ORCID Profile
0000-0002-4658-3251
Current Organisation
James Cook University
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Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 18-04-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1989
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(89)90033-9
Abstract: Twenty-seven sea turtles (23 Chelonia mydas and four Eretmochelys imbricata) from northeast Queensland were found to be infected with cardiovascular flukes and/or their eggs. Five had originated from turtle farms in the Torres Strait, five from an oceanarium on Magnetic Island (146 degrees 56'E, 19 degrees S) and the remainder from coral reefs in the Torres Strait or near Townsville. The incidence of flukes and/or eggs in the groups was 4.8 per cent (5 of 104), 33.3 per cent (5 of 15) and 72.2 per cent (17 of 22), respectively. Affected animals ranged in size from 18 to 108 cm (curved carapace length) and weighed between 0.5 and 77 kg. The average number of flukes per host was 47. Flukes were recovered from the three chambers of the heart and major vessels (right aortic arch and brachiocephalic artery), where they were attached to the walls or free in the lumen. They were subsequently identified as Haplotrema spp. and/or Learedius spp. In 59.2 per cent (16 of 27) of turtles, flukes were not found, although their eggs were detected microscopically. Gross pathological changes associated with the presence of flukes included thickening and hardening of arterial walls (four turtles), thrombus formation (three), chronic pneumonia (two) and an excess of pericardial or peritoneal fluid (four). Microscopically, the essential changes was that of chronic inflammation, as evidenced by the proliferation of epithelial cells, reticulo-endothelial cells and fibroblasts in areas accessible to flukes and/or eggs. Multiple diffuse egg granulomas were a prominent feature of most organs, the spleen and lungs being predilection sites. Proliferative changes had occurred in the endocardium and in the endothelium of vessels supplying the spleen, stomach, intestine and pancreas (18 turtles). The walls of major arteries, lungs, liver, brain, crop and stomach were also acutely inflamed (eight turtles). Haemorrhage was recorded in the lungs and/or brain of eight turtles with heavy fluke infestations. Other vascular changes, viz. congestion, oedema and hypertrophy of arterial/arteriolar walls, resulted from the inhibition of blood flow by parasitic emboli.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1981
DOI: 10.1071/MF9810757
Abstract: The aquatic snail A. vinosa is widely distributed in northern Queensland, occurring in rivers and in static waters, both semipermanent and permanent. The snail is capable of breeding throughout the year. although fewer small snails are present during the cooler months. Rainfall rather than temperature appears to be the main factor influencing populations of A. vinosa, very small snails being able to survive drought by aestivating in the mud. Heavy summer rains refill temporary habitats, and small snails emerge to recommence growth. The same summer rains flood permanent habitats and can wash away snail populations living there. Infection levels of larval flukes in A. vinosa are generally lowest in the wet season and rise as the dry season progresses. The effects of wet season floods and steadily diminishing water levels during the dry season are thought to account for this. The risk of human bathers contracting schistosome dermatitis is therefore highest in the early summer, towards the end of the dry season, when the larvae of avian schistomes are most abundant.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2013
DOI: 10.1111/MMS.12022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.YMPEV.2019.02.007
Abstract: The distribution and genetic ersity of freshwater zooplankton is understudied in the Eastern Palearctic. Here, we explored the lineage ersity and regional distribution of the genus Moina in China. Members of this genus are often keystone components of freshwater ecosystems and have been frequently subjected to toxicological and physiological studies. Four species of Moina were identified, based on morphology, in 50 of 113 Chinese water bodies examined, and their phylogenetic position was analyzed using both a mitochondrial (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I COI) and a nuclear marker (the nuclear internal transcribed spacer ITS-1). Both molecular markers identified four clades corresponding broadly to the morphological species. Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed the presence of four species complexes with eleven lineages across China, five of which were new. However, some lineages (and even in idual haplotypes) were widespread in Eurasia, suggesting an ability to disperse over long distances. In contrast, a few lineages exhibited restricted distributions. The nuclear phylogeny also recognized four species of Moina within China and seven very distinct clades. Interestingly, one specimen possessing Moina cf. micrura mtDNA had ITS-1 alleles of the M. cf. brachiata clade. This discordance between mtDNA and nuclear ITS-1 phylogenies is indicative of interspecific introgression and hybridization. Additionally, our COI phylogeny showed apparent paraphyly in two Moina species groups, suggesting introgression of their mitochondrial genomes. Our data shows the regional distribution/ ersity of the Moina species complex in a Eurasian context.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1993
DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(93)90022-Q
Abstract: The nucleotide sequence of the 3' end of the second internal transcribed spacer region (ITS2) was determined for four isolates of Fasciola hepatica, two isolates of Fasciola gigantica, one isolate of Fascioloides magna and one isolate of Fasciola sp. from Japan. Intraspecific sequence ergence was negligible. Sequence ergence between F. hepatica and F. gigantica was 2.8% and between Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna was 13.2%. The sequence of Fasciola sp. from Japan matched closely that of F. gigantica. This study demonstrates variability in nucleotide sequence within the ITS2 region which allows discrimination between species of Fasciolidae.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 21-07-2016
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182016001219
Abstract: Paragonimus westermani is one of the most medically important lung flukes and is widely distributed in Asia. It exhibits considerable variation in morphological, genetic and biological features. In central provinces of Vietnam, a high prevalence of metacercariae of this species has been reported from the crab intermediate host, Vietopotamon aluoiense . In this study, we detected P. westermani metacercariae in two additional crab hosts, Donopotamon haii in Quang Tri Province, central Vietnam and Indochinamon tannanti in Yen Bai Province in the north. The latter is a new locality for P. westermani in a northern region of Vietnam where P. heterotremus is the only species currently known to cause human paragonimiasis. Paragonimus westermani metacercariae found in Vietnam showed considerable morphological variation but slight genetic variation based on DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal ITS2 region and the mitochondrial 16S gene. Co-infection of the same in idual crabs with P. westermani and P. heterotremus and/or some other Paragonimus species was found frequently, suggesting potential for co-infection in humans. The findings of the present study emphasize the need for highly specific molecular and immunodiagnostic methods to differentially diagnose between P. westermani and P. heterotremus infections.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1007/S11230-014-9535-Y
Abstract: Adult blood flukes of the genera Hapalotrema Looss, 1899 and Learedius Price, 1934 were collected from turtles off Queensland and the Hawaiian Islands. Specimens were identified as Hapalotrema pambanensis Mehrotra, 1973, H. synorchis Luhman, 1935, H. postorchis Rao, 1976 and Learedius learedi Price, 1934 on the basis of morphology. No major morphological differences were found between specimens from this study and previously published descriptions. DNA was also extracted and sequences obtained using custom spirorchiid-specific primers for the ITS2 and 28S rDNA regions, in order to confirm species identification and investigate phylogenetic relationships. Intraspecific genetic variation was generally low. However the ITS2 region of H. postorchis and to a lesser extent that of L. learedi showed considerable variation between specimens from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Further studies will be required to determine whether this variation should be considered inter- or intra-specific. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses were completed for both sequenced genes. Learedius learedi was unequivocally nested among species of Hapalotrema, suggesting that the status of the genus Learedius may need to be reassessed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOTECHADV.2012.02.008
Abstract: Schistosomiasis is a serious parasitic disease caused by blood-dwelling flukes of the genus Schistosoma. Throughout the world, schistosomiasis is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, with close to 800 million people at risk of infection. Precise methods for identification of Schistosoma species and diagnosis of schistosomiasis are crucial for an enhanced understanding of parasite epidemiology that informs effective antiparasitic treatment and preventive measures. Traditional approaches for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis include etiological, immunological and imaging techniques. Diagnosis of schistosomiasis has been revolutionized by the advent of new molecular technologies to lify parasite nucleic acids. Among these, polymerase chain reaction-based methods have been useful in the analysis of genetic variation among Schistosoma spp. Mass spectrometry is now extending the range of biological molecules that can be detected. In this review, we summarize traditional, non-DNA-based diagnostic methods and then describe and discuss the current and developing molecular techniques for the diagnosis, species differentiation and phylogenetic analysis of Schistosoma spp. These exciting techniques provide foundations for further development of more effective and precise approaches to differentiate schistosomes and diagnose schistosomiasis in the clinic, and also have important implication for exploring novel measures to control schistosomiasis in the near future.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1980
DOI: 10.1071/MF9800713
Abstract: Between 1971 and 1978 up to 64% of commercial-sized saucer scallops, Amusium balloti, in s les from the landed catch at Shark Bay were infected with the larval ascaridoid nematode Sulcascaris sulcata. The presence of the nematodes and the brownish capsule in which they were found made some of the processed catch unsuitable for export. A small percentage of the scallops also contained a larval gnathostome, Echinocephalus sp. Five of six loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta, from the same area were found to contain adult S. sulcata. Also present in the turtles were the cucullanid Cucullanus cauettae, the oxyuroid Kathlania leptura and the larval gnathostome Echinocephalus sp. Four of the turtles had been feeding chiefly on bivalves, one on crabs, and one on gastropods. Ulcers, probably associated with S. sulcata infection, occurred in the stomach, and small haemorrhages, probably associated with the feeding sites of C. carettae, occurred in the intestine.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 22-08-2013
Publisher: JSTOR
Date: 04-1996
DOI: 10.2307/3284163
Publisher: JSTOR
Date: 04-1996
DOI: 10.2307/3284166
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-1976
DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X00027607
Abstract: The life-cycle of Apatemon (A.) gracilis was completed in the laboratory. The snail host is Lymnaeaperegra (Müller). The cercaria is redescribed from a wide range of material. Metacercariae were found in naturally infected rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri Richardson), three-spined sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatiis L.) and stone loach ( Nemacheilus barbatulus (L.)) from Scotland and in three-spined sticklebacks from Iceland. In trout, most metacercariae were found in the pericardial cavity, in sticklebacks, the eye, and in loach, the body cavity. In infection experiments, cercariae from naturally infected Scottish snails developed in threespined sticklebacks, rainbow trout and brown trout ( Salmo trutta L.). Under experimental conditions cercariae did not penetrate stone loach, although this species is naturally infected with A gracilis . The phenomenon of fish host specificity is briefly discussed. Development of the metacercaria is described. Excystation of metacercarial cysts with pepsin and trypsin solutions is unlike that reported for any other digenean the contents of the cyst appear to be under pressure. In pepsin, layers of the cyst wall peel back from one end. When transferred to trypsin, one pole of the cyst ruptures and the worm is forcibly expelled.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-2004
DOI: 10.1016/S0035-9203(03)00022-1
Abstract: A Vietnamese child presented with a history of abdominal pain. Shortly afterwards, he vomited eight live trematode flukes that were collected and morphologically identified as Fasciolopsis buski. The identification was confirmed by DNA analysis. Adult worms of F. buski from humans are very rarely seen except at autopsy, and this is the first such report from Vietnam.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1998
Abstract: Phylogenies of trematodes based on characters derived from morphology and life cycles have been controversial. Here, we add molecular data to the phylogenetic study of a group of trematodes, members of the superfamily Hemiuroidea Looss, 1899. DNA sequences from the V4 domain of the nuclear small subunit (18S) rRNA gene and a matrix of morphological characters modified from a previous study were used. There was no significant incongruence between the molecular and the morphological data. However, this was probably due largely to the limited resolving power of the morphological data. Analyses support a monophyletic Hemiuroidea containing at least the families Accacoeliidae, Derogenidae, Didymozoidae, Hirudinellidae, Sclerodistomidae, Syncoeliidae, Isoparorchiidae, Lecithasteridae, and Hemiuridae. These families fall into two principal clades. One contains the first six families and the other the Hemiuridae and lecithasterine lecithasterids. The positions of the hysterolecithine lecithasterids and the Isoparorchiidae were poorly resolved. The Ptychogonimidae may be the sister group of the remaining Hemiuroidea, but there was no support from the molecular data for the placement of the Azygiidae within the superfamily.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1999
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00072-7
Abstract: Paragonimus westermani is a medically important foodborne trematode occurring throughout southeast Asia. We have used molecular techniques to test the hypothesis that the parthenogenetic triploid form of P. westermani has arisen only once. Sources of data for comparison were: (a) restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and (b) 'fingerprint' patterns observed when genomic digests were probed with simple sequence repeats (ATT)10 and (ATGT)7. In all cases there were distinct differences among triploid isolates from southwest Japan, northeast China and Korea. These findings are considered in the context of previous cytogenetic, allozyme, mitochondrial-RFLP and partial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence studies and indicate that triploid lineages may have arisen independently on more than one occasion. We favour this view. An alternative explanation is that the triploids did have a single origin, but that different clonal lineages have undergone subsequent mutations.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1997
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1997.TB14341.X
Abstract: To assess the efficacy of praziquantel as a treatment for cardiovascular flukes in turtles. Six green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) spontaneously infected with cardiovascular flukes (Digenea: Spirorchiidae) were treated orally with praziquantel, and necropsied 3 or 7 days later to look for flukes in the heart and major blood vessels. Six similar animals were maintained as untreated controls. Absence of flukes in treated, but not control turtles, indicated that a one day course of treatment at a dose rate of 3 x 50 mg/kg body weight is effective. This result should be of value for preventing disease in wild caught green turtles introduced into farms or aquaria.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0166-6851(96)02827-7
Abstract: Current immune treatment directed to avoid viral replication relies mainly in convalescent plasma and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). No clinical benefit for convalescent plasma has been reported in a meta-analysis and systematic review compared to standard of care. MAbs are recombinant proteins capable to bind with SARS-CoV-2 preventing its entrance into cells. Several mAbs have shown reduction in viral load and/or progression of the disease such as casirivimab-imdevimab, bamlanivimab-etesevimab and sotrovimab. After the apparition of Omicron variant, it has been reported that sotrovimab retained its activity whereas the other two combinations exhibited loss of neutralizing activity. Several aspects as the target population, timing and doses, serological patient status and evolution of variants still require attention, monitorization and further studies for knowledge gaps.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 1999
