than the 10th percentile for length at the study end in the higher-protein group (risk difference: 0.186 95% CI: 0.370, 0.003 P = 0.047). A higher protein intake results in less growth faltering in human milk-fed preterm infants. It is possible that a higher-protein fortifier than used in this study is needed. This trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (www.anzctr.org.au/) as ACTRN12606000525583.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2015.01.001
Abstract: This paper presents a systematic review of human studies investigating the effect of altering dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA) linoleic acid (LA) intakes on n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) status in adult humans. The results suggest that it is possible to increase n-3 LCPUFA status by reducing LA and/or increasing ALA intake in humans, although decreasing LA intake to below 2.5%E may be required to specifically increase levels of the n-3 LCPUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The majority of studies in this area to date have been relatively poor in quality, which limits the ability to draw robust conclusions, and we present a series of recommendations to improve the quality of future studies in fatty acid nutrition in humans.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2016.03.011
Abstract: We explored the degree to which maternal and offspring outcomes resulting from consuming prenatal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 800mg/day) in a clinical trial were influenced by maternal characteristics. Among non-smokers, women who received DHA had heavier babies (adjusted mean difference (MD)=99g 95% CI 45-153, p<0.01 interaction p=0.01) and fewer low birth weight babies than control women (adjusted relative risk=0.43 95% CI 0.25-0.74, p<0.01 interaction p=0.01). From women who had not completed further education, children in the DHA group had higher cognitive scores at 18 months compared with control children (adjusted MD=3.15 95% CI 0.93-5.37, p=0.01 interaction p<0.01). Conversely, the children of women who completed further education in the DHA group had lower language scores than control children (adjusted MD -2.82 95% CI -4.90 to -0.73, p=0.01 interaction p=0.04). Our results support the notion that responsiveness to prenatal DHA may depend on the characteristics of specific population subgroups.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2016.03.016
Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure to a maternal cafeteria diet during the lactation period alone produces detrimental effects to offspring metabolic health comparable to exposure during the entire perinatal period. The present study used a rodent model to assess the effect of a maternal cafeteria diet on the fat content and fatty acid composition of the dams' milk, and to determine the degree to which this was related to the fatty acid status of offspring on postnatal day 1 (PND1), weaning and 3 weeks post-weaning onto a standard rodent diet. As expected, omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) content of both the milk and pup red blood cells (RBCs) was lower in the cafeteria (CAF) group on PND1. At 2 weeks post-partum, milk produced by CAF dams had a higher total fat, saturated fat and n-6 PUFA content, however these differences were modest in comparison with the differences in maternal intake between groups. Offspring suckled by CAF dams had a lower n-3 LCPUFA and n-6 PUFA status at weaning and higher trans fatty acid levels at both weaning and 6 weeks of age. These findings indicate that the fat content and fatty acid composition of the dam's milk is altered by exposure to a cafeteria diet. While it appears that the dam has a significant capacity to buffer the transfer of most dietary lipids into the milk, the trans fatty acids in particular appear to be readily transferred, resulting in persistent increases in trans fatty acid status of the offspring after weaning. The potential physiological implications of this warrants further examination.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1993
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1754.1993.TB00440.X
Abstract: To determine the incidence of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency during short term fat-free parenteral nutrition, the authors investigated prospectively the EFA status of nine low birthweight (1145 +/- 343 g) preterm (28.2 +/- 1.9 weeks) infants, in whom delivery of dietary fat was delayed postnatally for 2-9 days. Serial determinations of plasma fatty acids showed that during fat-free alimentation, the major EFA, linoleic acid (LA), decreased rapidly (-0.75% total fatty acids per day), accompanied by a rise in endogenously produced non-essential fatty acid, eicosatrienoic acid (Mead acid). Essential fatty acid deficiency was confirmed biochemically by an elevation in the triene-tetraene ratio in six of the infants, only one of whom developed clinical symptoms. Abnormal fatty acid profiles were corrected within a few days of fat delivery by either intravenous or enteral routes. Essential fatty acids and their metabolites are involved in a wide range of physiological functions vital to postnatal growth and development. Depletion of these nutrients can be corrected by providing a minimum of 0.25 g LA/kg per day (equivalent to 0.50 g/kg per day of 20% intralipid or 30-50 mL/kg per day of breast milk).
