ORCID Profile
0000-0003-2016-1541
Current Organisation
The University of Edinburgh
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Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-09-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.2042-3306.2010.00106.X
Abstract: Cyathostomins are the principal pathogenic nematode of equidae worldwide. In other species mast cell (MC) proteinases, in particular chymases, appear to have protective roles. Knowledge of the equine intestinal immune response to cyathostomins is limited. To investigate MC numbers and proteinase expression in equine cyathostomin-infected large intestine. MC populations in the large intestine are positively associated with cyathostomin burden and predominantly express chymase. The caecal cyathostomin burden of naturally infected horses (n = 25) was determined by luminal counts and pepsin digest (mural count). MC were identified and enumerated in caecal tissue using toluidine blue (TB). Immunofluorescent labelling with polyclonal rabbit antibodies was used to demonstrate expression of equine tryptase and the chymase equine mast cell proteinase-1 (eqMCP-1) in Carnoy's fixed caecal sections. Significant positive linear relationships were found between TB-stained mucosal and submucosal MC counts and total cyathostomin burden (P 36%), and both luminal (P 25%) and mural (P 36%) larval counts. Similar relationships were found with mucosal and submucosal chymase and tryptase-labelled MC counts (total: P 29% luminal: P 30% and mural: P 19%). With all three MC labels, mean MC counts were higher in the submucosa compared to the mucosa (P<0.001). All caecal MC appeared to express chymase, with a small number of MC expressing both tryptase and chymase. Large intestinal MC counts are significantly associated with cyathostomin burden, with a predominance of chymase-positive MC. The burden is significantly associated with expression of MC proteinases, supporting their likely involvement in the intestinal immune response to cyathostomin infection. Further work to investigate the kinetics of proteinase expression, the possibility of differential proteinase expression and the role of these MC proteinases is warranted.
Publisher: American Dairy Science Association
Date: 2020
Abstract: The aim of this study was to objectively assess, using an automated behavioral monitoring system, any behavioral differences between primiparous and multiparous cows before calving, and to quantify any behavioral differences between assisted (dystocic) and unassisted (eutocic) calvings. Data were collected from 32 multiparous and 12 primiparous Holstein dairy cattle to describe normal calving behavior and parity differences. To quantify behavior related to calving difficulty, the data from 14 animals that had dystocia at calving were matched to cows that had an eutocic calving based on parity, locomotion score, calf breed, calf sex, month, and year of calving. An IceQube (IceRobotics Ltd., South Queensferry, United Kingdom) was fitted to the right hind leg of cows 4 wk before their expected calving date. Data for lying time, standing time, number of steps, motion index (total motion), and the total number of standing and lying bouts (postural transitions) were automatically collected and summed into 15-min blocks. Behavioral variables were summarized into 2-h periods and 24-h periods before analyses. Mixed-effect models were used to analyze cow behavior in the last 4 d before calving (d -4 to -1), and on the day of calving. In the 4 d before calving, compared with multiparous cows, primiparous cows lay down an average 2.8 h/d less, had 9.1 more postural transitions/d (37.7 ± 1.2 vs. 27.6 ± 0.7), walked 172 more steps/d, and had a higher motion index (2,673.2 vs. 1,981.5 units/d). There was an effect of 2-h period on all behavioral variables on the day of calving. No indicator of calving difficulty was found on the day of calving, nor the days leading up to calving. These findings suggest that parity should be considered when predicting the day of calving, and changes in cow behavior on the day of calving could be used to identify calving cows, and to predict the time of calving.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-01-2006
Abstract: Epidemiological analyses indicate that the age distribution of natural cases of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) reflect age-related risk of infection, however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using a comparative approach, we tested the hypothesis that, there is a significant correlation between risk of infection for scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and variant CJD (vCJD), and the development of lymphoid tissue in the gut. Using anatomical data and estimates of risk of infection in mathematical models (which included results from previously published studies) for sheep, cattle and humans, we calculated the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, r s , between available measures of Peyer's patch (PP) development and the estimated risk of infection for an in idual of the corresponding age. There was a significant correlation between the measures of PP development and the estimated risk of TSE infection the two age-related distributions peaked in the same age groups. This result was obtained for each of the