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60149-9
Abstract: The review concentrates on literature that has appeared since the 1960s. Since then, numerous species of Paragonimus have been described, mainly from Asia but also from Africa and the Americas. Some of these cause disease in humans. Recent information on life cycles and routes of transmission is summarized. All described species and their hosts are listed, with synonyms where known. For well-known species such as Paragonimus westermani, subspecific taxa and strains are reviewed and genetic studies discussed. Paragonimiasis in humans and experimental animals is discussed with emphasis on clinical manifestations and pathology, diagnosis, immune interactions with the host, treatment and public health issues.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-08-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S00436-015-4660-3
Abstract: Schistosomiasis, caused by blood flukes belonging to several species of the genus Schistosoma, is a serious and widespread parasitic disease. Accurate and rapid differentiation of these etiological agents of animal and human schistosomiasis to species level can be difficult. We report a real-time PCR assay coupled with a high-resolution melt (HRM) assay targeting a portion of the nuclear 18S rDNA to detect, identify, and distinguish between four major blood fluke species (Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, and Schistosoma mekongi). Using this system, the Schistosoma spp. was accurately identified and could also be distinguished from all other trematode species with which they were compared. As little as 10(-5) ng genomic DNA from a Schistosoma sp. could be detected. This process is inexpensive, easy, and can be completed within 3 h. Examination of 21 representative Schistosoma s les from 15 geographical localities in seven endemic countries validated the value of the HRM detection assay and proved its reliability. The melting curves were characterized by peaks of 83.65 °C for S. japonicum and S. mekongi, 85.65 °C for S. mansoni, and 85.85 °C for S. haematobium. The present study developed a real-time PCR coupled with HRM analysis assay for detection and differential identification of S. mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mekongi. This method is rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive. It has important implications for epidemiological studies of Schistosoma.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 08-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.TRSTMH.2007.02.028
Abstract: In the northeastern region of India, paragonimiasis is emerging as an important public health problem. However, until now the identity of the species causing human infection has been uncertain and there has been little information on the prevalence and clinicoradiological features of infection in the community. Parasitological and immunological surveys revealed that paragonimiasis was hyperendemic in parts of Arunachal Pradesh. Egg positivity in the sputum was 20.9% and 4.1% in children (age 15 years), respectively. Antibody positivity against excretory-secretory antigen of the adult worm in children and adults was 51.7% and 18.7%, respectively. Chronic cough (97.2%) and haemoptysis (83.3%) were common respiratory symptoms among egg-positive cases. Chest radiography (n=68) images from egg-positive cases showed that air space consolidation (75%), cavitary lesions (14.7%) and mediastinal adenopathy (11.8%) were very frequent. Less frequent findings were nodular lesions, bronchiectasis, mediastinal adenopathy, pleural thickening and pleural effusion. DNA extracted from eggs from the sputum of patients from Arunachal Pradesh was sequenced. Analyses of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of nuclear rDNA revealed that the species responsible is Paragonimus heterotremus.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-1978
DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X0000537X
Abstract: Balanotaenia newguinensis sp. n. is described from Tandanus brevidorsalis from Papua New Guinea. It differs from B. bancrofti from Australia primarily in being much smaller, having the testes and vitellaria beginning at the same level, and in having the gonopore posterior to the ovarian commissure. On the basis of this new species and B. bancrofti a new family of the order Caryophyllidea is described. Unlike any of the other three families the vitellaria and testes are in the cortical parenchyma. Drawings of the new species, comparative muscle distribution within all families of the Caryophyllidea, and photographs of the inner longitudinal muscles of B. bancrofti complement the description.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1992
DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(92)90109-W
Abstract: The pattern of species and strain variation within the genus Echinococcus is complex and controversial. In an attempt to characterise objectively the various species and strains, the sequence of a region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1) gene was determined for 56 Echinococcus isolates. Eleven different genotypes were detected, including 7 within Echinococcus granulosus, and these were used to categorise the isolates. The 4 generally accepted Echinococcus species were clearly distinguishable using this approach. In addition, the consensus view of the strain pattern within E. granulosus, based on a variety of criteria of differentiation, was broadly upheld. Very little variation was detected within Echinococcus multilocularis. Remarkable intra-strain homogeneity was found at the DNA sequence level. This region of the rapidly evolving mitochondrial genome is useful as a marker of species and strain identity and as a preliminary indication of evolutionary ergence within the genus Echinococcus.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2004
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.JINF.2006.05.011
Abstract: A 29 year-old Nigerian studying in the UK presented with a neck lump and otitis media. Paragonimus-like trematode eggs were found in the neck lump aspirate. Morphologically these eggs resembled Paragonimus uterobilateralis or Achillurbainia congolensis. We favoured the diagnosis of achillurbainiasis over extrapulmonary paragonimiasis on the basis of clinical features and because we could not lify DNA sequences using PCR primers specific for Paragonimus species. We discuss current diagnostic challenges for this rare parasitic infection.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 14-10-2013
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-1977
DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X00007434
Abstract: From original observations and from data in the literature, a key to cercariae of British strigeoids for which life-cycles are known has been compiled. The value of various characters of systematic importance is discussed.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 03-2002
DOI: 10.1079/JOH200191
Abstract: Schistosoma species have traditionally been arranged in groups based on egg morphology, geographical origins, and the genus or family of snail intermediate host. One of these groups is the ‘ S. indicum group’ comprising species from Asia that use pulmonate snails as intermediate hosts. DNA sequences were obtained from the four members of this group ( S. indicum , S. spindale , S. nasale and S. incognitum ) to provide information concerning their phylogenetic relationships with other Asian and African species and species groups. The sequences came from the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of the ribosomal gene repeat, part of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene (28S), and part of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene. Tree analyses using both distance and parsimony methods showed the S. indicum group not to be monophyletic. Schistosoma indicum , S. spindale and S. nasale were clustered among African schistosomes, while S. incognitum was placed as sister to the African species (using ITS2 and 28S nucleotide sequences and CO1 amino acid sequences), or as sister to all other species of Schistosoma (CO1 nucleotide sequences). Based on the present molecular data, a scenario for the evolution of the S. indicum group is discussed.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-04-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S00436-015-4475-2
Abstract: In the present study, near-complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences for Schistosoma japonicum from different regions in the Philippines and Japan were lified and sequenced. Comparisons among S. japonicum from the Philippines, Japan, and China revealed a geographically based length difference in mt genomes, but the mt genomic organization and gene arrangement were the same. Sequence differences among s les from the Philippines and all s les from the three endemic areas were 0.57-2.12 and 0.76-3.85 %, respectively. The most variable part of the mt genome was the non-coding region. In the coding portion of the genome, protein-coding genes varied more than rRNA genes and tRNAs. The near-complete mt genome sequences for Philippine specimens were identical in length (14,091 bp) which was 4 bp longer than those of S. japonicum s les from Japan and China. This indel provides a unique genetic marker for S. japonicum s les from the Philippines. Phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated amino acids of 12 protein-coding genes showed that s les of S. japonicum clustered according to their geographical origins. The identified mitochondrial indel marker will be useful for tracing the source of S. japonicum infection in humans and animals in Southeast Asia.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1992
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 10-08-2010
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.TRSTMH.2008.09.014
Abstract: Paragonimiasis is a common parasitic zoonosis in Cameroon and neighbouring countries in Western Africa. Serum, sputum and faecal s les were collected in an endemic area of South West Province, Cameroon, after administration of a questionnaire to identify in iduals with appropriate symptoms and histories. Microscopic examination revealed eggs in sputum from 16 people, but none in any faecal s le. These 16 were among the 25 and 26 people, respectively, positive by ELISA and by immunoblot using Paragonimus africanus crude antigens. Copro-DNA detection was attempted using 23 faecal s les (18 from sputum egg-negative and five from sputum egg-positive in iduals). Copro-DNA was detected in four of the five sputum egg-positive in iduals. These results strongly suggest that: (1) serology is much more sensitive than sputum examination for diagnosis of paragonimiasis and (2) a copro-DNA test may be more sensitive than a microscopic search for eggs in faeces. Molecular sequence data from ITS2 and cox1 genes confirmed that adult worms experimentally raised in cats were P. africanus and that eggs from sputum or other worm products from human faeces also belonged to this species. Based on these results, 26 of 168 persons (15.5%) were diagnosed as suffering from paragonimiasis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-03-1997
Abstract: For elucidation of the taxonomic status of the Japanese Fasciola species, whole mitochondrial DNA of Fasciola hepatica from Australia, F. gigantica from Malaysia, and Fasciola sp. from Japan was digested with three four-base-cutting endonucleases: HinfI, MspI, and RsaI. The resulting digestion patterns showed that for each enzyme there were some bands specific for each geographical isolate and that the Japanese Fasciola sp. shared more bands with F. gigantica than with F. hepatica. Nucleotide sequences of two regions, the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA cluster and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), were also compared among them. The ITS2 sequence was highly conserved among the three isolates. F. gigantica and the Japanese Fasciola sp. were identical, but they differed from the Australian F. hepatica at six sites, one of which was a deletion. The COI sequence was less conserved but implied a similar relationship between the isolates. There seems no reason to regard the Japanese Fasciola sp. as anything other than a strain of F. gigantica.
Publisher: JSTOR
Date: 06-1998
DOI: 10.2307/3284729
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1993
DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(93)90042-W
Abstract: 18S rRNA sequences were analysed using parsimony and distance matrix methods to infer relationships among 8 species of trematodes. In particular, the disputed relationships of the digenean family Gyliauchenidae were examined. This family is regarded by some to be close to the Lepocreadiidae, and by others to be close to the Par histomidae. The data gave very strong support for placing the Gyliauchenidae close to the Lepocreadiidae, and almost no support for the alternative hypothesis. This support was found, regardless of the method of analysis, using data from different regions of the molecule as well as from the entire molecule. Morphological features are re-interpreted in the light of this conclusion.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1981
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(81)90006-2
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has placed an unprecedented test on the delivery and management of healthcare services globally. This study describes the adaptive measures taken and evolving roles of the members of the paediatric surgery ision in a developing country during this period. We adopted multiple adaptive strategies including changes to stratification of surgeries, out-patient services by urgency and hospital alert status, policy writing involving multidisciplinary teams, and redeployment of manpower. Modifications were made to teaching activities and skills training to observe social distancing and mitigate reduced operative learning opportunities. Roles of academic staff were expanded to include non-surgical duties. The planned strategies and changes to pre COVID-19 practices were successful in ensuring minimal disruption to the delivery of essential paediatric surgical services and training. Despite the lack of established guidelines and literature outlining strategies to address the impact of this pandemic on surgical services, most of the initial measures employed were consistent with that of other surgical centres. Changes to delivery of surgical services and surgical training warrant a holistic approach and a constant re-evaluation of practices with emergence of new experiences and guidelines.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.YMPEV.2022.107457
Abstract: The biogeography and molecular phylogeny of invertebrate zooplankton populations from inland saline waters remains under-explored in the Eastern Palearctic, especially the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Here, we surveyed the ersity of the Brachionus plicatilis Müller, 1786 species complex from inland saline waters across China. We compared morphometrics with DNA taxonomy (using two genetic markers: the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1)). Our phylogenies based on the sequences of ITS-1 recognized two distinct clades (i.e. two species: B. plicatilis sensu stricto (s.s.) and B. asplanchnoidis) in China. We detected two mitochondrial clades within B. plicatilis s.s and one within B. asplanchnoidis across China, consistent with the three morphogroups present. One of these three clades was novel and restricted to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, where it exhibited evidence of recent expansion across the region. The new mitochondrial clade fell within B. plicatilis s.s. but was sister to all other mitochondrial sequences of that species, suggesting a period of isolation from other populations. Moreover, significant morphological differences were identified: B. plicatilis s.s. from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau had a larger lorica length and width than did members of this species from lowland China. Our data demonstrate the successful adaptation of this species complex to the harsh environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 10-1997
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182097001534
Abstract: Nucleotide sequences were obtained for the second internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal gene repeat and for part of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene from geographical isolates of Paragonimus westermani from Japan, China, Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, peninsular Malaysia and Thailand. Sequences were obtained from several other species of Paragonimus for comparative purposes. Two groups were recognized within P. westermani : an NE group (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan) which was relatively uniform and included both diploid and triploid forms, and a southern group (Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines), members of which were genetically distant from one another. According to both ITS2 and COI data, genetic distances among P. westermani isolates equalled or exceeded those between some distinct species of Paragonimus . The ITS2 sequences were conserved relative to COI sequences. Substitutions among the latter may be approaching saturation within the genus Paragonimus .
