ORCID Profile
0000-0001-5322-1796
Current Organisation
Australian Bureau of Meteorology
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Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2018
DOI: 10.1002/QJ.3317
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 12-2019
Abstract: Social, technological and climatic changes will transform the way energy is consumed over the 21st century, with important implications for energy networks and greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we develop a method to efficiently explore climate-energy interactions under various scenarios of climate, urban infrastructure and technological change. We couple the Urban Climate and Energy Model with the Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model as a full-height single column driven with a series of global climate model simulations in an ensemble approach. The framework is evaluated against observations, then a series of century-scale simulations are undertaken to examine projected climate change impacts on electricity and gas demand in the temperate/ oceanic climate of Melbourne, Australia. With air-conditioning ownership remaining at early 21st century levels, and in the absence of other changes, climate change under radiative forcing RCP 8.5 increases peak electricity demand by 10%, and decreases peak gas demand by 22% between 2000 and 2100. However, if projected increases in air-conditioning ownership are considered, peak electricity demand increases by 84%, surpassing peak gas demand in the second half of the century. These findings highlight the complex nature of changes facing energy networks. Changes will be location and scenario dependent.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 06-10-2016
DOI: 10.5194/GMD-2016-240
Abstract: Abstract. Intercomparison studies of models simulating the partitioning of energy over urban land surfaces have shown the heat storage term is often poorly represented. In this study, two implicit discrete schemes representing heat conduction through urban materials are compared. We show that a well-established method of representing conduction systematically underestimates the magnitude of heat storage compared with exact solutions of one-dimensional heat transfer. We propose an alternative method of similar complexity that is better able to match exact solutions at typically employed resolutions. The proposed interface conduction scheme is implemented in an urban land surface model and its impact assessed over a 15-month observation period for a site in Melbourne, Australia, resulting in improved overall model performance for a variety material parameter choices and aerodynamic heat transfer parameterisations. The proposed scheme has the potential to benefit land surface models where computational constraints require a high level of discretisation in time and space, for ex le at neighbourhood/city scales, and where realistic material properties are preferred, for ex le in studies investigating impacts of urban planning changes.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-10-2023
DOI: 10.1002/QJ.4589
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-06-2023
DOI: 10.1038/S41467-023-38988-3
Abstract: Embryonic tissues undergoing shape change draw mechanical input from extraembryonic substrates. In avian eggs, the early blastoderm disk is under the tension of the vitelline membrane (VM). Here we report that the chicken VM characteristically downregulates tension and stiffness to facilitate stage-specific embryo morphogenesis. Experimental relaxation of the VM early in development impairs blastoderm expansion, while maintaining VM tension in later stages resists the convergence of the posterior body causing stalled elongation, failure of neural tube closure, and axis rupture. Biochemical and structural analysis shows that VM weakening is associated with the reduction of outer-layer glycoprotein fibers, which is caused by an increasing albumen pH due to CO 2 release from the egg. Our results identify a previously unrecognized potential cause of body axis defects through mis-regulation of extraembryonic tissue tension.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 15-03-2017
