Ben Trevaskis

Regions associated with repression of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) VERNALIZATION1 gene are not required for cold induction

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 30-04-2009

DOI: 10.1007/S00438-009-0449-3

Abstract: Activity of the VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) gene is required for flowering in temperate cereals such as wheat and barley. In varieties that require prolonged exposure to cold to flower (vernalization), VRN1 is expressed at low levels and is induced by vernalization to trigger flowering. In other varieties, deletions or insertions in the first intron of the VRN1 gene are associated with increased VRN1 expression in the absence of cold treatment, reducing or eliminating the requirement for vernalization. To characterize natural variation in VRN1, the first intron of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) VRN1 gene (HvVRN1) was assayed for deletions or insertions in a collection of 1,000 barleys from erse geographical regions. Ten alleles of HvVRN1 containing deletions or insertions in the first intron were identified, including three alleles that have not been described previously. Different HvVRN1 alleles were associated with differing levels of HvVRN1 expression in non-vernalized plants and with different flowering behaviour. Using overlapping deletions, we delineated regions in the HvVRN1 first intron that are associated with low levels of HvVRN1 expression in non-vernalized plants. Deletion of these intronic regions does not prevent induction of HvVRN1 by cold or the maintenance of increased HvVRN1 expression following cold treatment. We suggest that regions within the first intron of HvVRN1 are required to maintain low levels of HvVRN1 expression prior to winter but act independently of the regulatory mechanisms that mediate induction of HvVRN1 by cold during winter.

Arabidopsis ammonium transporters, atAMT1;1 and atAMT1;2, have different biochemical properties and functional roles

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 2001

DOI: 10.1023/A:1010303813181

Ppd-1 is a key regulator of inflorescence architecture and paired spikelet development in wheat

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 26-01-2015

DOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2014.16

Abstract: The domestication of cereal crops such as wheat, maize, rice and barley has included the modification of inflorescence architecture to improve grain yield and ease harvesting(1). Yield increases have often been achieved through modifying the number and arrangement of spikelets, which are specialized reproductive branches that form part of the inflorescence. Multiple genes that control spikelet development have been identified in maize, rice and barley(2-5). However, little is known about the genetic underpinnings of this process in wheat. Here, we describe a modified spikelet arrangement in wheat, termed paired spikelets. Combining comprehensive QTL and mutant analyses, we show that Photoperiod-1 (Ppd-1), a pseudo-response regulator gene that controls photoperiod-dependent floral induction, has a major inhibitory effect on paired spikelet formation by regulating the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)(6,7). These findings show that modulated expression of the two important flowering genes, Ppd-1 and FT, can be used to form a wheat inflorescence with a more elaborate arrangement and increased number of grain producing spikelets.

Two hemoglobin genes in Arabidopsis thaliana : The evolutionary origins of leghemoglobins

Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Date: 28-10-1997

DOI: 10.1073/PNAS.94.22.12230

Abstract: We cloned two hemoglobin genes from Arabidopsis thaliana . One gene, AHB1 , is related in sequence to the family of nonsymbiotic hemoglobin genes previously identified in a number of plant species (class 1). The second hemoglobin gene, AHB2 , represents a class of nonsymbiotic hemoglobin (class 2) related in sequence to the symbiotic hemoglobin genes of legumes and Casuarina . The properties of these two hemoglobins suggest that the two families of nonsymbiotic hemoglobins may differ in function from each other and from the symbiotic hemoglobins. AHB1 is induced, in both roots and rosette leaves, by low oxygen levels. Recombinant AHB1 has an oxygen affinity so high as to make it unlikely to function as an oxygen transporter. AHB2 is expressed at a low level in rosette leaves and is low temperature-inducible. AHB2 protein has a lower affinity for oxygen than AHB1 but is similar to AHB1 in having an unusually low, pH-sensitive oxygen off-rate.

Low-Temperature and Daylength Cues Are Integrated to Regulate FLOWERING LOCUS T in Barley      

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 21-03-2008

DOI: 10.1104/PP.108.116418

Abstract: Interactions between flowering time genes were examined in a doubled haploid barley (Hordeum vulgare) population segregating for H. vulgare VERNALIZATION1 (HvVRN1), HvVRN2, and PHOTOPERIOD1 (PPD-H1). A deletion allele of HvVRN2 was associated with rapid inflorescence initiation and early flowering, but only in lines with an active allele of PPD-H1. In these lines, the floral promoter FLOWERING LOCUS T (HvFT1) was expressed at high levels without vernalization, and this preceded induction of HvVRN1. Lines with the deletion allele of HvVRN2 and the inactive ppd-H1 allele did not undergo rapid inflorescence initiation and were late flowering. These data suggest that HvVRN2 counteracts PPD-H1 to prevent flowering prior to vernalization. An allele of HvVRN1 that is expressed at high basal levels (HvVRN1-1) was associated with rapid inflorescence initiation regardless of HvVRN2 or PPD-H1 genotype. HvFT1 was expressed without vernalization in lines with the HvVRN1-1 allele and HvFT1 transcript levels were highest in lines with the active PPD-H1 allele this correlated with rapid apex development postinflorescence initiation. Thus, expression of HvVRN1 promotes inflorescence initiation and up-regulates HvFT1. Analysis of HvVRN1 expression in different genetic backgrounds postvernalization showed that HvVRN2, HvFT1, and PPD-H1 are unlikely to play a role in low-temperature induction of HvVRN1. In a vernalization responsive barley, HvFT1 is not induced by low temperatures alone, but can be induced by long days following prolonged low-temperature treatment. We conclude that low-temperature and daylength flowering-response pathways are integrated to control expression of HvFT1 in barley, and that this might occur through regulation of HvVRN2 activity.