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-1998
DOI: 10.1017/S003118209800242X
Abstract: The first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat was sequenced for members of the Schistosoma japonicum species complex ( S. malayensis , S. mekongi and 2 geographical isolates of S. japonicum ). The ITS1 is composed of 3 distinct regions: the 5′ end (23 nucleotides) a tract of approximately 90–140 nucleotides, which occurs up to 7 times in tandem, the number varying even within an in idual in all species investigated in this study the 3′ region (378 nucleotides), which lacks repeats. There is size and sequence variation among copies of the ITS1 repeat within a single in idual. The relative abundances of size variants of ITS1 in S. japonicum have been ascertained by hybridizing genomic digests with an ITS1 probe. Multiple repeats and intra-in idual variation in numbers and abundance of these is a feature of the Asian schistosomes, but not generally of African schistosomes. Possible reasons for this difference in ITS1 between African and Asian schistosomes are discussed. The ITS1 repeat sequences described for African schistosomes are different to, and cannot be aligned with, those from the Asian species described here, whereas the remainder of the ITS1 can be aligned quite easily.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 27-07-2022
Publisher: Medknow
Date: 2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
DOI: 10.1016/S0166-6851(01)00330-9
Abstract: Complete sequences were obtained for the coding portions of the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of Schistosoma mansoni (NMRI strain, Puerto Rico 14 415 bp), S. japonicum (Anhui strain, China 14 085 bp) and S. mekongi (Khong Island, Laos 14 072 bp). Each comprises 36 genes: 12 protein-encoding genes (cox1-3, nad1-6, nad4L, atp6 and cob) two ribosomal RNAs, rrnL (large subunit rRNA or 16S) and rrnS (small subunit rRNA or 12S) as well as 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The atp8 gene is absent. A large segment (9.6 kb) of the coding region (comprising 14 tRNAs, eight complete and two incomplete protein-encoding genes) for S. malayensis (Baling, Malaysian Peninsula) was also obtained. Each genome also possesses a long non-coding region that is ided into two parts (a small and a large non-coding region, the latter not fully sequenced in any species) by one or more tRNAs. The protein-encoding genes are similar in size, composition and codon usage in all species except for cox1 in S. mansoni (609 aa) and cox2 in S. mekongi (219 aa), both of which are longer than homologues in other species. An unexpected finding in all the Schistosoma species was the presence of a leucine zipper motif in the nad4L gene. The gene order in S. mansoni is strikingly different from that seen in the S. japonicum group and other flatworms. There is a high level of identity (87-94% at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels) for all protein-encoding genes of S. mekongi and S. malayensis. The identity between genes of these two species and those of S. japonicum is less (56-83% for amino acids and 73-79% for nucleotides). The identity between the genes of S. mansoni and the Asian schistosomes is far less (33-66% for amino acids and 54-68% for nucleotides), an observation consistent with the known phylogenetic distance between S. mansoni and the other species.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 24-02-2023
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 24-08-2012
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182012001229
Abstract: The name Paragonimus westermani (Kerbert, 1878) is commonly applied to members of a species complex that includes the well-known Asian lung fluke of medical and veterinary importance. Unambiguous molecular and morphological evidence showing the presence of a member of the complex in India has recently been published. In the present study we report the occurrence of 2 more members of the P. westermani complex in northeastern (NE) India. Surveys of the freshwater crabs Maydelliatelphusa lugubris in NE India revealed 2 morphologically distinct types of lung fluke metacercariae. Phylogenetic analyses, using DNA sequences from ITS2, 28S and cox1 gene regions indicate that these lung metacercariae belong to P. westermani complex. Type 1 metacercariae have a more basal position within the complex whereas type 2 metacercariae are closely related to the relatively derived forms of P. westermani from NE Asia (Japan, Korea, China) and Vietnam. A third type of metacercaria (type 3), detected in another crab host, Sartoriana spinigera in Assam, was phylogenetically close to P. siamensis , also a member of the P. westermani group. Molecular evidence has demonstrated the existence of 3 genotypes of lung flukes within the Paragonimus westermani complex in NE India. Two of these were previously unknown.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-01-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1986
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00204-0
Abstract: Sequences generated from the mitochondrial genome provide useful molecular markers for defining population groups, for tracing the genetic history of an in idual or a particular group of related in iduals, and for constructing deep-branch taxonomic phylogenies. There is every reason to believe that the mitochondrial genome will be as valuable in studies on flatworms, such as the human schistosomes, as it has been for other taxa. To date, however, our knowledge of mitochondrial genomes of flatworms remains limited, and this review summarises the currently available information. In particular, details of the recent sequence obtained for cloned Schistosoma mansoni mitochondrial DNA fragments spanning over half of the mitochondrial genome of this species are emphasised. This and other information, available as a result of the Schistosome Genome Project, provide the basis for obtaining the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence and gene order of S. mansoni and the other human schistosomes. The availability of complete mitochondrial DNA sequences from the different species will facilitate much more in-depth study of genetic ersity and host specificity in schistosomes and the interrelationships between the various forms infecting humans and between these and other flatworms.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2006
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2022
DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X22000402
Abstract: Digenetic trematodes are important parasites of humans and animals. They have complex life cycles and typically infect a gastropod as the first intermediate host. Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos , the first intermediate host of the liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini , harbours a wide variety of other trematode species. Morphological details of cercariae of 20 trematode taxa from B . s . goniomphalos , collected mainly in Thailand from 2009 to 2014, were provided in an earlier paper. Correct identification to the species or genus level based on morphology of these cercariae is generally not possible. Therefore, we used molecular data to improve identification and to investigate the ersity of the species of trematodes infecting B . s . goniomphalos . We were successful in extracting, lifying and sequencing portions of the 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene for 19 of these 20 types of cercaria, and the internal transcribed spacer 2 region for 18 types. BLAST searches in GenBank and phylogenetic trees inferred from the 28S rRNA sequences identified members of at least nine superfamilies and 12 families. Only a few cercariae could be assigned confidently to genus or species on the basis of the sequence data. Matching sequence data from named adult trematodes will be required for definitive identification. There is clearly a great ersity of trematode species utilizing B . s . goniomphalos in Thailand.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1071/ZO13029
Abstract: The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) has a wide distribution in Australia, encompassing the southern island of Tasmania and a broad latitudinal range of the mainland from the temperate south to the tropical north. We used 12 microsatellite markers from 235 in iduals s led from 13 river systems to examine patterns of genetic differentiation and gene flow throughout the species’ range. Using a Bayesian approach we identified three large-scale groupings that correspond closely to geographically distinct regions of the species’ distribution: the tropical northern mainland, the subtropical and temperate southern mainland, and Tasmania. Six additional clusters were found within the regional groups, three in the northern, two in the southern mainland regions, and the last in Tasmania. These clusters coincided with major river drainages. Genetic differentiation was generally high, with pairwise Fst values ranging from 0.065 to 0.368 for regions and 0.037 to 0.479 for clusters. We found no evidence of contemporary gene flow among the three clusters in the north, but some migration may occur between the larger clusters in the south. Due to the high genetic structuring and lack of gene flow between these three regional populations of the platypus we recommend their treatment as evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) within the platypus species. We have also detailed several smaller management units (MUs) existing within our study area based on subregional clusters and geographically significant features.
Publisher: PeerJ
Date: 25-09-2014
DOI: 10.7717/PEERJ.552
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 29-04-2021
DOI: 10.1111/ARE.15294
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-1993
DOI: 10.1007/BF00009725
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 09-03-2005
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 22-09-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-05-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.MEEGID.2011.01.015
Abstract: The intergenic spacer (IGS) between the 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA genes was PCR- lified, sequenced and characterized for Schistosoma japonicum from mainland China, and compared with those of other Schistosoma species. Excluding flanking portions of the 28S and 18S genes, the IGS in the longest sequenced licon from S. japonicum IGS was 1457bp in length. However, intra-specific and intra-in idual variation was noted. The IGS region of S. japonicum is strikingly different in structure from those of African Schistosoma species for which data are available. S. japonicum has a shorter IGS and largely lacks a long region of complex repeats seen in the African species. However, careful comparisons with African species highlighted the presence of a few shared repeat motifs that were not apparent from study of African species only. Such motifs presumably have functional significance. Discovery of such motifs may in general be aided by comparisons of relatively distant taxa rather than of sibling taxa.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.YMPEV.2022.107586
Abstract: The distribution and species/lineage ersity of freshwater invertebrate zooplankton remains understudied in China. Here, we explored the species/lineage ersity and phylogeography of Ceriodaphnia species across China. The taxonomy of this genus is under-explored. Seven morphospecies of Ceriodaphnia (C. cornuta, C. laticaudata, C. megops, C. pulchella, C. quadrangula, C. rotunda and C. spinata) were identified across 45 of 422 water bodies examined. Rather little morphological variation was observed within any single morphospecies regardless of country of origin. Nevertheless, we recognized that some or all of these morphospecies might represent species complexes. To investigate this, phylogenetic relationships within and among these morphospecies were investigated based on mitochondrial (partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene) and nuclear (partial 28S rRNA gene) markers. The mitochondrial marker placed these populations in nine lineages corresponding to the morphospecies: C. laticaudata and C. pulchella were each represented by two lineages, suggesting that both are species complexes. The remaining five morphospecies were each represented by a single mtDNA lineage. Three of the nine mitochondrial lineages (belonging to C. pulchella, C. rotunda and C. megops) are newly reported and exhibited a restricted distribution within China. The nuclear-DNA phylogeny also recognized seven Ceriodaphnia taxa within China. We detected occasional mito-nuclear discordances in Ceriodaphnia taxa across China, suggesting interspecific introgression and hybridization. Our study contributes to an understanding of the species/lineage ersity of Ceriodaphnia, a genus with understudied taxonomy.
