ORCID Profile
0000-0002-7906-3324
Current Organisation
The University of Newcastle
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Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 27-01-2023
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 24-07-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-07-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-02-2018
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12736
Publisher: Jenny Stanford Publishing
Date: 02-11-2017
DOI: 10.1201/B22382
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-01-2020
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12979
Abstract: Process‐based Life Cycle Assessments (PLCA) rely on detailed descriptions of extensive value chains and their associated exchanges with the environment, but major data gaps limit the completeness of these system descriptions and lead to truncations in inventories and underestimations of impacts. Hybrid Life Cycle Assessments (HLCA) aim to combine the strength of PLCA and Environmentally Extended Input Output (EEIO) analysis to obtain more specific and complete system descriptions. Currently, however, most HLCAs only remediate truncation of processes that are specific to each case study (foreground processes), and these processes are then linked to (truncated) generic background processes from a non‐hybridized PLCA database. A hybrid PLCA‐EEIO database is therefore required to completely solve the truncation problems of PLCA and thus obtain a comprehensive product system coverage. This paper describes the construction of such a database using pyLCAIO, a novel framework and open‐source software enabling the streamlined hybridization of entire PLCA and EEIO databases. We applied this framework to the PLCA database Ecoinvent3.5 and the multiregional EEIO database EXIOBASE 3. Thanks to the correction for truncation in this new hybrid database, the median and average life cycle global warming potential (GWP) of its processes increased by 7% and 14%, respectively. These corrections only reflect the truncations that could be readily identified and estimated in a semi‐automated manner and we anticipate that further database integration should lead to higher levels of correction in the future.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-02-2018
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12735
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-01-2017
DOI: 10.1038/SREP40743
Abstract: A meaningful environmental impact analysis should go beyond the accounting of pressures from resource use and actually assess how resource demand affects ecosystems. The various currently available footprints of nations report the environmental pressures e.g. water use or pollutant emissions, driven by consumption. However, there have been limited attempts to assess the environmental consequences of these pressures. Ultimately, consequences, not pressures, should guide environmental policymaking. The newly released LC-Impact method demonstrates progress on the path to providing this missing link. Here we present “ecosystem impact footprints” in terms of the consequences for bio ersity and assess the differences in impact footprint results from MRIO-based pressure footprints. The new perspective reveals major changes in the relative contribution of nations to global footprints. Wealthy countries have high pressure footprints in lower-income countries but their impact footprints often have their origin in higher-income countries. This shift in perspective provides a different insight on where to focus policy responses to preserve bio ersity.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 29-06-2023
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-07-2023
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-10-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12694
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2010
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Date: 30-06-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-05-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12604
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2019
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 12-02-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.135119
Abstract: Environmentally-extended multi-region input-output (EE-MRIO) models allow calculating environmental impacts of goods and services in a supply-chain perspective. However, current EE-MRIO databases only have limited coverage of toxic pollutant emissions. This limited coverage is caused by the fact that public emission databases currently provide a rather modest pollutant coverage, are restricted to a limited number of countries, and lack differentiation in terms of sectors. This therefore calls for alternative data sources and inventorying techniques. Using the production of heat and electricity as a case study, we investigate the usability of available process-based inventories like the ecoinvent database from the field of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to build national emission inventories of pollutants. We thus develop the ecoinvent-based National Energy-related Emission (ENEE) inventory, comprising a total of 231 airborne emissions and 87 waterborne emissions of pollutants from heat and electricity power plants in 140 countries over the period 1995-2014. Using the improved data sets, we demonstrate that extending the coverage of pollutants beyond the few commonly-reported ones, like greenhouse gases, has a significant influence on the quantification of other important environmental impacts such as ionizing radiation and impacts of toxic substances to freshwater ecosystems. The ENEE inventory is an important first step towards building comprehensive inventories of pollutant emissions from power and heat generation, thus enabling more complete assessments of the energy sector. It also exemplifies the gains that can be made when introducing process-based data to complement public national and sectoral data for life cycle assessments and nations environmental footprinting.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2021
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.13137
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-04-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-03-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12562
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-06-2019
