ORCID Profile
0000-0002-3144-5999
Current Organisation
Federation University Australia Faculty of Health
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Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1159/000073824
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2001
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JGS.13365
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1177/039463201102400114
Abstract: Boxing exposes participants to the physiological response to high intensity exercise and also to direct body and brain trauma. Amateur boxing is increasing and females have also been included in the Olympics. The aim of this study is to assess the stress response and possible brain injury incurred during a match by measuring serum biomarkers associated with stress and cellular brain injury before and after combat. Sixteen male amateur boxers were studied retrospectively. The study population was ided into two groups: (a) a group that received predominantly punches to the head (PTH) and (b) a group that received predominantly punches to the body (PTB). Blood s les were taken before and five minutes after each contest. They were analysed for S-100B, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), creatine kinase (CK) and cortisol. The PTH group received direct contacts to the head (not blocked, parried or avoided) and to the body ( n=8, age: 17.6 ± 5.3, years height: 1.68 ± 0.13, meters mass: 65.4 ± 20.3, kg). The PTB group received punches to the body including blocked and parried punches, but received no direct punches to the head, ( n=8, mean ± SD, age: 19.1 ± 3.2 years height: 1.70 ± 0.75, meters mass: 68.5 ± 15 kg). Significant increases ( P .05) were observed between pre- and post-combat serum concentrations in serum concentrations in PTH of S-100B (0.35 ± 0.61 vs. 0.54 ± 0.73, μg.L −1 ) NSE (19.7 ± 14 vs.31.1 ± 26.6, ng.ml −1 ) and cortisol (373 ± 202 vs. 756± 93, nmol.L −1 ). Significant increases ( P .05) of creatine kinase were recorded in both groups. This study demonstrates significant elevations in neurochemical biomarkers in boxers who received direct blows to the head. However, further work is required to quantify this volumetric brain damage and long term clinical sequelae.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 10-2002
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-08-2015
DOI: 10.1111/IJPO.12061
Abstract: It is unclear whether the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype (HTWP) can be used to identify those at most risk of cardiometabolic disorders. The utility of the HTWP as a useful predictor of cardiometabolic risk in youth stratified by body mass index was assessed. Three hundred and eighty-seven children (12-17.5 years) were used within this cross-sectional study. Participants were classified as normal weight or overweight/obese according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria. The HTWP phenotype was defined as having a waist circumference ≥90th percentile for age and gender with concomitant triglyceride concentrations ≥1.24 mmol L(-1) . Cardiometabolic risk profiles were compared using MANCOVA. Normal weight participants with the HTWP had significantly higher levels of C-reactive protein 2.6 ± 0.4 vs. 1.6 ± 0.3 mg L(-1) (P < 0.05) and cardiometabolic risk scores (1.3 ± 0.3 vs. -0.7 ± 0.2 and 2.1 ± 0.4 vs. -0.5 ± 0.2 both P < 0.05) compared with those of a normal weight without the HTWP. Overweight/obese participants with the HTWP had significantly higher C-reactive protein levels (3.5 ± 0.6 vs. 2.6 ± 0.5 P < 0.05) as well as both cardiometabolic risk scores (1.6 ± 0.6 vs. 0.9 ± 0.2 and 2.2 ± 0.6 vs. 0.8 ± 0.2 both P < 0.001) when compared with overweight/obese participants without the HTWP. The HTWP may serve as a simple and clinically useful approach to identify youth at increased cardiometabolic risk.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 27-02-2015
DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2015.1005294
