ORCID Profile
0000-0002-0001-6665
Current Organisation
University of Greenwich
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Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 1999
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 13-03-2021
DOI: 10.1093/JTM/TAAB023
Abstract: An issue of concern to the travelling public is the possibility of in-flight transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during long- and short-haul flights. The aviation industry maintains that the probability of contracting the illness is small based on reported cases, modelling and data from aerosol dispersion experiments conducted on-board aircraft. Using experimentally derived aerosol dispersion data for a B777-200 aircraft and a modified version of the Wells-Riley equation we estimate inflight infection probability for a range of scenarios involving quanta generation rate and face mask efficiency. Quanta generation rates were selected based on COVID-19 events reported in the literature while mask efficiency was determined from the aerosol dispersion experiments. The MID-AFT cabin exhibits the highest infection probability. The calculated maximum in idual infection probability (without masks) for a 2-hour flight in this section varies from 4.5% for the ‘Mild Scenario’ to 60.2% for the ‘Severe Scenario’ although the corresponding average infection probability varies from 0.1% to 2.5%. For a 12-hour flight, the corresponding maximum in idual infection probability varies from 24.1% to 99.6% and the average infection probability varies from 0.8% to 10.8%. If all passengers wear face masks throughout the 12-hour flight, the average infection probability can be reduced by ~73%/32% for high/low efficiency masks. If face masks are worn by all passengers except during a one-hour meal service, the average infection probability is increased by 59%/8% compared to the situation where the mask is not removed. This analysis has demonstrated that while there is a significant reduction in aerosol concentration due to the nature of the cabin ventilation and filtration system, this does not necessarily mean that there is a low probability or risk of in-flight infection. However, mask wearing, particularly high-efficiency ones, significantly reduces this risk.
Publisher: International Association for Fire Safety Science
Date: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2023
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-1998
DOI: 10.1177/073490419801600603
Abstract: Too often, validation of computer models is considered as a "once and forget" task. In this paper a systematic and graduated approach to evacua tion model validation is suggested. This involves,
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-2010
DOI: 10.1017/S0001924000003717
Abstract: How long would it take to evacuate a blended wing body (BWB) aircraft with around 1,000 passengers and crew? How long would it take an external post-crash fire to develop non-survivable conditions within the cabin of a BWB aircraft? Is it possible for all the passengers to safely evacuate from a BWB cabin subjected to a post-crash fire? These questions are explored in this paper through computer simulation. As part of project NACRE, the airEXODUS evacuation model was used to explore evacuation issues associated with BWB aircraft and to investigate fire issues, the CFD fire simulation software SMARTFIRE was used. The fire and evacuation simulations were then coupled to investigate how the evacuation would proceed under the conditions produced by a post-crash fire. In conjunction with this work, a large-scale evacuation experiment was conducted in February 2008 to verify evacuation model predictions. This paper presents some of the results produced from this analysis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1987
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-06-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2009
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.2190/AF.15.4.B
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-03-2012
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.1086
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-12-2015
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.2215
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-12-2015
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.2214
Publisher: International Association for Fire Safety Science
Date: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2021
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 05-2022
DOI: 10.1098/RSOS.212022
Abstract: There is ongoing and rapid advancement in approaches to modelling the fate of exhaled particles in different environments relevant to disease transmission. It is important that models are verified by comparison with each other using a common set of input parameters to ensure that model differences can be interpreted in terms of model physics rather than unspecified differences in model input parameters. In this paper, we define parameters necessary for such benchmarking of models of airborne particles exhaled by humans and transported in the environment during breathing and speaking.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2019
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-01-2011
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.1070
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-03-2020
DOI: 10.1007/S10694-020-00971-5