GmZIP1 encodes a symbiosis-specific zinc transporter in soybean

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 02-2002

DOI: 10.1074/JBC.M106754200

Differentiation of plant cells during symbiotic nitrogen fixation

Publisher: Hindawi Limited

Date: 2002

DOI: 10.1002/CFG.155

Abstract: Nitrogen-fixing symbioses between legumes and bacteria of the family Rhizobiaceae involve differentiation of both plant and bacterial cells. Differentiation of plant root cells is required to build an organ, the nodule, which can feed and accommodate a large population of bacteria under conditions conducive to nitrogen fixation. An efficient vascular system is built to connect the nodule to the root, which delivers sugars and other nutrients to the nodule and removes the products of nitrogen fixation for use in the rest of the plant. Cells in the outer cortex differentiate to form a barrier to oxygen diffusion into nodules, which helps to produce the micro-aerobic environment necessary for bacterial nitrogenase activity. Cells of the central, infected zone of nodules undergo multiple rounds of endoreduplication, which may be necessary for colonisation by rhizobia and may enable enlargement and greater metabolic activity of these cells. Infected cells of the nodule contain rhizobia within a unique plant membrane called the peribacteroid or symbiosome membrane, which separates the bacteria from the host cell cytoplasm and mediates nutrient and signal exchanges between the partners. Rhizobia also undergo differentiation during nodule development. Not surprisingly, perhaps, differentiation of each partner is dependent upon interactions with the other. High-throughput methods to assay gene transcripts, proteins, and metabolites are now being used to explore further the different aspects of plant and bacterial differentiation. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of plant cell differentiation during nodulation that have been made, at least in part, using high-throughput methods.

Molecular and cell biology of a family of voltage-dependent anion channel porins in Lotus japonicus

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 2004

DOI: 10.1104/PP.103.031484

Abstract: Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are generally considered as the main pathway for metabolite transport across the mitochondrial outer membrane. Recent proteomic studies on isolated symbiosome membranes from legume nodules indicated that VDACs might also be involved in transport of nutrients between plants and rhizobia. In an attempt to substantiate this, we carried out a detailed molecular and cellular characterization of VDACs in Lotus japonicus and soybean (Glycine max). Database searches revealed at least five genes encoding putative VDACs in each of the legumes L. japonicus, Medicago truncatula, and soybean. We obtained and sequenced cDNA clones from L. japonicus encoding five full-length VDAC proteins (LjVDAC1.1–1.3, LjVDAC2.1, and LjVDAC3.1). Complementation of a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant impaired in VDAC1, a porin of the mitochondrial outer membrane, showed that LjVDAC1.1, LjVDAC1.2, LjVDAC2.1, and LjVDAC3.1, but not LjVDAC1.3, are functional and targeted to the mitochondrial outer membrane in yeast. Studies of the expression pattern of the five L. japonicus VDAC genes revealed largely constitutive expression of each throughout the plant, including nodules. Antibodies to LjVDAC1.1 of L. japonicus and the related POM36 protein of potato (Solanum tuberosum) recognized several proteins between 30 and 36 kD on western blots, including LjVDAC1.1, LjVDAC1.2, LjVDAC1.3, and LjVDAC2.1. Immunolocalization of VDACs in L. japonicus and soybean root nodules demonstrated their presence on not only mitochondria but also on numerous, small vesicles at the cell periphery. No evidence was found for the presence of VDACs on the symbiosome membrane. Nonetheless, the data indicate that VDACs may play more erse roles in plants than suspected previously.

Zebularine treatment is associated with deletion of FT‐B1 leading to an increase in spikelet number in bread wheat

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 06-04-2018

DOI: 10.1111/PCE.13164

Abstract: The number of rachis nodes (spikelets) on a wheat spike is a component of grain yield that correlates with flowering time. The genetic basis regulating flowering in cereals is well understood, but there are reports that flowering time can be modified at a high frequency by selective breeding, suggesting that it may be regulated by both epigenetic and genetic mechanisms. We investigated the role of DNA methylation in regulating spikelet number and flowering time by treating a semi-spring wheat with the demethylating agent, Zebularine. Three lines with a heritable increase in spikelet number were identified. The molecular basis for increased spikelet number was not determined in 2 lines, but the phenotype showed non-Mendelian inheritance, suggesting that it could have an epigenetic basis. In the remaining line, the increased spikelet phenotype behaved as a Mendelian recessive trait and late flowering was associated with a deletion encompassing the floral promoter, FT-B1. Deletion of FT-B1 delayed the transition to reproductive growth, extended the duration of spike development, and increased spikelet number under different temperature regimes and photoperiod. Transiently disrupting DNA methylation can generate novel flowering behaviour in wheat, but these changes may not be sufficiently stable for use in breeding programs.

The Relationships between Development and Low Temperature Tolerance in Barley Near Isogenic Lines Differing for Flowering Behavior

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 06-10-2015

DOI: 10.1093/PCP/PCV147

Abstract: Flowering time, vernalization requirement, photoperiod sensitivity and low temperature tolerance are key traits in the Triticeae. We characterized a set of isogenic genetic stocks-representing single and pairwise substitutions of spring alleles at the VRN-H1, VRN-H2 and VRN-H3 loci in a winter barley background-at the structural, functional and phenotypic levels. High density mapping with reference to the barley genome sequence confirmed that in all cases target VRN alleles were present in the near isogenic lines (NILs) and allowed estimates of introgression size (at the genetic and physical levels) and gene content. Expression data corroborated the structural and phenotypic results. The latter confirmed that substitution of a spring allele at any of the VRN loci is sufficient to eliminate vernalization requirement. There was no significant change in low temperature tolerance with substitution of a spring allele at VRN-H2, but there were significant losses in cold tolerance with substitutions at VRN-H1 and VRN-H3. Reductions in cold tolerance are ascribed to an accelerated transition from the vegetative to reproductive state. The set of NILs will be a rich resource for understanding the genetics of vernalization, low temperature tolerance and other traits encoded/regulated by genes within the introgressed intervals.