three host species: for sheep, surface area of ileal PP tissue vs risk of infection, r s = 0.913 ( n = 19, P 0.001), and lymphoid follicle density vs risk of infection, r s = 0.933 ( n = 19, P 0.001) for cattle, weight of PP tissue vs risk of infection, r s = 0.693 ( n = 94, P 0.001) and for humans, number of PPs vs risk of infection, r s = 0.384 ( n = 46, P = 0.008). In addition, when changes in exposure associated with BSE-contaminated meat were accounted for, the two age-related patterns for humans remained concordant: r s = 0.360 ( n = 46, P = 0.014). Our findings suggest that, for sheep, cattle and humans alike there is an association between PP development (or a correlate of PP development) and susceptibility to natural TSE infection. This association may explain changes in susceptibility with host age, and differences in the age-susceptibility relationship between host species.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2012
DOI: 10.1136/VR.101081
Abstract: Free-catch urine s les were collected from forty-one clinically normal domestic rabbits of various ages, breeds and both sexes. The Test γ GT Liquid-0018257640 was used for the in vitro quantitative determination of γ-Glutamyl-transferase (GGT) and reference intervals for γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, γ-GT, GGT) and GGT index (γ-glutamyl transferase to creatinine ratio) were established in fresh urine s les. Possible correlations of GGT and GGT index with sex and age were also explored. The stability of GGT after storage at +4°C for one week and -20°C for one month was investigated. The GGT and the GGT index reference intervals in fresh urine s les of healthy domestic rabbits were found to be 2.7-96.5 IU/l and 0.043-1.034, respectively. The urine GGT activity and the GGT index did not differ significantly between sexes in fresh urine s les. Nevertheless, a statistically significant difference was found in the GGT index with neutered status. Short-term storage at 4°C did not alter the enzyme stability, whereas, freezing did. Further investigations are needed to determine whether these parameters may be useful for early detection of renal tubular damage in rabbits, and in enabling better clinical management of affected animals.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 22-11-2016
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182016001943
Abstract: Outbreaks of cutaneous infectious disease in hibians are increasingly being attributed to an overlooked group of fungal-like pathogens, the Dermocystids. During the last 10 years on the Isle of Rum, Scotland, palmate newts ( Lissotriton helveticus ) have been reportedly afflicted by unusual skin lesions. Here we present pathological and molecular findings confirming that the pathogen associated with these lesions is a novel organism of the order Dermocystida, and represents the first formally reported, and potentially lethal, case of hibian Dermocystid infection in the UK. Whilst the gross pathology and the parasite cyst morphology were synonymous to those described in a study from infected L. helveticus in France, we observed a more extreme clinical outcome on Rum involving severe subcutaneous oedema. Phylogenetic topologies supported synonymy between Dermocystid sequences from Rum and France and as well as their distinction from Amphibiocystidium spp. Phylogenetic analysis also suggested that the hibian-infecting Dermocystids are not monophyletic. We conclude that the L. helveticus -infecting pathogen represents a single, novel species Amphibiothecum meredithae.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.THERIOGENOLOGY.2010.11.023
Abstract: During late gestation in the mare, rapid fetal growth is accompanied by considerable placental growth and further invasion of the endometrium by microvilli. This growth requires extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In early pregnancy, we know that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and -2 are involved in the endometrial invasion during endometrial cup formation. The present study investigated whether MMPs are found in fetal fluids later in gestation and during parturition, and if there was a difference in their activities between normal and preterm delivery. Amniotic fluids were collected from pony mares during the latter half of gestation, and amniotic and allantoic fluids from pony and thoroughbred mares at foaling. The fluids were analysed for the activity of MMP-9 and -2, and TIMPs using zymography techniques. There was an increase (P = 0.002) in activity of latent MMP-9 when approaching normal foaling, and a decrease (P < 0.001) during foaling. MMP-2 activity did not change through gestation, or during foaling. When comparing s les from pregnancies resulting in preterm deliveries with s les from foaling mares, the activity of MMP-9 was lower (P < 0.001) and MMP-2 activity was higher (P = 0.004) during foaling than preceding preterm delivery. The activity of MMP-9 was lower (P = 0.002) prior to preterm delivery than before delivery of a live foal at term, whereas no difference (P = 0.07) was demonstrated for latent MMP-2 activity when comparing the same groups. The activity of TIMP-2 was higher (P < 0.001) in the pre-parturient period before normal foaling than preceding preterm delivery. These results suggest that MMPs may have a role as markers for high risk pregnancy in the mare.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2013