Abstract: In hospitals, the evacuation of those with severe movement impairments can be highly problematic for the patients, for the staff and for other evacuees. It is critical to understand the performance of horizontal and vertical evacuation procedures, including the means by which people with reduced mobility can be assisted during stair descent. Microsimulation modelling provides a useful tool to assess evacuation strategies, given the challenges of preparing and transporting patients in need of on-going care and the unfeasibility of real evacuation drills. However, current simulation models typically focus on the movement of in idual agents, not the staff-patient interactions and sizable equipment required to carry out assisted evacuation. To address this, the buildingEXODUS evacuation model has been enhanced to represent moving objects in addition to moving in idual agents. This paper describes the modelling theory behind this development, where dedicated data has been applied to enable the explicit specification of evacuation devices, operated by agents (for instance, representing the vertical travel speeds achieved—with averages ranging between 0.6 m/s and 0.84 m/s—when employing different movement devices). Algorithms are presented that calculate the movement of devices along corridors, through doorways and in stairway descent, including a method of geometric decomposition of the available hospital evacuation routes. This new functionality addresses the key evacuation components of repeated patient collection and has numerous applications, both in simulating hospital evacuation and in representing evacuation of other premises that include people with reduced mobility. Examination of the performance of this functionality found it predicated performance within 6% of expectation. Once further testing is completed, the resultant tool can be used to significantly enhance planning and diagnostic capabilities related to the evacuation of hospital and other healthcare facilities.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1998
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-01-2017
DOI: 10.1017/AER.2016.122
Abstract: In this paper, fire and evacuation computer simulations are used to reconstruct the 1985 Manchester Airport B737 fire that resulted in the loss of 55 lives. First the actual fire and evacuation are reconstructed. Secondly, the impact of exit opening times and external wind on the fire and evacuation are investigated. Finally, the potential benefit offered by modern materials is evaluated. The results suggest that the number of fatalities could have been reduced by 87% had the forward right exit not malfunctioned and by 36% had the right over-wing exit been opened without delay. Furthermore, given the fuel pool size and location, a critical wind speed of 1.5m/s is necessary to cause the fire plume to lean onto the fuselage eventually resulting in fuselage burn-through. Finally, it is suggested that the use of modern cabin materials could have made a significant difference to the fire development and survivability.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-12-2011
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.1076
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1999
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-06-2012
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-02-2012
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.1079
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1993
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2003
Publisher: International Association for Fire Safety Science
Date: 2011
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 1994
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.913
Publisher: International Association for Fire Safety Science
Date: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1999
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1992
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-05-2021
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.2856
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2023
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1017/S0001924000004358
Abstract: The SMARTFIRE computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was used to predict the ‘possible’ behaviour of airflow as well as the spread of fire and smoke within a Swissair configured McDonnell Douglas MD-11 commercial transport aircraft. This work was undertaken by the Fire Safety Engineering Group (FSEG) of the University of Greenwich as part of Transportation Safety Board (TSB) of Canada, Fire & Explosion Group’s investigation into the in-flight fire occurrence onboard Swissair Flight 111 (SR111): TSB Report Number A98H0003. The main aims of the CFD analysis were to develop a better understanding of the possible effects, or lack thereof, of numerous variables relating to the in-flight fire. This assisted investigators in assessing possible fire dynamics for cause and origin determination. In Part 1, the numerical analyses to pre-fire airflow patterns within the cockpit and its vicinity are presented. The pre-fire simulations serve two ends. One is to provide insight into the flow patterns within the cockpit and its vicinity and further supportive numerical evidence for the airflow flight test observations. The other is to provide plausible initial flow conditions for fire simulations. In this paper, some flow patterns at a number of primary locations within the cockpit and its vicinity are highlighted and the predicted flow patterns are compared with the findings from the airflow flight tests. The predicted patterns are found to be in good qualitative agreement with the experimental test findings.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-08-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1989
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 05-2006
DOI: 10.1017/S0001924000013178