Publisher: PeerJ
Date: 20-06-2019
DOI: 10.7717/PEERJ.7031
Abstract: We present the complete mitochondrial genome of Paragonimus ohirai Miyazaki, 1939 and compare its features with those of previously reported mitochondrial genomes of the pathogenic lung-fluke, Paragonimus westermani , and other members of the genus. The circular mitochondrial DNA molecule of the single fully sequenced in idual of P. ohirai was 14,818 bp in length, containing 12 protein-coding, two ribosomal RNA and 22 transfer RNA genes. As is common among trematodes, an atp8 gene was absent from the mitogenome of P. ohirai and the 5′ end of nad4 overlapped with the 3′ end of nad4L by 40 bp . Paragonimusohirai and four forms/strains of P. westermani from South Korea and India, exhibited remarkably different base compositions and hence codon usage in protein-coding genes. In the fully sequenced P. ohirai in idual, the non-coding region started with two long identical repeats (292 bp each), separated by tRNA Glu . These were followed by an array of six short tandem repeats (STR), 117 bp each. Numbers of the short tandem repeats varied among P. ohirai in iduals. A phylogenetic tree inferred from concatenated mitochondrial protein sequences of 50 strains encompassing 42 species of trematodes belonging to 14 families identified a monophyletic Paragonimidae in the class Trematoda. Characterization of additional mitogenomes in the genus Paragonimus will be useful for biomedical studies and development of molecular tools and mitochondrial markers for diagnostic, identification, hybridization and phylogenetic/epidemiological/evolutionary studies.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 11-2001
DOI: 10.1017/S003118200100837X
Abstract: Snails and digeneans have been associated for at least 200 million years. Their inter-relationships over such a time-span must have been complex and varied. Few studies have attempted to explore these relationships in the light of knowledge of the phylogeny of both host and parasite groups. Here we focus on two important families of digeneans, the Schistosomatidae and the Paragonimidae, for which molecular phylogenies are available. We investigate the types of evolutionary relationships between host and parasite, operating at different phylogenetic depths, that might explain current host specificity and distributions of both associates. Both families of parasites utilise a number of highly erged gastropod families, indicating that host extensions have featured in their histories. However, schistosomatids and paragonimids show different patterns of association with their snail hosts. As befits the apparently more ancient group, schistosomatids utilise snails from across a wide phylogenetic range within the Gastropoda. The genus Schistosoma itself has experienced one long-range host switch between pulmonates and caenogastropods. By contrast, paragonimids are restricted to two superfamilies of caenogastropods. Despite these differences, modern schistosomatid species appear to be more host specific than are paragonimids and host additions, at the level of host family, are far less common among species of schistosomatids than among paragonimids. Some species of Paragonimus exhibit remarkably low levels of host specificity, with different populations utilising snails of different families. Existing knowledge relating to the phenomenon will be presented in the context of phylogenies of schistosomatids, paragonimids, and their snail hosts. Discussion focuses on the usefulness of current theories of snail–digenean coevolution for interpreting these findings. In the past, much emphasis has been placed on the idea that digeneans engage in a one-to-one arms race with their snail host. We consider that phylogenetic tracking rather than an arms-race relationship might be a common alternative. Not being bound by the restrictions imposed by an arms race, some digeneans might be able to extend to new host species more easily than the literature suggests. Switches into related host taxa are most likely. However, ecologically equivalent but unrelated gastropod hosts may also be exploited. Given the right ecological setting, digeneans are able to switch across considerable phylogenetic distances. Ex les from the Paragonimidae and Schistosomatidae are given.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1994
DOI: 10.1071/MF9940563
Abstract: Prevalence of trematode cercariae within freshwater snails at the Ross River reservoir is presented, with special attention to Trichobilharzia sp(p). (Digenea:Schistosomatidae), known causative agents of schistosome dermatitis. Three pulmonate snails-a lymnaeid, Austropeplea lessoni, and two planorbids, Gyraulus gilberti and Amerianna carinata-and one prosobranch snail, Thiara balonnensis, were common in the reservoir. These snails were infected with trematode cercariae representing six different families. Both Austropeplea lessoni (4.5%) and G. gilberti (1.8%) act as intermediate hosts of Trichobilharzia sp(p). Trematode infection levels increased as snail size increased. The implication for surveillance techniques is that only the larger snails (A. lessoni 10 mm, G. gilberti 3 mm and Amerianna carinata mm) require dissection to determine the prevalence of trematode infections.
Publisher: JSTOR
Date: 12-1979
DOI: 10.2307/3280265
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 24-03-2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-05-2022
Publisher: JSTOR
Date: 04-1986
DOI: 10.2307/3281597
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1987
DOI: 10.1071/ZO9870075
Abstract: The subfamily Octangiinae Looss, 1902 is considered to contain two genera. Two species are recognised in Octangium Looss, 1902. These are O. sagitta (Looss, 1899) Looss, 1902 (hosts Chelonia mydas (L.) Eretmochelys imbricata (L.): synonyms Octangium hasta Looss, 1902 ?O. takanoi Kobayashi, 1921) and O. hyphalum, sp. nov. (host Chelonia mydas: synonym O. takanoi Kobayashi sensu Mehrotra 1973 and Tandon and Gupta 1981). The genus Neoctangium Ruiz, 1943 contains only N. travassosi Ruiz, 1943 (hosts Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys imbricata: synonym ?Neoctangium trinidadi Gupta, 1962). Octangium microrchis Chattopadhyaya, 1972 (host E. imbricata) and O. elongatum Chattopadhyaya, 1972 (host C. mydas) are regarded as species inquirendae.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 29-08-2013
DOI: 10.1111/ZOJ.12049
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-08-2008
DOI: 10.1111/J.1755-0998.2008.02195.X
Abstract: We identified and optimized 10 microsatellite loci for the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Monotremata: Ornithorhynchidae), and screened 21 in iduals from the southern tablelands area of New South Wales, Australia. Each polymorphic locus possessed between two and 12 alleles with observed heterozygosities between 0.118 and 0.950. The intent of this effort was to provide informative loci for studies on the population genetics of this species.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-01-2016
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 28-03-2019
DOI: 10.3354/DAO03348
Abstract: Blood flukes of the family Spirorchiidae are important disease agents in marine turtles. The family is near cosmopolitan in distribution. Twenty-nine marine species across 10 genera are currently recognized, but taxonomic problems remain and it is likely that more species will be discovered. Spirorchiids infect the circulatory system, where they and their eggs cause a range of inflammatory lesions. Infection is sometimes implicated in the death of the turtle. In some regions, prevalence in stranded turtles is close to 100%. Knowledge of life cycles, important for control and epidemiological studies, has proven elusive until recently, when the first intermediate host identifications were made. Recent molecular studies of eggs and adult worms indicate that a considerable level of intrageneric and intraspecific ersity exists. The characterization of this ersity is likely to be of importance in exploring parasite taxonomy and ecology, unravelling life cycles, identifying the differential pathogenicity of genotypes and species, and developing antemortem diagnostic tools, all of which are major priorities for future spirorchiid research. Diagnosis to date has been reliant on copromicroscopy or necropsy, which both have significant limitations. The current lack of reliable antemortem diagnostic options is a roadblock to determining the true prevalence and epidemiology of spirorchiidiasis and the development of effective treatment regimes.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 10-11-2021
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182021001943
Abstract: In response to annual outbreaks of human cercarial dermatitis (HCD) in Lake Wanaka, New Zealand, ducks and snails were collected and screened for avian schistosomes. During the survey from 2009 to 2017, four species of Trichobilharzia were recovered. Specimens were examined both morphologically and genetically. Trichobilharzia querquedulae , a species known from four continents, was found in the visceral veins of the duck Spatula rhynchotis but the snail host remains unknown. Cercaria longicauda [i.e. Trichobilharzia longicauda (Macfarlane, 1944) Davis, 2006], considered the major aetiological agent of HCD in Lake Wanaka, was discovered, and redescribed from adults in the visceral veins of the duck Aythya novaeseelandiae and cercariae from the snail Austropeplea tomentosa. Recovered from the nasal mucosa of Ay. novaeseelandiae is a new species of Trichobilharzia that was also found to cycle naturally through Au. tomentosa . Cercariae of a fourth species of Trichobilharzia were found in Au. tomentosa but the species remains unidentified.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-02-2014
DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.968
Publisher: Helminthological Society
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1654/4739.1
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2006
Publisher: Museum and Institute of Zoology at the Polish Academy of Sciences
Date: 12-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1989
DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(89)90167-9
Abstract: Recognition sites for nine different restriction endonucleases were mapped on rDNA genes of fasciolid species. Southern blots of digested DNA from in idual worms were probed sequentially with three different probes derived from rDNA of Schistosoma mansoni and known to span between them the entire rDNA repeat unit in that species. Eighteen recognition sites were mapped for Fasciola hepatica, and seventeen for Fasciola gigantica and Fascioloides magna. Each fasciolid species had no more than two unique recognition sites, the remainder being common to one or both of the other two species. No intraspecific variation in restriction sites was noted in F. hepatica (in iduals from 11 s les studied hosts were sheep, cattle and laboratory animals geographical origins. Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, U.K., Hungary and Spain), or in F. gigantica (two s les Indonesia and Malaysia). Only one s le of F. magna was available. One specimen of Fasciola sp. from Japan (specific identity regarded in the literature as uncertain) yielded a restriction map identical to that of F. gigantica. Almost all recognition sites occurred in or near the putative rRNA coding regions. The non-transcribed spacer region had few or no cut sites despite the fact that this region is up to about one half of the entire repeat unit in length. Length heterogeneity was noted in the non-transcribed spacer, even within in idual worms.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.PARINT.2016.12.006
Abstract: The trematode Paragonimus mexicanus is the etiological agent of paragonimiasis, a food-borne zoonotic disease in Latin America. This species, as well as Paragonimus caliensis, have been reported from Costa Rica, but it is not known if the two are synonymous. Two types of Paragonimus metacercariae from freshwater pseudothelphusid crabs from several localities in Costa Rica were recognized by light microscopy. Morphologically, these corresponded to descriptions of P. mexicanus and P. caliensis. Metacercariae of the former species lacked a membrane or cyst and their bodies were yellow in color. Those of P. caliensis were contained in a transparent thin cyst and were pink in color. Morphotypes of metacercariae were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on the number and distribution of papillae in the ventral sucker, three morphotypes were found for P. mexicanus and two for P. caliensis. Analysis of DNA sequences (nuclear ribosomal 28S and ITS2 genes, and partial mitochondrial cox1 gene) confirmed the presence of P. mexicanus and provided the first molecular data for P. caliensis. The two species are phylogenetically distinct from each other and distant from the Asian species. The confirmation of P. caliensis as a separate species from P. mexicanus raises several questions about the ecology, biological ersity, and epidemiology of the genus Paragonimus in Costa Rica.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 25-07-2011
DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X11000381
Abstract: We lified the cDNA coding for arginine kinase (AK) from the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum , cloned it in pMAL plasmid and expressed the enzyme as a fusion protein with the maltose-binding protein. The whole cDNA was 1260 bp, encoding 400 amino acids, and the recombinant protein had a molecular mass of 45,341 Da. Ascaris suum recombinant AK showed significant activity and strong affinity ( K _{m}^{Arg} = 0.126\\hairsp mM) for the substrate l -arginine. It also exhibited high catalytic efficiency ( k _{cat}/ K _{m}^{Arg} = 352) comparable with AKs from other organisms. Sequence analysis revealed high amino acid sequence identity between A. suum AK and other nematode AKs, all of which cluster in a phylogenetic tree. However, comparison of gene structures showed that A. suum AK gene intron/exon organization is quite distinct from that of other nematode AKs. Phosphagen kinases (PKs) from certain parasites have been shown to be potential novel drug targets or tools for detection of infection. The characterization of A. suum AK will be useful in the development of strategies for control not only of A. suum but also of related species infecting humans.
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 02-2007
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01151-06
Abstract: Two cases of aberrant migration by the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica in humans are reported. In both cases, subadult worms emerged through the skin. The identity of the worms was confirmed from their DNA sequences. This uncommon human pathogen might be more likely than F. hepatica to undertake aberrant migrations in humans.