Abstract: The present study examined the agreement between peak power output during a standard Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) and a six second 'all-out' test on a Wattbike Pro. Nine males (40.7 ± 19.4 yrs, 1.76 ± 0.03 cm, 82.11 ± 8.9 kg) underwent three testing protocols on separate days. The protocols consisted 30 second WAnT (WAnT30), a modified WAnT over 6 seconds (WAnT6) and a 6 second peak power test (PPT6). PPT6 was correlated with WAnT30 (r = 0.9 p < 0.001) with a mean bias of 105 W. PPT6 correlated with WAnT6 (r = 0.95 p < 0.001) with a mean bias of 74 W. WAnT6 correlated with WAnT30 (r = 0.99 p < 0.001) with a mean bias of 31 W. There was no difference in time to peak power between any trial. PPT6 resulted in significantly greater power outputs than in WAnT30 and WAnT6 (p < 0.001). We conclude that PPT6 and WAnT6 are valid measures of peak power output compared with WAnT30. This identifies that PPT6 and WAnT6 as short duration 'all-out' tests that have practical applications for researchers and coaches who wish to assess peak power output without the fatiguing effects associated with a standard WAnT.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 19-10-2017
DOI: 10.3390/BS7040067
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2003
DOI: 10.1016/S1440-2440(03)80024-5
Abstract: The literature regarding the blood pressure response to AAS use is equivocal. In addition, there is currently little data available on the Rate Pressure Product (RPP) response to anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) use. The experimental aim of this study was to investigate the effects of AAS administration in combination with resistance training on blood pressure and rate pressure product in male amateur bodybuilders and compare the results with a morphologically matched, resistance trained control group. Subjects were ided into two groups (n=16 AAS users n=16 controls). Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure, RPP. Resting Heart Rate and Body Composition measurements were obtained before (Pre), during (During) and 6-8 weeks following (Post) the AAS cycle in the AAS users with similar time intervals for the control group. No significant cardiovascular or morphological changes in the control group were found throughout the study. Significant increases in both diastolic (P<0.01) and mean arterial blood pressures (P<0.05) were found from Pre to Post cycle in the AAS group. RPP also increased significantly (P<0.01) from pre to post AAS cycle. All cardiovascular parameters returned to normal baseline measurements between 6 and 8 weeks post cycle. No blood pressure measurements throughout the study were consistent with clinically defined hypertension. The findings indicate that the AAS group exhibited significant increases in standard cardiovascular measurements compared with the control bodybuilders, and provides a contraindication to AAS use especially in borderline hypertensives.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-02-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-015-0306-Y
Abstract: Testosterone, cortisol and their ratios may be indicators of anabolic status, but technical issues surrounding blood s ling has limited wider application. The advent of salivary testosterone (sal-T) analysis simplified s le acquisition, resulting in a subsequent rapid increase in the number of published research articles. The objective of this study was to undertake a meta-analysis to determine the effect of acute exercise bouts on post exercise sal-T and salivary cortisol (sal-C) concentrations and their ratio (sal-T:C). Relevant databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and SPORTDiscus were searched up to and including 31 December 2013 for the term 'saliva AND testosterone AND exercise'. Studies (n = 21) selected from the 933 identified included randomised controlled trials (RCTs n = 2), uncontrolled trials (UCTs n = 18) and control trials (CTs n = 1), all of which had an exercise component characterised as either aerobic, resistance or power training, each with acute sal-T and sal-C measurement obtained within 30 min of exercise bout completion. A meta-analysis was conducted on change in sal-T, sal-C and the sal-T:C ratio following exercise using standard difference in means (SDM) and a random effects model. For aerobic, resistance and power exercise, the overall SDMs for sal-T were 0.891, 1.061 and 0.509, respectively for sal-C, the SDMs were 3.041, 0.773 and 1.200, respectively. For sal-T:C, the SDMs were -2.014, 0.027 and -0.968, respectively. RCTs, UCTs and CTs were separated by subgroup analysis. There were significant differences in overall weighted SDM values for sal-T between RCTs, UCTs and CTs within exercise modes. When examining aerobic exercise interventions, a quantitative interaction of study design was observed. RCTs resulted in a greater SDM than UCTs (1.337 vs. 0.446). Power interventions displayed a qualitative interaction with study design. UCTs where baseline measures were obtained 24 h before exercise had an SDM of -1.128, whereas UCTs where baseline was determined immediately prior to