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1994
Abstract: The fatty acid composition of postmortem brain and liver from an adrenoleukodystrophy patient whose diet was supplemented with Lorenzo's oil (glycerol trioleate and glycerol trierucate) for 9 months was determined. The diet depressed plasma and liver saturated very long chain fatty acids (24:0 and 26:0) and increased plasma and liver erucic (22:1) and nervonic (24:1) acids. The levels of plasma linoleic (18:2 n-6), eicosopentaenoic (20:5 n-3), and docosahexaenoic (22:6 n-3) acids were also reduced, while the biochemical marker for essential fatty acid deficiency (20:3 n-9) was markedly increased in liver. However, we were unable to detect any corresponding changes in brain indicating that little erucic acid crossed the blood-brain barrier. Our findings suggest that dietary supplementation with Lorenzo's oil is of limited value in correcting the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the brain of patients with adrenoleukodystrophy.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-1997
Abstract: To determine the effect of increasing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) in breast milk on infant fatty acid profiles. A secondary aim was to examine aspects of neural development. Double blind, placebo controlled study of infants recruited from postnatal wards at Flinders Medical Centre. Fifty-two healthy term infants who were breast fed for at least 12 weeks and were from middle class families. Breast milk with DHA concentrations that ranged from 0.1-1.7% of total fatty acids. This was achieved by supplementation of the maternal diet for the first 12 weeks post partum. Breast milk with DHA was related to infant plasma (r = 0.89, P < 0.001) and erythrocyte (r = 88, P < 0.001) phospholipids in a saturable curvilinear manner so that breast milk DHA above 0.8% of total fatty acids resulted in little further increase in infant plasma or erythrocyte DHA levels. The rise in plasma and erythrocyte DHA was approximated by a fall in total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. We could detect no relationship between visual evoked potential acuity (measured at 12 and 16 weeks) of infants by either the dietary grouping or the DHA status of in iduals. A stepwise multiple regression showed that infant erythrocyte DHA at 12 weeks and home stimulation were the only independent factors associated with Bayley's MDI at 1 y (adjusted model r2 = 0.18, P < 0.005) while at 2 y gender and social score of the spouse were the only significant predictors of Bayley's MDI (adjusted model r2 = 0.22, P < 0.005). Increasing breast milk DHA levels caused a dose dependent saturable increase in infant plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid DHA. There were no long-term effects of infant DHA status on indices of neurodevelopment.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1999
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-999-0352-1
Abstract: At the Consensus and Controversies Conference held in Barcelona in November 1996, one of the sessions focused on an evaluation of the effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on infant visual development. The intervention trials in preterm and term infants were reviewed and discussed in detail. Results of these trials, particularly those in term infants, were inconsistent much discussion occurred concerning the causes of these erse results. We attempt to reflect, rather than report exactly, the discussion relating to these issues and address the clinical trials according to recently published guidelines for conduct and reporting of randomized clinical trials (RCT). Compared with these recent guidelines, the published papers of RCT involving PUFA and visual function are often incomplete, making it difficult to assess if we can have a high degree of confidence in the reported effects (or lack of effects). Despite this, valuable data relating to the effect of diet on the visual development of infants were obtained. Our evaluation of the trials to date suggests that the definitive answer to the degree to which dietary long-chain PUFA is likely to influence visual development may only be resolved with impeccably conducted RCT.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-1998
DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199802000-00015
Abstract: This study reports the clearance of plasma triglyceride and phospholipid fatty acids during Intralipid 20% infusion (Pharmacia, Sweden) in nine ventilated preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition. Blood s les were taken during lipid infusion and over a subsequent period of 36 h of fat-free parenteral nutrition. Plasma triglyceride fatty acids showed a uniform and rapid decline after lipid was stopped from the peak values recorded during infusion. In contrast, plasma phospholipid fatty acids showed a variable decline during fat-free nutrition. This variability appeared to be the result of a differing contribution of infused egg yolk phospholipid fatty acids to the measured plasma values, and to changing fatty acid composition of endogenous phospholipid in response to fat free nutrition. Red cell phospholipid fatty acid composition was stable over the 36-h clearance study period. These results indicate the complexity of interpretation of plasma fatty acids during lipid infusion. We conclude that red cell phospholipid fatty acids provide the only stable measure of tissue fatty acid composition in parenterally fed preterm infants.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1996