Abstract: Abstract. Occupying about 14 % of the world's surface, the Southern Ocean plays a fundamental role in ocean and atmosphere circulation, carbon cycling and Antarctic ice-sheet dynamics. Unfortunately, high interannual variability and a dearth of instrumental observations before the 1950s limits our understanding of how marine–atmosphere–ice domains interact on multi-decadal timescales and the impact of anthropogenic forcing. Here we integrate climate-sensitive tree growth with ocean and atmospheric observations on southwest Pacific subantarctic islands that lie at the boundary of polar and subtropical climates (52–54° S). Our annually resolved temperature reconstruction captures regional change since the 1870s and demonstrates a significant increase in variability from the 1940s, a phenomenon predating the observational record. Climate reanalysis and modelling show a parallel change in tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures that generate an atmospheric Rossby wave train which propagates across a large part of the Southern Hemisphere during the austral spring and summer. Our results suggest that modern observed high interannual variability was established across the mid-twentieth century, and that the influence of contemporary equatorial Pacific temperatures may now be a permanent feature across the mid- to high latitudes.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 23-03-2020
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU2020-20987
Abstract: & & We welcome participants in the new project to evaluate land surface models (LSMs) in urban areas at multiple sites. Urban-PLUMBER will evaluate both specialised urban parameterisations and general LSMs typically used in weather/climate simulations. Assessment will be offline (uncoupled with an atmosphere model), with driving meteorology and general site characteristics provided at the neighbourhood scale.& & & & The project builds upon the PLUMBER project (PALS Land sUrface Model Benchmarking Evaluation pRoject) by assessing models using simple benchmarks as well as error metrics. The PLUMBER experience indicates benchmarking can reveal where LSMs are not utilising available information effectively, helping focus future model development.& & & & The project& #8217 s two phases are: 1) initial evaluation at one suburban site and 2) evaluation across multiple sites with varying degrees urbanised and vegetation ervious fractions. The project will establish where on the urbanised/vegetated continuum models are more skilful, and assess the progress made in modelling urban areas over the last decade since the last major offline urban model comparison project (PILPS-Urban).& & & & We expect the project to benefit both participating modelling groups and improve understanding of modelling urban areas as a whole. Contact us to get involved.& &
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 21-11-2016
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 19-11-2021
Abstract: Our study on the exact timing and the potential climatic, environmental, and evolutionary consequences of the Lasch s Geomagnetic Excursion has generated the hypothesis that geomagnetism represents an unrecognized driver in environmental and evolutionary change. It is important for this hypothesis to be tested with new data, and encouragingly, none of the studies presented by Picin et al . undermine our model.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 06-10-2016
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 22-11-2022
DOI: 10.5194/ESSD-14-5157-2022
Abstract: Abstract. A total of 20 urban neighbourhood-scale eddy covariance flux tower datasets are made openly available after being harmonized to create a 50 site–year collection with broad ersity in climate and urban surface characteristics. Variables needed as inputs for land surface models (incoming radiation, temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind and precipitation) are quality controlled, gap-filled and prepended with 10 years of reanalysis-derived local data, enabling an extended spin up to equilibrate models with local climate conditions. For both gap filling and spin up, ERA5 reanalysis meteorological data are bias corrected using tower-based observations, accounting for diurnal, seasonal and local urban effects not modelled in ERA5. The bias correction methods developed perform well compared to methods used in other datasets (e.g. WFDE5 or FLUXNET2015). Other variables (turbulent and upwelling radiation fluxes) are harmonized and quality controlled without gap filling. Site description metadata include local land cover fractions (buildings, roads, trees, grass etc.), building height and morphology, aerodynamic roughness estimates, population density and satellite imagery. This open collection can help extend our understanding of urban environmental processes through observational synthesis studies or in the evaluation of land surface environmental models in a wide range of urban settings. These data can be accessed from 0.5281/zenodo.7104984 (Lipson et al., 2022).