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 11-11-2016
Abstract: With the exception of armadillos in the Americas, leprosy infections are considered almost exclusively restricted to humans. Avanzi et al. examined warty growths on the faces and extremities of red squirrels in the British Isles and found that two species of leprosy-causing organisms were to blame (see the Perspective by Stinear and Brosch). Mycobacterium leprae in the southern population of Brownsea Island squirrels originated from a medieval human strain. M. lepromatosis was found in red squirrels from elsewhere in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Human leprosy is proving hard to eradicate, despite available drugs. Perhaps other wildlife species are also reservoirs for this stubborn disease. Science , this issue p. 744 see also p. 702
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-03-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JSAP.12346
Abstract: To assess the impact of four rabbit diets (hay only extruded diet with hay muesli with hay muesli only) on length and curvature of cheek teeth and eruption and attrition rates of incisors. Thirty-two Dutch rabbits, randomly ided into four diet groups, had length and saggital plane curvature of the first cheek teeth measured radiographically at 1, 9 and 17 months. Eruption/attrition of the left upper incisor was directly measured at weeks 30, 32 and 35. Eruption rates matched attrition rates in all groups, but were higher in the hay only group than in both groups fed muesli. By month 9, a greater degree of tooth curvature was present in rabbits fed muesli only than in those fed hay only and extruded diet with hay. After 17 months, rabbits fed muesli only and muesli with hay had longer lower first cheek teeth and larger interdental spaces between the first two molars than rabbits fed extruded diet and hay and hay only. Three rabbits fed muesli only developed evidence of dental disease. Presence of increased tooth length, curvature and interdental spaces indicated early dental pathology in rabbits fed muesli. Muesli diets cannot be recommended for pet rabbits.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-12-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JSAP.12301
Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of four diet regimes (extruded diet with ad lib hay, muesli with ad lib hay, ad lib hay only, ad lib muesli only) on bodyweight and body condition score in rabbits. Thirty-two Dutch rabbits were studied over 9 months. Bodyweight and body condition score were recorded weekly. All groups gained weight with age, but relative to the ad lib hay only group (mean, 1 · 77 ± 0 · 13 kg), after 9 months rabbits in the ad lib muesli only group were 146% heavier (2 · 59 ± 0 · 32 kg) extruded diet with ad lib hay group 125% heavier (2 · 21 ± 0 · 10 kg) and muesli with ad lib hay group 123% heavier (2 · 18 ± 0 · 13 kg). Median body condition score of the ad lib muesli only group was obese (4 · 5) and was higher than that in both the extruded diet with ad lib hay and muesli with ad lib hay (median = 3 · 5) groups (P < 0 · 001). Both the extruded diet with ad lib hay and muesli with ad lib hay groups had above-ideal body condition score despite having bodyweights within the breed standard range. The ad lib hay only group had a median body condition score of 3 (ideal). There was an overall positive correlation between body condition score and weight (qs = 0 · 814, P < 0 · 001). The feeding of muesli without hay should be avoided, to prevent obesity.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2010
DOI: 10.1136/VR.C4196
Abstract: Postmortem and virological examinations for squirrelpox virus (SQPV) were carried out on 262 red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) found dead or moribund in Scotland between September 2005 and July 2009, to determine the likely causes of death and highlight factors that might be threats to the red squirrel population. Most of the squirrels were submitted from Dumfries and Galloway, and 71 per cent of them were adults. Road traffic accidents, squirrelpox, trauma or starvation were responsible for death in a large proportion (73 per cent) of the squirrels. Thin or emaciated body condition was associated with deaths resulting from pneumonia SQPV infection and starvation, and with the presence of external parasites. There were differences between age groups with regard to the cause of death a large proportion of juveniles died of starvation, whereas a large proportion of subadults and adults died in road traffic accidents. SQPV infection was associated with the presence of external parasites, but was not associated with the sex of the animals.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 31-01-2015
DOI: 10.1111/TBED.12211
