ORCID Profile
0000-0002-6761-5371
Current Organisation
University of Adelaide
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Biological Mathematics | Animal Management | Veterinary Diagnosis and Diagnostics | Animal Production
Animal Welfare | Live Animals | Horses |
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.MCP.2010.07.005
Abstract: We genetically classified Echinococcus granulosus from humans, cattle and camels in Libya utilizing DNA regions (designated pcox1 and pnad1) within the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (nad1) mitochondrial genes, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of pcox1 and pnad1 licons derived from genomic DNA s les from in idual cysts (n = 176) revealed four distinct electrophoretic profiles for each locus. Direct sequencing of selected licons representing each of these profiles defined four different sequence types for each locus, which were present in five different combinations (designated haplotypes A-E) amongst all 176 isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequence data for these five haplotypes, together with a range of well-defined reference sequences, inferred that all cyst isolates from humans (n = 55) and a small number from cattle (13% of 38) belonged to the G1-G3 complex of E. granulosus (or E. granulosus sensu stricto), whereas most (87%) cysts from cattle and all 83 of them from camels were linked to the G6-G10 complex (or Echinococcus canadensis). The present study provides a foundation for future large-scale studies of the epidemiology and ecology of E. granulosus in Libya and other African countries.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 13-05-2019
DOI: 10.1101/634717
Abstract: Tongue-ties (TT) are commonly applied to both Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorses to increase control, by preventing them from getting their tongue over the bit, and as a conservative treatment for equine respiratory conditions, principally dorsal displacement of the soft palate. This study investigated responses to TT application in horses, at rest, using both behavioural (head-tossing, ear position, gaping and lip licking) and physiological (salivary cortisol concentrations, eye surface temperature and heart rate) indices. Twelve Standardbred horses (six of which were naïve to TT) were used in a randomised crossover design. The study comprised 3 phases Phase 1 (Baseline), Phase 2 (Treatment), and Phase 3 (Recovery). At phase 2, tongue tie application (TTA) was performed using a rubber band that was looped around the tongue and secured to the mandible for 20 minutes. The control treatment (C) incorporated 30 secs of tongue manipulation, at the start of the 20 min, however no TT was applied. Behaviours (head-tossing, ear position, mouth gaping and lip-licking) and heart rate (HR) were recorded for the duration of the study and analysed in ten minute intervals. Salivary s les were taken at the end of each phase for subsequent cortisol assays and infrared thermography images were taken of each eye at 5-minute intervals. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS using linear mixed effects models and repeated measures general linear models, to determine differences between treatments and within treatments, over time. Compared to control, there was more head-tossing/shaking (p .001), gaping (p .001) and backwards ear position (p .001) and less forward ear position (p .001) during TTA, in Phase 2. Horses with previous experience of TT showed more head-tossing (p=0.040) and gaping (p=0.030) than naïve horses. Lip-licking was more frequent after TTA treatment than control, during Phase 3 (p .001). Salivary cortisol concentrations increased after TTA (1846.1pg/mL ± 478.3pg/mL vs 1253.6pg/mL ± 491.6pg/mL, p=0.047). Mean HR, and mean right and left eye temperature did not differ significantly between treatments in any phase (all p 0.05). The findings of this study suggest the application of a tongue-tie causes changes to both behavioural and physiological parameters suggestive of a stress-related response. Further research is needed that will enable racing and sport horse regulatory bodies to make informed decisions about the appropriate use of tongue-ties in horses.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2008
Publisher: Brill
Date: 07-09-2017
DOI: 10.3920/CEP170012
Abstract: Cardiac remodelling occurs in response to exercise and is generally beneficial for athletic performance due to the increase in cardiac output. However, this remodelling also may lead to an increased prevalence of cardiac murmurs and arrhythmias. In most cases, these are not considered to be significant. However, in some cases, there may be potentially deleterious consequences. Whilst sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a rare occurrence, the consequences are catastrophic for both the horse and potentially the rider or driver. Furthermore, the sudden death of a horse in the public arena has negative connotations in regards to public perception of welfare during equestrian sports. Prediction of which in iduals might be susceptible to potential deleterious effects of exercise is a focus of interest in both human and equine athletes but remains a challenge because many athletes experience cardiac murmurs and exercise-induced arrhythmias that are clinically irrelevant. This review summarises the effects of exercise on cardiac remodelling in the horse and the potential effects on athletic performance and SCD. The use of biomarkers and their future potential in the management of athletic horses is also reviewed.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1136/VR.102509
Abstract: The laryngeal tie-forward (LTF) procedure has been shown to move the larynx rostrally and dorsally whilst repositioning the basihyoid bone caudally and dorsally. Other studies have shown that the position of the hyoid bones influences the size of the nasopharynx. The effect of the LTF procedure on the size of the nasopharynx is unknown. It was hypothesised that the LTF procedure would result in a decrease in dorsoventral nasopharyngeal diameter. Twenty-five thoroughbred horses which underwent LTF with or without soft palate cautery (LTF±SPC) for treatment of dorsal displacement of the soft palate were included in this study. Preoperative and postoperative lateral radiographs were used to determine changes in laryngohyoid position and nasopharyngeal diameter. The LTF±SPC procedure resulted in a significant reduction (14-17 per cent) in dorsoventral nasopharyngeal diameter (P<0.001). The LTF procedure decreases nasopharyngeal diameter. The impact on upper respiratory tract function during exercise remains unclear.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-02-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.2042-3306.2010.00146.X
Abstract: Recent research indicates that the digital joints experience some degree of extrasagittal motion during stance and that the moments under the hoof are asymmetric in horses walking in a straight line. On a circle, these have not been defined. To quantify the litude and symmetry of horizontal twisting moments around the vertical axis through the hoof's centre of pressure on left and right circles at walk. Six Thoroughbred horses were led at walk across a Kistler force platform on a left and a right circle of 5 m radius. The resultant moment around the hoof was calculated from the 4 horizontal forces and their moment arms. Five of the 6 horses exerted an internal moment around their left forehoof, and 4 exerted an internal moment around their right forehoof on the left circle. On the right circle, 5 of the 6 exerted an internal moment around the left forehoof and a weak external moment around the right forehoof. The moments under the hind hooves were bilaterally similar for right and left circles. Intrahorse variability in the applied moments is low, but there is some interhorse variability, especially in the forelimb moments, that indicates future studies of movements of the distal limb joints should be bilateral to account for mechanical asymmetry. The finding that horizontal moments vary between forelimbs in some horses will apply to how exercise on a circle is approached, especially in rehabilitation programmes for horses with orthopaedic injury of the distal limb.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-12-2018
DOI: 10.1111/VSU.13137
Abstract: To evaluate a prototype dynamic laryngoplasty system (DLPS) in a static airflow model. Experimental. Ten equine larynges. The right arytenoid was fixed in abduction in all specimens. A left-sided laryngoplasty was performed with No. 2 Fiberwire and a FASTakII anchor. Each larynx was tested in a static airflow model. The system was adjusted to a flow rate of 55 L/s and prelaryngeal pressure of 12 mm Hg prior to testing in maximal arytenoid abduction. In phase 1, the left suture was loosened, shortened, and tested in 3-mm steps from 0 to 30 mm. In phase 2, the suture was tied with the DLPS in position at a target left-to-right quotient angle (LRQ) of 0.5. The DLPS was activated to target psi of 0, 25, and 50 for testing. Translaryngeal impedance (TLI), LRQ, cross-sectional areas (CSA), and resultant change in LRQ and CSA between, before, and during airflow testing were calculated. In phase 1, TLI was reduced by suture shortening up to 6 mm (P = .001) but not by additional shortening (P > .05). In phase 2, activation of the DLPS reduced the TLI from 0 psi (0.43 ± 0.08 mm Hg/L/s) to 25 psi (0.16 ± 0.04 mm Hg/L/s, P < .001), but no further reduction was detected at maximal psi (P = .10). Activation of the DLPS effectively reduced TLI. These results justify further investigation of the DLPS to assess its clinical applicability.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-06-2002
DOI: 10.1111/J.2042-3306.2002.TB05461.X
Abstract: Tongue-ties are frequently used in an attempt to prevent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP). The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a tongue-tie in horses clinically affected with the disorder. Videoendoscopic recordings and measurements of respiratory airflow were made simultaneously during high intensity treadmill exercise in 6 Thoroughbred racehorses with confirmed DDSP, with and without a tongue-tie. DDSP was confirmed in all 6 horses without the tongue-tie but occurred in only 4 horses with the tongue-tie in place. In one horse the palate displaced only on slowing down after intense exercise and in the other horse DDSP did not occur although palatal instability remained. The presence of the tongue-tie did not result in any significant alteration in run-time to fatigue or in any of the respiratory variables measured. The results suggest that the use of a tongue-tie may prevent DDSP in in idual horses although it is not effective in the majority, consistent with the widely accepted anecdotal reports of success rates for its use. Where DDSP was not prevented, application of a tongue-tie did not improve ventilation.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-10-2020