DOI: 10.1007/BF02637072
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 05-1996
DOI: 10.1136/FN.74.3.F158
Abstract: To determine whether selenium supplementation of parenteral nutrition with 3 micrograms/kg/day of selenious acid is safe and effective in improving the selenium status of preterm infants. Thirty eight preterm infants with mean (SEM) birthweight of 1171 (38) g and gestational age 29 (0.3) weeks were randomly allocated to a non-supplemented (PN-selenium, n = 19) or supplemented (PN+selenium, n = 19) group. The study began at 2.8 (0.2) (range 1-5) days of age. Term breastfed (n = 23) and formula fed (n = 8) infants were used as a reference group. Initially there was no difference between the preterm groups in plasma or erythrocyte selenium or glutathione peroxidase activity. Plasma selenium declined by a mean (SEM) of -13.3 (3.2) micrograms/l from 28 (4) to 16 (3) micrograms/l over the first three weeks in the PN-selenium group, but there was no fall in the supplemented infants and no net change in either group over six weeks. Over six weeks, there was a net decline in erythrocyte selenium of -106 (27) ng/g haemoglobin in the PN-selenium group, but no change in the PN+selenium group, such that at week 6 erythrocyte selenium was lower in the PN-selenium group (401 (17) ng/g haemoglobin) than the PN+selenium group (493 (25) ng/g haemoglobin). Urinary selenium was substantially higher in the PN+selenium group at each week. Initially term and preterm plasma selenium concentrations were similar, but they increased in term breastfed infants (+17 (2) micrograms/l), with both groups of preterm infants having lower plasma selenium concentrations at week 6 compared with term breastfed infants (PN-selenium 22 (3) micrograms/l PN+selenium 23 (4) micrograms/l and term breastfed 49 (2) micrograms/l). Selenium supplementation of PN at 3 g/kg/day prevented depletion in newborns, but was inadequate to achieve selenium concentrations equivalent to those of breastfed term infants. Whether higher doses are more effective remains to be determined, particularly in light of the high urinary selenium secretion in supplemented infants. Selenium supplementation of both parenteral nutrition and formulas is recommended, but the optimal form and dose remain unclear.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1984
DOI: 10.1007/BF02537411
Abstract: The prediction of protein subcellular localization is critical for inferring protein functions, gene regulations and protein-protein interactions. With the advances of high-throughput sequencing technologies and proteomic methods, the protein sequences of numerous yeasts have become publicly available, which enables us to computationally predict yeast protein subcellular localization. However, widely-used protein sequence representation techniques, such as amino acid composition and the Chou's pseudo amino acid composition (PseAAC), are difficult in extracting adequate information about the interactions between residues and position distribution of each residue. Therefore, it is still urgent to develop novel sequence representations. In this study, we have presented two novel protein sequence representation techniques including Generalized Chaos Game Representation (GCGR) based on the frequency and distributions of the residues in the protein primary sequence, and novel statistics and information theory (NSI) reflecting local position information of the sequence. In the GCGR + NSI representation, a protein primary sequence is simply represented by a 5-dimensional feature vector, while other popular methods like PseAAC and dipeptide adopt features of more than hundreds of dimensions. In practice, the feature representation is highly efficient in predicting protein subcellular localization. Even without using machine learning-based classifiers, a simple model based on the feature vector can achieve prediction accuracies of 0.8825 and 0.7736 respectively for the CL317 and ZW225 datasets. To further evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed encoding schemes, we introduce a multi-view features-based method to combine the two above-mentioned features with other well-known features including PseAAC and dipeptide composition, and use support vector machine as the classifier to predict protein subcellular localization. This novel model achieves prediction accuracies of 0.927 and 0.871 respectively for the CL317 and ZW225 datasets, better than other existing methods in the jackknife tests. The results suggest that the GCGR and NSI features are useful complements to popular protein sequence representations in predicting yeast protein subcellular localization. Finally, we validate a few newly predicted protein subcellular localizations by evidences from some published articles in authority journals and books.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2013
