ORCID Profile
0000-0001-7974-6080
Current Organisation
California State University, East Bay
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Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 24-04-2023
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-07-2013
DOI: 10.1002/JEAB.38
Abstract: In fixed-interval (FI) and response-initiated fixed-interval (RIFI) schedules of reinforcement, a response is required after an interval has elapsed for delivery of reinforcement. In RIFI schedules, a response is required to initiate each interval as well. The objective of this experiment was a systematic comparison of performance in the two schedule types over a range of interval durations. Four pigeons were exposed to FI and RIFI schedules of 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 s. Interfood intervals were longer and more variable in RIFI than corresponding FI schedules. In addition, response rates early in the RIFI schedules were higher than in corresponding FI schedules. However, the distribution of first-response latencies, mean breakpoints, and normalized response gradients suggest that temporal discrimination was equivalent in the two schedules.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.BEPROC.2008.12.024
Abstract: Four pigeons responded in a concurrent-chains procedure in which terminal-link schedules were fixed-interval (FI) 10s and FI 20s. Across sessions, the location of the shorter terminal-link changed according to a pseudorandom binary sequence. Each session, the variable-interval initial-link schedule value was s led from a uniform distribution that ranged from 0.01 to 30s. On some terminal links, food was withheld to obtain measures of temporal control. Terminal-link delays determined choice (log initial-link response ratios) and timing (start and stop times on no-food trials) measures, which stabilized within the 1st half of each session. Preference for the shorter terminal-link delay was a monotonically decreasing function of initial-link duration. There was no evidence of control by initial-link durations from previous sessions.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-08-2017
DOI: 10.1002/JEAB.270
Abstract: Verbal rules or instructions often exert obvious and meaningful control over human behavior. Sometimes instructions benefit the in idual by enabling faster acquisition of a skill or by obviating an aversive consequence. However, research has also suggested a clear disadvantage: "insensitivity" to changing underlying contingencies. The two experiments described here investigated the variables that control initial rule-following behavior and rule-following insensitivity. When the initial rule was inaccurate, behavior was consistent with the rule for approximately half of participants and all participants' behavior was mostly insensitive to changing contingencies. When the initial rule was accurate, behavior of all participants was consistent with it and behavior for nearly all participants was insensitive to changes in underlying contingencies. These findings have implications for how best to establish and maintain rule-following behavior in applied settings when deviant behavior would be more reinforcing to the in idual.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.BEPROC.2007.12.003
Abstract: Four pigeons responded in a concurrent-schedule procedure in which reinforcer rates and magnitudes changed unpredictably across sessions according to independent random series. Programmed relative reinforcement rates and magnitudes were always either 2:1 or 1:2. Pigeons' response allocation tended to stabilize within sessions and multiple regression analyses showed that it was determined by rates and magnitudes from the current session. Sensitivity coefficients were positive and statistically significant for current-session reinforcement and magnitude ratios. Although there were in idual differences in sensitivity to rate and magnitude, their interaction was not significant across subjects. Rate and magnitude both controlled responding in single sessions and in idual interreinforcer intervals. Analyses of responding within sessions showed that preference was more extreme when the richer rate and larger magnitude were associated with the same alternative than when they were associated with different alternatives. Overall, results support the concatenated generalized matching law's assumptions of additivity and independence as applied to choice in transition.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-09-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-2021
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-05-2021
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 02-2010
Abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequently occurring event in childhood that may have significant ongoing effects. Little is known about the child and family characteristics that predispose children to these injuries. A greater understanding of the risk factors associated with childhood TBI may provide an opportunity to prevent their occurrence. Information provided by a large birth cohort study (n=1265) was used to determine the child and family risk factors of TBI in children aged 0-15 years (n=187). All information regarding child, family, and injury events were collected prospectively and unrelated to the injury event itself. Child variables included in the analysis were sex and the level of behavioural problems. Parental variables included were family socioeconomic status, mother's age, education level, depressive symptoms, number of adverse life events experienced by the family, and parenting style. The most important risk factors were sex, adverse life events, and parenting style. The results suggest evidence of modest increases in the rate of TBI for those in the highest risk categories (male, >or=4 life events per annum, high maternal punitiveness) compared to the lowest risk categories, with hazard ratios in the region of 1.4-1.6. Overall characteristics of both the family and child predicted a TBI event. An increased understanding of risks associated with TBI in childhood will provide an avenue to prevent these injuries by targeting at-risk families and aiding the development of appropriate intervention strategies.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-04-2016