Abstract: In 1998, Swissair Flight 111 (SR111) developed an in-flight fire shortly after take-off which resulted in the loss of the aircraft, a McDonnell Douglas MD-11, and all passengers and crew. The Transportation Safety Board (TSB) of Canada, Fire and Explosion Group launched a four year investigation into the incident in an attempt to understand the cause and subsequent mechanisms which lead to the rapid spread of the in-flight fire. As part of this investigation, the SMARTFIRE Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software was used to predict the ‘possible’ development of the fire and associated smoke movement. In this paper the CFD fire simulations are presented and model predictions compared with key findings from the investigation. The model predictions are shown to be consistent with a number of the investigation findings associated with the early stages of the fire development. The analysis makes use of simulated pre-fire airflow conditions within the MD-11 cockpit and above ceiling region presented in an earlier publication (Part I) which was published in The Aeronautical Journal in January 2006.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-06-2011
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.1095
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2003
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-2008
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-2007
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-10-2022
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.3035
Abstract: Emergency signage conveys exit route information enabling occupants to identify and utilise emergency exits during evacuation. However, it has been frequently demonstrated that static signs are insufficient to attract people's attention. Previous incidents also demonstrate that if exit routes and exits become compromised by the incident, static signs are unable to adapt as required. A goal of the signage industry is to address these limitations while maintaining the clear and unambiguous information conveyed. A signage concept addressing these limitations incorporating a pair of linked adjacent signs, a standard EXIT sign and a text‐based ‘NO‐EXIT’ sign, is proposed. At any one time, only one sign is activated, displaying either EXIT or NO‐EXIT. The active sign can also flash to improve detectability. To assess whether this concept was acceptable, an online international survey, based on the ANSI Z535.3 comprehension test methodology was conducted. The results demonstrate that this novel concept fails to meet the acceptance criteria for safety signs, and as a result, the concept was abandoned by the manufacturer. This study also highlights the importance of conducting comprehension tests for any new safety signage design and the need for composing guidelines for design and application of dynamic signs.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1002/FLD.1278
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
Publisher: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.2514/1.C031845
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1993
Publisher: International Association for Fire Safety Science
Date: 2014
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-2006
DOI: 10.1017/S0001924000001214
Abstract: The exits which passengers select in evacuation situations and the exits which are available post-crash is of great interest to aviation safety regulators who make rulings defining exit separation and aircraft evacuation certification, aircraft designers who develop the interior layout of aircraft cabins and position exits within the fuselage, cabin safety specialists who develop procedures for managing aircraft evacuation and cabin crew who must control aircraft evacuations. In this paper we examine issues associated with passenger exit selection behaviour and exit configurations frequently experienced during survivable crashes. This work makes use of the latest version of the Aircraft Accident Statistics and Knowledge database AASK V4.0, which contains information from 105 survivable crashes and over 2,000 survivors.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-1996
Publisher: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
Date: 09-2006
DOI: 10.2514/1.19388
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-12-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1994
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.942
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 05-2008
Publisher: The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers
Date: 09-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1991
Publisher: International Association for Fire Safety Science
Date: 2000
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-12-2017
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.2413
Publisher: International Association for Fire Safety Science
Date: 2011
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 02-1989
DOI: 10.1108/EB036750
Abstract: FROM the ashes of the Air Canada DC‐9 inflight inferno and British Airways B‐737 runway disaster at Manchester, fire will rise to wreak further untold havoc somewhere. This is inevitable and just about the only certainty surrounding the most capricious of primordial forces. Where and when it will happen, are less predictable, but as long as man continues to flirt with fire, he is sure to unleash the catastrophic forces which cause incalculable human suffering and immense material damage.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1992
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1994
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 25-07-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.924
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2010
Publisher: International Association for Fire Safety Science
Date: 2003
Publisher: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
Date: 09-2006
DOI: 10.2514/1.20937
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2005
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-2003
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1999
Publisher: International Association for Fire Safety Science
Date: 2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2012
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 08-01-2021
DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.08.21249439