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1039/C7DT02930F
Abstract: The distribution of Fe( ii ) and Ni( ii ) over two distinct metal sites in [Fe 9−x Ni x ] clusters is studied by X-ray crystallography, Mössbauer and XRF spectroscopies, and DFT calculations.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 21-11-2016
DOI: 10.5194/CP-2016-114
Abstract: Abstract. Occupying 14% of the world’s surface, the Southern Ocean plays a fundamental role in global climate, ocean circulation, carbon cycling and Antarctic ice-sheet stability. Unfortunately, high interannual variability and a dearth of instrumental observations before the 1950s limits our understanding of how marine-atmosphere-ice domains interact on multi-decadal timescales and the impact of anthropogenic forcing. Here we integrate climate-sensitive tree growth with ocean and atmospheric observations on southwest Pacific subantarctic islands that lie at the boundary of polar and subtropical climates (52–54˚S). Our annually-resolved temperature reconstruction captures regional change since the 1870s and demonstrates a significant increase in variability from the mid-twentieth century, a phenomenon predating the observational record. Climate reanalysis and modelling shows a parallel change in tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures that generate an atmospheric Rossby wave train which propagates across a large part of the Southern Hemisphere during the austral spring and summer.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 03-2017
Abstract: Abstract. Intercomparison studies of models simulating the partitioning of energy over urban land surfaces have shown that the heat storage term is often poorly represented. In this study, two implicit discrete schemes representing heat conduction through urban materials are compared. We show that a well-established method of representing conduction systematically underestimates the magnitude of heat storage compared with exact solutions of one-dimensional heat transfer. We propose an alternative method of similar complexity that is better able to match exact solutions at typically employed resolutions. The proposed interface conduction scheme is implemented in an urban land surface model and its impact assessed over a 15-month observation period for a site in Melbourne, Australia, resulting in improved overall model performance for a variety of common material parameter choices and aerodynamic heat transfer parameterisations. The proposed scheme has the potential to benefit land surface models where computational constraints require a high level of discretisation in time and space, for ex le at neighbourhood/city scales, and where realistic material properties are preferred, for ex le in studies investigating impacts of urban planning changes.
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 02-2016
DOI: 10.1002/2015GB005257
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 24-01-2017
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 27-01-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2021
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 27-01-2017
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 15-05-2023
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU23-1546
Abstract: In recent years it has become increasingly evident that the solutions to climate changes, both mitigationand adaptation, must pay greater attention to the places where most people on the planet live. Moreover,the demand for weather services at urban scales is increasing in line with the ability to modelatmospheric processes at these finer scales these advances could herald more resilient cities with theevidence to support planning and design at appropriate time scales. In this context, the lack ofinformation on urban landscapes and the dearth of urban observations represent a major obstacle toprogress.This work explores the possibility to create the scientific infrastructure needed to incorporate climateknowledge into urban decision-making quickly. By combining globally available but locally appropriatedatasets (global map of LCZs, ERA5, Copernicus global land cover layers) and cloud computing (GoogleEarth Engine), we created a seamless, holistic and user-friendly SUPY-based urban modelling frameworkthat can be applied anywhere at any time. Results are evaluated using the Urban Plumber flux towerobservations and a large unique database crowdsourced weather-station observations. The widerpurpose of the project is to develop a pathway to the creation of a universal & #8216 toolbox& #8217 for baseliningclimate-related data for use in any city.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 27-01-2017
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 14-03-2019
Abstract: Abstract. The New Zealand subantarctic islands of Auckland and C bell, situated between the subtropical front and the Antarctic Convergence in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, provide valuable terrestrial records from a globally important climatic region. Whilst the islands show clear evidence of past glaciation, the timing and mechanisms behind Pleistocene environmental and climate changes remain uncertain. Here we present a multidisciplinary study of the islands – including marine and terrestrial geomorphological surveys, extensive analyses of sedimentary sequences, a comprehensive dating programme, and glacier flow line modelling – to investigate multiple phases of glaciation across the islands. We find evidence that the Auckland Islands hosted a small ice cap 384 000 ± 26 000 years ago (384±26 ka), most likely during Marine Isotope Stage 10, a period when the subtropical front was reportedly north of its present-day latitude by several degrees, and consistent with hemispheric-wide glacial expansion. Flow line modelling constrained by field evidence suggests a more restricted glacial period prior to the LGM that formed substantial valley glaciers on the C bell and Auckland Islands around 72–62 ka. Despite previous interpretations that suggest the maximum glacial extent occurred in the form of valley glaciation at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM ∼21 ka), our combined approach suggests minimal LGM glaciation across the New Zealand subantarctic islands and that no glaciers were present during the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR ∼15–13 ka). Instead, modelling implies that despite a regional mean annual air temperature depression of ∼5 ∘C during the LGM, a combination of high seasonality and low precipitation left the islands incapable of sustaining significant glaciation. We suggest that northwards expansion of winter sea ice during the LGM and subsequent ACR led to precipitation starvation across the middle to high latitudes of the Southern Ocean, resulting in restricted glaciation of the subantarctic islands.