exercise had an SDM of 0.486. The single CT trial had an SDM of 2.260. Resistance exercise interventions were primarily UCTs however, an observed influence of baseline s ling time whereby immediately pre- and 24 h pre-exercise resulted in differing SDMs. The sole resistance exercise RCTs resulted in the greatest SDM (2.500). The current body of evidence regarding acute responses of sal-T to exercise is weak. This meta-analysis identifies varying exercise-dependent effect sizes. Each appear to be greatly influenced by study design and s le timing. There is a need for more RCTs and a standardised methodology for the measurement of salivary hormones in order to better determine the effect of exercise modality.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-03-2017
DOI: 10.1111/APHA.12862
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-05-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-1995
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-10-2018
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2015
DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2015.1046123
Abstract: Advancing age is associated with a gradual decline in circulating androgens, and the putative role of exercise training on systemic androgens remains to be adequately defined. The present investigation examined the impact of 6 weeks of supervised exercise training on resting levels of systemic hormones in a cohort of lifelong sedentary men [SED (n = 28), 62.5 ± 5.3 years], compared with a positive control group of age-matched lifelong exercisers [LE (n = 20), 60.4 ± 4.7 years, >30 years training history]. Blood hormones were s led pre- and post-intervention from an antecubital forearm vein and analysed using electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. Cardiorespiratory fitness ([Formula: see text]) was determined via indirect calorimetry during an incremental cycle test to volitional exhaustion. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a lack of significant change in any parameter amongst LE, whilst SED experienced a significant exercise-induced improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and total testosterone (all p < 0.05). Concurrent increases in sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG p 0.05) amongst SED. Although resting levels of systemic total testosterone increased in response to 6 weeks of exercise training, increases in SHBG negated any potential relationship between calculated-free or bioavailable testosterone. These findings indicate that increases in bioavailable testosterone fraction are not required for cardiorespiratory fitness improvements in aging men.
Publisher: OMICS Publishing Group
Date: 2013
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 10-2003
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 26-02-2019
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.1139/H10-036
Abstract: During high-intensity exercise, intracellular creatine phosphate (PCr) is rapidly broken down to maintain adenosine triphosphate turnover. This has lead to the widespread use of creatine monohydrate as a nutritional ergogenic aid. However, the increase in intracellular PCr and the concomitant increase in intracellular water have not been investigated with regard to their effect on active range of movement (ROM). Forty male subjects (age, 24 ± 3.2 years) underwent restricted randomization into 2 equal groups, either an intervention group (CS) or a control group (C). The CS group ingested 25 g·day –1 of creatine monohydrate for 5 days, followed by 5 g·day –1 for a further 3 days. Before (24 h before starting supplementation (PRE) and after (on the 8th day of supplementation (POST)) this loading phase, both groups underwent goniometry measurement of the shoulder, elbow, hip, and ankle. Data indicated significant reductions in active ROM in 3 movements: shoulder extension (57 ±11.3° PRE vs. 48 ±11.2° POST, p 0.01), shoulder abduction (183.4 ± 6.8° PRE vs. 180.3 ± 5.1° POST, p 0.05), and ankle dorsiflexion (14.2 ± 4.7° PRE vs. 12.1 ± 6.4° POST, p 0.01). There was also a significant increase in body mass for the CS group (83.6 ± 6.2 kg vs. 85.2 ± 6.3 kg, p 0.05). The results suggest that short-term supplementation with creatine monohydrate reduces the active ROM of shoulder extension and abduction and of ankle dorsiflexion. Although the mechanism for this is not fully understood, it may be related to the asymmetrical distribution of muscle mass around those joints.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 07-2017
Publisher: Portland Press Ltd.