DOI: 10.1038/S41597-019-0102-X
Abstract: The UNFCCC requires the annual reporting of greenhouse gas emissions. These inventories focus on emissions within a territory, and do not capture the effect of emissions embodied in imports. Consumption based carbon accounting (CBCA) has been proposed as a complementary method to capture these emissions, and a number of global models have been developed to operationalise CBCA. However, discrepancies in country-level CBCA results occur, which can cause concern for the practical use of CBCA. Despite these quantitative difference in results, do they provide robust results when changes over time are investigated? Here we present results of all the major global models and normalise the model results by looking at changes over time relative to a common base year value. We give an analysis of the variability across the models, both before and after normalisation in order to give insights into variance at national and regional level. A dataset of harmonised results (based on means) and measures of dispersion is presented, providing a baseline dataset for CBCA validation and analysis.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 03-09-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 20-07-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2018
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-12-2018
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-02-2018
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12716
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1017/SUS.2020.12
Abstract: The distribution of household carbon footprints is largely unequal within and across countries. Here, we explore household-level consumption data to illustrate the distribution of carbon footprints and consumption within 26 European Union countries, regions and social groups. The analysis further sheds light on the relationships between carbon footprints and socially desirable outcomes such as income, equality, education, nutrition, sanitation, employment and adequate living conditions.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-01-2018
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12715
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2984473
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-04-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12273
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1017/SUS.2019.23
Abstract: Bio ersity footprinting links consumers to the bio ersity pressure their consumption induces, thereby informing choices and enabling participation in remediation measures. In order for countries, cities and households to reduce their impacts it is useful to know more precisely what the various drivers of their footprints are. Here we ask: do urban or rural areas in Europe exert higher bio ersity footprints? And how strongly coupled are income and bio ersity losses? Studying urban versus rural households at the country level in Europe, we found both have generally similar footprints, but that higher income households clearly drive higher footprints.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-03-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-11-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12702
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-06-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12149
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-02-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S40008-020-0182-Y
Abstract: Multiregional input–output (MRIO) databases are used to analyze the impact of resource use and environmental impacts along global supply chains. To accurately account for pressures and impacts that are highly concentrated in specific sectors or regions of the world, such as agricultural and land-use-related impacts, MRIO databases are being fueled by increasingly more detailed data. To date no MRIO database exists which couples a high level of harmonized sector detail with high country resolution. Currently available databases either aggregate minor countries into rest-of-the-world (WIOD and EXIOBASE 3), or the high country resolution is achieved at the cost of non-harmonized or lower sectoral detail (Eora, OECD-ICIO or the GTAP-MRIO). This aggregation can cause potentially significant differences in environmental and socioeconomic impact calculations. In this paper, we describe the development of an EXIOBASE 3 variant that expands regional coverage from 49 regions to 214 countries, while keeping the high and harmonized sectoral detail. We show the relevance of disaggregation for land-use accounting. Previous rest-of-the-world regions supply one-third of global land, which is used to produce a large range of different products under very different levels of productivity. We find that the aggregation of regions leads to a difference in the balance of land embodied in trade of up to 6% and a difference of land embodied in imports of up to 68% for in idual countries and up to 600% for land-use-relevant sectors. Whilst the database can still be considered experimental, it is expected to increase the accuracy of estimates for environmental footprint studies of the original EXIOBASE countries, and provides the first estimates for the countries in the previous rest-of-the world.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-08-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12142
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 26-12-2014
DOI: 10.3390/SU7010138
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 11-2019
Abstract: What could be the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions if the conventional way of maintaining roads is changed? Emissions of greenhouse gases must be reduced if global warming is to be avoided, and urgent political and technological decisions should be taken. However, there is a lock-in in built infrastructures that is limiting the rate at which emissions can be reduced. Self-healing asphalt is a new type of technology that will reduce the need for fossil fuels over the lifetime of a road pavement, at the same time as prolonging the road lifespan. In this study we have assessed the benefits of using self-healing asphalt as an alternative material for road pavements employing a hybrid input–output-assisted Life-Cycle Assessment, as only by determining the plausible scenarios of future emissions will policy makers identify pathways that might achieve climate change mitigation goals. We have concluded that self-healing roads could prevent a considerable amount of emissions and costs over the global road network: 16% lower emissions and 32% lower costs compared to a conventional road over the lifecycle.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2007