Publisher: Korean Society for Parasitology
Date: 31-12-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-1998
DOI: 10.1007/PL00006398
Abstract: The secondary structure of rRNA internal transcribed spacer 2 is important in the process of ribosomal biogenesis. Trematode ITS sequences are poorly conserved and difficult to align for phylogenetic comparisons above a family level. If a conserved secondary structure can be identified, it can be used to guide primary sequence alignments. ITS2 sequences from 39 species were compared. These species span four orders of trematodes (Echinostomiformes, Plagiorchiformes, Strigeiformes, and Par histomiformes) and one monogenean (Gyrodactyliformes). The sequences vary in length from 251 to 431 bases, with an average GC content of 48%. The monogenean sequence could not be aligned with confidence to the trematodes. Above the family level trematode sequences were alignable from the 5' end for 139 bases. Secondary structure foldings predicted a four-domain model. Three folding patterns were required for the apex of domain B. The folding pattern of domains C and D varies for each family. The structures display a high GC content within stems. Bases A and U are favored in unpaired regions and variable sites cluster. This produces a mosaic of conserved and variable regions with a structural conformation resistant to change. Two conserved strings were identified, one in domain B and the other in domain C. The first site can be aligned to a processing site identified in yeast and rat. The second site has been found in plants, and structural location appears to be important. A phylogenetic tree of the trematode sequences, aligned with the aid of secondary structures, distinguishes the four recognized orders.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-12-2021
DOI: 10.1111/FWB.13858
Abstract: The effect of cyanobacterial blooms on aquatic ecosystems has received wide attention, yet little is known about their impacts on zooplankton genetic structure. For 26 months (April 2012–May 2014), we monitored zooplankton in a warm‐temperate ice‐free lake in Eastern China, with an emphasis on seasonal population dynamics of the cladoceran, Daphnia galeata . There was a seasonal succession in the zooplanktonic community (composed of Cladocera, Copepoda, and Rotifera). Genetic analysis (based on 14 microsatellite loci) of the 21 monthly s les in which D. galeata was present demonstrated that several clones could successfully overwinter and/or persist for many months. However, all clones, including these long‐lived clones, were completely replaced by new ones after October 2013, probably due to cyanobacteria blooms in that summer. A high clonal richness coupled with high turnover rate was observed in the D . galeata population overall, suggesting frequent sexual reproduction. Daphnia galeata experimentally fed with a diet of Microcystis aeruginosa (the most abundant toxic cyanobacterial species in the lake) had a substantially reduced survivorship, consistent with the field observations. Our findings highlight the changes of zooplanktonic population dynamics in terms of both community and clonal structure in a warm‐temperate ice‐free lake, and call for further investigation on ecological responses of zooplankton to cyanobacterial blooms.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2002
DOI: 10.1179/000349802125000268
Abstract: Recent electrophoretic data have indicated that Schistosoma japonicum in mainland China may be a species complex, with the existence of a cryptic species being predicted from the analysis of schistosome populations from Sichuan province. To investigate the Sichuan form of S. japonicum, 4.9 kbp of mitochondrial DNA from each of three s les of the parasite from China (two from Sichuan and one from Hunan) and one from Sorsogon in the Philippines were lified, sequenced and characterized. The sequence data were compared with those from the related South-east Asian species of S. mekongi (Khong Island, Laos) and S. mlayensis (Baling, Malaysia) and that from S. japonicm from Anhui (China). At both the nucleotide and amino-acid levels, the variation among the five S. japonicum s les was limited (< 1%). This was consistent with the conclusions drawn from previous molecular studies, in which minimal variation among S. japonicum populations was also detected. In contrast, S. mekongi and S. malayensis, species recognized as separate but closely related, differ from each other by about 10%, and each differs by 25%-26% from S. japonicum. Phylogenetic trees provided a graphic representation of these differences, showing all S. japonicum sequences to be very tightly clustered and distant from S. mekongi and S. malayensis, the last two being clearly distinct from each other. The results thus indicate no significant intra-specific genetic variation among S. japonicum s les collected from different geographical areas and do not support the idea of a distinct form in Sichuan.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJPARA.2007.10.003
Abstract: The two species common of liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, cause human fascioliasis. Hybrids between these species, and introgressed forms of Fasciola, are known from temperate and subtropical regions of eastern Asia. Here, we report the presence of hybrid and/or introgressed liver flukes in Vietnam where it has recently been recognised that human fascioliasis is an important zoonotic disease. Specimens examined came from domestic stock (cattle and buffalo) at slaughter and also from human patients. DNA sequences were obtained from the nuclear ribosomal second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) and from portions of two mitochondrial protein-coding genes. Mitochondrial sequences in every case were similar to those of Fasciola gigantica. Nuclear ITS-2 sequences belonged to one or other of the Fasciola species, or, sequences from both were found in the same in idual worm. This study extends the known range of hybrids or introgressed forms of Fasciola into tropical regions of Asia.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 31-05-2011
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.MEEGID.2015.11.018
Abstract: Ogmocotyle spp. (Trematoda: Digenea: Notocotylidae) are neglected but important trematodes that can infect numerous mammal species, causing significant economic losses to livestock industries. However, there have been few studies on the molecular ecology of these trematodes. We lified and sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Ogmocotyle sikae (14,307 bp). The gene content and gene arrangement of O. sikae mt genome was similar to that of Dicrocoelium chinensis, except that trnE and trnG were reversed. Phylogenetic analysis of O. sikae and selected parasites using Bayesian inference was performed based on concatenated amino acid sequence datasets conceptually translated from the 12 protein-coding genes. The results indicated that the family Notocotylidae is related to the family Par histomatidae. Our description of O. sikae mt genome provides a significant resource of molecular markers for future comparative studies of the Notocotylidae and other trematodes.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 28-04-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.YMPEV.2005.04.034
Abstract: Euastacus crayfish are endemic to freshwater ecosystems of the eastern coast of Australia. While recent evolutionary studies have focused on a few of these species, here we provide a comprehensive phylogenetic estimate of relationships among the species within the genus. We sequenced three mitochondrial gene regions (COI, 16S, and 12S) and one nuclear region (28S) from 40 species of the genus Euastacus, as well as one undescribed species. Using these data, we estimated the phylogenetic relationships within the genus using maximum-likelihood, parsimony, and Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo analyses. Using Bayes factors to test different model hypotheses, we found that the best phylogeny supports monophyletic groupings of all but two recognized species and suggests a widespread ancestor that erged by vicariance. We also show that Euastacus and Astacopsis are most likely monophyletic sister genera. We use the resulting phylogeny as a framework to test biogeographic hypotheses relating to the ersification of the genus.
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 03-11-2011
DOI: 10.3354/DAO02396
Abstract: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the cause of a fatal fungal skin disease of hibians that has led to massive die-offs, global declines and extinctions, has spread internationally as a pandemic clone with low genetic ersity. A need exists to develop highly polymorphic markers to determine centers of origin and patterns of spread to assist in the development of management strategies. Comparison of paralogous sequences, obtained from the 2 sequenced Bd genomes, indicates useful levels of inter-strain polymorphism in repetitive fragments. We assessed 6 repetitive loci for variation within and among Australian isolates using standard fragment analysis and capillary electrophoresis-single strand conformation polymorphism (CE-SSCP) analysis. Confirmation of inter-isolate polymorphism was achieved for 2 marker systems, highlighting the potential of repetitive loci for the development of polymorphic markers in Bd. In addition, we found that repetitive loci in Bd include possible orthologs of virulence-related genes from pathogenic fungi.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2021
DOI: 10.1016/J.MEEGID.2021.105021
Abstract: Haemonchus contortus is one of the most economically important parasitic nematodes affecting small ruminant livestock worldwide. This study was conducted to elucidate the genetic ersity and population structure of this nematode in Thailand based on mitochondrial DNA markers, the nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 4 (nad4) and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes. One hundred and thirty-six adult worms were obtained from 86 abomasa of slaughtered goats from 13 different localities in 5 regions of Thailand. Identification to the genus Haemonchus was done using morphology. DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) identified each specimen to species: three fixed nucleotide (SNP) differences distinguished H. contortus from H. placei. Genetic analysis defined 118 and 122 unique haplotypes in partial sequences of nad4 (alignment length 723 bp) and cox1 (645 bp) genes, respectively. Nucleotide ersities were 0.031 and 0.043 for nad4 and cox1 genes, respectively. Low genetic differentiation was observed among H. contortus s les from various provinces in Thailand. This is the first study on the genetic ersity and population structure of H. contortus of goats in Thailand. This study has provided insights into the transmission dynamics of this parasitic nematode, information which is essential for farm management and parasite control.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-02-2017
Publisher: Brill
Date: 02-09-2021
DOI: 10.1163/18759866-BJA10022
Abstract: The distribution and species/lineage ersity of freshwater invertebrate zooplankton is understudied in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the present study, we explored the lineage ersity and regional distribution of Moinidae (Crustacea: Cladocera) species in Southeast Nigeria. Three species of Moinidae were identified, based on morphology, in 11 of 32 Nigerian lakes examined. Their phylogenetic relationships were investigated based on mitochondrial dna sequences (cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene coi ) and two nuclear internal transcribed spacer regions ( its -1 and its -2). Three coi lineages were detected, corresponding to the morphological species. Two of the coi lineages are newly reported, but one coi lineage (and the haplotype found) is globally distributed, suggesting an ability of moinids to disperse over long distances. Interestingly, two in iduals that were morphologically M. cf. macrocopa and had its alleles typical of that species had mtDNA sequences typical of M. cf. micrura . Additionally, one in idual that corresponded morphologically to M. cf. macrocopa (and also had a mitochondrial sequence typical of M. cf. micrura ) had one its -2 allele typical of that species and one typical of M. cf. micrura . This discordance between mtDNA and nuclear phylogenies suggests gene introgression and/or hybridization between different species within the genus. Our data shows the lineage distribution/ ersity and the presence of gene introgression/interspecific hybridization among moinid species from a tropical region.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-1997
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1997.TB12258.X
Abstract: To determine the prevalence and manifestations of fibropapillomatosis in green turtles in Indonesia, to identify any relationship between fibropapillomatosis and concurrent parasitic infection, to ascertain the effect of fibropapillomatosis on health, and to examine whether environment might have an effect on the prevalence of fibropapillomatosis. 4407 green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and 401 hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) were examined. The occurrence of fibropapillomatosis was correlated with sex, maturity, curved carapace length, body weight/curved carapace length ratio, the number and distribution of tumours on the skin, parasite burdens, some haematological variables and the region of capture. Fibropapillomatosis was seen only in green turtles, and the overall prevalence in these was 21.5%. This prevalence increased with the curved carapace length up to 85 cm. The average number of tumours per affected turtle was 5 +/- SD 4.1 (range, 1 to 29), and was negatively correlated with the body weight/curved carapace length ratio (rs = -0.8 P = 0.001). The red blood cell count in turtles with fibropapilloma was lower than in non-fibropapilloma turtles captured and examined at the same time (P = 0.001). The prevalence of fibropapilloma in turtles captured near densely populated, industrial regions (26.3%) was greater than in turtles from sparsely populated areas (17.7%). Fibropapillomatosis in green sea turtles in Indonesia is of moderate occurrence: young mature turtles (curved carapace length = 85 cm) are most frequently affected. Fibropapilloma adversely affects health of turtles. Fluke infestation seems not to be a causal factor, but viral infection, perhaps with concurrent stress of environmental origin, seems likely.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-10-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-04-2017
DOI: 10.1111/ACFI.12129
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1071/ZO13009
Abstract: Genetic parentage studies can provide detailed insights into the mating system dynamics of wild populations, including the prevalence and patterns of multiple paternity. Multiple paternity is assumed to be common among turtles, though its prevalence varies widely between species and populations. Several important groups remain to be investigated, including the family Chelidae, which dominate the freshwater turtle fauna of the Southern Hemisphere. We used seven polymorphic microsatellite markers to investigate the presence of multiple fathers within clutches from the white-throated snapping turtle (Elseya albagula), an Australian species of conservation concern. We uncovered a high incidence of multiple paternity, with 83% of clutches showing evidence of multiple fathers and up to three males contributing to single clutches. We confirm a largely promiscuous mating system for this species in the Burnett River, Queensland, although a lone incidence of single paternity indicates it is not the only strategy employed. These data provide the first ex le of multiple paternity in the Chelidae and extend our knowledge of the taxonomic breadth of multiple paternity in turtles of the Southern Hemisphere.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 16-09-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00187-3
Abstract: There have been few investigations of genomes of Paragonimus westermani and related species. Most studies have focussed on questions such as the identities of species and relationships among them, origins and relationships of strains with different ploidy states, and the characterisation of genes producing immunologically significant proteins. In the context of these questions, work on the karyotypes, nuclear and mitochondrial genomes is reviewed.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 03-1998
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182097002217
Abstract: Cryptic species, belonging to the 37 collar-spine Echinostoma group, were distinguished using nuclear rDNA ITS (884 bases) and mtDNA CO1 (257 bases) and ND1 (530 bases) sequences. Sequences were obtained from five 37 collar-spine species, Echinostoma trivolvis, E. paraensei, E. caproni, E. revolutum and E. sp.I, a parthenogenetic isolate from Africa. Three geographic isolates of E. caproni were compared. Average sequence ergence among the 37 collar-spine species range from 2.2% in the rDNA ITS through 8% for the CO1 and 14% for the ND1. In addition, genes were sequenced from 2 non 37 collar-spine species, E. hortense and an undescribed Australian species, E. sp. (Aus). For each gene, distances of terminals from a predicted ancestral sequence were calculated. These indicated that ND1 is erging significantly faster than the other 2 regions. In the CO1 gene most substitutions are synonymous and saturation has been reached for the majority of pairwise comparisons. The ND1 gene exhibits greater pairwise ergence but less evidence of saturation due to weaker conservation of first and second codon positions. The ITS has no amino acid coding constraints and displays no evidence of saturation. Although all 3 regions successfully distinguished the nominal species, ND1 appears to be the most informative region for investigating relationships within the 37 collar-spine group.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_5
Abstract: Paragonimiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Humans usually become infected by eating freshwater crabs or crayfish containing encysted metacercariae of these worms. However, an alternative route of infection exists: ingestion of raw meat from a mammalian paratenic host. Adult worms normally occur in pairs in cysts in the lungs from which they void their eggs via air passages. The pulmonary form is typical in cases of human infection due to P. westermani, P. heterotremus, and a few other species (Table 5.1). Worms may occupy other sites in the body, notably the brain, but lung flukes have made their presence felt in almost every organ. Ectopic paragonimiasis is particularly common when infection is due to members of the P. skrjabini complex (Table 5.1). Human paragonimiasis occurs primarily in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, with different species being responsible in different areas (Table 5.1).