Transcriptome Analysis of the Vernalization Response in Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Seedlings

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 09-03-2011

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0017900

Short Vegetative Phase-Like MADS-Box Genes Inhibit Floral Meristem Identity in Barley

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 17-11-2006

DOI: 10.1104/PP.106.090860

Abstract: Analysis of the functions of Short Vegetative Phase (SVP)-like MADS-box genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare) indicated a role in determining meristem identity. Three SVP-like genes are expressed in vegetative tissues of barley: Barley MADS1 (BM1), BM10, and Vegetative to Reproductive Transition gene 2. These genes are induced by cold but are repressed during floral development. Ectopic expression of BM1 inhibited spike development and caused floral reversion in barley, with florets at the base of the spike replaced by tillers. Head emergence was delayed in plants that ectopically express BM1, primarily by delayed development after the floral transition, but expression levels of the barley VRN1 gene (HvVRN1) were not affected. Ectopic expression of BM10 inhibited spike development and caused partial floral reversion, where florets at the base of the spike were replaced by inflorescence-like structures, but did not affect heading date. Floral reversion occurred more frequently when BM1 and BM10 ectopic expression lines were grown in short-day conditions. BM1 and BM10 also inhibited floral development and caused floral reversion when expressed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We conclude that SVP-like genes function to suppress floral meristem identity in winter cereals.

HvVRN2 Responds to Daylength, whereas HvVRN1 Is Regulated by Vernalization and Developmental Status

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 24-02-2006

DOI: 10.1104/PP.105.073486

Abstract: Two genetic loci control the vernalization response in winter cereals VRN1, which encodes an AP1-like MADS-box transcription factor, and VRN2, which has been mapped to a chromosome region containing ZCCT zinc finger transcription factor genes. We examined whether daylength regulates expression of HvVRN1 and HvVRN2. In a vernalization-responsive winter barley (Hordeum vulgare), expression of HvVRN1 is regulated by vernalization and by development, but not by daylength. Daylength affected HvVRN1 expression in only one of six vernalization-insensitive spring barleys examined and so cannot be a general feature of regulation of this gene. In contrast, daylength is the major determinant of expression levels of two ZCCT genes found at the barley VRN2 locus, HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb. In winter barley, high levels of HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb expression were detected only when plants were grown in long days. During vernalization in long-day conditions, HvVRN1 is induced and expression of HvZCCTb is repressed. During vernalization under short days, induction of HvVRN1 occurs without changes in HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb expression. Analysis of HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb expression levels in a doubled haploid population segregating for different vernalization and daylength requirements showed that HvVRN1 genotype determines HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb expression levels. We conclude that the vernalization response is mediated through HvVRN1, whereas HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb respond to daylength cues to repress flowering under long days in nonvernalized plants.

Increased level of hemoglobin 1 enhances survival of hypoxic stress and promotes early growth in Arabidopsis thaliana

Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Date: 16-12-2002

DOI: 10.1073/PNAS.212648799

Abstract: Overexpression of a class 1 Hb (GLB1) protects Arabidopsis thaliana plants from the effects of severe hypoxia. Overexpression of the bifunctional symbiotic Hb (GLB1S) from Parasponia andersonii in A. thaliana also increases survival after hypoxia. Plants overexpressing the Hb 1 protein, mutated to have a low oxygen affinity, are as susceptible to hypoxia as WT plants, suggesting that the protection against hypoxia depends on the ability of the Hb to bind ligands, such as oxygen, with high affinity. A mild hypoxia pretreatment (5%) induces the Hb gene and increases the survival of plants after severe hypoxic treatment (0.1%). These results with Hb 1 show that plant Hbs have a role other than in nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Plants overexpressing the GLB1 protein show early vigorous growth in nonhypoxic conditions and are 50% larger in weight than the controls at 14 days. The constitutive expression of GLB1 also resulted in a reduced number of root hairs and increased number of laterals in the root system.

Fast winter wheat phenology can stabilise flowering date and maximise grain yield in semi-arid Mediterranean and temperate environments

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.FCR.2018.03.021

Advancing understanding of oat phenology for crop adaptation

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Date: 14-10-2022

DOI: 10.3389/FPLS.2022.955623

Abstract: Oat (Avena sativa) is an annual cereal grown for forage, fodder and grain. Seasonal flowering behaviour, or phenology, is a key contributor to the success of oat as a crop. As a species, oat is a vernalization-responsive long-day plant that flowers after winter as days lengthen in spring. Variation in both vernalization and daylength requirements broadens adaptation of oat and has been used to breed modern cultivars with seasonal flowering behaviours suited to different regions, sowing dates and farming practices. This review examines the importance of variation in oat phenology for crop adaptation. Strategies to advance understanding of the genetic basis of oat phenology are then outlined. These include the potential to transfer knowledge from related temperate cereals, particularly wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), to provide insights into the potential molecular basis of variation in oat phenology. Approaches that use emerging genomic resources to directly investigate the molecular basis of oat phenology are also described, including application of high-resolution genome-wide ersity surveys to map genes linked to variation in flowering behaviour. The need to resolve the contribution of in idual phenology genes to crop performance by developing oat genetic resources, such as near-isogenic lines, is emphasised. Finally, ways that deeper knowledge of oat phenology can be applied to breed improved varieties and to inform on-farm decision-making are outlined.

The central role of the VERNALIZATION1 gene in the vernalization response of cereals

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.1071/FP10056

Abstract: Many varieties of wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) require prolonged exposure to cold during winter in order to flower (vernalization). In these cereals, vernalization-induced flowering is controlled by the VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) gene. VRN1 is a promoter of flowering that is activated by low temperatures. VRN1 transcript levels increase gradually during vernalization, with longer cold treatments inducing higher expression levels. Elevated VRN1 expression is maintained in the shoot apex and leaves after vernalization, and the level of VRN1 expression in these organs determines how rapidly vernalized plants flower. Some alleles of VRN1 are expressed without vernalization due to deletions or insertions within the promoter or first intron of the VRN1 gene. Varieties of wheat and barley with these alleles flower without vernalization and are grown where vernalization does not occur. The first intron of the VRN1 locus has histone modifications typically associated with the maintenance of an inactive chromatin state, suggesting this region is targeted by epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to repression of VRN1 before winter. Other mechanisms are likely to act elsewhere in the VRN1 gene to mediate low-temperature induction. This review examines how understanding the mechanisms that regulate VRN1 provides insights into the biology of vernalization-induced flowering in cereals and how this will contribute to future cereal breeding strategies.