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-11-2019
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 31-01-2013
DOI: 10.1021/ES303217F
Abstract: Environmentally extended input output (EE IO) analysis is increasingly used to assess the carbon footprint of final consumption. Official EE IO data are, however, at best available for single countries or regions such as the EU27. This causes problems in assessing pollution embodied in imported products. The popular "domestic technology assumption (DTA)" leads to errors. Improved approaches based on Life Cycle Inventory data, Multiregional EE IO tables, etc. rely on unofficial research data and modeling, making them difficult to implement by statistical offices. The DTA can lead to errors for three main reasons: exporting countries can have higher impact intensities may use more intermediate inputs for the same output or may sell the imported products for lower/other prices than those produced domestically. The last factor is relevant for sustainable consumption policies of importing countries, whereas the first factors are mainly a matter of making production in exporting countries more eco-efficient. We elaborated a simple correction for price differences in imports and domestic production using monetary and physical data from official import and export statistics. A case study for the EU27 shows that this "price-adjusted DTA" gives a partial but meaningful adjustment of pollution embodied in trade compared to multiregional EE IO studies.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-01-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12532
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2003
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-07-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-09-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12658
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 24-10-2014
DOI: 10.3390/SU6117514
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-08-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2018
DOI: 10.1111/ILR.12118
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-12-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12371
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-04-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2019
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 03-01-2019
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 03-12-2013
DOI: 10.1021/ES404166F
Abstract: The mass of material consumed by a population has become a useful proxy for measuring environmental pressure. The "raw material equivalents" (RME) metric of material consumption addresses the issue of including the full supply chain (including imports) when calculating national or product level material impacts. The RME calculation suffers from data availability, however, as quantitative data on production practices along the full supply chain (in different regions) is required. Hence, the RME is currently being estimated by three main approaches: (1) assuming domestic technology in foreign economies, (2) utilizing region-specific life-cycle inventories (in a hybrid framework), and (3) utilizing multi-regional input-output (MRIO) analysis to explicitly cover all regions of the supply chain. While the first approach has been shown to give inaccurate results, this paper focuses on the benefits and costs of the latter two approaches. We analyze results from two key (MRIO and hybrid) projects modeling raw material equivalents, adjusting the models in a stepwise manner in order to quantify the effects of in idual conceptual elements. We attempt to isolate the MRIO gap, which denotes the quantitative impact of calculating the RME of imports by an MRIO approach instead of the hybrid model, focusing on the RME of EU external trade imports. While, the models give quantitatively similar results, differences become more pronounced when tracking more detailed material flows. We assess the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches and look forward to ways to further harmonize data and approaches.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 04-09-2015
Abstract: Climate change mitigation demands large-scale technological change on a global level and, if successfully implemented, will significantly affect how products and services are produced and consumed. In order to anticipate the life cycle environmental impacts of products under climate mitigation scenarios, we present the modeling framework of an integrated hybrid life cycle assessment model covering nine world regions. Life cycle assessment databases and multiregional input-output tables are adapted using forecasted changes in technology and resources up to 2050 under a 2 °C scenario. We call the result of this modeling "technology hybridized environmental-economic model with integrated scenarios" (THEMIS). As a case study, we apply THEMIS in an integrated environmental assessment of concentrating solar power. Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions for this plant range from 33 to 95 g CO2 eq./kWh across different world regions in 2010, falling to 30-87 g CO2 eq./kWh in 2050. Using regional life cycle data yields insightful results. More generally, these results also highlight the need for systematic life cycle frameworks that capture the actual consequences and feedback effects of large-scale policies in the long term.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2022
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-04-2017
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2008
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-06-2018
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-02-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2006
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-07-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12640
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 26-10-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-05-2018
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12767
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-03-2016