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-1994
DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X00014322
Abstract: Twelve enzymes (encoded by 14 loci) in liver flukes of Fasciola species originating from Japan (parthenogenetic triploids), Korea (parthenogenetic diploids), the United States of America (USA) and Australia (all sexual diploids) were analysed using starch gel electrophoresis. Variation in electrophoretic patterns between s les was detected at five enzyme loci ( Ak, Got, Gpi, 6-Pgd and Pgm -2). Japanese worms (31, of which six were established as uniparental laboratory strains), which reproduce by parthenogenesis, exhibited three different isozyme patterns. This indicates that triploidy has arisen more than once in Japanese flukes. Japanese Fasciola sp. can be separated into three types on morphological grounds. For the six laboratory strains of Japanese worms, the parental morphological type was known. Each of the three isozyme patterns observed was restricted to one morphological type. Most alleles detected in the Japanese triploids were also found in diploid worms from the other countries: the only alleles not represented elsewhere were four at the Got locus and two at the Pgm locus. Flukes from a laboratory strain derived from a single Korean diploid worm resembled the Japanese worms in genotype more closely than did American (seven uniparental laboratory strains) or Australian (30 worms) specimens. Worms from the last two countries were closely related.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-01-2011
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2016
Abstract: Paragonimiasis caused by lung flukes (genus Paragonimus) is a neglected disease occurring in Asia, Africa and the Americas. The genus is species-rich, ancient and widespread. Genetic ersity is likely to be considerable, but investigation of this remains confined to a few populations of a few species. In recent years, studies of genetic ersity have moved from isoenzyme analysis to molecular phylogenetic analysis based on selected DNA sequences. The former offered better resolution of questions relating to allelic ersity and gene flow, whereas the latter is more suitable for questions relating to molecular taxonomy and phylogeny. A picture is emerging of a highly erse taxon of parasites, with the greatest ersity found in eastern and southern Asia where ongoing speciation might be indicated by the presence of several species complexes. Diversity of lung flukes in Africa and the Americas is very poorly s led. Functional molecules that might be of value for immunodiagnosis, or as targets for medical intervention, are of great interest. Characterisation of these from Paragonimus species has been ongoing for a number of years. However, the imminent release of genomic and transcriptomic data for several species of Paragonimus will dramatically increase the rate of discovery of such molecules, and illuminate their ersity within and between species.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-1983
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.PARINT.2011.06.004
Abstract: Superfamily Opisthorchioidea Looss, 1899 consists of three well-known families, Opisthorchiidae, Heterophyidae, and Cryptogonimidae, with basic similarities in morphology and life-cycles. Many species in the first two of these families are human pathogens, such as Opisthorchis viverrini, O. felineus, Clonorchis sinensis, Haplorchis spp. and Metagonimus spp. Recently, a molecular phylogenetic study on the classification of Digenea revealed a paraphyletic relationship between Opisthorchiidae and Heterophyidae. For our study, we gathered and analyzed all available data in GenBank, together with new data of nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences of the families within the Opisthorchioidea. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses suggested that families Opisthorchiidae and Heterophyidae are inseparable from each other, with the former nested within the latter. Groupings in molecular trees are generally consistent with morphological features used in taxonomy.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-09-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2001
DOI: 10.1016/S0167-4838(01)00156-X
Abstract: Sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins are characterised by short coiled-coil structural domains classified as zinc finger/RING finger, leucine zipper (L-Zip) or helix-loop-helix (HLH) motifs. The L-Zip proteins are defined by a pattern of at least four leucine (L) residues repeated every seventh amino acid that mediates protein dimerisation through the formation of parallel alpha-helical dimers. Usually the zipper is incorporated into a helix-loop-helix conformation called the basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH/Zip). To date, all of the several hundred proteins reported as containing the L-Zip and/or bHLH/Zip motifs are nuclear-encoded. No leucine zipper polypeptide has, hitherto, been reported as mitochondrial in origin. Here we report such a polypeptide, the nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 4L (nad4L). We first identified this in human blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma (phylum Platyhelminthes class Trematoda) but show that this is a common feature in other eucaryotes as well. Therefore, in addition to their well recognised role in oxidative phosphorylation, nad4L proteins may be pivotally involved in a range of other biological processes such as transcription and/or replication activation or as signal transmitters in communication with the nucleus and other cellular organelles. This may indicate a link between transcription regulation and respiration in mitochondria. We have also identified L-Zip-like motifs in nuoK, the procaryotic equivalent of the nad4L mitochondrial protein.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-12-2000
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-2016
Abstract: Exploiting the conservation of various features of mitochondrial genomes has been instrumental in resolving phylogenetic relationships. Despite extensive sequence evidence, it has not previously been possible to conclusively resolve some key aspects of flatworm mitochondrial genomes, including generally conserved traits, such as start codons, noncoding regions, the full complement of tRNAs, and whether ATP8 is, or is not, encoded by this extranuclear genome. In an effort to address these difficulties, we sought to determine the mitochondrial transcriptomes and genomes of sexual and asexual taxa of freshwater triclads, a group previously poorly represented in flatworm mitogenomic studies. We have discovered evidence for an alternative start codon, an extended cox1 gene, a previously undescribed conserved open reading frame, long noncoding RNAs, and a highly conserved gene order across the large evolutionary distances represented within the triclads. Our findings contribute to the expansion and refinement of mitogenomics to address evolutionary issues in this erse group of animals.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-03-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1998
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00204-X
Abstract: Echinostomes were collected in Australia and New Zealand as cercariae, metacercariae or adults. Using DNA sequences from the mitochondrial ND1 gene Echinostoma revolutum and Echinostoma paraensei were discovered in Australia. The presence of a further five, as yet unidentified, echinostome species was inferred in Northern Australia and a further isolate, closely allied to E. revolutum, occurs in New Zealand. ND1 sequences of species within the genus erge from each other by 9.6-30.8%. Sequence ergence levels among strains within a single species are 0-3.6%. The phylogenetic tree produced from the Australasian isolates, in addition to species described previously, identifies the 37-collar-spine species as a well supported monophyletic group. The five unidentified Australian species cluster away from the 37-collar-spine group. These unidentified species appear to ide further into > 37-collar-spine and < 37-collar-spine clusters. Three strains of E. revolutum, collected as metacercariae from snails, were identified from two ponds located 6 km apart. Two of these strains may be cycling through a planorbid snail, Glyptophysa sp., as first intermediate host however, this hypothesis could not be confirmed as specimens could not be obtained to match sequences between larvae and adults.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-1985
DOI: 10.1007/BF00010163
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-04-2006
DOI: 10.1007/S10126-005-6121-Y
Abstract: This work was prompted by the need to be able to identify the invasive mussel species, Perna viridis, in tropical Australian seas using techniques that do not rely solely on morphology. DNA-based molecular methods utilizing a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach were developed to distinguish unambiguously between the three species in the genus Perna. Target regions were portions of two mitochondrial genes, cox1 and nad4, and the intergenic spacer between these that occurs in at least two Perna species. Based on interspecific sequence comparisons of the nad4 gene, a conserved primer has been designed that can act as a forward primer in PCRs for any Perna species. Four reverse primers have also been designed, based on nad4 and intergenic spacer sequences, which yield species-specific products of different lengths when paired with the conserved forward primer. A further pair of primers has been designed that will lify part of the cox1 gene of any Perna species, and possibly other molluscs, as a positive control to demonstrate that the PCR is working.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-01-2021
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-1992
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.EXPPARA.2005.09.012
Abstract: We report a single, one-step PCR approach for detection and discrimination of Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini in different life-stage forms (adults, metacercariae, and eggs) from fish intermediate hosts and from infected patients. Primers designed for species-specific PCR, lifying portions of the mitochondrial (mt) genome, were also suitable for a multiplex PCR. The latter was a single, one-step reaction under high stringency conditions, using simultaneously 2 pairs of primers (1 pair for C. sinensis--product size 612 bp, and 1 pair for O. viverrini--product size 1357 bp). Assays using serially diluted templates demonstrated that as little as 0.78 ng of genomic DNA of either species could yield licons. Genomic DNA extracted from different life-stage forms including adult worms (of both species), eggs (of O. viverrini), eggs possibly of several trematode species (collected from patients infected with C. sinensis in Vietnam) and mixed metacercariae of common trematodes (collected from fishes in the C. sinensis endemic areas), yielded specific bands of the correct size and their identity was confirmed by sequence analysis. The multiplex PCR approach described here proved to be a species-specific, sensitive and fast tool for accurate diagnosis of clonorchiasis and/or opisthorchiasis, permitting the detection of their metacercariae in infected fishes or adult/eggs from patients in endemic areas.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.ACTATROPICA.2010.05.003
Abstract: Evidence for the presence of lung flukes of the Paragonimus westermani in India remains scant. In particular, evidence based on morphology of adult worms is lacking. Metacercariae of the genus Paragonimus, recovered from crabs in two regions of northeastern India, were raised to adulthood in laboratory rats. Morphologically, these worms appear to be P. westermani. DNA sequences from the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) and a portion of the ribosomal large subunit gene (28S) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene repeat, as well as fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes, all supported this identification. Molecular phylogenetic methods were used for studying the relatedness of these Indian flukes with counterparts from southeast and far-east Asia. Molecular data showed that Indian representatives of the P. westermani complex represent a distinct lineage. It is unclear whether the Indian form can cause disease in humans as some members of the complex do elsewhere.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-2001
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182001008733
Abstract: The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial (mt) DNA molecule of the liverfluke, Fasciola hepatica (phylum Platyhelminthes, class Trematoda, family Fasciolidae), was determined. It comprises 14462 bp, contains 12 protein-encoding, 2 ribosomal and 22 transfer RNA genes, and is the second complete flatworm (and the first trematode) mitochondrial sequence to be described in detail. All of the genes are transcribed from the same strand. Of the genes typically found in mitochondrial genomes of eumetazoans, only atp8 is absent. The nad4L and nad4 genes overlap by 40 nt. Most intergenic sequences are very short. Two larger non-coding regions are present. The longer one (817 nt) is located between trnG and cox3 and consists of 8 identical tandem repeats of 85 nt, rich in G and C, followed by 1 imperfect repeat. The shorter non-coding region (187 nt) exhibits no special features and is separated from the longer region by trnG. The gene arrangement resembles that of some other trematodes including the eastern Asian Schistosoma species (and cyclophyllidean cestode species) but it is strikingly different from that of the African schistosomes, represented by Schistosoma mansoni. The genetic code is as inferred previously for flatworms. Transfer RNA genes range in length from 58 to 70 nt, their products producing characteristic 'clover leaf' structures, except for tRNA(S(UNC)) and tRNA(S(AGN)) lacking the DHU arm.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1071/ZO18076
Abstract: In Australia, the spectacled flying-fox (Pteropus conspicillatus) (SFF), is listed as ‘Vulnerable’. Many juvenile SFFs come into care at the Tolga Bat Hospital, a privately funded community organisation. The aims of this study were (1) to estimate postnatal growth rates for length of forearm and body mass (2) to describe the association between body mass and length of forearm and (3) to develop a milk feeding chart for infant SFFs. Cross-sectional data were collected for 2680 SFFs from the 2006–07 to the 2016–17 seasons. Forearm length increased by 0.55mm and body mass increased by 1.5g per day. Longitudinal data were collected during the 2016–17 season for 128 SFFs. According to these data, forearm length increased by 0.71mm and body mass increased by 3.4g per day. Both analyses indicated exponential associations between forearm length and body mass (P& .001). Reasons for the differences between the cross-sectional and longitudinal results might include the negative impact of tick paralysis in the cross-sectional study and the positive effect of human care in the longitudinal study. The proposed feeding chart is based on length of forearm. This study was established in a wildlife-care facility providing a model for similar work with other wildlife species.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1993
DOI: 10.1016/0001-706X(93)90034-9
Abstract: Molecular variation, both intra- and inter-specific, in fasciolids and Paragonimus has been detected in isozymes and other proteins, antigens and nucleic acid sequences. The use of such data is reviewed for studies on population genetics, taxonomy, phylogeny, immunodiagnosis, ontogeny and host-induced variation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1996
DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(96)80657-0
Abstract: As our appreciation of the ersity within the flatworms has grown, so too has our curiosity about the ways in which these varied creatures are related to one another. In particular, the parasitic groups (trematodes, cestodes and monogeneans have been the focus of enquiry. Until recently, morphology, anatomy and life histories have provided the raw data for building hypotheses on relationships. Now, ultrastructural evidence, and most recently, molecular data from nucleic acid sequences, have been brought to bear on the topic. Here, David Blair, Andrés C os, Michael Cummings and Juan Pedro Laclette discuss the ways in which molecular data, in particular, are helping us recognize the various lineages of flatworms.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 16-03-2022