Abstract: Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q-fever, is recognized as a worldwide zoonosis with a wide host range and potentially complex reservoir systems. Infected ruminants are the main source of infection for humans, but cats and other mammals, including wild rodents, also represent potential sources of infection. There has been a recent upsurge of reported cases in humans, domestic ruminants and wildlife in many parts of the world, and studies have indicated that wild brown rats may act as true reservoirs for C. burnetii and be implicated in outbreaks in livestock and humans. However, investigation of reservoir systems is limited by lack of validated serological tests for wildlife or other non-target species. In this study, serum s les from 796 wild rodents (180 bank voles, 309 field voles, 307 wood mice) 102 wild foxes and 26 domestic cats from three study areas in the UK were tested for the presence of antibodies to C. burnetii using a commercial indirect ELISA kit modified for use in multiple wildlife species. Test thresholds were determined for each species in the absence of species-specific reference sera using a bi-modal latent class mixture model to discriminate between positive from negative results. Based on the thresholds determined, seroprevalence in the wild rodents ranged from 15.6% to 19.1% depending on species (overall 17.3%) and was significantly higher in both foxes (41.2%) and cats (61.5%) than in rodents. This is the first report to quantify seroprevalence to C. burnetii in bank voles, field voles, wood mice, foxes and cats in the UK and provides evidence that predator species could act as indicators for the presence of C. burnetii in rodents. The study demonstrates that wildlife species could be significant reservoirs of infection for both livestock and humans, and the high seroprevalence in domestic cats highlights the potential zoonotic risk from this species.
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 07-2012
Abstract: Methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in particular, have become a public and veterinary health concern. The search for MRS reservoirs outside human hospitals is needed in order to understand the reasons for their persistence and to control their spread. MRS have been isolated from rats, but little is known about their occurrence in foxes. In view of the perceived increasing proximity between people and foxes in the U.K. and the well-documented potential of foxes as hosts for zoonotic pathogens, this study examined whether foxes can be a reservoir for MRS. This study examined the carriage of staphylococci and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in 38 foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from rural and semirural areas in the U.K. Staphylococci were isolated by enrichment culture from nasal, oral, axillary, and perineal swabs and speciated by standard bacteriological tests and API ID32 STAPH (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Antimicrobial resistance was investigated by disc diffusion tests and identification of mecA. Thirty-seven staphylococcal isolates were identified from 35 of the 38 foxes. All isolates were coagulase-negative and most frequently included species from the S. sciuri group (35%), S. equorum (27%), and S. capitis (22%). All were phenotypically resistant to methicillin, and mecA was detected in 33 (89%) of isolates, but only 10 (27%) showed broad β-lactam antibiotic resistance. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was not identified. These results indicate that foxes are a potential wildlife reservoir for mecA-positive staphylococci. Selection pressure from environmental contamination with antimicrobials should be considered.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2016
DOI: 10.1136/VR.103588
Abstract: The objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare the prevalence of selected clinical signs in laminitis cases and non-laminitic but lame controls to evaluate their capability to discriminate laminitis from other causes of lameness. Participating veterinary practitioners completed a checklist of laminitis-associated clinical signs identified by literature review. Cases were defined as horses onies with veterinary-diagnosed, clinically apparent laminitis controls were horses onies with any lameness other than laminitis. Associations were tested by logistic regression with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals, with veterinary practice as an a priori fixed effect. Multivariable analysis using graphical classification tree-based statistical models linked laminitis prevalence with specific combinations of clinical signs. Data were collected for 588 cases and 201 controls. Five clinical signs had a difference in prevalence of greater than +50 per cent: 'reluctance to walk' (OR 4.4), 'short, stilted gait at walk' (OR 9.4), 'difficulty turning' (OR 16.9), 'shifting weight' (OR 17.7) and 'increased digital pulse' (OR 13.2) (all P<0.001). 'Bilateral forelimb lameness' was the best discriminator 92 per cent of animals with this clinical sign had laminitis (OR 40.5, P<0.001). If, in addition, horses onies had an 'increased digital pulse', 99 per cent were identified as laminitis. 'Presence of a flat/convex sole' also significantly enhanced clinical diagnosis discrimination (OR 15.5, P<0.001). This is the first epidemiological laminitis study to use decision-tree analysis, providing the first evidence base for evaluating clinical signs to differentially diagnose laminitis from other causes of lameness. Improved evaluation of the clinical signs displayed by laminitic animals examined by first-opinion practitioners will lead to equine welfare improvements.