Vernalisation and photoperiod sensitivity in wheat: Impact on canopy development and yield components

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 02-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.FCR.2016.10.012

Lotus japonicus functional genomics: cDNA microarray analysis uncovers novel nodulins.

Publisher: CABI Publishing

Date: 2002

DOI: 10.1079/9780851995915.0109

Vernalisation and photoperiod sensitivity in wheat: The response of floret fertility and grain number is affected by vernalisation status

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.FCR.2016.10.013

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation research in the postgenomics era

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2002

DOI: 10.1046/J.0028-646X.2001.00304.X

Vernalization-induced flowering in cereals is associated with changes in histone methylation at the VERNALIZATION1 gene

Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Date: 19-05-2009

DOI: 10.1073/PNAS.0903566106

Abstract: Prolonged exposure to low temperatures (vernalization) accelerates the transition to reproductive growth in many plant species, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the economically important cereal crops, wheat and barley. Vernalization-induced flowering is an epigenetic phenomenon. In Arabidopsis, stable down-regulation of FLOWERING LOCUS C ( FLC ) by vernalization is associated with changes in histone modifications at FLC chromatin. In cereals, the vernalization response is mediated by stable induction of the floral promoter VERNALIZATION1 ( VRN1 ), which initiates reproductive development at the shoot apex. We show that in barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), repression of HvVRN1 before vernalization is associated with high levels of histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) at HvVRN1 chromatin. Vernalization caused increased levels of histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and a loss of H3K27me3 at HvVRN1 , suggesting that vernalization promotes an active chromatin state at VRN1 . Levels of these histone modifications at 2 other flowering-time genes, VERNALIZATION2 and FLOWERING LOCUS T , were not altered by vernalization. Our study suggests that maintenance of an active chromatin state at VRN1 is likely to be the basis for epigenetic memory of vernalization in cereals. Thus, regulation of chromatin state is a feature of epigenetic memory of vernalization in Arabidopsis and the cereals however, whereas vernalization-induced flowering in Arabidopsis is mediated by epigenetic regulation of the floral repressor FLC , this phenomenon in cereals is mediated by epigenetic regulation of the floral activator, VRN1 .

The role of seasonal flowering responses in adaptation of grasses to temperate climates

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Date: 29-08-2014

DOI: 10.3389/FPLS.2014.00431

Genetic variation in the flowering and yield formation of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) accessions after different photoperiod and vernalization treatments

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Date: 30-06-2015

DOI: 10.3389/FPLS.2015.00465

Veery wheats carry an allele of Vrn‐A1 that has implications for freezing tolerance in winter wheats

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 28-04-2011

DOI: 10.1111/J.1439-0523.2011.01856.X

Developmental Pathways Are Blueprints for Designing Successful Crops

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Date: 05-06-2018

DOI: 10.3389/FPLS.2018.00745

A cultivar phenology classification scheme for wheat and barley

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 02-2023

DOI: 10.1016/J.EJA.2022.126732

Expression and evolution of functionally distinct haemoglobin genes in plants

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 2001

DOI: 10.1023/A:1012440926982

Abstract: Haemoglobin genes have been found in a number of plant species, but the number of genes known has been too small to allow effective evolutionary inferences. We present nine new non-symbiotic haemoglobin sequences from a range of plants, including class 1 haemoglobins from cotton, Citrus and tomato, class 2 haemoglobins from cotton, tomato, sugar beet and canola and two haemoglobins from the non-vascular plants, Marchantia polymorpha (a liverwort) and Physcomitrella patens (a moss). Our molecular phylogenetic analysis of all currently known non-symbiotic haemoglobin genes and a selection of symbiotic haemoglobins have confirmed the existence of two distinct classes of haemoglobin genes in the dicots. It is likely that all dicots have both class 1 and class 2 non-symbiotic haemoglobin genes whereas in monocots we have detected only class 1 genes. The symbiotic haemoglobins from legumes and Casuarina are related to the class 2 non-symbiotic haemoglobins, whilst the symbiotic haemoglobin from Parasponia groups with the class 1 non-symbiotic genes. Probably, there have been two independent recruitments of symbiotic haemoglobins. Although the functions of the two non-symbiotic haemoglobins remain unknown, their patterns of expression within plants suggest different functions. We examined the expression in transgenic plants of the two non-symbiotic haemoglobins from Arabidopsis using promoter fusions to a GUS reporter gene. The Arabidopsis GLB1 and GLB2 genes are likely to be functionally distinct. The class 2 haemoglobin gene (GLB2) is expressed in the roots, leaves and inflorescence and can be induced in young plants by cytokinin treatment in contrast to the class 1 gene (GLB1) which is active in germinating seedlings and can be induced by hypoxia and increased sucrose supply, but not by cytokinin treatment.