DOI: 10.3758/S13420-016-0228-Z
Abstract: Recent research on interval timing in the behavioral and neurological sciences has employed a concurrent fixed-interval (FI) procedure first reported by Platt and Davis (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 9, 160-170, 1983). Studies employing the task typically assess just 1 dependent variable, the switch/bisection point however, multiple measures of timing are available in the procedure and it is unclear (a) what is timed (i.e., learned) by subjects and (b) what other measures might tell us about timing in the task and generally. The main objective of the current experiment was to utilize multiple dependent measures of timing accuracy and precision derived from the task to assess whether the 2 FIs are timed independently or if timing 1 FI interferes with timing the other, and vice versa. Four pigeons were exposed to an FI temporal bisection procedure with parametric manipulations across two phases. In the constant phase, the short FI was always the same the long FI was 2 to 16 times the short FI and changed across conditions. In the proportional phase, the long FI was always 4 times the duration of the short FI. Across both phases, pigeon mean bisection points were near the geometric mean of the 2 FIs. Coefficients of variance increased as the durations to be timed increased. Results suggested pigeons' timing of the short FI was affected by the presence of the long FI, and vice versa. The FI temporal bisection task offers multiple dependent variables for analysis and is well suited for studying temporal learning and decision making.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.BEPROC.2005.11.002
Abstract: Theories of timing have been applied to choice between delayed rewards by assuming that delays are represented in memory and that subjects s le from memory when choosing between alternatives. To search for covariation in single-trial measures of performance that might confirm this assumption, we used a procedure that allowed for convergent measurement of choice and timing behavior. Four pigeons responded in a concurrent chains eak procedure in which the terminal links were fixed-interval (FI) 8s and FI 16s, across conditions the duration of the initial-link schedule was either short or long, and one quarter of the terminal links lasted for 48 s and ended without reinforcer delivery. Preference for the FI 8-s alternative was stronger with shorter initial links, replicating the 'initial-link effect'. Responding on no-food trials was unaffected by initial-link duration, and aggregated across trials, was typical of the peak procedure: response distributions were approximately Gaussian, with modes near the FI schedule durations, and variance was greater for the FI 16-s terminal link. Analysis of local measures of initial-link performance (e.g., pause to begin responding, time spent responding, number and duration of visits to each alternative, etc.) found that the initial-link effect was associated with an increase in the number and duration of visits per cycle to the nonpreferred alternative. Regression analyses showed that local initial-link measures contributed relatively little additional variance in predicting performance on in idual no-food trials beyond that accounted for by FI schedule. Our results provide no clear evidence that initial- and terminal-link responding in concurrent chains are mediated by a common representation of terminal-link delays.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-02-2019
DOI: 10.1002/JEAB.509
Abstract: Debates about the utility of p values and correct ways to analyze data have inspired new guidelines on statistical inference by the American Psychological Association (APA) and changes in the way results are reported in other scientific journals, but their impact on the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) has not previously been evaluated. A content analysis of empirical articles published in JEAB between 1992 and 2017 investigated whether statistical and graphing practices changed during that time period. The likelihood that a JEAB article reported a null hypothesis significance test, included a confidence interval, or depicted at least one figure with error bars has increased over time. Features of graphs in JEAB, including the proportion depicting single-subject data, have not changed systematically during the same period. Statistics and graphing trends in JEAB largely paralleled those in mainstream psychology journals, but there was no evidence that changes to APA style had any direct impact on JEAB. In the future, the onus will continue to be on authors, reviewers and editors to ensure that statistical and graphing practices in JEAB continue to evolve without interfering with characteristics that set the journal apart from other scientific journals.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2010