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.13177
Abstract: There is limited knowledge of the breathing strategy and impact on the patency of the upper respiratory tract (URT) in swimming horses. To describe the respiratory responses and endoscopic appearance of the URT during tethered swimming in horses. Prospective descriptive study. Ten race-fit horses, with no history of URT obstruction, were examined during tethered swimming. Endoscopic examination, heart rate, sound recordings and above and below water video recordings were obtained. Plasma lactate concentration was measured before and 5 min after swimming and tracheal endoscopy was performed 30 min after exercise to assess for presence of blood or mucus. Four horses also underwent endoscopy during exercise on the track. Mean (±s.d.) breathing frequency was 28 ± 5 breaths/min during swimming, with a brief inspiration (mean ± s.d. T Overground endoscopy was not performed in all horses. Horses experienced complete URT collapse associated with post inspiratory apnoea when swimming. The reason for this is unknown but may be to aid buoyancy or associated with the mammalian e response - a survival reflex to preserve oxygen stores and prevent water entering the lungs.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.2042-3306.2006.TB05599.X
Abstract: Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) is thought to be an important cause of poor performance in young Thoroughbred racehorses. However, little study has been made of IAD in older National Hunt (NH) horses. To determine the prevalence of IAD in NH racehorses referred for investigation of poor athletic performance and identify some of the risk factors that may be associated with IAD in this group of horses. Tracheal mucus was graded, and tracheal wash (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) performed after treadmill exercise in 91 NH horses referred to the University of Bristol. Comparisons were made between the different methods for diagnosing IAD and potential risk factors investigated. Tracheal mucus was observed in 68% and lower airway inflammation identified in 70% of horses. There was poor agreement between TW and BAL techniques for a diagnosis of IAD. The prevalence of increased proportions of neutrophils in TW was 40% compared with 59% in BAL. There was a significant association between presence of tracheal mucus and increased neutrophils in TW but not between tracheal mucus and BAL cytology. No significant association between IAD and age, EIPH or URT obstruction was observed. Inflammatory airway disease was a common finding in NH horses referred for investigation of poor performance. In contrast to studies in younger, flat racehorses the prevalence of disease did not decrease with increasing age. Horses of all ages presented for investigation of poor performance require a thorough clinical investigation of the lower airways. The collection of both TW and BAL s les is indicated in order to confirm a diagnosis of IAD.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-12-2016
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.12484
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2009
Abstract: Joint congruity and ligaments restrain the distal limb joints from excessive motion in the transverse and frontal planes, but the magnitudes and direction of the horizontal twisting moments around the hoof's centre of pressure (CoP) that induce these motions are unknown. To quantify the horizontal moment around the vertical axis through the hoof's CoP at walk, and to determine whether these are symmetric. Nine sound Thoroughbred horses (mean age 53 years mean mass 502 kg) were led at walk in a straight line across a Kistler force platform. Five trials were collected for each fore and hindlimb. The resultant moment around the hoof's CoP was calculated from the horizontal moment arms between the calculated CoP and the 4 horizontal forces in the transverse (X) and cranio-caudal (Y) directions. The calculated moments were consistent within limbs and horses, but variable between horses. Hindlimbs demonstrated a biphasic moment pattern and the largest moments were typically in the first half of stance. Mean +/- s.d. peak moments were internal under both hindlimbs (L: Int 14.1 +/- 4.6 Nm R: Int 133 +/- 5.5 Nm). In the forelimbs, 7/9 horses demonstrated an asymmetric moment pattern, with the left forelimb exerting an internal moment (L: Int 6.9 +/- 2.9 Nm) and the right forelimb an external moment (R: Ext 8.4 +/- 4.4 Nm), while the remaining 2 horses exerted internal moments in both forelimbs (L: Int 11.7 +/- 1.4 Nm R:Int 6.6 +/- 1.9 Nm). In 7/9 horses, the forelimbs exerted asymmetric horizontal moments around the hoof CoP. The hindlimbs appear to behave with mechanical symmetry during stance, exerting an internal moment during retraction. Extrasagittal joint motions in the forelimb are unlikely to be symmetric and future studies should account for possible bilateral variations.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-01-2013
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.12004
Abstract: Two forms of dynamic upper respiratory tract obstruction affecting racehorses that involve the soft palate have been described: palatal instability (PI) and dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP). Observation of DDSP is straightforward in that it is an all or nothing event, whereas observation of PI is subjective and interpretation may vary between clinicians. The aim of this study was to attempt to characterise PI and to investigate endoscopic features that precede DDSP. A retrospective study on the endoscopic observations of Thoroughbred racehorses referred for high-speed treadmill endoscopy was performed. Endoscopic observations were reviewed during the last 10 s of the exercise test or the last 10 s prior to DDSP. The degree of axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (ADAF), the conformation of the epiglottis, the conformation of the soft palate and the amount of obstruction of the rima glottidis by the soft palate (i.e. soft palate stability) were assessed. A total of 72 horses were included in this study, of which 7 showed no evidence of PI. Of the 65 horses with PI, 30 (46%) developed DDSP. There were significant associations between the stability of the soft palate, epiglottic conformation and ADAF. Furthermore, development of DDSP was associated with increased severity of PI and ADAF and with changes in epiglottic conformation. This study has characterised the endoscopic features associated with PI and identified certain characteristics that precede DDSP. These observations may assist veterinary surgeons in recognising PI and the prodromal signs of DDSP.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.2042-3306.2010.00281.X
Abstract: Overground endoscopy is being performed with increasing frequency in the UK. A previous study has shown that the type of exercise test may affect the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract (URT) obstructions. The successful clinical application of overground endoscopy systems requires understanding of appropriate field exercise testing protocols. The aim of this study was to report the exercise test parameters used during overground endoscopy in UK Thoroughbred racehorses and to investigate potential effects of these on the diagnosis of URT obstructions. The exercise test parameters used and the endoscopic observations of the URT during exercise were recorded for 140 Thoroughbred racehorses referred for the investigation of abnormal respiratory noise and/or poor athletic performance. The exercise test parameters varied widely between horses. The presenting complaint was easiest to reproduce in horses with a history of abnormal noise in training and hardest to reproduce in those referred for investigation of poor performance with no abnormal noise. No associations between the presence or not of an URT obstruction and exercise test parameters was identified. For horses referred for abnormal noise during racing DDSP was more likely to be observed when longer distances were performed. It is difficult to standardise exercise tests in the field when multiple premises are used and when training gallops differ markedly to racecourses. It was not possible to establish exercise test protocols which should be used for all Thoroughbred racehorses. Therefore, at present the best advice for horses which make abnormal noise during a race or have poor race performance, can only be to replicate race conditions as closely as possible. For horses that race over longer distances this will require the use of a circular gallops (e.g. racecourse) if only short gallops are available at the trainer's premises.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.TVJL.2005.02.032
Abstract: Dorsal displacement of the soft palate is a common cause of upper airway obstruction in racehorses and is of unknown aetiology. To determine whether the palate may displace for structural reasons, knowledge of the normal soft palate is required. The present study aimed to describe, qualitatively and quantitatively, the structure of the normal equine soft palate using histomorphometry. In soft palates from 12 Thoroughbreds, glandular tissue predominated (ca. 40% of total area), located mainly in the rostral and ventral regions. Rostrally, muscles attached to a tendinous aponeurosis located dorsal to the glandular tissue. Muscle was most abundant in the dorsal mid region and decreased caudally. The oral mucosa consisted of a non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium whereas the nasopharyngeal mucosa was pseudostratified, columnar and ciliated. Elastin fibres were observed in the nasopharyngeal submucosa, becoming more prevalent caudally. The palates were bilaterally symmetrical although the proportion of tissue types varied considerably between in iduals.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 18-05-2022
DOI: 10.3390/ANI12101297