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 16-10-2020
DOI: 10.3390/SU12208554
Abstract: Human health is a key pillar of modern conceptions of sustainability. Humanity pays a considerable price for its dependence on fossil-fueled energy systems, which must be addressed for sustainable urban development. Public hospitals are focal points for communities and have an opportunity to lead the transition to renewable energy. We have reimagined the healthcare energy ecosystem with sustainable technologies to transform hospitals into networked clean energy hubs. In this concept design, hydrogen is used to couple energy with other on-site medical resource demands, and vanadium flow battery technology is used to engage the public with energy systems. This multi-generation system would reduce harmful emissions while providing reliable services, tackling the linked issues of human and environmental health.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-07-2022
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-04-2022
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-12-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JOCN.12520
Abstract: To describe healthcare providers' attitudes to family involvement during routine care and family presence during resuscitation or other invasive procedures in adult intensive care units in Saudi Arabia. Previous research has shown that healthcare professionals have revealed a ersity of opinions on family involvement during routine care and family presence during resuscitation or other invasive procedures. Attitude assessment can provide an indication of staff acceptance or rejection of the practice and also help identify key potential barriers that will need to be addressed. It has also been evident that participation in the care has potential benefits for patients and families as well as healthcare providers. A quantitative descriptive design. A questionnaire was used with a convenience s le of 468 healthcare providers who were recruited from eight intensive care units. The analysis found that healthcare providers had positive attitudes towards family involvement during routine care, but negative attitudes towards family presence during resuscitation or other invasive procedures. Physicians expressed more opposition to the practice than did nurses and respiratory therapists. Staff indicated a need to develop written guidelines and policies, as well as educational programmes, to address this sensitive issue in clinical practice. Family is an important resource in patient care in the context of the critical care environment. Clinical barriers including resources, hospital policies and guidelines, staff and public education should be taken into account to facilitate family integration to the care model. The findings can help to develop policies and guidelines for safe implementation of the practice. They can also encourage those who design nursing and other medical curricula to place more emphasis on the role of the family especially in critical care settings.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1002/JQS.2828
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 28-03-2022
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU22-7046
Abstract: & & The development of urban areas impacts the local climate and hydrology. Cities have been modelled with an array of models with different complexities. These models are called urban land surface models (ULSM) and focus on radiation, and turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes. Grimmond et al. (2010) evaluated these models finding that the latent heat flux is the most challenging to simulate. This flux is part of both the energy balance and water balance, as the latent heat flux is the energy equivalent of the mass evapotranspiration. Thus, the hydrological circumstances may be crucial to correctly model the turbulent heat fluxes. However, the representation of the water balance in these models has not been the focus of a multi-model evaluation. As a part of the follow-up project to the work by Grimmond et al. and Urban-PLUMBER we evaluated the representation of the water balance in ULSMs with varying complexity and representation of the water balance. It is difficult to evaluate the water balance fluxes against observations, as not all terms are observed. For ex le, changes in water storage require knowledge of the state of all the in idual stores (e.g. soil moisture, detention ponds). Analysis of 14 models shows a large spread in the magnitude of the in idual water balance fluxes. The rate of reduction of the latent heat flux/evapotranspiration during periods without rainfall varies widely between models, consistent with literature (e.g. Jongen et al., 2022). Initial analysis suggests that models that simulate the water balance and conserve mass are more likely to accurately simulate turbulent heat fluxes. It is thus crucial that both the water and energy balance are accounted for in future urban model improvements.& &
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 03-06-2022
DOI: 10.5194/ESSD-2022-65