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.12405
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-07-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2010
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 13-06-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2020
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 05-10-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-06-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-07-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2022
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.13327
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 03-05-2019
Abstract: In a resource-constrained world of an estimated 10 billion people in 2050 with the same material aspirations of today's high-income nations, there is no question: The future economy will need to be circular. From a policy perspective, the question is whether averting catastrophic environmental impacts through an accelerated transition to a global circular economy can also deliver sustained growth and jobs. The adoption of circular economy measures will have a range of effects on both domestic and foreign supply chains. Multiregional input-output (MRIO) analysis models the interdependencies between industries and within and between countries as well as between intermediate and final goods producers and consumers. It provides a useful toolbox for assessing social, environmental, and economy-wide impacts of the adoption of the circular economy. We project the MRIO database EXIOBASE to 2030 on the basis of the exogenously given parameters of the International Energy Agency's Energy Technology Perspective (IEA ETP) 6-degree scenario. We compare this business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and an alternative circular economy scenario. The circular economy scenario considers more recycling, reducing (material efficiency increase), repair, and reuse in relation to the BAU scenario. The adoption of circular economy measures has erse impacts on the economy and environmental pressures. Global material extraction is reduced by about 10% compared to the baseline, while the impact on employment is small but positive. In particular, the shift from resource extracting sectors to the service sector will provide more opportunities for high-skilled and female workers.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 24-02-2020
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-10-2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-06-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2019
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-04-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-07-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2020
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 06-2018
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-08-2023
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.13436
Abstract: Estimating comprehensive toxicity footprints, encompassing potential impacts of toxic releases from consumption on human health and ecosystems, remains challenging due to the absence of complete emission inventories and disaggregation in global economic sectors. This study proposes an integrative approach to evaluate the global toxicity footprint by combining multiple databases, inventorying methods gap‐filling/extrapolation techniques, and environmentally extended multi‐region input–output models. We incorporated industrial, residential, and agricultural emissions of 693 chemicals into air, water, and soil, assessing the toxicity footprints of 49 countries and regions and revealing the displacement of toxic impacts across regions and nations. Our results emphasize the significant sensitivity of emission inventories and toxicity footprints to the choice of extrapolation procedures in regionalized chemical inventory development. Despite considerable progress in consolidating emission data, major gaps persist in publicly available datasets, impeding accurate extrapolation of global pollutant releases and comprehensive analysis of toxicity footprints. Primary data require refinement, harmonization, and expansion to enhance toxicity footprints' accuracy, particularly concerning pesticide emissions and national Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers initiatives. This study offers crucial insights for national and regional policymakers, facilitating the creation of targeted regulations and incentives to mitigate toxic substances' environmental impact. Future research should prioritize developing input–output table projections, deriving forward‐looking time series of national emission inventories, and establishing absolute thresholds for toxic impacts within the framework of environmentally sustainable societies.
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Date: 10-09-2018
Abstract: Nearly 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions are associated with the production of capital goods. Consumption-based emission calculations based on multiregional input-output (MRIO) models allocate emissions occurring in the production of intermediate goods to the final goods produced in an economy. Like intermediate goods, capital goods are used in production processes yet the emissions associated with their production are not allocated to the industries using them. As a result, the carbon footprint of final consumption as well as emissions embodied in trade are currently underestimated. Here, we address this problem by endogenizing capital transactions in the EXIOBASE global MRIO database, thereby allocating emissions from capital goods to final consumption. We find that endogenizing capital substantially increases the carbon footprint of final consumption (by up to 57% for some countries), and that the gap between production-based and consumption-based emissions increases for most countries. We also find that the global emissions embodied in trade increase by up to 11%, and that current patterns of bilaterally traded emissions are lified. Furthermore, endogenizing capital leads to a 3-fold increase in the carbon footprint of certain product categories. The results suggest that our approach constitutes an important improvement to current input-output methodology.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-08-2023
DOI: 10.1111/JIEC.13437
No related grants have been discovered for Richard Wood.