Date: 12-12-2006
DOI: 10.1042/CS20050135
Abstract: Maximal exercise in normoxia results in oxidative stress due to an increase in free radical production. However, the effect of a single bout of moderate aerobic exercise performed in either relative or absolute normobaric hypoxia on free radical production and lipid peroxidation remains unknown. To examine this, we randomly matched {according to their normobaric normoxic V̇O2peak [peak V̇O2 (oxygen uptake)]} and assigned 30 male subjects to a normoxia (n=10), a hypoxia relative (n=10) or a hypoxia absolute (n=10) group. Each group was required to exercise on a cycle ergometer at 55% of V̇O2peak for 2 h double-blinded to either a normoxic or hypoxic condition [FiO2 (inspired fraction of O2)=0.21 and 0.16 respectively]. ESR (electron spin resonance) spectroscopy in conjunction with ex vivo spin trapping was utilized for the direct detection of free radical species. The main findings show that moderate intensity exercise increased plasma-volume-corrected free radical and lipid hydroperoxide concentration (pooled rest compared with exercise data, P& .05) however, there were no selective differences between groups (state×group interaction, P& .05). The delta change in free radical concentration was moderately correlated with systemic V̇O2 (r2=0.48, P& .05). The hyperfine coupling constants recorded from the ESR spectra [aN=13.8 Gauss, and aHβ=1.9 Gauss where 1 Gauss=10−4 T (telsa)] are suggestive of oxygen-centred free radical species formed via the decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides. Peripheral leucocyte and neutrophil cells and total CK (creatine kinase) activity all increased following sustained exercise (pooled rest compared with exercise data, P& .05), but no selective differences were observed between groups (state×group interaction, P& .05). We conclude that a single bout of moderate aerobic exercise increases secondary free radical species. There is also evidence of exercise-induced muscle damage, possibly caused by the increase in free radical generation.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 31-12-2016
DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2016.1260108
Abstract: The aim of this investigation was to examine the impact high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in active compared with sedentary aging men. 22 lifetime sedentary (SED 62 ± 2 years) and 17 masters' athletes (LEX 60 ± 5 years) were recruited to the study. As HIIT requires preconditioning exercise in sedentary cohorts, the study required three assessment phases enrollment (phase A), following preconditioning exercise (phase B), and post-HIIT (phase C). Serum IGF-I was determined by electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. IGF-I was higher in LEX compared to SED at baseline (p = 0.007, Cohen's d = 0.91), and phase B (p = 0.083, Cohen's d = 0.59), with only a small difference at C (p = 0.291, Cohen's d = 0.35). SED experienced a small increase in IGF-I following preconditioning from 13.1 ± 4.7 to 14.2 ± 6.0 μg·dl In conclusion, HIIT with preconditioning exercise abrogates the age associated difference in IGF-I between SED and LEX, and induces small improvements in fat-free mass in both SED and LEX.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-03-2015
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 27-09-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.CTCP.2017.06.009
Abstract: This study explored the health philosophy and practice orientation of RDNs in the United States. A randomly selected group of RDNs were recruited to take an online survey using a reduced version of Integrative Medicine practice (IM-30). Confirmatory factor analysis, analyses of variance, and non-parametric tests were used to investigate the relationships between dietetic professionals' personal health philosophy, lifestyle, and orientation to Integrative Medicine. Overall construct validity of the IM-26 scale was demonstrated by Cronbach's α with reliabilities ranging from 0.766 to 0.89. Results from chi-square test of goodness-of-fit test (N = 477, χ2 = 228.72, p = 0.123) and RMSEA of 0.016 showed good model fit. IM orientation varied significantly by work setting and certification in one or more CAM therapies. The orientation towards Integrative Medicine for a majority of US dietitians is in the awareness and learning phases of adoption.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2017
DOI: 10.14814/PHY2.13343
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-01-2003
DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0447.2003.00061.X
Abstract: QT interval (QTi) prolongation is generally associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias such as torsade de pointes (TdP) and death. Literature review based on publications identified by means of electronic and manual search. It has recently become apparent that not only antiarrhythmic drugs such as sotalol and quinidine, but also a variety of non-antiarrhythmic drugs such as certain antihistamines, antimicrobial drugs, psychiatric drugs and cisapride, may have the ability to induce prolongation of the QTi and TdP. Special concern should be drawn to the coadministration of drugs that inhibit the metabolism of these drugs such as ketoconazole, itraconazol and erythomycin. Patients with congenital long QT syndrome, patients with heart disease, with hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia, and women have an increased risk. Every sign of dizziness or syncope should be regarded as a warning sign of possible arrhythmia in patients treated with drugs that potentially prolong the QTi. Measurement of the QTi before and during treatment is generally recommended in high-risk patients.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2017
