ORCID Profile
0000-0003-2528-0638
Current Organisations
Queen Mary University of London
,
University of Oxford
,
Beijing Normal University
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Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-04-2022
DOI: 10.1002/PD.6159
Abstract: We conducted a survey‐based discrete‐choice experiment (DCE) to understand the test features that drive women's preferences for prenatal genomic testing, and explore variation across countries. Five test attributes were identified as being important for decision‐making through a literature review, qualitative interviews and quantitative scoring exercise. Twelve scenarios were constructed in which respondents choose between two invasive tests or no test. Women from eight countries who delivered a baby in the previous 24 months completed a DCE presenting these scenarios. Choices were modeled using conditional logit regression analysis. Surveys from 1239 women (Australia: n = 178 China: n = 179 Denmark: n = 88 Netherlands: n = 177 Singapore: n = 90 Sweden: n = 178 UK: n = 174 USA: n = 175) were analyzed. The key attribute affecting preferences was a test with the highest diagnostic yield ( p 0.01). Women preferred tests with short turnaround times ( p 0.01), and tests reporting variants of uncertain significance (VUS p 0.01) and secondary findings (SFs p 0.01). Several country‐specific differences were identified, including time to get a result, who explains the result, and the return of VUS and SFs. Most women want maximum information from prenatal genomic tests, but our findings highlight country‐based differences. Global consensus on how to return uncertain results is not necessarily realistic or desirable.
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 05-04-2019
Abstract: As antibiotic consumption grows, bacteria are becoming increasingly resistant to treatment. Antibiotic resistance undermines much of modern health care, which relies on access to effective antibiotics to prevent and treat infections associated with routine medical procedures. The resulting challenges have much in common with those posed by climate change, which economists have responded to with research that has informed and shaped public policy. Drawing on economic concepts such as externalities and the principal-agent relationship, we suggest how economics can help to solve the challenges arising from increasing resistance to antibiotics. We discuss solutions to the key economic issues, from incentivizing the development of effective new antibiotics to improving antibiotic stewardship through financial mechanisms and regulation.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 21-09-2022
Abstract: Brood parasitic cuckoos and their hosts serve as model systems for studying host–parasite coevolution. Egg-rejection behavior constitutes an effective defense against brood parasitism, but some host species show phenotypic plasticity in egg-rejection behavior. Direct exposure to a cuckoo near the nest can increase egg-rejection likelihood, and long-term studies have shown that increased the egg-rejection rates generally correlate with higher parasite prevalence. However, it remains unclear whether such increases result from interactions between parasites and hosts, as these can be surprisingly common, or whether the mere presence of cuckoos in the breeding area is sufficient. Daurian redstarts Phoenicurus auroreus are a common host of the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus that defend against cuckoo parasitism mainly by ejecting the parasitic egg from the nest. This species is unique, as its first breeding attempt of the year takes place before the arrival of cuckoos, excluding the possibility for direct interactions. We simulated the ambient presence of cuckoos or hoopoes Upupa epops (control) in sub-populations of redstarts during their first egg-laying period by presenting taxidermic models and playing back vocalizations. Redstarts in cuckoo-treated plots showed significantly higher egg-ejection rates than in iduals in control plots, even though females in both groups were equally likely to recognize the parasitic egg. Among females that did recognize the parasitic egg, those exposed to the cuckoo treatment were more likely to eject it than those exposed to the control treatment. Our results demonstrate unequivocally that the mere presence of cuckoos in the environment is sufficient to provoke egg-ejection behavior.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 20-03-2017
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.J1388
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.JVAL.2018.06.016
Abstract: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is considered to be a prominent ex le of "big data" because of the quantity and complexity of data it produces and because it presents an opportunity to use powerful information sources that could reduce clinical and health economic uncertainty at a patient level. One obstacle to translating NGS into routine health care has been a lack of clinical trials evaluating NGS technologies, which could be used to populate cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs). A key question is whether big data can be used to partially support CEAs of NGS. This question has been brought into sharp focus with the creation of large national sequencing initiatives. In this article we summarize the main methodological and practical challenges of using big data as an input into CEAs of NGS. Our focus is on the challenges of using large observational datasets and cohort studies and linking these data to the genomic information obtained from NGS, as is being pursued in the conduct of large genomic sequencing initiatives. We propose potential solutions to these key challenges. We conclude that the use of genomic big data to support and inform CEAs of NGS technologies holds great promise. Nevertheless, health economists face substantial challenges when using these data and must be cognizant of them before big data can be confidently used to produce evidence on the cost-effectiveness of NGS.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-02-2022
DOI: 10.1002/HEC.4486
Abstract: Information on attitudes to risk could increase understanding of and explain risky health behaviors. We investigate two approaches to eliciting risk preferences in the health domain, a novel “indirect” lottery elicitation approach with health states as outcomes and a “direct” approach where respondents are asked directly about their willingness to take risks. We compare the ability of the two approaches to predict health‐related risky behaviors in a general adult population. We also investigate a potential framing effect in the indirect lottery elicitation approach. We find that risk preferences elicited using the direct approach can better predict health‐related risky behavior than those elicited using the indirect approach. Moreover, a seemingly innocuous change to the framing of the lottery question results in significantly different risk preference estimates, and conflicting conclusions about the ability of the indicators to predict risky health behaviors.
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for James Buchanan.