Abstract: Cardiac arrhythmias resulting in sudden cardiac death (SCD) are an important cause of racehorse fatalities. The objective of this study was to determine risk factors for SCD in Thoroughbreds by evaluating a s le with a policy of mandatory post-mortem following racing or training fatalities. Risk factors were compared between case horses with SCD (n = 57) and control horses with other fatal injury (OFI, n = 188) by univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Survival in years for horses with SCD was compared to OFI using the Kaplan–Meier method with log rank test. The following variables were most important in the multiple logistic model: Horses with SCD were more likely to die during training than during racing, SCD (42/57, 74%) vs. OFI (82/188, 44% odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5, 1.2–5.4 p = 0.01), had fewer lifetime starts, median (interquartile range [IQR]), SCD (3.0 [0.0–9.0]) vs. OFI (9.0 [0.0–22.8] OR, 95% CI, 0.96, 0.9–1.0 p = 0.02 and were less likely to be entire (uncastrated) males, SCD 9/57 (16%) vs. OFI (46/188, 25% OR, 95% CI, 0.47, 0.1–0.9 p = 0.03). Survival in years (median (IQR)) for horses with SCD was 3.6 (3.1–4.4), which was shorter than OFI (4.5 [3.1–6.0], hazard ratio, 95%CI, 1.6,1.2–2.3 p 0.001). SCD occurs more commonly in training than racing, which suggests exercise intensity is less important in precipitating this fatality. In this study, SCD occurred early in the careers of affected horses.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-09-2014
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.12325
Abstract: There is very limited published information on the prevalence and significance of abnormal breathing patterns adopted during canter/gallop. The aim of this study was to report the prevalence of abnormal breathing patterns during canter/gallop and to investigate whether these may be associated with dynamic upper respiratory tract (URT) obstructions. Retrospective analysis of clinical records. Simultaneous audio and URT videoendoscopy recordings from 365 horses referred for treadmill evaluation were analysed. Thirty percent of horses had an abnormal breathing pattern at canter or gallop, of which 23% had a 2:1 breathing pattern (i.e. one breath is taken over two strides). The prevalence of abnormal breathing patterns was higher at low canter speeds than during strenuous exercise. There was a significant association between breathing pattern during strenuous exercise and the presence of an URT obstruction. This study suggests that abnormal breathing patterns during canter and gallop may be associated with dynamic URT obstructions therefore, horses identified by owners or veterinary surgeons to have an abnormal breathing pattern during exercise, in particular a 2:1 breathing pattern, may warrant investigations for diagnosis of respiratory tract disease.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-09-2008
Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
Date: 07-2017
Abstract: OBJECTIVE To evaluate use of a telemetric gastrointestinal (GI) pill to continuously monitor GI temperature in horses at rest and during exercise and to compare time profiles of GI temperature and rectal temperature. ANIMALS 8 Standardbred horses. PROCEDURES Accuracy and precision of the GI pill and a rectal probe were determined in vitro by comparing temperature measurements with values obtained by a certified resistance temperature detector (RTD) in water baths at various temperatures (37°, 39°, and 41°C). Subsequently, both GI and rectal temperature were recorded in vivo in 8 horses over 3 consecutive days. The GI temperature was recorded continuously, and rectal temperature was recorded for 3.5 hours daily. Comparisons were made between GI temperature and rectal temperature for horses at rest, during exercise, and after exercise. RESULTS Water bath evaluation revealed good agreement between the rectal probe and RTD. However, the GI pill systematically underestimated temperature by 0.14°C. In vivo, GI temperature data were captured with minimal difficulties. Most data loss occurred during the first 16 hours, after which the mean ± SD data loss was 8.6 ± 3.7%. The GI temperature was consistently and significantly higher than rectal temperature with an overall mean temperature difference across time of 0.27°C (range, 0.22° to 0.32°C). Mean measurement cessation point for the GI pill was 5.1 ± 1.0 days after administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study revealed that the telemetric GI pill was a reliable and practical method for real-time monitoring of GI temperature in horses.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-05-2021
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.13079
Abstract: Tongue‐ties (TTs) are used to aid control and aim to conservatively treat upper airway disorders in racehorses. However, welfare concerns have led to their use being banned in other equestrian disciplines. In the United Kingdom, TTs have been reported to be used in approximately 5% of starts. The frequency of their use elsewhere is unknown. The objectives of this retrospective single cohort study were to estimate the frequency of TT use within the Australian Thoroughbred (TB) racing industry, and to describe usage patterns. Data of all Australian TB horse races from 2010 to 2013 calendar years were collected by accessing the Racing Information Services Australia database. Frequency of TT use was calculated, and usage patterns were explored at the start, horse and trainer levels. Between 2010 and 2013, there were a total of 728,678 starts from 62,377 horses prepared by 4927 trainers and that raced on 1453 race dates across 402 venues. Tongue‐ties were used in 21.4% of starts however, frequency varied according to location, race, trainer and horse. At the horse level, 32.2% wore a TT at least once and 7.6% wore it at every race on record. At the trainer level, 71.3% used TTs in at least one of their horses but only 1.4% used them systematically. The present study concludes that TT use in Australian TB racehorses, during the period 2010–2013, was common and considerably higher than previously reported in the United Kingdom. Most Australian trainers use the device and appear to adapt its usage according to in idual horse and race factors.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-10-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.2042-3306.2012.00666.X
Abstract: Horses are elite athletes when compared with other mammalian species. In the latter, performance is limited by cardiovascular or musculoskeletal performance whereas in athletic horses it is the respiratory system that appears to be rate limiting and virtually all horses exercising at high intensities become hypoxaemic and hypercapnoeic. This is due to both diffusion limitation and a level of ventilation inadequate for the metabolic level that enables horses to exercise at these intensities. In conjunction with these blood gas changes, total pulmonary resistance increases and the work of breathing rises exponentially and airflow eventually plateaus despite increases in inspiratory and expiratory intrapleural pressures. Horses breathe at comparatively high frequencies when galloping due to the tight 1:1 coupling of strides to breathing. Whether this effects gas exchange and, if so, to what extent, has not been fully elucidated.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-11-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.2042-3306.2012.00612.X
Abstract: To investigate causes of respiratory noises in horses following prosthetic laryngoplasty (with or without a ventriculocordectomy) and to examine potential associations between degree of arytenoid abduction and the presence of other upper respiratory tract (URT) abnormalities, including right-sided collapse. Clinical records and dynamic videoendoscopic recordings were examined from horses presented between 1995 and 2010 for investigation of respiratory noise during exercise, following a prosthetic laryngoplasty (+/- a ventriculocordectomy). Relationships between the degree of left arytenoid cartilage abduction and the presence of other URT disorders were investigated. Thirty horses matched the inclusion criteria. All horses had previously undergone a prosthetic laryngoplasty in different hospitals and in 63% (19/30) of these horses a left-sided ventriculocordectomy had also been performed. The majority of cases (87%) had multiple respiratory abnormalities and only 13% had a single URT disorder. Palatal dysfunction was the most common diagnosis (83%), followed by axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (60%) and vocal cord collapse (43%). The right arytenoid cartilage was fully abducted in all cases and no statistically significant correlation between the degree of left arytenoid abduction and any other URT disorders was detected. Multiple forms of dynamic URT disorders were diagnosed in horses that presented with abnormal respiratory noise following laryngoplasty. There was no association between degree of left arytenoid abduction and other URT abnormalities. Furthermore, horses with suboptimal left arytenoid cartilage abduction were not predisposed to right-sided laryngeal collapse. Our results demonstrate the fundamental role of dynamic endoscopy in correctly diagnosing dynamic airway collapse in horses that have undergone surgical treatment of the upper respiratory tract.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-07-2017
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2008
Abstract: Dynamic collapse of the upper respiratory tract (URT) is a common cause of poor performance in horses. These conditions occur predominantly during strenuous exercise when the URT is unable to maintain dilation in the face of high inspiratory pressures. In most cases, these disorders cannot be accurately diagnosed during a resting endoscopic examination. To date, a definitive diagnosis of dynamic URT obstructions has been possible only by performing an endoscopic examination during high-speed treadmill exercise. However, recent technological advances now enable URT endoscopy to be performed while the horse is exercising in its normal environment.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.TVJL.2019.05.009
Abstract: Equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) is common in horses and many factors, including stress, may play a role in lesion development. Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) provides a measure of medium to long-term stress and therefore, the relationship between HCC and ESGD was examined in this study. Hair s les were collected from 25 horses and gastroscopy was performed to determine the presence and severity of ESGD. Hair cortisol concentrations were lower in horses with ESGD (P = 0.014), and negatively correlated with lesion severity. Mares had lower HCC than geldings (P = 0.031), and a higher prevalence of ESGD, while age had no significant effect. Further studies are required to determine the relevance of the association between HCC and ESGD.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 26-08-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FPHYS.2021.708737