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182022000300
Abstract: The title of this article refers to Table 1 in Zhou (2022, Infectious diseases of poverty: progress achieved during the decade gone and perspectives for the future. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 11, 1), in which it is indicated that Paragonimus species, like many other foodborne trematodes, are ancient pathogens that are also re-emerging to cause disease in modern times. This article provides a general overview of Paragonimus species and the disease they cause. This is followed by comments on several specific topics of current interest: taxonomy and distribution of members of the genus details of the life cycle global and regional prevalence of paragonimiasis genomics of lung flukes and possible effects of global environmental change. Unresolved questions relating to these topics are discussed and gaps in knowledge identified.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-1973
DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X00035173
Abstract: During the Glasgow University Iceland Expedition in 1972 freshwater snails and fish in southern Iceland were s led for larval trematodes. This survey was prompted by the lack of literature concerning larval trematodes there. Indeed, the apparent absence of liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (L.1758) from Iceland, (Palsson, pers. comm.) despite the presence of its molluscan and definitive hosts and the low summer temperatures, might lead to the supposition that climatic conditions are too harsh to permit completion of many trematode life-cycles. A number of adult trematodes have been reported from migratory birds in Iceland (Brinkmann 1956), although these parasites could have been acquired elsewhere. However, Crepidostomum farionis (Müller, 1784) from the gut of trout and char in Iceland (Brinkmann 1956) presumably completes its life cycle in freshwater there, although this has yet to be demonstrated.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-1999
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182099004709
Abstract: Two clones, totalling 8068 bp and spanning over half of the coding region of the mitochondrial genome of Schistosoma mansoni , have been sequenced. Complete sequences are presented of the large and small ribosomal RNA subunits, CO2, ND3, ND4, ND6 and ATPase 6 genes. Incomplete sequences were found for the CO1, ND2 and CytB genes. At least 10 tRNAs were also detected and alternative structures for some of these discussed. The gene order of S. mansoni is unique and differs from that of Fasciola hepatica , the only other trematode for which any information is available.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2009
DOI: 10.2193/2008-268
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-1983
DOI: 10.1007/BF00049237
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-04-2021
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 2002
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182001008976
Abstract: Unlike other members of the genus, Echinococcus granulosus is known to exhibit considerable levels of variation in biology, physiology and molecular genetics. Indeed, some of the taxa regarded as ‘genotypes’ within E. granulosus might be sufficiently distinct as to merit specific status. Here, complete mitochondrial genomes are presented of 2 genotypes of E. granulosus (G1–sheep-dog strain: G4–horse-dog strain) and of another taeniid cestode, Taenia crassiceps . These genomes are characterized and compared with those of Echinococcus multilocularis and Hymenolepis diminuta . Genomes of all the species are very similar in structure, length and base-composition. Pairwise comparisons of concatenated protein-coding genes indicate that the G1 and G4 genotypes of E. granulosus are almost as distant from each other as each is from a distinct species, E. multilocularis . Sequences for the variable genes atp6 and nad3 were obtained from additional genotypes of E. granulosus , from E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus . Again, pairwise comparisons showed the distinctiveness of the G1 and G4 genotypes. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated atp6 , nad1 (partial) and cox1 (partial) genes from E. multilocularis , E. vogeli , E. oligarthrus , 5 genotypes of E. granulosus , and using T. crassiceps as an outgroup, yielded the same results. We conclude that the sheep-dog and horse-dog strains of E. granulosus should be regarded as distinct at the specific level.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-12-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JBI.12255
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.MEEGID.2016.09.024
Abstract: The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the trematode Echinochasmus japonicus Tanabe, 1926 was fully determined and annotated. The circular mt molecule of this species is 15,865bp in length, containing 12 protein-coding genes (arranged in the following order: cox3-cob-nad4L-nad4-atp6-nad2-nad1-nad3-cox1-cox2-nad6-nad5), two ribosomal RNA genes (rrnL and rrnS) and 22 transfer RNA genes (trnH trnQ trnF trnM trnV trnA trnD trnN trnP trnI trnK trnS
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 28-07-2021
Abstract: Predation has been a major driver of the evolution of prey species, which consequently develop antipredator adaptations. However, little is known about the genetic basis underpinning the adaptation of prey to intensive predation. Here, we describe a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly (approx. 145 Mb, scaffold N50 11.45 Mb) of Daphnia mitsukuri , a primary forage for many fish species. Transcriptional profiling of D. mitsukuri exposed to fish kairomone revealed that this cladoceran responds to predation risk through regulating activities of Wnt signalling, cuticle pattern formation, cell cycle regulation and anti-apoptosis pathways. Genes differentially expressed in response to predation risk are more likely to be members of expanded families. Our results suggest that expansions of multiple gene families associated with chemoreception and vision allow Daphnia to enhance detection of predation risk, and that expansions of those associated with detoxification and cuticle formation allow Daphnia to mount an efficient response to perceived predation risk. This study increases our understanding of the molecular basis of prey defences, being important evolutionary adaptations playing a stabilizing role in community dynamics.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1986
DOI: 10.1071/ZO9860241
Abstract: A revision of the subfamily Microscaphidiinae Looss, 1900 is presented and characters of taxonomic significance discussed. The genus Microscaphidium Looss, 1900, contains M. reticulare (van Beneden, 1859) Looss, 1901 (synonyms M. japonicum Oguro, 1941 M. caballeroi Groschaft, 1977) M. aberrans Looss, 1902 (synonym M. reticulare in part) and M, warui, sp. nov. Confusion in the literature over the identities of M. reticulare and M. aberrans is discussed. A neotype is selected for the former species and a lectotype for the latter. Polyangium linguatula (Looss, 1899) Looss, 1902 (synonyms P. miyajimai Kobayashi, 1921 P. colymbi Poche, 1925 P. longiseminale Chattopadhyaya, 1972) is the sole species in Polyangium Looss, 1902. The genus Angiodictyum Looss, 1902 contains A. parallelum (Looss, 1901) Looss, 1902 A. posterovitellatum Chattopadhyaya, 1972 A. longum, sp, nov. A. glossoides, sp. nov. Polygorgyra, gen. nov., is proposed for P. cholados, sp. nov. Microscaphidium chelonei Chattopadhyaya, 1972 nec Mehrotra, 1973 and Angiodictyum anteroporum Chattopadhyaya, 1972 are regarded as species inquirendae. Microscaphidium chelonei Mehrotra, 1973 nec Chattopadhyaya, 1972 is a nomen nudum. The following species are recorded for the first time from the green turtle, Chelonia mydas (L.) in Australian waters: Microscaphidium reticulare M. aberrans M. warui Angiodictyum posterovitellatum A. longum Polygorgyra cholados.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-1995
DOI: 10.1017/S003118200007709X
Abstract: The taxonomic history of members of the 37-collar-spine group within the genus Echinostoma has been very confused. We obtained DNA sequence data from the nuclear rDNA ITS1, 5·8S and ITS2 of 7 nominal species belonging to this group, Echinostoma trivolvis (Cort, 1914), E. revolution (Frölich, 1802), E. caproni Richard, 1964, E. liei Jeyarasasingam et al. 1972, E. paraensei Lie & Basch, 1967, two African isolates, E. sp.I and E. sp.II , and of one 28-collar-spined echinostome, E. hortense (Asada, 1926). Five of the eight species were clearly distinguishable using ITS data. Sequences from the remaining three taxa, E. caproni , E. sp.II and E. liei were identical to one another and the group containing these taxa was distant from other 37-collar-spine species on a phylogenetic tree. E. trivolvis and E. paraensei form a second, but less distinct group within the 37-collar-spine group. The resolution obtained using DNA sequencing will assist in the current reclassification of the group. It also provides a model for future work on sibling species.
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.ACTATROPICA.2006.01.008
Abstract: Paragonimus heterotremus Chen and Hsia (1964), and paragonimiasis caused by this species is a newly detected disease in Vietnam. Twelve s les of Paragonimus (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda: Digenea: Paragonimidae) from different life-stages (eggs, miracidia, metacercariae, adults from natural and experimental hosts) and host species (crab, dog, cat and human) were collected in different geographical locations in Vietnam. DNA sequences were obtained from each for partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) (387 bp) and the entire second ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) (361 bp). The ITS-2 sequences were identical among all specimens, including those previously reported in GenBank. For cox1, there were sequence differences between specimens from Vietnam (four provinces, different locations) and those from Guangxi (China) and Saraburi (Thailand). Phylogenetic trees inferred from cox1 and ITS-2 sequences using sequence data for 15 P. heterotremus and for other Paragonimus spp. revealed that all P. heterotremus originating from Vietnam, Thailand and China form a distinct group. This information also confirms the identity of the Vietnamese specimens as P. heterotremus.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2004
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1999
Abstract: We investigated the utility of the ribosomal first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) for phylogenetic studies on trematodes of the genus Paragonimus. Numerous clones containing ITS1 PCR products were sequenced for P. miyazakii, P. macrorchis, and members of the P. ohirai and P. westermani species complexes. Some additional data were obtained by direct sequencing of PCR products. The ITS1 is composed of three distinct regions: the short 5' end, followed by a tract of approximately 120 nucleotides which occurs a variable number of times in tandem, and the 3' region, which lacks repeats and is referred to as the "post-repeat" fragment. Sequences from all three regions can be aligned among the species studied. Our initial hypothesis, that the post-repeat region would be valuable for phylogenetic studies within the P. westermani complex, was proved wrong. Intrain idual sequence variation in P. westermani was sometimes greater than between in iduals of the species complex. In the P. ohirai species complex, however, sequence variation within in iduals was minimal. Possible reasons for these observations are discussed. We also wished to determine whether the length variants sequenced were the dominant variants present in Paragonimus species. This was done by probing Southern blots of genomic digests with an ITS1 fragment which lacks repeat sequences. There is generally greater abundance of large variants, with much lower abundance of small variants, such as those sequenced. Differences in ITS1 lengths are attributed largely to differing numbers of repeats, though some exceptions (which are discussed) were found.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00002-3
Abstract: This study investigated sequence heterogeneity in the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) of ribosomal DNA within and among species and strains of Echinococcus. Different ITS-1 sequence variants exist in Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, which represent at least four evolutionary lineages: (1) a sheep strain-lineage of E. granulosus, (2) a sister lineage of a cervid and camel E. granulosus ITS-1 variants, (3) a lineage including the ITS-1 variants representing horse, bovine and camel strains of E. granulosus, as well as variants from E. multilocularis, Echinococcus oligarthrus and Echinococcus vogeli and (4) a distinct lineage of ITS-1 variants including E. granulosus strains from sheep and cervid, and E. multilocularis. At least two of the species (E. granulosus and E. multilocularis) were paraphyletic for ITS-1. Divergent ITS-1 variants from these two species shared distinct evolutionary lineages. The sequence data provided evidence that at least two turnover mechanisms, namely slippage and unequal crossing over/transposition, have led to the ergence and maintenance of sequence variants in Echinococcus species and strains.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 23-08-2022
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182022001184
Abstract: The complete circular mitogenome of Paragonimus skrjabini miyazakii (Platyhelminthes: Paragonimidae) from Japan, obtained by PacBio long-read sequencing, was 17 591 bp and contained 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 mitoribosomal RNA and 22 transfer RNA genes. The atp 8 gene was absent, and there was a 40 bp overlap between nad 4L and nad 4. The long non-coding region (4.3 kb) included distinct types of long and short repeat units. The pattern of base usage for PCGs and the mtDNA coding region overall in Asian and American Paragonimus species ( P. s. miyazakii , P. heterotremus , P. ohirai and P. kellicotti ) and the Indian form of P. westermani was T G A C . On the other hand, East-Asian P. westermani used T G C A . Five Asian and American Paragonimus species and P. westermani had TTT/Phe, TTG/Leu and GTT/Val as the most frequently used codons, whereas the least-used codons were different in each species and between regional forms of P. westermani . The phylogenetic tree reconstructed from a concatenated alignment of amino acids of 12 PCGs from 36 strains/26 species/5 families of trematodes confirmed that the Paragonimidae is monophyletic, with 100% nodal support. Paragonimus skrjabini miyazakii was resolved as a sister to P. heterotremus. The P. westermani clade was clearly separate from remaining congeners. The latter clade was comprised of 2 subclades, one of the East-Asian and the other of the Indian Type 1 s les. Additional mitogenomes in the Paragonimidae are needed for genomic characterization and are useful for diagnostics, identification and genetic/ phylogenetic/ epidemiological/ evolutionary studies of the Paragonimidae.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-04-2023
DOI: 10.1111/MMS.13021