Abstract: Routine iodine supplementation during pregnancy is recommended by leading health authorities worldwide, even in countries where the iodine status of the population is sufficient. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of iodine supplementation during pregnancy or the periconceptional period on the development and growth of children. Secondary outcomes included pregnancy outcome and thyroid function. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted. PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched to identify relevant RCTs. Fourteen publications that involved 8 trials met the inclusion criteria. Only 2 included trials reported the growth and development of children and clinical outcomes. Iodine supplementation during pregnancy or the periconceptional period in regions of severe iodine deficiency reduced risk of cretinism, but there were no improvements in childhood intelligence, gross development, growth, or pregnancy outcomes, although there was an improvement in some motor functions. None of the remaining 6 RCTs conducted in regions of mild to moderate iodine deficiency reported childhood development or growth or pregnancy outcomes. Effects of iodine supplementation on the thyroid function of mothers and their children were inconsistent. In this review, we highlight a lack of quality evidence of the effect of prenatal or periconceptional iodine supplementation on growth and cognitive function of children. Although contemporary RCTs of iodine supplementation with outcomes addressing childhood development are indicated, conduct of such RCTs may not be feasible in populations where iodine supplementation in pregnancy is widely practiced.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1071/AN14743
Abstract: We have previously demonstrated that feeding chickens a diet containing high levels of the n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid (ALA) significantly increases the content of the principal omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, in their meat and eggs. However, the effect of the diet on production characteristics of the birds has not been assessed. This study aimed to determine the effect of feeding male and female Cobb 500 broilers (n = 3840) a high ALA diet (containing 2.5% flaxseed oil) compared with a standard commercial Control diet (containing 2.5% tallow) on growth, feed conversion ratio and mortality until 6 weeks of age. As expected the dietary flaxseed oil significantly increased breast meat levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (~4-fold), with most eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid being deposited in the phospholipid fraction. Both male and female birds fed the high ALA diet were significantly heavier at 6 weeks of age (77 g heavier in females, 87 g heavier in males). They also had a significantly (10%) lower feed conversion ratio, and a mortality rate that was not different from the Control diet across the 6-week feeding period. These findings indicate that a high ALA diet has the potential to enrich chicken breast meat with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid without loss of growth rate or feed efficiency, or increase in fat content of breast meat.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-02-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JPC.12847
Abstract: Preterm infants are at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency as a result of both maternal deficiency and inadequate supplementation. The quantity and effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in preterm infants are unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the natural history of vitamin D status in preterm infants and the effectiveness of the hospital's nutritional practices in meeting current supplementation recommendations. A prospective observational study was undertaken in the Neonatal Unit at the Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide. Enrolled infants received a standardised nutrition protocol with emphasis on vitamin D supplementation. The main outcome measure was a comparison of the proportion of vitamin D-deficient infants (25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L) at birth versus 36 weeks post-menstrual age/discharge. Twenty-eight infants born between 30 and 36 weeks gestation were enrolled. The proportion of vitamin D-deficient infants decreased from initial to final measurement (32.1% vs. 7.1%, P = 0.016), whereas mean (standard deviation) 25(OH)D3 increased over the same period (58.4 (18.4) versus 82.9 (29.2) nmol/L, P < 0.001). Mean vitamin D intake was 643.6 (285.3) IU/day. Current nutritional practices are effective in meeting recommendations regarding vitamin D intake and result in a lower proportion of deficient infants at 36 weeks post-menstrual age/discharge.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 30-01-2012
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.E184
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Date: 10-2011
Abstract: To identify sensitive periods of postnatal growth for preterm infants relative to neurodevelopment at 18 months' corrected age. We studied 613 infants born at & weeks' gestation who participated in the DHA for Improvement of Neurodevelopmental Outcome trial. We calculated linear slopes of growth in weight, length, BMI, and head circumference from 1 week of age to term (40 weeks' postmenstrual age), term to 4 months, and 4 to 12 months, and we estimated their associations with Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd Edition, Mental (MDI) and Psychomotor (PDI) Development Indexes in linear regression. The median gestational age was 30 (range: 2–33) weeks. Mean ± SD MDI was 94 ± 16, and PDI was 93 ± 16. From 1 week to term, greater weight gain (2.4 MDI points per z score [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8–3.9] 2.7 PDI points [95% CI: 1.2–.2]), BMI gain (1.7 MDI points [95% CI: 0.4–3.1] 2.5 PDI points [95% CI: 1.2–3.9]), and head growth (1.4 MDI points [95% CI: −0.0–2.8] 2.5 PDI points [95% CI: 1.2–3.9]) were associated with higher scores. From term to 4 months, greater weight gain (1.7 points [95% CI: 0.2–3.1]) and linear growth (2.0 points [95% CI: 0.7–3.2]), but not BMI gain, were associated with higher PDI. From 4 to 12 months, none of the growth measures was associated with MDI or PDI score. In preterm infants, greater weight and BMI gain to term were associated with better neurodevelopmental outcomes. After term, greater weight gain was also associated with better outcomes, but increasing weight out of proportion to length did not confer additional benefit.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1994