Abstract: Establishing proper policies regarding the recognition and prevention of equine heat stress becomes increasingly important, especially in the face of global warming. To assist this, a detailed view of the variability of equine thermoregulation during field exercise and recovery is essential. 13 endurance horses and 12 trotter horses were equipped with continuous monitoring devices [gastrointestinal (GI) pill, heartrate (HR) monitor, and global positioning system] and monitored under cool weather conditions during four endurance rides over a total of 80 km (40 km loops) and intense trotter track-based exercise over 1,540 m. Recordings included GI temperature (T c ), speed, HR and pre- and post-exercise blood values. A temperature time profile curve of T c was constructed, and a net area under the curve was calculated using the trapezoidal method. Metabolic heat production and oxygen cost of transport were also calculated in endurance horses. Maximum T c was compared using an independent s les t -test. Endurance horses (mean speed 14.1 ± 1.7 km h –1 ) reached mean maximum T c (39.0 ± 0.4°C 2 × 40 km in 8 horses) during exercise at 75% of completion of T c exercise and T c returned to baseline within 60 min into recovery. However, the mean T c was still 38.8 ± 0.4°C at a HR of 60 bpm which currently governs “fit to continue” competition decisions. Trotters (40.0 ± 2.9 km h –1 ) reached a comparable mean max T c (38.8 ± 0.5°C 12 horses) always during recovery. In 30% of trotters, T c was still & °C at the end of recovery (40 ± 32 min). The study shows that horses are in iduals and thermoregulation monitoring should reflect this, no matter what type of exercise is performed. Caution is advised when using HR cut-off values to monitor thermal welfare in horses since we have demonstrated how T c can peak quite some time after finishing exercise. These findings have implications for training and management of performance horses to safeguard equine welfare and to maximize performance.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-08-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.2042-3306.2011.00385.X
Abstract: There are numerous treatments for correction of dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP). However, the efficacy of these treatments is controversial and there is little consensus on how best to treat this condition. The aims of this study were to systematically review the literature and to assess the evidence on the clinical effects of interventions for dynamic intermittent DDSP. A secondary objective was to assess whether factors relating to study quality affected reported success rates. Twenty-three studies were included, covering a wide number of interventions but also differing widely is terms of study design, s le size, method of diagnosis, outcome measure and the number lost to follow-up. The assessment of adverse effects was severely limited because of lack of reporting. The way in which success is measured appears to have a great effect on the reported results. Research synthesis has been severely limited because of the heterogeneity in the included studies. The low level of evidence makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions as to the efficacy of procedures for DDSP. Hence it is currently not possible to determine which procedure is the most appropriate. This systematic review highlights the difficulties of studying palatal dysfunction and suggests areas where improvements can be made in future studies.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-09-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-08-2017
DOI: 10.1111/EVE.12432
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.2042-3306.2010.00234.X
Abstract: During the past 20 years, treadmill exercise testing has played an important role in both the study of equine exercise physiology and the investigation of poor athletic performance. However, it has been suggested that some trainers and veterinarians may be reluctant to refer horses for treadmill exercise testing because of fears that horses may be at increased risk of musculoskeletal injury during treadmill exercise. To investigate the incidence and types of injuries sustained by horses undergoing treadmill exercise. Data were collated from 9 centres in the UK, France and Belgium, and the prevalence and types of injury were established. A total of 2305 records were reviewed, with 2258 horses performing treadmill exercise. There was an overall injury rate of 5.4%. However, the majority of injuries sustained were minor in nature (4.7%). Only 13 horses (0.6%) sustained major injuries in association with treadmill exercise. These included 5 cases of severe exercise-induced myopathy, 4 fractures (of which 1 was catastrophic), 2 tendon injuries, 1 case with undiagnosed severe lameness and 1 with marked exacerbation of a previously diagnosed lameness. Two other major incidents were reported but were not directly associated with treadmill exercise (one had iliac thrombosis and one collapsed and died as a result of a pulmonary embolism). This study confirms that the majority of horses undergo treadmill exercise without incident. The majority of injuries that did occur were minor in nature and the incidence of major injuries was similar to that reported during competition elsewhere. Treadmill exercise is a safe procedure and does not appear to pose an increased risk of injury in comparison with overground exercise.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 26-02-2021
DOI: 10.3390/ANI11030622
Abstract: This article reports on the results of a survey of racehorse trainers (n = 112) outlining the reasons for tongue-tie (TT) and noseband (NB) use by Thoroughbred trainers (TBTs) (n = 72) and Standardbred trainers (SBTs) (n = 40). The study also investigated the reported effectiveness of TTs and possible complications arising from their use. Tongue-tie use was reported by 62.5% (n = 70) of racehorse trainers. The reasons for TT use varied between TBTs and SBTs. For TBTs, the most common reason for TT use was to prevent or reduce airway obstruction (72.3%, n = 34), followed closely by to prevent or reduce airway noise (55.3%, n = 16). Standardbred trainers assigned equal importance for TT use [to prevent or reduce airway obstruction (69.6%, n = 16) and to prevent the horse from moving its tongue over the bit (69.6%, n = 16)]. Tongue-ties were considered significantly less effective at improving performance than at reducing airway obstruction and preventing the tongue from moving over the bit (t = −2.700, p = 0.0007). For respondents who used both TTs and NBs, there was a mild to moderate positive association between the reasons for using TTs and NBs. Of the 70 TT-using respondents, 51.4% (n = 36) recorded having encountered either a physical or behavioural complication due to TT use, with redness/bruising of the tongue (20.0%, n = 14) being the most common physical complication reported. Duration of use influenced the risk of observing complications. The likelihood of a respondent reporting a behavioural complication due to TT use increased with every minute of reported application and a nine-minute increment in application period doubled the odds of a respondent reporting a complication. Tightness was a risk factor for physical complications: Checking TT tightness by noting the tongue as not moving was associated with increased reporting of physical complications (OR = 6.59 CI 1.1–67.5). This pilot study provides some insight into how and why TTs are applied by some racehorse trainers, and the potential risks associated with their use. A further study of a larger cohort is recommended because these results are valid for only the 112 trainers who responded and cannot be generalized to the equine industry.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-01-2003
DOI: 10.2746/042516403776148228
Abstract: It has long been recognised that the production of abnormal respiratory sounds by horses during exercise is frequently associated with upper airway obstructions. Respiratory acoustic measurements have shown promise in investigation of upper airway disorders in man and, more recently, in horses with experimentally-induced obstructions. To evaluate sounds from exercising horses with naturally occurring dynamic obstructions of the upper respiratory tract and to compare these with those from normal horses in order to determine whether different obstructions produce characteristic spectral patterns. The audio signal, airflow and videoendoscopic images were recorded simultaneously during an incremental exercise test on a high-speed treadmill. Spectral analysis of the audio signal showed marked differences between control and clinically afflicted horses. Dorsal displacement of the soft palate was characterised by a narrow low frequency (20-80 Hz) peak during expiration. Horses with dynamic laryngeal collapse produced inspiratory sounds characterised by a broad band high frequency spectral component in the range 1.1-2.7 kHz. Spectral analysis of respiratory sounds in horses has potential as a diagnostic technique for field use especially when facilities for high-speed treadmill assessment are not practicable.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-11-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-01-2023
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.13908
Abstract: Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis measures the inter‐beat interval variation of successive cardiac cycles. Measurement of these indices has been used to assess cardiac autonomic modulation and for arrhythmia identification in exercising horses. To report HRV indices during submaximal exercise, strenuous exercise and recovery, and explore relationships with clinical conditions (arrhythmias, lameness, equine gastric ulcer syndrome [EGUS], lower airway inflammation and upper respiratory tract obstructions [URTOs]) in Thoroughbred racehorses. Retrospective, observational cross‐sectional study. One hundred and eighty Thoroughbred horses underwent a treadmill exercise test with simultaneous electrocardiographic recording. Time‐domain HRV indices (standard deviation of the R–R interval [SDRR] root mean square of successive differences [RMSSD]) were derived for submaximal and strenuous exercise and recovery segments. Clinical conditions (arrhythmia [during each phase of exercise], lameness, EGUS, lower airway inflammation and URTO) were assigned to binary categories for statistical analysis. Relationships between selected HRV indices and the clinical conditions were explored using linear regression models. During submaximal exercise, lameness was associated with decreased logRMSSD ( B = −0.19 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.31 to −0.06, p = 0.006) and arrhythmia was associated with increased logRMSSD ( B = 0.31 95% CI 0.01–0.608, p = 0.04). During strenuous exercise, arrhythmia was associated with increased HRV indices (logSDRR B = 0.51 95% CI 0.40–0.62, p 0.001 RMSSD B = 0.60 95% CI 0.49–0.72, p 0.001). During recovery, arrhythmia was associated with increased HRV indices (logSDRR B = 0.51 95% CI 0.40–0.62, p 0.001, logRMSSD B = 0.60 95% CI 0.49–0.72, p 0.001). The main limitations of this retrospective study were that not every horse had the full range of clinical testing, therefore some horses may have had undetected abnormalities. The presence of arrhythmia increased HRV in both phases of exercise and recovery. Lameness decreased HRV during submaximal exercise.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.MCP.2010.11.001