Abstract: Despite the lack of obvious physical barriers and their ability to travel significant distances, many marine mammals exhibit substantial population structuring over relatively short geographical distances. The dugong ( Dugong dugon ), the only extant representative of family Dugongidae, is listed as Vulnerable to Extinction globally. We investigated the genetic population structure of dugongs in the shallow coastal waters along ,000 km of the eastern Queensland coast, including the Great Barrier Reef region. Microsatellite genotypes for 22 loci in 293 dugongs, SNP genotypes based on 10,690 loci in 43 dugongs, and 410 bp mitochondrial control‐region sequences from 639 dugongs were analyzed. Clustering analysis techniques consistently identified an abrupt genetic break in the Whitsunday Islands region (20.3°S), which interrupts an overall pattern of isolation‐by‐distance. Geographic distance was relatively more important than sea‐surface temperature and seagrass distribution in explaining pairwise microsatellite genetic distances. The cause of reduced dispersal across this region is unknown but might relate to an unusual tidal and current mix, termed the “sticky‐water” effect, and/or a break in the geographical distribution of off‐shore seagrass meadows. The genetic structure suggests distinct breeding units north and south of the Whitsunday Islands region for consideration in further developing management plans for Queensland dugongs.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1983
DOI: 10.1071/ZO9830851
Abstract: Schiz histomum scleroporum (Creplin, 1844) Groschaft, Otero & Tenora, 1977 nec Looss, 1912, and S. erratum, sp. nov. [=S. scleroporum sensu Looss, 1912 (nec Creplin, 1844)], are described from the green turtle, Chelonia mydas (L.), from Australia. One specimen of the former species was also recovered from an Australian specimen of the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata (L.). Par histomum papillostomum MacCallum, 1916 and Schiz histomoides chelonei Gupta, 1961, are regarded as synonyms of Schiz histomum scleroporum (Creplin). S. taiwanense Fischthal & Kunz, 1975 is regarded as a species inquirenda. The remaining species known from sea turtles, Schiz histomoides spinulosum (Looss, 1901) Stunkard, 1925, is redescribed, mostly from original material collected by Looss. This species has not yet been found in the Australian region. The relationships between Schiz histomum scleroporum, S. erratum and Schiz hntomoides spinulosum are discussed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S1471-4922(02)02252-3
Abstract: Complete or near-complete mitochondrial genomes are now available for 11 species or strains of parasitic flatworms belonging to the Trematoda and the Cestoda. The organization of these genomes is not strikingly different from those of other eumetazoans, although one gene (atp8) commonly found in other phyla is absent from flatworms. The gene order in most flatworms has similarities to those seen in higher protostomes such as annelids. However, the gene order has been drastically altered in Schistosoma mansoni, which obscures this possible relationship. Among the sequenced taxa, base composition varies considerably, creating potential difficulties for phylogeny reconstruction. Long non-coding regions are present in all taxa, but these vary in length from only a few hundred to approximately 10000 nucleotides. Among Schistosoma spp., the long non-coding regions are rich in repeats and length variation among in iduals is known. Data from mitochondrial genomes are valuable for studies on species identification, phylogenies and biogeography.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-03-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-1987
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 25-05-2016
Abstract: Australian spiny mountain crayfish ( Euastacu s, Parastacidae) and their ecotosymbiotic temnocephalan flatworms (Temnocephalida, Platyhelminthes) may have co-occurred and interacted through deep time, during a period of major environmental change. Therefore, reconstructing the history of their association is of evolutionary, ecological, and conservation significance. Here, time-calibrated Bayesian phylogenies of Euastacus species and their temnocephalans ( Temnohaswellia and Temnosewellia ) indicate near-synchronous ersifications from the Cretaceous. Statistically significant cophylogeny correlations between associated clades suggest linked evolutionary histories. However, there is a stronger signal of co ergence and greater host specificity in Temnosewellia , which co-occurs with Euastacus across its range. Phylogeography and analyses of evolutionary distinctiveness (ED) suggest that regional differences in the impact of climate warming and drying had major effects both on crayfish and associated temnocephalans. In particular, Euastacus and Temnosewellia show strong latitudinal gradients in ED and, conversely, in geographical range size, with the most distinctive, northern lineages facing the greatest risk of extinction. Therefore, environmental change has, in some cases, strengthened ecological and evolutionary associations, leaving host-specific temnocephalans vulnerable to coextinction with endangered hosts. Consequently, the extinction of all Euastacus species currently endangered (75%) predicts coextinction of approximately 60% of the studied temnocephalans, with greatest loss of the most evolutionarily distinctive lineages.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-07-2005
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1982
DOI: 10.1071/ZO9820653
Abstract: Digeneans parasitic in the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta (L.) are reported for the first time from Australian waters. Six species, one of them new, are described or redescribed, figured, and their taxonomy discussed. They are: Plesiochorus cymbiformis (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1901 (fam. Gorgoderidae) from the urinary bladder and cloaca Pachypsolus irroratus (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1902 (synonyms P. lunatus Looss, 1901 P. ovalis Linton, 1910 P. tertius Pratt, 1914 P. brachus Barker, 1922 P. puertoricensis Fischthal & Acholonu, 1976) (fam. Pachypsolidae) from the intestine Enodiotrema carettae, sp. nov. (fam. Plagiorchiidae) from the liver Orchidasma hiorchis (Braun, 1899) Looss, 1900 (synonyms 0. indica Simha, Rao & Chattopadhyaya, 1971 0, vitelloconfluens Rao, 1973) (farn. Telorchiidae) from the intestine Cymatocarpus solearis (Braun, 1899) Braun, 1901 (synonym C. undulatus (Looss, 1899) Looss, 1902) (fam. Brachycoeliidae) from the intestine Rhytidodes gelatinosus (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1901 (synonyms R. secundus Pratt, 1914 R. indicus Simha & Chattopadhyaya, 1969) (fam. Rhytidodidae) from the intestine.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1993
DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(93)90138-O
Abstract: Sequence data from parts of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18s rRNA) from an aspidobothrean and two digeneans have been added to a published data set which includes sequences from a number of parasitic and non-parasitic flatworms. Parsimony and distance matrix analyses of the data were carried out. Tests for particular clades were done using bootstrap res ling methods, and tests of particular topologies done using 4- and 5-taxon tests. The aspidobothrean Lobatostoma manteri emerges from near the base of the Neodermata, but whether as a sister group to the rest of the Neodermata or as a sister to the Digenea alone cannot be determined from the number of nucleotide sites available. Gyrocotyle is included with the cestodes in a very strongly supported clade in all analyses. There is evidence that the Monogenea is a paraphyletic group, although more data are needed to confirm this possibility.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-02-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1007/S11230-004-1378-5
Abstract: A molecular and morphometric investigation is reported on the species complex of mammalian lungflukes of which Paragonimus skrjabini Chen, 1959 and P. miyazakii Kamo, Nishida, Hatsushika & Tomimura, 1961 are the best-known ex les. This species complex (here called the P. skrjabini complex) is shown to be monophyletic using DNA sequences from the nuclear ITS2 region and the mitochondrial cox1 gene. The latter marker permits the discrimination of populations, some previously named as distinct species, from various geographical locations in China and Japan. Morphometric analysis of a number of variables accords remarkably closely with the molecular results. Main findings are that (1) nominal P.skrjabini from Fujian Province in eastern China is phylogenetically very close to P. miyazakii from Japan. It is proposed that both taxa should be referred to the same subspecies as P. krjabini miyazakii. (2) Populations from Guangdong Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Sichuan and Hubei should be referred to P. skrjabini skrjabini. Specimens of P. skrjabini from the Yangtze basin in Sichuan and Hubei are remarkably similar to one another according to genetic and morphometric data, but are not so different from Guangdong populations that they should be referred to a different subspecies at this stage. Specimens of P. skrjabini from Yunnan have not been assigned to a subspecies at this stage. (3) Partly following earlier studies, we regard the following as synonyms of P. skrjabini: P. miyazakii (reduced to subspecific status) P. szechuanensis Chung & Tsao, 1962 (probably belongs to P. s. skrjabini) and P. hueitungensis Chung, Hsu, Ho, Kao, Shao, Chiu, Pi, Liu, Ouyang, Shen, Yi & Yao, 1975 (probably belongs to P.s.skrjabini ) P. veocularis (Chen & Li, 1979) (specimens from Fujian regarded as belonging to this species should be referred to P.skrjabini miyazakii: the subspecific status of specimens from the type-locality in northern Sichuan is unclear). A number of questions remain unresolved. The name P. hokuoensis Ho & Chung, 1964 was proposed for two in idual metacercariae of distinctive appearance from southern Yunnan. DNA sequences from very similar metacercariae from the same locality place this nominal species within, or sister to, the P. skrjabini complex. As yet, nothing is known regarding adult morphology or biology of this taxon and we retain it here as a distinct species. P. heterorchis (Zhou, Pang & Hsiang, 1982) might be a synonym of P. skrjabini: the form of the metacercaria provides evidence against this view and further work is required. P. macrorchis Chen, 1962 has probably been confused with P. skrjabiniin China. Within China, the former probably occurs only on Hainan Island, although P. fukienensis Tang & Tang, 1962 from Fujian Province could be a synonym.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 23-10-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-1989
DOI: 10.1007/BF02187052
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 10-05-2022
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182022000646
Abstract: The liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is a foodborne trematode that, in chronic infection, is a leading cause of bile-duct cancer – cholangiocarcinoma. Cats and dogs are acknowledged as reservoir hosts of this parasite. However, this assumption is based on morphological similarity of flukes recovered from these hosts, without any molecular genetic evidence. The aim of this study was to obtain molecular data from O. viverrini eggs present in feces of humans and cats in the same locality in Thanya sub-district, Kalasin, Thailand. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( cox 1) gene was used as the marker for a population-genetic study. A DNA fragment of the cox 1 gene was lified from stool s les and subjected to nucleotide sequencing. Phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses were performed. The cox 1 sequences of O. viverrini eggs from humans and cats largely formed separate clades on the phylogenetic trees, with an F st value of 0.64 ( P 0.05), indicating largely distinct populations in the 2 species. However, 5 s les from cats were placed in the human cluster and 1 s le from a human was placed in the cat cluster. This suggests that host specificity of ‘human’ and ‘cat’ clades is not absolute. These results indicate that there are 2 populations of O. viverrini , one circulates primarily in humans and the other in cats. However, cross-transmission can occur between these 2 hosts. Taken altogether, the population-genetic evidence from this study partially supports the assumption that the cat can act as a reservoir host of O. viverrini .
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.PARINT.2009.10.007
Abstract: There has long been a debate as to the specific status of the cestode Taenia asiatica, with some people regarding it as a distinct species and some preferring to recognize it as a strain of Taenia saginata. The balance of current opinion seems to be that T. asiatica is a distinct species. In this study we performed an allelic analysis to explore the possibility of gene exchange between these closely related taxa. In total, 38 taeniid tapeworms were collected from humans living in many localities including Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand where the two species are sympatric. A mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-based multiplex PCR tentatively identified those parasites as T. asiatica (n=20) and T. saginata (n=18). Phylogenetic analyses of a mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and two nuclear loci, for elongation factor-1 alpha (ef1) and ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM)-like protein (elp), assigned all except two in idual parasites to the species indicated by multiplex PCR. The two exceptional in iduals, from Kanchanaburi Province, showed a discrepancy between the mtDNA and nuclear DNA phylogenies. In spite of their possession of sequences typical of the T. saginata cox1 gene, both were homozygous at the elp locus for one of the alleles found in T. asiatica. At the ef1 locus, one in idual was homozygous for the allele found at high frequency in T. asiatica while the other was homozygous for the major allele in T. saginata. These findings are evidence of occasional hybridization between the two species, although the possibility of retention of ancestral polymorphism cannot be excluded.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-0005
DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X00005277
Abstract: Polyonchobothrium scleropagis (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) is described as a new species from the Australian osteoglossid fish Scleropages leichardti Günther.
Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Date: 03-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2000
DOI: 10.1016/S0001-706X(00)00157-1
Abstract: To date, over 100 complete metazoan mitochondrial (mt) genomes of different phyla have been reported. Here, we briefly summarise mt gene organisation in the Metazoa and review what is known of the mt genomes of nematodes and flatworms parasitic in humans. The availability of complete or almost complete mtDNA sequences for several parasitic helminths provides a rich source of genetic markers for phylogenetic analysis and study of genetic variability in helminth groups. Ex les of the application of mtDNA in studies on Ascaris, Onchocerca, Schistosoma, Fasciola, Paragonimus, Echinostoma, Echinococcus and Taenia are described.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.PARINT.2011.07.015
Abstract: Opisthorchiidae and Heterophyidae are classified into different families based on morphological identification. However, recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggested the possible paraphyletic relationship between these two families. In this study, the paraphyletic relationship between these two families was confirmed further by maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses using the combined sequences of SSU and LSU rDNA.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-1993
DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(93)90043-X
Abstract: Most (1918bp) of the nucleotide sequence of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene of Heronimus mollis was determined. We aligned this sequence with 18S rRNA sequences from 7 other digeneans and an aspidobothrean. Using these data we explored the phylogenetic position of H. mollis. No support was found for the hypothesis that H. mollis is the sister taxon of the remaining digeneans examined here similarly, no support was found for the hypothesis that H. mollis is closely related to the par histomes. These analysis together with the skewness of the frequency distribution of the lengths of 100,000 trees s led randomly from the set of all possible trees (generated from these data) indicate that 18S rRNA sequences are valuable for phylogenetic inference in the Digenea.
No related grants have been discovered for David Blair.