Abstract: Abstract. Twenty urban neighbourhood-scale eddy covariance flux tower datasets have been harmonized and quality controlled, producing a 50 site-year collection with broad ersity in climate and urban surface characteristics. Observations are gap-filled and prepended with 10 years of reanalysis-derived local data to enable use as spin up and forcing for land surface model evaluation. For both gap filling and spin-up, ERA5 reanalysis meteorological data are bias corrected using tower observations, accounting for diurnal, seasonal and local urban effects not modelled in ERA5. The bias correction methods developed perform well compared to methods used in other datasets (e.g. WFDE5 or FLUXNET2015 linear regression). Site description metadata includes local land cover fractions (buildings, roads, trees, grass etc.), building height and morphology, aerodynamic roughness estimates, population density and satellite imagery. Together, this collection can help extend our understanding of urban environmental processes through observational synthesis studies or in the evaluation of land surface environmental models in a wide range of urban settings.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 04-03-2021
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU21-15230
Abstract: & & We present initial results of the Urban-PLUMBER international model evaluation project. This project assesses the performance of land surface models used in meteorological simulations of urban areas. Phase 1 included 24 models of varying complexity, from simple slab models through to multi-layer urban canopy models.& & & & model output variables are requested, including primary surface energy fluxes, anthropogenic heat and moisture fluxes, soil variables, albedo, canopy and building air temperatures. This rich dataset is used to both compare model outputs with observations and to understand factors contributing to model performance.& & & & The project involved a number of other innovations including:& & & ul& & li& An online portal (modelevaluation.org) is used to distribute site data and accept submissions.& /li& & li& Upon submission to the portal participants are provided with variable near-instant compliance checks and analyses allowing participants to make corrections if required.& /li& & li& A ten-year ERA5-derived spin up which overcomes the typically short period of urban flux tower observations and allows the entire observed period to be used in analyses.& /li& & li& Testing models alongside simple empirical benchmarks (e.g. out-of-s le linear regression of turbulent fluxes on shortwave radiation) to assess if input information is used effectively.& /li& & /ul& & & We also discuss the initial stages of Phase 2 which involves testing models at many urban sites. From the known global urban flux tower observations, following assessment, 25 are selected to capture a range of urban characteristics and climates. Surface characteristics are gathered, observations quality controlled and prepended with ten years of bias corrected ERA5 meteorological data for spinup. This new standardised urban flux tower dataset will become a valuable tool in future urban modelling projects.& &
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-03-2022
DOI: 10.1038/S41597-022-01205-9
Abstract: High-quality, standardized urban canopy layer observations are a worldwide necessity for urban climate and air quality research and monitoring. The Schools Weather and Air Quality (SWAQ) network was developed and distributed across the Greater Sydney region with a view to establish a citizen-centred network for investigation of the intra-urban heterogeneity and inter-parameter dependency of all major urban climate and air quality metrics. The network comprises a matrix of eleven automatic weather stations, nested with a web of six automatic air quality stations, stretched across 2779 km 2 , with average spacing of 10.2 km. Six meteorological parameters and six air pollutants are recorded. The network has a focus on Sydney’s western suburbs of rapid urbanization, but also extends to many eastern coastal sites where there are gaps in existing regulatory networks. Observations and metadata are available from September 2019 and undergo routine quality control, quality assurance and publication. Metadata, original datasets and quality-controlled datasets are open-source and available for extended academic and non-academic use.
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 06-2021
Abstract: Heatwaves have implications for human health and ecosystem function. Over cities, the impacts of a heatwave event may be compounded by urban heat, where temperatures over the urban area are higher than their rural surroundings. Coastal cities often rely upon sea breezes to provide temporary relief. However, topographic features contributing to the development of Foehn-like conditions can offset the cooling influence of sea breezes. Using convection-permitting simulations (⩽4 km) we examine the potential for both mechanisms to influence heatwave conditions over the large coastal city of Sydney, Australia that is bordered by mountains. Heatwave onset in the hot period of January–February 2017 often coincides with a hot continental flow over the mountains into the city. The temperature difference between the coast and the urban–rural interface can reach 15.79 °C. Further, the urban heat island contributes on average an additional 1 °C in the lowest 1 km of the atmosphere and this often extends beyond the city limits. The cumulative heat induced by the urban environment reaches 10 °C over the city and 3 °C over adjacent inland areas. Strong sea breezes are important for heat dispersion with city temperature gradients reducing to within 1 °C. The resolution permits a comparison between urban types and reveals that the diurnal cycle of temperature, moisture content and wind are sensitive to the urban type. Here we show that convection permitting simulations can resolve the interaction between local breezes and the urban environment that are not currently resolved in coarser resolution models.