Abstract: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and targeted sequencing were employed to genetically classify Echinococcus granulosus cysts from humans from 12 provinces in Mongolia using two DNA loci, designated pcox-1 and pnad-1, within the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox-1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad-1) genes, respectively. SSCP analysis of pcox-1 and pnad-1 licons produced from genomic DNA s les from in idual E. granulosus cysts (n = 50) from in idual humans displayed four distinct electrophoretic profiles for each pcox-1 and pnad-1. The direct sequencing of selected licons representing each of these profiles defined four distinct sequence types for each locus, present in four different combinations (designated as haplotypes M1-M4) for all 50 cyst isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequence data for these four haplotypes, including well-defined reference sequences, inferred that 68% of the cyst isolates belonged to the G1-G3 complex of E. granulosus (or E. granulosus sensu stricto), whereas the remaining (32%) were linked to the G6-G10 complex (or Echinococcus canadensis). Humans infected with E. granulosus cysts of the G1-G3 complex originated mainly from the eastern regions of Mongolia, whereas those harbouring cysts of the G6-G10 complex were from the western part of this country. The present study provides a first glimpse of the genetic composition of E. granulosus from humans in Mongolia, and forms a foundation for future studies of the epidemiology and ecology of the parasite(s) in animals and humans in this and surrounding countries.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 16-03-2023
DOI: 10.3390/ANI13061070
Abstract: P wave indices are used as non-invasive electrocardiographic markers of atrial remodelling in humans. Few studies have investigated their use in animals. The aim of this study was to measure P wave duration and P wave dispersion (Pd) in healthy standardbred horses and investigate variables that might influence these measurements. A 12-lead electrocardiogram was recorded at rest and P wave indices were calculated in 53 horses. A general linear model was used to investigate the main effects: age, bodyweight, sex, resting heart rate, presence of a murmur, exercise status and the number of years raced. There were significant associations with exercise status for both the maximum P wave duration and Pd, with both values being increased in strenuously exercising versus non-active horses. Furthermore, a significant moderate positive correlation was identified between the duration of exercise (number of years raced) and both Pmax and Pd. No other significant associations were identified. These findings are similar to those reported in elite human athletes versus sedentary in iduals. The increases in these P wave indices most likely occur due to prolongation and heterogeneity in atrial conduction time, which are associated with structural and electrical remodelling, and may explain the increased risk of atrial fibrillation in athletic horses.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2018
DOI: 10.1111/VSU.12933
Abstract: To determine the effect of a prototype dynamic laryngoplasty system (DLPS) on arytenoid abduction. In vitro experimental. Ten equine larynges. Dissected larynges were mounted, and the right arytenoid was maximally abducted for testing. A left-sided laryngoplasty (LP) was performed by using a strand of No. 2 FiberWire and a FASTakII anchor. Phase 1 involved tightening the suture, without the DLPS device in place, in 1-mm increments and acquiring a digital image of the rima glottidis at each increment. Phase 2 involved tying the suture with the DLPS in place at a left to right quotient (LRQ) of 0.7. Digital images were subsequently taken at 3 stages of DLPS activation (0, 25, and 50 or maximal psi) and analysed to calculate LRQ. All tests were completed for 9 larynges. In phase 1, a total shortening of 25.89 ± 1.27 mm was possible, which increased the LRQ from 0.59 ± 0.02 to 1.07 ± 0.12. In phase 2, activation of the DLPS increased the LRQ from 0.70 ± 0.05 to 0.97 ± 0.09. This change in LRQ equated to 18.7 mm of shortening on the basis of phase 1 results. The maximum psi of the DLPS achieved was 37.33 ± 5.96. The DLPS increased the degree of arytenoid abduction in vitro. This change in LRQ equated to 18.7 mm of shortening of the LP suture based on phase 1 results. These results support further evaluation of the DLPS to determine the effect of changes in DLPS on airway resistance.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-04-2017
DOI: 10.1111/VSU.12659
Abstract: To determine the degree and ease of arytenoid abduction achieved with abaxial placement of a FASTak II suture anchor compared to 2 suture patterns with different directions of insertion-caudomedial to craniolateral and medial to lateral. Ex vivo experimental. Cadaveric larynges from 10 Standardbred racehorses. Each larynx was sequentially instrumented with all 3 arytenoid suture attachment in random order: (1) abaxial placement of a FASTak II suture, (2) caudomedial to craniolateral suture, and (3) medial to lateral suture placement. Each construct was abducted at 5N increments from 0 to 25N and the left to right quotient angle ratio (LRQ) measured from digital pictures acquired at each sequential increment. Arytenoid abduction (higher LRQ) was greater with FASTak II construct than either of the suture patterns. The largest difference occurred at 5N. Approximately 50% less force was required to achieve an LRQ of 1.0 with the FASTak II anchor compared to the suture patterns. No difference was detected between the 2 suture constructs throughout the study. Use of the FASTak II suture anchor improved arytenoid abduction compared to 2 suture patterns and minimized the suture loads required to achieve maximum arytenoid abduction. Use of the FASTak II anchor may decrease the suture load required to achieve arytenoid abduction in clinical cases. This may reduce the load placed on the laryngoplasty, thereby, minimizing postoperative loss of abduction.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-09-2023
DOI: 10.1111/JVIM.16878
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-09-2013
DOI: 10.1111/J.2042-3306.2012.00627.X
Abstract: The effect of palatal instability (PI) on measures of ventilation and gas exchange is not well understood. To assess to what degree different severities of naturally occurring palatal dysfunction affect ventilation and gas exchange during strenuous exercise. A retrospective study was performed using data collected from 40 Thoroughbred racehorses diagnosed with naturally occurring dynamic palatal dysfunction during high speed treadmill exercise. Upper airway videoendoscopic recordings were made concurrently with measurements of ventilation and gas exchange. Three categories of soft palate dysfunction were formed: mild palatal instability moderate to severe palatal instability and dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP). Minute ventilation, tidal volume, breathing frequency, end-tidal carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were calculated during the last 10 s of the exercise test, when airway obstruction was at its worst. There was a trend for minute ventilation, tidal volume, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production to decrease with increasing degree of palatal dysfunction, although statistically significant differences were only seen with DDSP. End-tidal carbon dioxide increased and end-tidal oxygen decreased with increasing obstruction, with both parameters showing significant differences between mild PI and moderate to severe PI. The results suggest that PI has a negative effect on certain respiratory parameters, although this is not as great as that associated with DDSP. Palatal instability may be detrimental to athletic performance even when progression to DDSP does not occur.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.VETIMM.2010.11.018
Abstract: Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) is a common disorder of performance horses and is associated with poor performance and accumulation of mucus and inflammatory cells in lower airway secretions. Horses with IAD frequently have increased relative counts of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) less commonly relative counts of eosinophils and/or mast cells may be increased. The aetiopathogenesis of IAD is unknown and may involve innate and/or acquired immune responses to various factors including respirable dust constituents, micro-organisms, noxious gases and unconditioned air. The molecular pathways and role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of IAD remain poorly defined and it is unknown whether polarised T cell responses occur in the disease, as have been reported to occur in equine recurrent airway obstruction and asthma in humans. Elucidating cytokine responses that develop in horses with IAD may allow a greater understanding of the possible aetiopathological pathway(s) involved and could contribute to development of novel treatments. We compared the mRNA expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-13, IL-17 and IL-23 in cell pellets extracted from BALF of horses with IAD (n=21) and horses free of respiratory tract disease (n=17). Horses with IAD had significantly increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-23 mRNA no significant differences in the other cytokine mRNAs were detected. The results of this study indicate that IAD of horses is associated with increased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BALF cells, which may reflect stimulation of the innate immune responses to inhaled antigens. There was no evidence of a polarised T-cell cytokine response suggesting hypersensitivity responses may not be involved in the aetiopathogenesis of IAD.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2007
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-10-2021
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.13354