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2017.1360921
Abstract: Cues can vary in how informative they are about when specific outcomes, such as food availability, will occur. This study was an experimental investigation of the functional relation between cue informativeness and temporal discrimination in a peak-interval (PI) procedure. Each session consisted of fixed-interval (FI) 2- and 4-s schedules of food and occasional, 12-s PI trials during which pecks had no programmed consequences. Across conditions, the phi (ϕ) correlation between key light color and FI schedule value was manipulated. Red and green key lights signaled the onset of either or both FI schedules. Different colors were either predictive (ϕ = 1), moderately predictive (ϕ = 0.2-0.8) or not predictive (ϕ = 0) of a specific FI schedule. This study tested the hypothesis that temporal discrimination is a function of the momentary conditional probability of food that is, pigeons peck the most at either 2 s or 4 s when ϕ = 1 and peck at both intervals when ϕ 1. Response distributions were bimodal Gaussian curves distributions from red- and green-key PI trials converged when ϕ ≤ 0.6. Peak times estimated by summed Gaussian functions, averaged across conditions and pigeons, were 1.85 and 3.87 s however, pigeons did not always maximize the momentary probability of food. When key light color was highly correlated with FI schedules (ϕ ≥ 0.6), estimates of peak times indicated that temporal discrimination accuracy was reduced at the unlikely interval, but not the likely interval. The mechanism of this reduced temporal discrimination accuracy could be interpreted as an attentional process.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-02-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S10071-018-1168-0
Abstract: Forgetting is often thought of as the inability to remember, but remembering and forgetting allow behavior to adapt to a changing environment in distinct and separable ways. Learning and forgetting were assessed concurrently in two pigeon experiments that involved the same unconventional routine where the schedule of reinforcement changed every session. Sessions were run back-to-back with a 23-h mid-session break such that in a single visit to the testing chamber, a pigeon completed the second half of one session and the first half of the next. The beginning of a new session was either signaled or unsignaled. Experiment 1 involved concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules with four possible reinforcer ratios. Response allocation was sensitive to the richer schedule and was retained through the mid-session break. Experiment 2 involved peak interval schedules of varying durations. Temporal discrimination was rapidly acquired before and after the mid-session break, but not retained. Signaling the session change decreased control by past contingencies in both experiments, demonstrating that learning and forgetting can be investigated separately. These results suggest that the temporal structure of training, such as multiple short daily sessions instead of one long session, can meaningfully impact measurement of animals' capacity to forget and remember.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2016
DOI: 10.1002/JEAB.226
Abstract: Behavior and events distributed in time can serve as markers that signal delays to future events. The majority of timing research has focused on how behavior changes as the time to some event, usually food availability, decreases. The primary objective of the two experiments presented here was to assess how behavior changes as time passes between two time markers when the first time marker was manipulated but the second, food delivery, was held constant. Pigeons were exposed to fixed-interval, response-initiated fixed-interval, and signaled response-initiated fixed-interval 15- and 30-s schedules of reinforcement. In Experiment 1, first-response latencies were systematically shorter in the signaled response-initiated schedules than response-initiated schedules, suggesting that the first response was a more effective time marker when it was signaled. In Experiment 2, responding in no-food (i.e. "peak") trials indicated that timing accuracy was equivalent in the three schedule types. Compared to fixed interval schedules, timing precision was reduced in the signaled response-initiated schedules and was lowest in response-initiated schedules. Results from Experiments 1 and 2 coupled with previous research suggest that the overall "informativeness" of a time marker relative to other events and behaviors in the environment may determine its efficacy.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.BEPROC.2014.04.018
Abstract: State-dependent valuation learning (SDVL) is a preference for stimuli associated with relative food deprivation over stimuli associated with relative satiety. Pigeons were exposed to experimental conditions designed to investigate SDVL and to test the hypothesis that obtained relative immediacy during training predicts choice during test probes. Energy states were manipulated using a procedure that has previously revealed SDVL in starlings and pigeons. In Experiment 1, pigeons preferred the stimulus associated with deprivation in the first choice probe session, but were indifferent in the second. Changes in choice were consistent with changes in obtained relative immediacy. In Experiment 2, training parameters were altered and SDVL did not occur. Obtained relative immediacy again predicted choice. Results of both experiments provide evidence that obtained relative immediacy may be an important contributing factor to the SDVL phenomenon.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.BEPROC.2016.01.005