Abstract: An issue of concern to the travelling public is the possibility of in-flight transmission of COVID-19 during long- and short-haul flights. The aviation industry maintain the probability of contracting the illness is small based on reported cases, modelling and data from aerosol dispersion experiments conducted on-board aircraft. Using experimentally derived aerosol dispersion data for a B777-200 aircraft and a modified version of the Wells-Riley equation we estimate inflight infection probability for a range of scenarios involving quanta generation rate and face mask efficiency. Quanta generation rates were selected based on COVID-19 events reported in the literature while mask efficiency was determined from the aerosol dispersion experiments. The MID-AFT cabin exhibits the highest infection probability. The calculated maximum in idual infection probability (without masks) for a 2-hour flight in this section varies from 4.5% for the “Mild Scenario” to 60.2% for the “Severe Scenario” although the corresponding average infection probability varies from 0.1% to 2.5%. For a 12-hour flight, the corresponding maximum in idual infection probability varies from 24.1% to 99.6% and the average infection probability varies from 0.8% to 10.8%. If all passengers wear face masks throughout the 12-hour flight, the average infection probability can be reduced by approximately 73%/32% for high/low efficiency masks. If face masks are worn by all passengers except during a one-hour meal service, the average infection probability is increased by 59%/8% compared to the situation where the mask is not removed. This analysis has demonstrated that while there is a significant reduction in aerosol concentration due to the nature of the cabin ventilation and filtration system, this does not necessarily mean that there is a low probability or risk of in-flight infection. However, mask wearing, particularly high-efficiency ones, significantly reduces this risk.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 05-09-2012
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.2190/AF.15.1.B
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-2006
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-12-2011
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.1069
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-12-2017
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.2414
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-06-2013
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.2139
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-01-1992
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1996
DOI: 10.1016/S0300-483X(96)03495-6
Abstract: The mathematical simulation of the evacuation process has a wide and largely untapped scope of application within the aircraft industry. The function of the mathematical model is to provide insight into complex behaviour by allowing designers, legislators, and investigators to ask 'what if' questions. Such a model, EXODUS, is currently under development, and this paper describes its evolution and potential applications. EXODUS is an egress model designed to simulate the evacuation of large numbers of in iduals from an enclosure, such as an aircraft. The model tracks the trajectory of each in idual as they make their way out of the enclosure or are overcome by fire hazards, such as heat and toxic gases. The software is expert system-based, the progressive motion and behaviour of each in idual being determined by a set of heuristics or rules. EXODUS comprises five core interacting components: (i) the Movement Submodel -- controls the physical movement of in idual passengers from their current position to the most suitable neighbouring location (ii) the Behaviour Submodel -- determines an in idual's response to the current prevailing situation (iii) the Passenger Submodel -- describes an in idual as a collection of 22 defining attributes and variables (iv) the Hazard Submodel -- controls the atmospheric and physical environment and (v) the Toxicity Submodel -- determines the effects on an in idual exposed to the fire products, heat, and narcotic gases through the Fractional Effective Dose calculations. These components are briefly described and their capabilities and limitations are demonstrated through comparison with experimental data and several hypothetical evacuation scenarios.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2018
Publisher: International Association for Fire Safety Science
Date: 2003
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-07-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-01-2017
Publisher: Forschungszentrum Julich, Zentralbibliothek
Date: 27-03-2020
DOI: 10.17815/CD.2020.60
Abstract: During a major evacuation of high capacity buildings, such as a tower block or transportation hub, the emergency services will need to consider the safety of the people within the vicinity of the emergency. However, in general, when assessing the safety of a building for evacuation only the behaviour within the building is considered. One method of assessing this is to utilise a computer based simulation tool. This research outlines a number of developments required to simulate the impact of traffic on the evacuation process in an urban environment in relation to post-exiting behaviour. It uses a unique data set and model capabilities for representing pedestrian-vehicle interaction post-evacuation, which also considers the impact of time pressures on decision making. In addition, a number of software developments and pedestrian behaviours are identified for bridging the behavioural gaps when interfacing an emergency pedestrian model with a traffic simulation.
Publisher: International Association for Fire Safety Science
Date: 2000
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-02-2017
DOI: 10.1002/FAM.2424
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for Edwin Galea.