Abstract: Exercise‐associated cardiac rhythm disturbances are common, but there is a lack of evidence‐based criteria on which to distinguish clinically relevant rhythm disturbances from those that are not. To describe and characterise rhythm disturbances during clinical exercise testing to explore potential risk factors for these rhythm disturbances and to determine whether they influenced future racing. Retrospective cohort using a convenience s le. Medical records were reviewed from two clinical services to identify horses with poor performance and/or respiratory noise with both exercise endoscopy and electrocardiography results. Respiratory and ECG findings recorded by the attending clinicians were described, and for polymorphic ventricular rhythms (n = 12), a consensus team agreed the final rhythm characterisation. Several statistical models analysing risk factors were built and racing records were reviewed to compare horses with and without rhythm disturbance. Of 245 racehorses, 87 (35.5%) had no ectopic/re‐entrant rhythms, 110 (44.9%) had isolated premature depolarisations during sinus rhythm and 48 (19.6%) horses had complex tachydysrrythmias. Rhythm disturbances were detected during warm‐up in 20 horses (8.2%) during gallop in 61 horses (24.9%) and during recovery in 124 horses (50.6%). Most complex rhythm events occurred during recovery, but there was one horse with a single couplet during gallop and another with a triplet during gallop. Fifteen horses (one with frequent isolated premature depolarisations and 14 complex rhythms) were considered by clinicians to be potentially contributing to poor performance. Treadmill exercise tests, the presence of exercise‐associated upper respiratory tract obstructions and National Hunt racehorses were associated with rhythm disturbances. The proportion of horses racing again after diagnosis (82%) was similar in all groups and univariable analysis revealed no significant associations between subsequent racing and the presence of any ectopic/re‐entrant rhythm, or the various sub‐groups based on phase of exercise in which this was detected. Reliance on retrospective data collection from medical records with no control group. Exercise ECGs were collected using only 1 or 2 leads. Variables examined as risk factors could be considered to be inter‐related and our sub‐groups were small. This study confirms a high prevalence of cardiac rhythm disturbances, including complex ectopic/re‐entrant rhythms, in poorly performing racehorses. Detection of rhythm disturbances may vary with exercise test conditions and exercise‐associated upper respiratory tract obstructions increase the risk of rhythm disturbances.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-08-2016
DOI: 10.1111/EVE.12405
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.TVJL.2007.10.014
Abstract: Changes in shape of the equine thorax during locomotion are not well defined, although it has been shown recently that the transverse hemi-diameter changes its dimension by up to 80mm on the side of the trailing forelimb during gallop, despite minimal change in thoracic circumference. The aim of this project was to analyse transverse and dorso-ventral changes in shape of the thorax simultaneously, and to determine if leading limb, treadmill slope and speed have an effect on these shape changes. Reflective markers were placed on the horse's hemi-thorax and movement of the markers was recorded using a motion capture system while the horse trotted and cantered on a treadmill. Treadmill speed and slope, and the lead the horse cantered on were varied to determine the effects these had on transverse hemi-diameter and dorso-ventral diameter. There was a negative correlation between transverse and dorso-ventral changes in thoracic dimension, the strength of which increased with speed on the trailing limb side. On the leading side, the relationship was either weakly negative or positive. The changes in dimension of the hemi-thorax were significantly greater on the trailing side compared to the leading side. Speed had small effects on thoracic shape changes, but inclined exercise caused an increase in transverse hemi-diameter on the trailing side of the thorax. The changes in thoracic shape are unlikely to contribute substantially to ventilation and rib motion is likely to be due to protraction and retraction of the forelimbs. However, it may reflect asynchronous ventilation of lung lobes and partially explain the prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2007
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.2042-3306.2006.TB05531.X
Abstract: Heart rate is one of the most commonly measured variables in equine exercise physiology and relative exercise intensity commonly expressed as % of maximal heart rate. A number of influences affect maximal heart rate (HRmax), including age of the horse but other factors have not been described. To determine if fitness, health status, gender, breed, athletic use, body mass, in addition to age, are predictive of HRmax in the horse. Maximal heart rate data from 328 horses which underwent treadmill exercise tests at 5 different laboratories were obtained retrospectively. Univariable linear regression analyses were performed on in idual variables. Multiple linear regression analysis using a backward elimination modelling procedure was then used to relate the observed HRmax values simultaneously with different predictive variables. Variables were retained in the final regression model if they or any of their categories were significantly predictive of HRmax at P<0.05 and if there was a significant collective contribution to the model from inclusion of each variable, also at P<0.05. Age, fitness status, laboratory, gender and breed/use (combined category) were all statistically significantly predictive of HRmax. Together these variables accounted for 41% of the variance in HRmax. Age alone accounted for only approximately 13% of the variation between horses in HRmax. Neither body mass nor health status were significantly predictive. HRmax in the horse declines with age but is also influenced by other factors. As the factors investigated accounted for only 41% of the variation between horses, other unidentified variables with a strong influence on HRmax remain to be identified. Factors such as fitness, age, gender, breed and use need to be considered when interpreting estimates or measurements of HRmax.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2013
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.12028
Abstract: Given that aerobic metabolism is the predominant energy pathway for most sports, the respiratory system can be a rate-limiting factor in the exercise capacity of fit and healthy horses. Consequently, respiratory diseases, even in mild forms, are potentially deleterious to any athletic performance. The functional impairment associated with a respiratory condition depends on the degree of severity of the disease and the equestrian discipline involved. Respiratory abnormalities generally result in an increase in respiratory impedance and work of breathing and a reduced level of ventilation that can be detected objectively by deterioration in breathing mechanics and arterial blood gas tensions and/or lactataemia. The overall prevalence of airway diseases is comparatively high in equine athletes and may affect the upper airways, lower airways or both. Diseases of the airways have been associated with a wide variety of anatomical and/or inflammatory conditions. In some instances, the diagnosis is challenging because conditions can be subclinical in horses at rest and become clinically relevant only during exercise. In such cases, an exercise test may be warranted in the evaluation of the patient. The design of the exercise test is critical to inducing the clinical signs of the problem and establishing an accurate diagnosis. Additional diagnostic techniques, such as airway s ling, can be valuable in the diagnosis of subclinical lower airway problems that have the capacity to impair performance. As all these techniques become more widely used in practice, they should inevitably enhance veterinarians' diagnostic capabilities and improve their assessment of treatment effectiveness and the long-term management of equine athletes.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2012
Abstract: Genetic variation was investigated in the strongylid nematode Hypodontus macropi from macropodid marsupials using the second internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA. A total of 547 specimens from ten species of hosts, representing all of the known hosts of the parasite, from across the Australian continent was examined. Phylogenetic analyses revealed distinct genetic clades in each of Macropus agilis, M. dorsalis, M. rufogriseus, M. bicolor, Petrogale persephone, Thylogale billardierii and T. stigmatica. A further clade contained all specimens from M. robustus and M. rufus, together with two ex les of host switching by nematodes into M. fuliginosus. The latter clade was sub ided into three subclades, one comprising specimens occurring in M. robustus erubescens, M. rufus and M. fuliginosus, the second in M. r. woodwardi and the third in M. r. robustus suggesting a relationship between the subclades and the subspecies of M. robustus. The extent of the genetic differences and the fact that several of them occur in broad sympatry suggests that H. macropi as currently defined morphologically may represent as many as ten cryptic species. Limited evidence was found for co-speciation between hosts and parasites rather most relationships were better explained by host switching.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 12-05-2023
DOI: 10.3390/ANI13101623
Abstract: Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a highly prevalent and presumptively painful condition, although the amount of pain horses might experience is currently unknown. The aims of this study were to determine if the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) could identify pain behaviours in horses with and without EGUS and if severity would be positively associated with the HGS score. Horse grimace scale scores were assessed blindly using facial photographs by seven observers and involved evaluation of 6 facial action units as 0 (not present), 1 (moderately present) and 2 (obviously present). Lameness examination, serum amyloid A (SAA) measurement and gastroscopy evaluation were performed on all horses. Horses (n = 61) were ided into two and three groups based on the presence (yes, no) and severity (none, mild, moderate-severe) of EGUS, respectively. Presence of lameness and elevated SAA (≥50 µg/mL) were used as exclusion criteria. Inter-observer reliability was analyzed by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). HGS scores between groups were compared using Welch’s and Brown Forsythe tests (p 0.05). Overall, HGS ICC was “excellent” (0.75). No significant differences (p = 0.566) were observed in HGS scores between horses with and without gastric lesions (mean, 95% CI 3.36, 2.76–3.95 and 3, 1.79–4.20, respectively). HGS was not influenced by the presence or severity of EGUS in this current study. Further studies investigating the use of different pain scales in horses with EGUS are needed.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-03-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.2042-3306.2010.00033.X