Abstract: Response allocation between delayed reinforcers is presumably a function of the discrimination of those delays. In the present experiment, we analyzed the functional relation between response allocation and temporal discrimination across different environmental dynamics. Three pigeons pecked for food in a concurrent-chain schedule. Concurrent variable-interval initial links produced fixed-interval (FI) terminal links. Start and stop times, single-trial measures of temporal discrimination, were obtained from occasional 'no-food' terminal links. In dynamic, rapid-acquisition conditions, terminal links were FI 10s and 20s and the location of the initial link leading to the shorter terminal link varied unpredictably across sessions. In the static conditions, both terminal links were either "uniform" FI 15-s schedules or one terminal link was "fixed" at FI 10s and the other at 20s. Response allocation and start and stop times adjusted within sessions in dynamic conditions and across sessions of static conditions. Residuals from regressions of expected on programmed immediacy ratios were positively correlated to a greater magnitude in dynamic than static conditions. This change in residual covariation demonstrated that environmental dynamics modulated the relation between choice and timing.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-05-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-12-2015
DOI: 10.1002/JEAB.120
Abstract: Different events can serve as time markers that initiate intervals in schedules of reinforcement. Pigeons were exposed to fixed-interval (FI) schedules in which the onset of the interval was signaled by the illumination of a key light or initiated by a peck to a lighted key. Food was delivered following the first response after the interval elapsed. In Experiment 1, three pigeons were exposed to a multiple schedule. One component was a standard FI schedule: Key light illumination signaled the onset of the interval. The other component was a response-initiated fixed-interval (RIFI) schedule: The first key-peck response determined the onset of the interval. In Experiment 2, three pigeons were exposed to a multiple FI-RIFI schedule of reinforcement and on occasional trials food was not delivered (i.e. "no-food" or "peak trials"). A yoking procedure equated reinforcement rates between the schedule types in both experiments. Absolute response rates early in the intervals were higher in the RIFI schedules of both experiments. Normalized response-rate gradients, ogive fits of normalized response gradients, and breakpoints were not systematically different for the schedule types in Experiment 1, indicating similar patterns of responding between interval onset and food delivery. However, during peak trials in Experiment 2 the duration of responding at a high rate was longer for RIFI schedules than FI schedules. This suggests that timing precision was reduced in the RIFI schedules and that relative "distinctiveness" of a time marker may determine its efficacy.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 13-11-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-05-2019
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1037/0097-7403.33.4.392
Abstract: Pigeons were trained on a concurrent-chains procedure in which the initial link associated with the shorter terminal-link delay to food changed unpredictably across sessions. In the minimal-variation condition, delays were always 10 s and 20 s, whereas in the maximal-variation condition delays were generated pseudorandomly for each session. On some terminal links, food was withheld to obtain measures of temporal control. Measures of choice (log initial-link response ratios) and timing (start and stop times on no-food trials) showed temporal control and stabilized within the 1st half of each session. In the maximal-variation condition, choice was a nonlinear function of the log delay ratio, consistent with a categorical discrimination but contrary to models based on the matching law. Residuals from separate regressions of log response and log start and stop time ratios on log delay ratios were positively correlated. Overall, results support cognitive models that assume that initial-link choice is based on an all-or-none decision process, and that choice and timing are mediated by a common representation of delay.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2008
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 24-04-2023
DOI: 10.1037/TMB0000107
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 24-03-2015
DOI: 10.1093/HMG/DDV101
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-05-2018
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1037/XAN0000011