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91433-8
Abstract: Celery seeds were fractioned successively by organic solvents, and fractions were screened for their antioxidant properties. Metabolites of high antioxidative fractions were analyzed, and then anti-obesity properties and mechanisms of selected fractions were evaluated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Celery seed ethanol extract (CSE) and celery seed ethyl acetate fraction (CSEA) possessed higher in vitro antioxidant properties, including radical scavenging and total phenolic content, than that of hexane, butanol, and water fractions. Total of 43 and 19 metabolites were identified from CSE and CSEA, respectively, by gas chromatography-mass selective detector. Isoferulic acid and
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
Abstract: There is uncertainty regarding the efficacy of increasing n-3 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) intake during pregnancy in reducing the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preecl sia. The objective was to determine whether n-3 LCPUFA supplementation in pregnancy reduces the incidence of GDM or preecl sia. A secondary objective was to assess the effect of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on perinatal complications. This was a double-blind, multicenter randomized control trial-the DHA to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome (DOMInO) trial. Pregnant women (n = 2399) of <21 wk gestation were randomly assigned to receive DHA-enriched fish oil (800 mg/d) or vegetable oil capsules without DHA from trial entry to birth. The presence of GDM or preecl sia was assessed through a blinded audit of medical records. Birth outcomes and prenatal complications were also assessed. The overall incidences of GDM and preecl sia were 8% and 5%, respectively, based on clinical diagnosis. The RR of GDM was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.27) and of preecl sia was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.60, 1.25), and they did not differ significantly between the groups. Birth weight, length, and head circumference z scores also did not differ between the groups. There were 12 perinatal deaths and 5 neonatal convulsions in the control group compared with 3 perinatal deaths and no neonatal convulsions in the DHA group (P = 0.03 in both cases). DHA supplementation of 800 mg/d in the second half of pregnancy does not reduce the risk of GDM or preecl sia. Whether supplementation reduces the risk of perinatal death and neonatal convulsions requires further investigation. The DOMInO trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as TRN12605000569606.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-03-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUT.2008.01.014
Abstract: We investigated the relative contribution of macronutrients to postnatal growth in preterm infants born <33 wk of gestation. An audit of daily parenteral and enteral intakes of protein, carbohydrate, fat, energy, and growth (daily weight, weekly length, and head circumference) from birth to discharge home in 138 infants at <33 wk of gestation admitted to an Australian tertiary hospital was done. A mixed-model analysis of variance with random effects (slope and intercept) for subject and controlling for time, sex, gestational age, and total energy was used to determine the relative contribution of macronutrients to growth. A higher energy intake (kilocalories per day) had a positive influence on growth. With total energy held constant, the contribution of carbohydrate to total energy had a positive relation to weight, length, and head circumference gains protein had no relation and fat was negatively associated. For every 1% increase in energy from carbohydrate, there was a 2.3-g/d increase in weight (95% confidence interval 1.6-3.0, P < 0.0001), a 0.013-cm/d increase in length (95% confidence interval 0.003-0.022, P = 0.007), and a 0.015-cm/d increase in head circumference (95% confidence interval 0.009-0.022, P < 0.0001). A re-examination of the macronutrient balance in the diet of preterm infants is required in relation to optimizing growth.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1983
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(83)90192-3
Abstract: The effect of water on the thermal properties of sheep lung surfactant lipids was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Dry surfactant exhibited a phase transition with an upper limit of about 54 degrees C, whereas that of the fully hydrated surfactant was about 30 degrees C. The effect of water was confined to a range of hydration values from 0 to 25%. The results indicate that pulmonary surfactant lipids are capable of undergoing both thermotropic and lyotropic mesomorphism in vitro. The degree of hydration of the surfactant could influence its in vivo biophysical role in alveolar dynamics. Indeed, small changes in the surfactant to water ratio induced by regional differences in the surfactant concentration at the alveolar surface during alveolar expansion and contraction could be sufficient to trigger isothermal phase transitions in the surfactant lipids. This would allow changes to occur in the equilibrium between solidus and fluidus surfactant during the respiratory cycle.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2001