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 07-2014
Abstract: Anelloviruses are a family of small circular ssDNA viruses with a vast genetic ersity. Human infections with the prototype anellovirus, torque teno virus (TTV), are ubiquitous and related viruses have been described in a number of other mammalian hosts. Despite over 15 years of investigation, there is still little known about the pathogenesis and possible disease associations of anellovirus infections, arising in part due to the lack of a robust cell culture system for viral replication or tractable small-animal model. We report the identification of erse anelloviruses in several species of wild rodents. The viruses are highly prevalent in wood mice ( Apodemus sylvaticus ) and field voles ( Microtus agrestis ), detectable at a low frequency in bank voles ( Myodes glareolus ), but absent from house mice ( Mus musculus ). The viruses identified have a genomic organization consistent with other anelloviruses, but form two clear phylogenetic groups that are as distinct from each other as from defined genera.
Publisher: American Dairy Science Association
Date: 11-2020
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 17-05-2012
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 15-05-2007
Abstract: The dynamics of infectious diseases are highly variable. Host ranges, host responses to pathogens and the relationships between hosts are heterogeneous. Here, we argue that the use of animal sentinels has the potential to use this variation and enable the exploitation of a wide range of pathogen hosts for surveillance purposes. Animal sentinels may be used to address many surveillance questions, but they may currently be underused as a surveillance tool and there is a need for improved interdisciplinary collaboration and communication in order to fully explore the potential of animal sentinels. In different contexts, different animal hosts will themselves vary in their capacity to provide useful information. We describe a conceptual framework within which the characteristics of different host populations and their potential value as sentinels can be evaluated in a broad range of settings.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2013
DOI: 10.1136/VR.101218
Abstract: A retrospective study compared invasive (arterial blood gas analysis) and non-invasive (capnography and pulse oximetry) methods of monitoring respiratory function in conscious rabbits. Arterial s les from 50 healthy dwarf lop rabbits, presenting for routine surgical neutering, were analysed on a point-of-care blood gas analysis machine. Reference intervals were obtained for pH (7.35-7.54), PaCO2 (mm Hg) (25.29-40.37), PaO2 (mm Hg) (50.3-98.2), base excess (mmol/l) (6.7-6.5), HCO3 (mmol/l) (17.96-29.41), TCO2 (mmol/l) (18.9-30.5). SaO2 (per cent) (88.8-98.0), Na (mmol/l) (137.6-145.2), K (mmol/l) (3.28-4.87), iCal (mmol/l) (1.64-1.94), glucose (mmol/l) (6.23-10.53), haematocrit (per cent) (23.3-40.2) and haemoglobin (mg/dl) (7.91-13.63). Pulse oximetry (SPO2) and capnography (ETCO2) readings were taken concurrently. There was no statistically significant relationship between SPO2 and SaO2 with a mean difference between SPO2 and SaO2 of 8.22 per cent. There was a statistically significant relationship between ETCO2 vs PaCO2, but a wide range of ETCO2 values were observed for a given PaCO2. The mean difference between these was 16.16 mm Hg. The study has provided reference intervals for arterial blood gas analysis in rabbits and demonstrated that capnography and pulse oximetry readings should not be relied upon in conscious rabbits as a guide to ventilation and oxygenation.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 22-04-0009
DOI: 10.1111/TBED.12091