Abstract: To date there is no information on the comparison of the more recently documented technique of performing endoscopy during ridden exercise in the field, with the more traditional method of endoscopy during high-speed treadmill exercise. To compare the results of upper respiratory tract endoscopy in UK Thoroughbred racehorses performed during ridden exercise in the field with those obtained during exercise on the treadmill. A direct comparison was undertaken in 4 horses whereby both procedures were performed in the same horse within 10 days of each other. An indirect comparison was also undertaken whereby the results of overground endoscopy performed in 50 racehorses was compared to the results obtained during treadmill endoscopy in a further 50 racehorses. Horses were matched for age, gender, use (National Hunt vs. Flat) and presenting complaint (abnormal respiratory noise vs. poor performance). Dorsal displacement of the soft palate was diagnosed less frequently during overground endoscopy than during treadmill endoscopy. There was no significant difference in the diagnosis of dynamic laryngeal collapse between the 2 techniques. The treadmill exercise test was performed over longer distances at higher inclines, albeit at lower speeds than the overground test. In contrast to the treadmill test, the overground test was frequently performed in intervals. The results of both the direct and indirect comparisons suggest that dorsal displacement of the soft palate is diagnosed less often during overground endoscopy than during treadmill endoscopy. Strenuous exercise tests may be more easily performed on a treadmill than by performing multiple exercise intervals in the field. Care should be taken in interpreting negative findings during both procedures, but particularly during overground endoscopy if racing conditions have not been appropriately replicated.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-07-2018
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.12706
Abstract: Anecdotally, aloe vera is used to treat gastric ulceration, although no studies have yet investigated its efficacy in horses. To test the hypothesis that aloe vera would be noninferior to omeprazole in the treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome. Randomised, blinded clinical trial. Forty horses with grade ≥2 lesions of the squamous and/or glandular mucosa were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Horses received either aloe vera inner leaf gel (17.6 mg/kg bwt) b.i.d. or omeprazole (4 mg/kg bwt) s.i.d. for approximately 28 days, after which a repeat gastroscopic examination was performed to determine disease resolution. Horses with persistent lesions were offered a further 28 days of treatment with omeprazole (4 mg/kg bwt s.i.d.) and were re-examined on completion of treatment. Efficacy analyses were based on 39 horses that completed the trial. Equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) was observed in 38 horses improvement and healing rates in these horses were 56% and 17%, respectively, in the aloe vera group, and 85% and 75%, respectively, in the omeprazole group. Healing was less likely to occur in horses with prolonged gastric emptying. Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) was less common than ESGD (n = 14) and numbers were too small to perform meaningful statistical analyses. The hypothesis that aloe vera would be noninferior to omeprazole was not supported. No placebo control group was included. Limited numbers preclude any comment on the efficacy of aloe vera in the treatment of EGGD. Treatment with aloe vera was inferior to treatment with omeprazole.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.TVJL.2019.105405
Abstract: Published studies vary as to whether epithelial cells are included in differential counts for tracheal wash (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology in horses. The aim of this study was to determine whether inclusion or exclusion of epithelial cells affects interpretation of airway cytology. Using criteria of >20% TW neutrophils, >10% BAL neutrophils and/or >5% BAL mast cells to indicate airway inflammation, there was a change in categorisation from 'normal' to 'abnormal' in 21%, 4% and 8% horses, respectively, when epithelial cells were excluded from differential counts. It is recommended that future equine respiratory research studies explicitly state whether epithelial cells are included or excluded in differential counts. A consensus on epithelial cell inclusion during cytology reporting is required.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 30-04-2020
DOI: 10.3390/ANI10050776
Abstract: This article reports on the results of a survey designed to explore the types of nosebands that owners, riders and trainers use in training and competition, their reasons for using nosebands, the design preferences in different disciplines and approaches to noseband tightness and monitoring, as well as the incidence of negative impacts related to noseband usage. Respondents (n = 3040) were asked to specify the type of noseband they were currently using and to rate how effective they were in achieving these stated reasons. Respondents who used nosebands (n = 2332) most commonly used Plain Cavesson (46.6%, n = 1087) and Hanoverian (24.8%, n = 579) nosebands. The reasons provided in the survey for noseband usage were grouped into three broad, mutually exclusive categories: Anatomical Consequential and Passive. Responses across these categories were fairly evenly distributed overall: Anatomical (29.5%, n = 1501), Consequential (30.6%, n = 1560), Passive (32.9%, n = 1673) and other reasons (7.0%, n = 358). Across all respondents (n = 2332), the most common Anatomical reason given was to prevent the horse’s tongue from moving over the bit (20.8%, n = 485), the most common Consequential reason was to improve the appearance of the horse (20.4%, n = 476), with aligning with the rules of the sport (30.2%, n = 705) the most popular Passive reason. Of the respondents who answered the question of checking noseband tightness (n = 2295), most reported checking noseband tightness at the bridge of the nose (62.1%, n = 1426), some (10.4%, n = 238) reported checking for tightness on the side of the face and others under the chin (21.5%, n = 496). This survey also revealed some of the potential issues associated with noseband use, with 18.6% (n = 434) reporting at least one physical or behavioural complication. The most common complication was hair loss under the noseband (39.9%, n = 173). Crank systems were reported to be used by 28.9% (n = 665) of respondents. This is of concern as these devices can be excessively tightened, minimising jaw and tongue movement and may compromise horse welfare. Indeed, the current data in our study show that these devices are associated with an increased risk of complications being reported. Against the backdrop of potential harm to horse welfare associated with restrictive nosebands, this report may serve as a guide for future regulations and research. It helps improve our understanding of noseband preferences and their use in different disciplines.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-12-2022
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.13137
Abstract: AliveCor is a smartphone electrocardiography device (iECG) providing automated heart rate (HR) and rhythm determination. Atrial fibrillation (AF) in horses often is paroxysmal and rapid ECG acquisition is needed for diagnostic confirmation. iECGs were collected post‐race from 15 horses with AF and 64 horses in sinus rhythm (SR). Results of manual assessment were compared to 3 commercial algorithms for HR and rhythm. Agreement between manually derived HR (HR M ) and HR derived by the AliveECG Vet (HR VET ) and Kardia version‐1 (K V1 HR) and Kardia advanced (K ADV HR) algorithms was quantified by the Bland–Altman limits of agreement test. Agreement between manual rhythm classification and K V1 and K ADV algorithms for AF and SR was calculated by the Kappa statistical coefficient. The agreement (bias, 95% limits), between HR M and HR VET was 7.1 BPM (−29 to 43) in AF and −4.2 BPM (−38 to 30) in SR, between HR M and K V1 HR, was −0.3 BPM (−31 to 30) in AF and 0.2 BPM (−3 to 4) in SR, and between HR M and K ADV HR was 7.0 BPM (−29 to 43) in AF and 0.2 BPM (−3.9 to 4.2) in SR. Agreement between manual rhythm classification and K V1 was 0.36 (0.13–0.59), and K ADV was 0.84 (0.68–0.99). Sensitivity and specificity for identification of AF and SR of the K V1 algorithm were 60, 100% and 83, 100%, respectively, and of K ADV was 87, 100% and 93, 100% respectively. The Kardia algorithms improved precision for HR determination in SR but not AF. The advanced algorithm accurately distinguished between AF and SR. The iECG is suitable for recording episodes of AF following exercise.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-01-2012
Abstract: Anisakidosis is an important fish-borne disease caused by the larvae of anisakid nematodes, which affects humans and a range of other animals. The accurate identification of members of this nematode group is central to investigating the epidemiology of the parasites and in the surveillance and control of anisakidosis. It is now well known that morphological identification alone does not allow specific identification, particularly of larval stages. To better understand the epidemiology of anisakid nematodes in southern Australian fishes and the potential risks posed to human health, a survey of 50 specimens of the commercially important fish, Sillago flindersi, from Bass Strait, Australia was conducted. We characterised anisakid larvae by PCR-coupled mutation scanning, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. This study revealed that 92% of the S. flindersi examined were infected with anisakids (n=194), which were represented by seven genotypes. Phylogenetic analyses of the genotypes defined herein, together with reference sequence for Anisakis pegreffii and Hysterothylacium sp. from public databases (i.e. GenBank), revealed the presence of A. pegreffii (n=24), Hysterothylacium larval type IV (n=90) and Hysterothylacium larval type VIII (n=80) in S. flindersi. Thus, the PCR-coupled mutation scanning approach employed herein is an effective tool for the genetic characterisation of anisakid nematodes for diagnostic and analytical purposes (nucleotide sequences reported in this paper are available in the GenBank database under accession nos. JN631796-809).