Vernalisation and photoperiod responses of diverse wheat genotypes

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 08-03-2023

DOI: 10.1071/CP22213

Abstract: Context Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) adaptation is highly dependent on crop lifecycle duration, particularly the time at which flowering occurs in a specific environment. Frost, low solar radiation, heat and drought can significantly reduce yield if a crop flowers too early or late. Wheat genotypes have different lifecycle durations determined by plant responses to temperature (thermal time accumulation and vernalisation) and photoperiod. These responses are largely controlled by five phenology genes (two PPD1 and three VRN1 genes). Advances in crop phenology modelling suggest that flowering time under field conditions could be accurately predicted with parameters derived from photoperiod and vernalisation responses obtained in controlled environments. Aims This study quantified photoperiod and vernalisation responses of 69 Australian wheat genotypes selected for ersity at the PPD1 and VRN1 loci. Methods Spring and winter genotypes were grown in four controlled environments at a constant temperature of 22°C with photoperiod (17 or 8 h) and vernalisation (0 or 8 weeks) treatments as factors. Key results Thermal time from coleoptile emergence to flowering in spring genotypes was typically decreased more by long photoperiod than by vernalisation the opposite was true for winter genotypes. Spring genotypes that were sensitive to vernalisation contained a sensitive allele at the Vrn-A1 locus. Conclusions There is large ersity in phenological responses of wheat genotypes to photoperiod and vernalisation, including among those with matching multi-locus genotype. Implications Data from this study will be used to parameterise and test a wheat phenology model in a future study.

A linked SNP marker to genotype Fr-B2 in wheat

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2018

DOI: 10.1071/CP18248

Abstract: Fr-B2 is a complex locus on chromosome 5B that affects frost tolerance, days to heading, grain yield and probably other traits of commercial importance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). It interacts epistatically with other major genes, especially VRN1. There are two known alleles of Fr-B2: an intact, wild-type allele, and an allele with a large deletion. Published methods for identifying these alleles are slow and expensive, making the development of a high-throughput, co-dominant SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) marker highly desirable, especially for commercial wheat breeding. A erse panel of cultivars and breeding lines was characterised for SNPs and alleles of Fr-B2. Four SNP markers co-segregated as a haplotype block with Fr-B2 across unrelated cultivars and related backcrosses differing for alleles of Fr-B2. A robust KASP (Kompetitive allele-specific PCR) assay was developed for one of the SNPs, KASP_IWB26333, which should facilitate the inclusion of Fr-B2 on genotyping platforms for breeding and research.

The molecular biology of seasonal flowering-responses in Arabidopsis and the cereals

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 21-03-2009

DOI: 10.1093/AOB/MCP063

Make hay when the sun shines: The role of MADS-box genes in temperature-dependant seasonal flowering responses

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2011

DOI: 10.1016/J.PLANTSCI.2010.12.001

Abstract: MADS-box transcription factors specify plant meristem identity. In doing so, they determine when floral organs are produced at the shoot apex and control the timing of flowering. The transcriptional activity of key MADS-box genes is controlled by temperature in many plants, and this synchronises flowering with changing seasons. Here we review how seasonal temperature variation influences the developmental programme of plants via transcriptional regulation of MADS-box genes. In particular we examine the role of MADS-box genes in regulating the acceleration of flowering by vernalization (prolonged periods of cold), using FLOWERING LOCUS C of Arabidopsis and VERNALIZATION1 of cereals as ex les. A potential role for SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE-like genes in controlling winter bud dormancy is also examined, as are potential roles for MADS-box genes in regulating developmental responses to elevated growth temperatures. We conclude that understanding how temperature regulates the transcription of MADS-box genes provides insight into how seasonal fluctuations in temperature influence plant development. Plant breeders may be able to use natural variation in temperature-responsive MADS-box genes to breed future crop varieties.

Critical Theory and Participatory Action Research

Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd

DOI: 10.4135/9781848607934.N14

New alleles of the wheat domestication geneQreveal multiple roles in growth and reproductive development

Publisher: The Company of Biologists

Date: 19-01-2201

DOI: 10.1242/DEV.146407

Abstract: The advantages of free threshing in wheat led to the selection of the domesticated Q allele which is now present in almost all modern wheat varieties. Q and the pre-domestication allele, q, encode an AP2 transcription factor with the domesticated allele conferring a free threshing character and a subcompact (i.e. partially compact) inflorescence (spike). We demonstrate that mutations in the miR172-binding site of the Q gene are sufficient to increase transcript levels via a reduction in miRNA dependent degradation, consistent with the conclusion that a SNP in the miRNA-binding site of Q relative to q was essential in defining the modern Q allele. We also describe novel gain- and loss-of-function alleles of Q and use these to define new roles for this gene in spike development. Q is required for the suppression of ‘sham ramification’ and increased Q expression can lead to the formation of ectopic florets and spikelets (specialized inflorescence branches that bear florets and grains) resulting in a deviation from the canonical spike and spikelet structures of domesticated wheat.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) circadian clock genes respond rapidly to temperature in an EARLY FLOWERING 3 dependent manner

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 03-06-0008

DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERW317

Abstract: An increase in global temperatures will impact future crop yields. In the cereal crops wheat and barley, high temperatures accelerate reproductive development, reducing the number of grains per plant and final grain yield. Despite this relationship between temperature and cereal yield, it is not clear what genes and molecular pathways mediate the developmental response to increased temperatures. The plant circadian clock can respond to changes in temperature and is important for photoperiod-dependent flowering, and so is a potential mechanism controlling temperature responses in cereal crops. This study examines the relationship between temperature, the circadian clock, and the expression of flowering-time genes in barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), a crop model for temperate cereals. Transcript levels of barley core circadian clock genes were assayed over a range of temperatures. Transcript levels of core clock genes CCA1 , GI , PRR59 , PRR73, PRR95 , and LUX are increased at higher temperatures. CCA1 and PRR73 respond rapidly to a decrease in temperature whereas GI and PRR59 respond rapidly to an increase in temperature. The response of GI and the PRR genes to changes in temperature is lost in the elf3 mutant indicating that their response to temperature may be dependent on a functional ELF3 gene.