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-001-0799-0
Abstract: Visual-evoked potential (VEP) acuity has been used to assess the effects of dietary fats on the integrity of the visual pathway of infants. We investigated prognostic determinants of VEP acuity at 16 wk of age. The results of two randomized dietary intervention trials designed to assess the effect of dietary fatty acids on the visual development of term infants were combined. At entry to both trials (approximately day 5 of life), a blood s le to assess polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status was collected along with sociodemographic and perinatal characteristics. At 16 +/- 0.9 wk of age, infants underwent VEP testing to measure acuity. There was no effect of dietary treatment on these outcomes within or between trials. Multiple linear regression models were constructed to investigate the effect of perinatal and nutritional variables at study entry on VEP acuity of 185 infants. Higher birth weight was associated with an ability to resolve smaller checkerboard patterns [r2 = 0.05 95% confidence interval (Cl), -0.10, -0.04 log units]. Male gender (r2 = 0.03 95% Cl, 0.01, 0.07 log units), day 5 plasma 22:5n-6 (r2 = 0.04 95% Cl, 0.02, 0.20 log units), day 5 red cell membrane 20:3n-9 (r2 = 0.03 95% Cl, 0.03, 0.13 log units), and the number of smokers in the household (r2 = 0.02 95% Cl, 0.00, 0.04 log units) were all associated with poorer VEP acuity scores. It is possible that a combination of perinatal factors could accumulate to either mask or enhance effects of diet on VEP acuity, given the relatively modest effects of long-chain PUFA on visual outcome.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.PLEFA.2011.04.027
Abstract: Dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) reduce adipogenesis and lipogenesis in adult rodents, but it is not clear whether an increased n-3 LCPUFA supply during the perinatal period influences body fat mass in the offspring. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the existing evidence from animal studies, which have addressed this question. Medline was searched for relevant articles. Studies were included if they involved maternal n-3 PUFA or LCPUFA supplementation and measured fat mass in the offspring. The design and quality of each study was assessed. Only four animal studies met our inclusion criteria. Three studies reported a lower fat mass in offspring of n-3 LCPUFA supplemented dams, however only one of these studies confined the intervention to the perinatal period. The dose of n-3 PUFA, the nature of the control treatment, the approaches used and outcomes assessed differed between studies. This review highlights the paucity of robust animal data as to the effect of increased n-3 LCPUFA exposure during the perinatal period alone, on body fat mass in the offspring and calls for further studies.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2001
DOI: 10.1007/S11745-001-0776-7
Abstract: Animal and human studies designed to examine the effects of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) supplementation on the fatty acid composition of plasma and tissues have demonstrated a marked difference in incorporation into phospholipids of these 18-carbon precursors of the long-chain polyunsaturates. Whereas tissue phospholipid levels are linearly related to dietary ALA and LA, the levels of tissue LA can be 10-fold higher than tissue ALA even when dietary levels are equivalent. There is some dispute whether this disparity is due to ALA being more rapidly metabolized to its products or substantially oxidized by the liver, or whether LA but not ALA is readily incorporated into cellular phospholipids. We examined the level of incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into human respiratory epithelial cell lines (A549, 16HBE) by determining the dose-dependent incorporation of ALA and LA as free fatty acid (5-150 microg FFA/mL). Cell membrane phospholipid ALA and LA were both increased up to approximately 20-30% total fatty acids, with a concomitant decrease predominantly in monounsaturated membrane fatty acids, before significant toxicity was observed (50 microg/mL). Our data support the concept that rather than any inherent inability by human cells to incorporate ALA into membrane phospholipids, the lack of ALA content in human and animal tissues in vivo is due to the rapid metabolism or oxidation of this fatty acid in the liver.
Location: Australia
Start Date: 2012
End Date: 2016
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
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End Date: 2012
Funder: Australian Research Council
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End Date: 2010
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2005
End Date: 2008
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2014
End Date: 2016
Funder: National Health and Medical Research Council
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