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-01-2004
Abstract: To develop the technique of respiratory sound analysis for the diagnosis of dorsal displacement of the equine soft palate. To show that 1) the displaced soft palate can spontaneously vibrate in the presence of expiratory airflow 2) the observed frequency of vibration can be detected in respiratory sound recordings and 3) the frequency of vibrations measured in cadaveric specimens are similar to those obtained from audio spectra in exercising horses with DDSP. Palatal movements and respiratory sounds were recorded from artificially ventilated cadaveric heads. The fundamental mode of palate vibrations calculated from high-speed videoendoscopic recordings was compared with frequencies detected in the audio spectra and with data collected from exercising horses with DDSP. Palate vibrations occurred when air was blown through the trachea. The fundamental mode of vibrations was present in the audio spectra and was not significantly different from those recorded in vivo. Vibrations of the soft palate are the probable source of expiratory sounds recorded in horses with DDSP. This study strengthens the case for the application of respiratory sound analysis in the diagnosis of DDSP in exercising horses.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-01-2006
DOI: 10.2746/042516406778400583
Abstract: To review the prevalence of single and complex forms of dynamic airway obstructions within a large group of Thoroughbred horses in training referred for investigation of poor performance. Video-endoscopic recordings of the upper respiratory tract made during a standardised treadmill exercise test of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses were reviewed and analysed in real time and slow motion to identify dynamic collapse by the tissues bordering onto the pharyngeal and laryngeal airways. Dynamic collapse within the nasopharynx or larynx was confirmed in 471 of the 600 horses. Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP 50%) and palatal instability (33%) were the disorders most frequently identified. It was concluded that deglutition is not a significant event in the triggering of DDSP. Complex forms of dynamic collapse were present in 30% of the horses with upper respiratory tract obstructions. A significant influence of age on the prevalence of DDSP and dynamic laryngeal collapse was identified. There was an increased risk of DDSP in younger horses, and of laryngeal collapse in older horses. No association with gender or format of racing was identified. Palatal instability and DDSP comprised the most frequently encountered forms of dynamic collapse within the upper respiratory tract of the Thoroughbred racehorses in this study and are probably expressions of the same nasopharyngeal malfunction. Complex obstructions, i.e. where more than one structure collapses into the airway, occur frequently and therefore treatments that address solitary disorders may often be unsuccessful. Younger horses were found to be at greater risk of sustaining DDSP while older horses seemed more at risk to vocal cord collapse but not to collapse of the arytenoid cartilage itself.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.2042-3306.2006.TB05601.X
Abstract: Videoendoscopy of the upper respiratory tract (URT) during high-speed treadmill exercise has proved to be invaluable in the assessment of URT dysfunction in racehorses. However, very little information exists regarding dynamic airway collapse in other sport horses used in nonracing equestrian disciplines. To evaluate the videoendoscopic findings at rest and during exercise in a mixed population of sport horses referred for investigation of poor athletic performance and/or abnormal respiratory noise. Videoendoscopy of the upper airway was performed at rest and during high-speed treadmill exercise in 93 horses. Dynamic airway obstructions were diagnosed in 77% of horses and were frequently complex in nature. The most common forms of dynamic collapse included soft palate dysfunction (54%), dynamic laryngeal collapse (38%), axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (24%) and pharyngeal wall collapse (18%). In the majority of horses, no obvious abnormalities were identified at rest. Enforced poll flexion was found to be a contributing factor in 24% of cases. Dynamic obstructions of the URT were a common cause of poor performance and/or abnormal respiratory noise in sport horses referred for investigation of performance problems. This study highlights the importance of videoendoscopic evaluation of the URT during exercise in horses utilised for equestrian sports where exercise during competition is submaximal in nature.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-06-2002
DOI: 10.1111/J.2042-3306.2002.TB05452.X
Abstract: Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) is one of the most common obstructive conditions of the upper respiratory tract in the racehorse. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) on ventilation and respiratory airflow during high intensity exercise. Videoendoscopic recordings were made of the nasopharynx and larynx simultaneously with measurements of airflow and respiratory gas exchange, during high-speed treadmill exercise in 9 horses with confirmed intermittent DDSP admitted for clinical investigation of poor racing performance. In all horses, DDSP resulted in a reduction in minute ventilation (VE) (P<0.001), associated with a decrease in tidal volume (VT) (P<0.01) with no change in breathing frequency (f) and a reduction in oxygen consumption (VO2) (P<0.01). Further, DDSP resulted in reduction of expiratory flow parameters, including peak expiratory flow (PEF), EF50, EF25 and EF125 (P<0.01), with no alteration of inspiratory flow. These results confirm that naturally-occurring intermittent DDSP creates a flow-limiting expiratory obstruction. The associated impairment of athletic performance is probably caused, at least in part, by the accompanying decrease of oxygen uptake.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-02-2021
DOI: 10.1111/JVIM.16063
Abstract: Atrial fibrillation (AF) impacts performance and horse and jockey safety. Understanding the outcomes of AF identified postrace will better inform regulatory policy. To investigate the outcomes after episodes of AF identified postrace and determine whether affected horses are at increased risk of additional episodes compared to the general racing population. Total of 4684 Thoroughbred racehorses. Race records for Thoroughbred horses racing in Hong Kong from 2007 to 2017 were reviewed. Horses that performed below expectation were examined by cardiac auscultation and ECG. Incidence and recurrence of AF were compared between horses with and without a history of AF and between horses with paroxysmal and persistent episodes using Fisher's exact test. There were 96 135 race starts during the study. Atrial fibrillation was identified in 4.9% of horses, with an overall incidence of 2.7 episodes per 1000 starts. The incidence of AF in horses after any previous episode (12.8 per 1000 starts) was higher than for horses with no previous episode (2.4 per 1000 starts odds ratio [OR], 5.3 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8‐7.6). Recurrence was seen in 64% of horses previously treated for persistent AF, which was higher than recurrence in horses with paroxysmal AF (23% OR, 5.9 95% CI, 1.6‐21.2). Median duration between episodes was 343 days (range, 34‐1065). Thoroughbreds are at increased risk of recurrent AF after both paroxysmal and persistent episodes, but the duration of time between episodes varies widely. These findings support a substantial burden of AF among in idual Thoroughbred racehorses.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-05-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-07-2015
DOI: 10.1111/EVE.12410
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-01-2006
DOI: 10.2746/042516406778400619
Abstract: The reliability of diagnoses of obstructive conditions of the upper respiratory tract (URT) based on examinations performed at rest vs. at exercise is controversial. To compare diagnosis of URT by endoscopy at rest with that achieved during high-speed treadmill exercise (HSTE). Endoscopy of URT at rest, when performed in isolation from other simpler techniques is unreliable in the prediction of dynamic respiratory obstructions. Endoscopic findings of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses during quiet breathing were compared with findings during high-speed treadmill exercise. Other parameters were also assessed for their specificity in diagnosis. Endoscopy of the resting horse showed low sensitivity (0.15) in the diagnosis of dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) and palatal instability (PI). When endoscopy and reported noises were taken together there was still a 35% misdiagnosis rate. Although there was significant association between resting laryngeal function score (LFS) and dynamic vocal cord and/or arytenoid cartilage collapse at exercise, 19% of horses with a grade 4/5 LFS were able to attain and maintain full abduction during exercise and 7% of those with 'normal' grades 1 or 2 LFS at rest showed dynamic laryngeal collapse when exerted. Sensitivity of the diagnostic model was greatly increased (80%) when a history of inspiratory noise and palpable intrinsic muscle atrophy were included. Endoscopy of the upper respiratory tract of static horses is unreliable in the diagnosis of dynamic obstructions of the URT and should not be used in isolation in surgical decision-making or in the assessment of horses at the time of sale.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-01-2006
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-03-2022
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.13565
Abstract: Cardiac arrhythmias in exercising horses are the focus of much interest, both in terms of what is considered normal and potential associations with poor performance and sudden cardiac death. One barrier to performing large‐scale studies is the lack of an easily applicable device, to allow recording of large numbers of high‐quality exercising electrocardiograms (ECGs). The Equimetre TM is a new wearable device, which records a single lead ECG, among other parameters. Validation of such wearable devices is essential before further studies are undertaken. To evaluate the quality of ECG using the Equimetre TM and compare arrhythmia detection during exercise with the reference Televet TM system. Prospective blinded clinical study. Simultaneous ECGs were recorded with both systems in 49 healthy horses during exercise. High‐intensity exercise ( km/h) was performed by 29 racehorses, and lower‐intensity exercise for the remainder of the racehorses and show jumpers. Tracings were excluded if % artefact was present (duration of artefact relative to duration of exercise). For included ECGs, the duration of artefact was recorded and compared. ECGs were evaluated using Kubios premium software. Arrhythmia detection (yes/no) and arrhythmia classification (sinus arrhythmia, narrow complex of similar morphology to the sinus complexes or wide complex with a different morphology) were compared using Cohen's Kappa coefficient. Nine Televet TM ECGs and 3 Equimetre TM ECGs were excluded due to artefact %. Televet TM ECGs included significantly more artefact during exercise than Equimetre TM ECGs (5% vs. 0.25% P .001). Arrhythmia analysis was performed on 38 horses’ paired ECGs. The kappa coefficient was excellent for arrhythmia detection (K = 0.97) and arrhythmia classification (K = 0.93). Relatively low numbers of horses with arrhythmias (n = 21) were included. The ECG recordings only provided one lead, making arrhythmia classification challenging in some cases. The Equimetre device provides a reliable ECG for arrhythmia detection during exercise. This system may be useful clinically and for future large‐scale investigations into the occurrence and significance of exercising arrhythmias.
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Start Date: 02-2023
End Date: 02-2026
Amount: $325,377.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
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