Direct links between the vernalization response and other key traits of cereal crops

Publisher: No publisher found

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS6882

Abstract: Transcription of the vernalization1 gene (VRN1) is induced by prolonged cold (vernalization) to trigger flowering of cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. VRN1 encodes a MADS box transcription factor that promotes flowering by regulating the expression of other genes. Here we use transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify direct targets of VRN1. Over 500 genomic regions were identified as potential VRN1-binding targets by ChIP-seq. VRN1 binds the promoter of flowering locus T-like 1, a promoter of flowering in vernalized plants. VRN1 also targets vernalization2 and ODDSOC2, repressors of flowering that are downregulated in vernalized plants. RNA-seq identified additional VRN1 targets that might play roles in triggering flowering. Other targets of VRN1 include genes that play central roles in low-temperature-induced freezing tolerance, spike architecture and hormone metabolism. This provides evidence for direct regulatory links between the vernalization response pathway and other important traits in cereal crops.

Phenology and related traits for wheat adaptation

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 26-05-2020

DOI: 10.1038/S41437-020-0320-1

Abstract: Wheat is a major food crop, with around 765 million tonnes produced globally. The largest wheat producers include the European Union, China, India, Russia, United States, Canada, Pakistan, Australia, Ukraine and Argentina. Cultivation of wheat across such erse global environments with variation in climate, biotic and abiotic stresses, requires cultivars adapted to a range of growing conditions. One intrinsic way that wheat achieves adaptation is through variation in phenology (seasonal timing of the lifecycle) and related traits (e.g., those affecting plant architecture). It is important to understand the genes that underlie this variation, and how they interact with each other, other traits and the growing environment. This review summarises the current understanding of phenology and developmental traits that adapt wheat to different environments. Ex les are provided to illustrate how different combinations of alleles can facilitate breeding of wheat varieties with optimal crop performance for different growing regions or farming systems.

Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1 and their effects in southern Australian wheat

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2013

DOI: 10.1071/CP13086

Abstract: Photoperiod and vernalisation genes are important for the adaptation of wheat to variable environments. Previously, using diagnostic markers and a large, unbalanced dataset from southern Australia, we estimated the effects on days to heading of frequent alleles of Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, and Vrn-D1, and also two allelic classes of Ppd-D1. These genes accounted for ~45% of the genotypic variance for that trait. We now extend these analyses to further alleles of Ppd-D1, and four alleles of Ppd-B1 associated with copy number. Variation in copy number of Ppd-B1 occurred in our population, with one to four linked copies present. Additionally, in rare instances, the Ppd-B1 gene was absent (a null allele). The one-copy allele, which we labelled Ppd-B1b, and the three-copy allele, which we labelled Ppd-B1a, occurred through a century of wheat breeding, and are still frequent. With several distinct progenitors, the one-copy allele might not be homogenous. The two-copy allele, which we labelled Ppd-B1d, was generally introduced from WW15 (syn. Anza), and the four-copy allele, which we labelled Ppd-B1c, came from Chinese Spring. In paired comparisons, Ppd-B1a and Ppd-B1c reduced days to heading, but Ppd-B1d increased days to heading. Ppd-D1a, with a promoter deletion, Ppd-D1d, with a deletion in Exon 7, and Ppd-D1b, the intact allele, were frequent in modern Australian germplasm. Differences between Ppd-D1a and Ppd-D1d for days to heading under our field conditions depended on alleles of the vernalisation genes, confirming our previous report of large epistatic interactions between these classes of genes. The Ppd-D1b allele conferred a photoperiod response that might be useful for developing cultivars with closer to optimal heading dates from variable sowing dates. Inclusion of Ppd-B1 genotypes, and more precise resolution of Ppd-D1, increased the proportion of the genotypic variance attributed to these vernalisation and photoperiod genes to ~53%.

Novel Aspects of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Uncovered by Transcript Profiling with cDNA Arrays

Publisher: Scientific Societies

Date: 05-2002

DOI: 10.1094/MPMI.2002.15.5.411

Abstract: An array of 2,304 cDNA clones derived from nitrogen-fixing nodules of Lotus japonicus was produced and used to detect differences in relative gene transcript abundance between nodules and uninfected roots. Transcripts of 83 different genes were found to be more abundant in nodules than in roots. More than 50 of these have never before been identified as nodule-induced in any species. Expression of 36 genes was detected in nodules but not in roots. Several known nodulin genes were included among the nodule-induced genes. Also included were genes involved in sucrose breakdown and glycolysis, CO 2 recycling, and amino acid synthesis, processes that are known to be accelerated in nodules compared with roots. Genes involved in membrane transport, hormone metabolism, cell wall and protein synthesis, and signal transduction and regulation of transcription were also induced in nodules. Genes that may subvert normal plant defense responses, including two encoding enzymes involved in detoxification of active oxygen species and one that may prohibit phytoalexin synthesis, were also identified. The data represent a rich source of information for hypothesis building and future exploration of symbiotic nitrogen fixation.

Early sowing systems can boost Australian wheat yields despite recent climate change

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 25-02-2019

DOI: 10.1038/S41558-019-0417-9

EARLY FLOWERING3 Regulates Flowering in Spring Barley by Mediating Gibberellin Production and FLOWERING LOCUS T Expression

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 04-2014

DOI: 10.1105/TPC.114.123794

Abstract: EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3) is a circadian clock gene that contributes to photoperiod-dependent flowering in plants, with loss-of-function mutants in barley (Hordeum vulgare), legumes, and Arabidopsis thaliana flowering early under noninductive short-day (SD) photoperiods. The barley elf3 mutant displays increased expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (FT1) however, it remains unclear whether this is the only factor responsible for the early flowering phenotype. We show that the early flowering and vegetative growth phenotypes of the barley elf3 mutant are strongly dependent on gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis. Expression of the central GA biosynthesis gene, GA20oxidase2, and production of the bioactive GA, GA1, were significantly increased in elf3 leaves under SDs, relative to the wild type. Inhibition of GA biosynthesis suppressed the early flowering of elf3 under SDs independently of FT1 and was associated with altered expression of floral identity genes at the developing apex. GA is also required for normal flowering of spring barley under inductive photoperiods, with chemical and genetic attenuation of the GA biosynthesis and signaling pathways suppressing inflorescence development under long-day conditions. These findings illustrate that GA is an important floral promoting signal in barley and that ELF3 suppresses flowering under noninductive photoperiods by blocking GA production and FT1 expression.