Publisher: OMICS Publishing Group
Date: 2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 12-01-2022
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-1226523/V1
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare swing time and golf club angle parameters during golf swings using three, two dimensional (2D) low cost, Augmented-Video-based-Portable-Systems (AVPS) (Kinovea, SiliconCoach Pro, SiliconCoach Live). Twelve right-handed golfers performed three golf swings whilst being recorded by a high-speed 2D video camera. Footage was then analysed using AVPS-software and the results compared using both descriptive and inferential statistics. There were no significant differences for swing time and the golf phase measurements between the 2D and 3D software comparisons. In general, the results showed a high Intra class Correlation Coefficient (ICC 0.929) and Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha (CCA 0.924) reliability for both the kinematic and temporal parameters. The inter-rater reliability test for the swing time and kinematic golf phase measurements on average were strong. Irrespective of the AVPS software investigated, the cost effective AVPS can produce reliable output measures that benefit golf analyses.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-06-2016
DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2016.1191492
Abstract: The study describes the differences in surface electromyography (EMG) activity of two forearm muscles in the lead and trail arm at specific phases of the golf swing using a 7-iron with three different grip sizes among amateur and professional golfers. Fifteen right-handed male golfers performed five golf swings using golf clubs with three different grip sizes. Surface EMG was used to measure muscle activity of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) on both forearms. There were no significant differences in forearm muscle activity when using the three golf grips within the group of 15 golfers (p > 0.05). When using the undersize grip, club head speed significantly increased (p = 0.044). During the backswing and downswing phases, amateurs produced significantly greater forearm muscle activity with all three grip sizes (p < 0.05). In conclusion, forearm muscle activity is not affected by grip sizes. However, club head speed increases when using undersize grips.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-01-2013
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2011
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838060-00005
Abstract: Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) were the first identified doping agents that have ergogenic effects and are being used to increase muscle mass and strength in adult males. Consequently, athletes are still using them to increase physical performance and bodybuilders are using them to improve size and cosmetic appearance. The prevalence of AAS use has risen dramatically over the last two decades and filtered into all aspects of society. Support for AAS users has increased, but not by the medical profession, who will not accept that AAS use dependency is a psychiatric condition. The adverse effects and potential dangers of AAS use have been well documented. AAS are used in sport by in iduals who have acquired knowledge of the half-lives of specific drugs and the dosages and cycles required to avoid detection. Conversely, they are used by bodybuilders in extreme dosages with the intention of gaining muscle mass and size, with little or no regard for the consequences. Polypharmacy by self-prescription is prevalent in this sector. Most recently, AAS use has filtered through to 'recreational street drug' users and is the largest growth of drugs in this sub ision. They are taken to counteract the anorexic and cachectic effects of the illegal psychotropic street drugs. Screening procedures for AAS in World Anti-Doping Agency accredited laboratories are comprehensive and sensitive and are based mainly on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, although liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is becoming increasingly more valuable. The use of carbon isotope mass spectrometry is also of increasing importance in the detection of natural androgen administration, particularly to detect testosterone administration. There is a degree of contentiousness in the scenario of AAS drug use, both within and outside sport. AAS and associated doping agents are not illegal per se. Possession is not an offence, despite contravening sporting regulations and moral codes. Until AAS are classified in the same capacity as street drugs in the UK, where possession becomes a criminal offence, they will continue to attract those who want to win at any cost. The knowledge acquired by such work can only assist in the education of in iduals who use such doping agents, with a view to minimizing health risks and hopefully once again create a level playing field in sport.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2014