Abstract: Previous research has shown rapid learning of multiple temporal relations between signals and food by pigeons when these relations are changed unpredictably each session (Kyonka & Grace, 2007). The goal of the present study was to test whether contextual temporal cues-that is, an alternative signal-food delay that was a valid predictor of a target signal-food delay-facilitated acquisition by the target contingency. Four pigeons responded in a multiple peak-interval procedure in which red and green keys signaled separate fixed-interval (FI) schedules with occasional extinction probes (peak trials). The schedule parameters of the FIs either summed to 30 s (correlated condition ρ = -1.0) or were not restricted to sum to 30 s (uncorrelated condition ρ = 0.0). Comparing stop times obtained from peak trials in the 2 conditions revealed no effect of context: Temporal control of responding was acquired at the same rate and with the same precision regardless of whether the schedule values were correlated. These results suggest that pigeons learn about multiple signal-food delays independently.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.BEPROC.2014.02.013
Abstract: Research based on the matching law has demonstrated empirically that the physical and temporal properties of the events, the context in which they occur and the signals that mark them in space and time all contribute to response allocation. When the physical or temporal properties of different outcomes change in ways that affect their relative value, the ratio of responses to each outcome adjusts with time and exposure to the new contingency. Five pigeons pecked in concurrent-chain schedules with fixed-interval terminal links. Terminal-link schedules were changed each session. In most sessions, response allocation was initially indifferent to terminal-link schedules but shifted to favor the initial link associated with the shorter terminal link. As a first step to disambiguating response allocation in transition from stable response allocation, transition durations were interpolated from change points in cumulative response plots. The relation between transition duration and absolute log immediacy ratio was negative: the number of initial links until the shift occurred was longer when terminal-link schedules were relatively similar than when they were relatively different.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-08-2018
DOI: 10.1111/ADD.14397
Abstract: A number of studies have investigated connections between probability discounting and gambling. The aim of this research was to obtain a meta-analytical weighted effect size for the relationship between shallow probability discounting (the tendency to overvalue reinforcement with lower odds) and gambling intensity and to examine whether a gambling diagnosis moderated this effect size such that the relationship is stronger for diagnosed problem gamblers. A database search identified studies that (a) measured both probability discounting and gambling and (b) reported statistical results allowing calculation of an effect size for meta-analysis. The search resulted in 12 studies reporting statistical results for probability discounting and gambling. The studies comprised 1685 in iduals from different cohorts and nations, and included gamblers and non-gamblers. The studies reported 18 effect sizes. Across studies, gambling severity was assessed through diagnosis and gambling intensity was assessed through self-report and performance. Comprehensive Meta Analysis software calculated the weighted effect size and moderating role of gambling diagnosis. Shallower probability discounting was associated with greater gambling severity or intensity in all 12 studies. Throughout the studies, the weighted meta-analytical effect size for the connection between probability discounting and gambling was significant, with Hedges' g = 0.36 [standard error (SE) = 0.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.21, 0.50), P < 0.001]. Addressing the second aim of the study, in iduals diagnosed with a gambling disorder or problem gambling compared with not diagnosed in iduals showed an effect size of Hedges' g = 0.79 (SE = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.45, 1.14) and a moderation analysis indicated that this type of comparison showed significantly stronger effects than effect sizes based on associations between probability discounting and gambling (Q There appears to be a positive association between problem gambling and shallow probability discounting (a cognitive bias that overvalues low probability gains and/or undervalues high probability losses).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2004
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRAINRES.2003.10.032
Abstract: We used immunohistochemistry to localize vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in the rat lateral geniculate nucleus. The lateral geniculate nucleus is intensely immunoreactive for both transporters. Monocular eye removal abolished staining for VGLUT2 in a pattern corresponding to the distribution of terminals from the missing eye, without affecting distribution of VGLUT1 immunoreactivity. These data indicate retinal ganglion cells are the source of VGLUT2-containing synapses in the lateral geniculate nucleus.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.BEPROC.2005.02.012
Abstract: The fast and frugal heuristics of ABC and rules of thumb of behavioural biologists represent strategies that humans and other animals might use to make decisions under time constraints and with a minimum of information. If experimental psychologists could demonstrate use of simple heuristics by non-humans in experimental settings, quantitative and empirical evaluation of those heuristics would benefit from additional formal, controlled avenues of study.
Location: United States of America
No related grants have been discovered for Elizabeth Kyonka.