Publisher: New Zealand Ecological Society
Date: 2018
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-02-2018
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-018-20970-5
Abstract: Anthropogenic activity is now recognised as having profoundly and permanently altered the Earth system, suggesting we have entered a human-dominated geological epoch, the ‘Anthropocene’. To formally define the onset of the Anthropocene, a synchronous global signature within geological-forming materials is required. Here we report a series of precisely-dated tree-ring records from C bell Island (Southern Ocean) that capture peak atmospheric radiocarbon ( 14 C) resulting from Northern Hemisphere-dominated thermonuclear bomb tests during the 1950s and 1960s. The only alien tree on the island, a Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ), allows us to seasonally-resolve Southern Hemisphere atmospheric 14 C, demonstrating the ‘bomb peak’ in this remote and pristine location occurred in the last-quarter of 1965 (October-December), coincident with the broader changes associated with the post-World War II ‘Great Acceleration’ in industrial capacity and consumption. Our findings provide a precisely-resolved potential Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) or ‘golden spike’, marking the onset of the Anthropocene Epoch.
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 19-02-2021
Abstract: Do terrestrial geomagnetic field reversals have an effect on Earth's climate? Cooper et al. created a precisely dated radiocarbon record around the time of the Lasch s geomagnetic reversal about 41,000 years ago from the rings of New Zealand sw kauri trees. This record reveals a substantial increase in the carbon-14 content of the atmosphere culminating during the period of weakening magnetic field strength preceding the polarity switch. The authors modeled the consequences of this event and concluded that the geomagnetic field minimum caused substantial changes in atmospheric ozone concentration that drove synchronous global climate and environmental shifts. Science , this issue p. 811
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 28-06-2022
DOI: 10.5194/EMS2022-290
Abstract: & & Urban Land Surface Models (ULSM) are developed to simulate the urban climate and vary in their complexity. The need for this complexity was assessed by two successive systematic intercomparison projects. Both projects focused on the energy balance and found the latent heat flux to be the most challenging flux to model. However, these projects did not address the closure of the water balance, although the energy balance is directly linked to the water balance. This study aims to assess the representation and dynamics of the water balance in 14 ULSMs from the Urban-PLUMBER project each ran for 20 sites. The water balance could not be evaluated by straightforwardly comparing the model results against measurements since most water balance fluxes are not measured. Therefore, the water storage dynamics were derived from the modelled water balance fluxes. We examined the inter-model variation in both the storage dynamics and the separate fluxes and developed seven indicators of a well-captured water balance. The variation in both the fluxes and the storage dynamics is in the same order of magnitude as the size of the fluxes themselves. The indicators show that no ULSM in this study can consistently reproduce a physically realistic water balance regardless of the model& #8217 s complexity. As the water balance is linked to the energy balance, the poor water balance representation may explain the poor performance for the latent heat flux. The linked balances illustrate model evaluations and comparisons should extend beyond the target variables of the model to all processes that directly influence these variables.& &
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 19-11-2021
Abstract: Our paper about the impacts of the Lasch s Geomagnetic Excursion 42,000 years ago has provoked considerable scientific and public interest, particularly in the so-called Adams Event associated with the initial transition of the magnetic poles. Although we welcome the opportunity to discuss our new ideas, Hawks’ assertions of misrepresentation are especially disappointing given his limited examination of the material.
No related grants have been discovered for Mathew Lipson.