Strategies of Gene Action in Arabidopsis during Hypoxia

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 1997

DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.AOB.A010302

Identification of High-Temperature-Responsive Genes in Cereals    

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 25-01-2012

DOI: 10.1104/PP.111.192013

Abstract: High temperature influences plant development and can reduce crop yields. We examined how ambient temperature influences reproductive development in the temperate cereals wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). High temperature resulted in rapid progression through reproductive development in long days, but inhibited early stages of reproductive development in short days. Activation of the long-day flowering response pathway through day-length-insensitive alleles of the PHOTOPERIOD1 gene, which result in high FLOWERING LOCUS T-like1 transcript levels, did not allow rapid early reproductive development at high temperature in short days. Furthermore, high temperature did not increase transcript levels of FLOWERING LOCUS T-like genes. These data suggest that genes or pathways other than the long-day response pathway mediate developmental responses to high temperature in cereals. Transcriptome analyses suggested a possible role for vernalization-responsive genes in the developmental response to high temperature. The MADS-box floral repressor HvODDSOC2 is expressed at elevated levels at high temperature in short days, and might contribute to the inhibition of early reproductive development under these conditions. FLOWERING PROMOTING FACTOR1-like, RNase-S-like genes, and VER2-like genes were also identified as candidates for high-temperature-responsive developmental regulators. Overall, these data suggest that rising temperatures might elicit different developmental responses in cereal crops at different latitudes or times of year, due to the interaction between temperature and day length. Additionally, we suggest that different developmental regulators might mediate the response to high temperature in cereals compared to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).

Dawn and dusk set states of the circadian oscillator in sprouting barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 11-06-2015

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0129781

The Promoter of the Cereal VERNALIZATION1 Gene Is Sufficient for Transcriptional Induction by Prolonged Cold

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 29-12-2011

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0029456

VERNALIZATION1 Modulates Root System Architecture in Wheat and Barley

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.MOLP.2017.10.005

Integration of seasonal flowering time responses in temperate cereals

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 08-2008

DOI: 10.4161/PSB.3.8.6352

ODDSOC2 Is a MADS Box Floral Repressor That Is Down-Regulated by Vernalization in Temperate Cereals    

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 29-04-2010

DOI: 10.1104/PP.109.152488

Abstract: In temperate cereals, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), the transition to reproductive development can be accelerated by prolonged exposure to cold (vernalization). We examined the role of the grass-specific MADS box gene ODDSOC2 (OS2) in the vernalization response in cereals. The barley OS2 gene (HvOS2) is expressed in leaves and shoot apices but is repressed by vernalization. Vernalization represses OS2 independently of VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) in a VRN1 deletion mutant of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum), but VRN1 is required to maintain down-regulation of OS2 in vernalized plants. Furthermore, barleys that carry active alleles of the VRN1 gene (HvVRN1) have reduced expression of HvOS2, suggesting that HvVRN1 down-regulates HvOS2 during development. Overexpression of HvOS2 delayed flowering and reduced spike, stem, and leaf length in transgenic barley plants. Plants overexpressing HvOS2 showed reduced expression of barley homologs of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene FLOWERING PROMOTING FACTOR1 (FPF1) and increased expression of RNase-S-like genes. FPF1 promotes floral development and enhances cell elongation, so down-regulation of FPF1-like genes might explain the phenotypes of HvOS2 overexpression lines. We present an extended model of the genetic pathways controlling vernalization-induced flowering in cereals, which describes the regulatory relationships between VRN1, OS2, and FPF1-like genes. Overall, these findings highlight differences and similarities between the vernalization responses of temperate cereals and the model plant Arabidopsis.

Frost-tolerance genes Fr-A2 and Fr-B2 in Australian wheat and their effects on days to heading and grain yield in lower rainfall environments in southern Australia

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2016

DOI: 10.1071/CP15276

Abstract: FROST RESISTANCE 2 (FR2) genes of wheat are C-Repeat Binding Factor (CBF) genes with two major alleles known for both Fr-A2 (‘T’ and ‘S’) and Fr-B2 (‘WT’ and ‘DEL’). VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1) genes have a regulatory role on CBF genes, with known epistatic interactions between Vrn-A1 and Fr-A2 for tolerance to freezing temperatures during vegetative growth. VRN1 genes were also known to affect days to heading and grain yield. Therefore, FR2 genes might also affect these traits. A wide range of cultivars was characterised for VRN1, Fr-A2 and Fr-B2 genes. A third allele of Fr-A2 was found in cvv Excalibur and Axe. The winter cultivar Norstar, which was known to have a high level of frost tolerance during vegetative growth, had the combination Vrn-A1w + Fr-A2T + Fr-B2WT, as did a spring landrace from Afghanistan that was known to have superior tolerance to frost during reproductive development. No Australian spring cultivar was found with this combination, but it could be selected from crosses between adapted cultivars. This would enable the role of VRN1 and FR2 alleles in reproductive frost tolerance to be evaluated in an adapted background. Using large, existing, plant-breeding datasets, the T allele of Fr-A2 delayed heading relative to the S allele, and the WT allele of Fr-B2 delayed heading relative to the DEL allele, but only in combination with particular alleles of the VRN1 genes. Fr-B2 affected grain yield, with the highest grain yields for spring lines produced by Fr-B2DEL in combination with the spring allele of Vrn-B1.