Abstract: Encephalitozoon cuniculi is an obligate intracellular microsporidian that is the causal agent of encephalitozoonosis, an important and emerging disease in both humans and animals. Little is known about its occurrence in wildlife. In this study, serum s les from 793 wild rodents [178 bank voles (BV), 312 field voles (FV) and 303 wood mice (WM)], 96 foxes and 27 domestic cats from three study areas in the UK were tested for the presence of antibodies to E. cuniculi using a direct agglutination test (DAT). Seroprevalence in the wild rodents ranged from 1.00% to 10.67% depending on species (overall 5.31%) and was significantly higher in foxes [49.50% (50/96)]. None of the 27 cats s led were found to be seropositive. This is the first report of seroprevalence to E. cuniculi in BV, FV, WM, foxes and cats in the UK and provides some evidence that foxes could act as sentinels for the presence of E. cuniculi in rodents. The study demonstrates that wildlife species could be significant reservoirs of infection for both domestic animals and humans.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-04-2011
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 11-04-2018
Abstract: The high degree of endemism on Sulawesi has previously been suggested to have vicariant origins, dating back to 40 Ma. Recent studies, however, suggest that much of Sulawesi's fauna assembled over the last 15 Myr. Here, we test the hypothesis that more recent uplift of previously submerged portions of land on Sulawesi promoted ersification and that much of its faunal assemblage is much younger than the island itself. To do so, we combined palaeogeographical reconstructions with genetic and morphometric datasets derived from Sulawesi's three largest mammals: the babirusa, anoa and Sulawesi warty pig. Our results indicate that although these species most likely colonized the area that is now Sulawesi at different times (14 Ma to 2–3 Ma), they experienced an almost synchronous expansion from the central part of the island. Geological reconstructions indicate that this area was above sea level for most of the last 4 Myr, unlike most parts of the island. We conclude that emergence of land on Sulawesi (approx. 1–2 Myr) may have allowed species to expand synchronously. Altogether, our results indicate that the establishment of the highly endemic faunal assemblage on Sulawesi was driven by geological events over the last few million years.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.JFMS.2011.07.012
Abstract: This study investigated 339 cases of feline mycobacterial disease from cats with cutaneous lesions or masses found at exploratory laparotomy. Tissue s les were submitted to the Veterinary Laboratories Agency for mycobacterial culture over a 4-year period to December 2008. The study assessed which species of culturable mycobacteria were involved, where the cats lived, and their clinical presentation (physical findings, serum biochemistry, radiography, feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus status). Mycobacterium microti was cultured from 19%, Mycobacterium bovis 15%, Mycobacterium avium 7%, non- M avium non-tuberculous mycobacteria 6%, with no growth in 53% of s les. M microti, M bovis and M avium were found in almost mutually exclusive clusters within Great Britain (GB) (ie, M bovis in South-West England/Wales/Welsh Border, M avium in eastern England and M microti south of London and in South-West Scotland). While differences were seen in the clinical presentation and distribution of lesions caused by the different infections, these were not sufficiently different to be diagnostic. Cats commonly presented with single or multiple cutaneous lesions (74%), which were sometimes ulcerated or discharging, located most frequently on the head (54%). Lymph nodes were usually involved (47%) typically the submandibular nodes. Systemic or pulmonary signs were rarely seen (10–16%). When a cat is suspected of having mycobacteriosis, accurate identification of the species involved helps to determine appropriate action. Our findings show that knowing the cat's geographic location can be helpful, while the nature of the clinical presentation is less useful. Most cases of feline mycobacterial disease in GB are cutaneous.
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for Darren Shaw.