Ppd1, Vrn1, ALMT1 and Rht genes and their effects on grain yield in lower rainfall environments in southern Australia

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1071/CP13374

Abstract: Allele-specific markers for important genes can improve the efficiency of plant breeding. Their value can be enhanced if effects of the alleles for important traits can be estimated in identifiable types of environment. Provided potential bias can be minimised, large, unbalanced, datasets from previous plant-breeding and agronomic research can be used. Reliable, allele-specific markers are now available for the phenology genes Ppd-D1, Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1, the aluminium-tolerance gene TaALMT1, and the plant-stature genes Rht-B1 and Rht-D1. We used a set of 208 experiments with growing-season rainfall of mm from southern Australia to estimate the effects of seven frequent combinations of the phenology genes, an intolerant and a tolerant allele of TaALMT1, and two semi-dwarf combinations Rht-B1b + Rht-D1a (Rht-ba) and Rht-B1a + Rht-D1b (Rht-ab) on grain yield in lower rainfall, Mediterranean-type environments in southern Australia. There were 775 lines in our analyses and a relationship matrix was used to minimise bias. Differences among the phenology genes were small, but the spring allele Vrn-B1a might be desirable. The tolerant allele, TaALMT1-V, was advantageous in locations with alkaline soils, possibly because of toxic levels of aluminium ions in subsoils. The advantage of TaALMT1-V is likely to be highest when mean maximum temperatures in spring are high. Rht-ab (Rht2 semi-dwarf) was also advantageous in environments with high mean maximum temperatures in spring, suggesting that for these stress environments, the combination of Vrn-B1a plus TaALMT1-V plus Rht-ab should be desirable. Many successful cultivars carry this combination.

The SoybeanGmN6LGene Encodes a Late Nodulin Expressed in the Infected Zone of Nitrogen-Fixing Nodules

Publisher: Scientific Societies

Date: 07-2002

DOI: 10.1094/MPMI.2002.15.7.630

Abstract: Previously, we determined the N-terminal amino acid sequences of a number of putative peribacteroid membrane proteins from soybean. Here, we report the cloning of a gene, GmN6L, that encodes one of these proteins. The protein encoded by GmN6L is similar in sequence to MtN6, an early nodulin expressed in Medicago truncatula roots in response to infection by Sinorhizobium meliloti. The GmN6L gene was strongly expressed in mature nodules but not in other plant organs. GmN6L protein was first detected 2 weeks after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and was limited to the infected zone of nodules. GmN6L protein was found in symbiosomes isolated from mature soybean nodules, both as a soluble protein and as a peripheral membrane protein bound to the peribacteroid membrane. These data indicate that GmN6L is a late nodulin, which is not involved in the infection process. Homology between GmN6L and FluG, a protein involved in signaling in Aspergillus nidulans, suggests that GmN6L may play a role in communication between the host and microsymbionts during symbiotic nitrogen fixation.

The molecular basis of vernalization-induced flowering in cereals

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2007

DOI: 10.1016/J.TPLANTS.2007.06.010

Abstract: Genetic analyses have identified three genes that control the vernalization requirement in wheat and barley VRN1, VRN2 and FT (VRN3). These genes have now been isolated and shown to regulate not only the vernalization response but also the promotion of flowering by long days. VRN1 is induced by vernalization and accelerates the transition to reproductive development at the shoot apex. FT is induced by long days and further accelerates reproductive apex development. VRN2, a floral repressor, integrates vernalization and day-length responses by repressing FT until plants are vernalized. A comparison of flowering time pathways in cereals and Arabidopsis shows that the vernalization response is controlled by different MADS box genes, but integration of vernalization and long-day responses occurs through similar mechanisms.

The influence of vernalization and daylength on expression of flowering-time genes in the shoot apex and leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare).

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 08-04-2009

DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERP098

MADS box genes control vernalization-induced flowering in cereals

Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Date: 13-10-2003

DOI: 10.1073/PNAS.1635053100

Abstract: By comparing expression levels of MADS box transcription factor genes between near-isogenic winter and spring lines of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum , we have identified WAP1 as the probable candidate for the Vrn-1 gene, the major locus controlling the vernalization flowering response in wheat. WAP1 is strongly expressed in spring wheats and moderately expressed in semispring wheats, but is not expressed in winter wheat plants that have not been exposed to vernalization treatment. Vernalization promotes flowering in winter wheats and strongly induces expression of WAP1. WAP1 is located on chromosome 5 in wheat and, by synteny with other cereal genomes, is likely to be collocated with Vrn-1 . These results in hexaploid bread wheat cultivars extend the conclusion made by Yan et al. [Yan, L., Loukoianov, A., Tranquilli, G., Helguera, M., Fahima, T. & Dubcovsky, J. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 6263–6268] in the diploid wheat progenitor Triticum monococcum that WAP1 ( TmAP1 ) corresponds to the Vrn-1 gene. The barley homologue of WAP1, BM5 , shows a similar pattern of expression to WAP1 and TmAP1. BM5 is not expressed in winter barleys that have not been vernalized, but as with WAP1 , expression of BM5 is strongly induced by vernalization treatment. In spring barleys, the level of BM5 expression is determined by interactions between the Vrn-H1 locus and a second locus for spring habit, Vrn-H2 . There is now evidence that AP1 -like genes determine the time of flowering in a range of cereal and grass species.

Low temperatures induce rapid changes in chromatin state and transcript levels of the cereal VERNALIZATION1 gene

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 11-04-2013

DOI: 10.1093/JXB/ERT095

Increased above‐ground resource allocation is a likely precursor for independent evolutionary origins of annuality in the Pooideae grass subfamily

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 19-06-2020

DOI: 10.1111/NPH.16666

Deep Phenotyping – Utilisation of AI approach in Platforms for Data Integration and Analysis

Publisher: CSIRO

Date: 2020

DOI: 10.25919/A30X-RX96

Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation

Location: Australia

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CSIRO

Location: Australia

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Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP190102185

Start Date: 03-2019

End Date: 12-2023

Amount: $590,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP180103116

Start Date: 2018

End Date: 12-2020

Amount: $424,197.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

ARC Centres Of Excellence - Grant ID: CE200100015

Start Date: 12-2020

End Date: 12-2027

Amount: $35,000,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council