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Date: 08-10-2018
Publisher: Mark Allen Group
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.12968/BJCA.2012.7.6.266
Abstract: Although several drugs are purported to improve exercise performance, androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) are the most widespread. Furthermore, unlike other drugs, their use has expanded beyond competition, to non-competitive and recreational athletes. Correspondingly health professionals are more likely to come into contact with users of AAS than with users of other performance-enhancing drugs. While there are numerous reports outlining serious cardiovascular consequences to high-dose AAS abuse, this evidence is often limited by difficulties in gaining access to users due to the legal status of AAS. Additionally the co-abuse of other substances (as additional muscle mass enhancers, or to mitigate possible side effects) is a further confounding factor. This review examines the evidence for AAS having a negative effect on the cardiac and vascular tissue and the corresponding risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Possible mechanisms of action by which AAS bring about these changes are also discussed.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-04-2017
DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2017.1314293
Abstract: This study compared the progression of muscular strength (MS) adaptation between age-matched Caucasian (CAUC) and South Asian (SOU) men during 6 weeks (3× week
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 07-2015
DOI: 10.1210/JC.2015-2223
Publisher: F1000 Research Ltd
Date: 05-03-2019
DOI: 10.12688/F1000RESEARCH.15376.2
Abstract: Background : The South Asian population have greater cardiovascular risk than their age-matched Caucasian counterparts, characterized by unfavorable biomarkers. South Asians may also be partially resistant to the pleiotropic benefits of physical activity on cardiovascular health. There is a current absence of studies that compare markers of cardio-metabolic health between Caucasians and South Asians employing resistance exercise. This study set out to compare the response in biomarkers of cardio-metabolic health in Caucasians and South Asians in response to resistance exercise. Methods : Caucasian (n=15, 25.5 ± 4.8 yrs) and South Asian (n=13, 25.4 ± 7.0 yrs) males completed a 6-week progressive resistance exercise protocol. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, and their product insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides (TRIGS), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), asymmetric dimythylarginine (ADMA), L-arginine (L-ARG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were established at baseline and following resistance exercise. Results : There were significant improvements in fasting glucose, TC, LDL, HDL and VEGF in both groups following resistance exercise ( p .05, for all). No change was observed in insulin, HOMA-IR, TRIGS, ADMA, L-ARG following resistance exercise ( p .05, in both groups). CRP increased in the South Asian group ( p .05) but not the Caucasian group ( p .05) Conclusions : The cardio-metabolic response to resistance exercise is comparable in young Caucasian and South Asian males though inflammatory response to exercise may be prolonged in South Asians.
Publisher: F1000 Research Ltd
Date: 24-08-2018
DOI: 10.12688/F1000RESEARCH.15376.1
Abstract: Background : The South Asian population have greater cardiovascular risk than their age-matched Caucasian counterparts, characterized by unfavorable biomarkers. South Asians may also be partially resistant to the pleiotropic benefits of physical activity on cardiovascular health. There is a current absence of studies that compare markers of cardio-metabolic health between Caucasians and South Asians employing resistance exercise. This study set out to compare the response in biomarkers of cardio-metabolic health in Caucasians and South Asians in response to resistance exercise. Methods : Caucasian (n=15, 25.5 ± 4.8 yrs) and South Asian (n=13, 25.4 ± 7.0 yrs) males completed a 6-week progressive resistance exercise protocol. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, and their product insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides (TRIGS), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), asymmetric dimythylarginine (ADMA), L-arginine (L-ARG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were established at baseline and following resistance exercise. Results : There were significant improvements in fasting glucose, TC, LDL, HDL and VEGF in both groups following resistance exercise ( p .05, for all). No change was observed in insulin, HOMA-IR, TRIGS, ADMA, L-ARG following resistance exercise ( p .05, in both groups). CRP increased in the South Asian group ( p .05) but not the Caucasian group ( p .05) Conclusions : The cardio-metabolic response to resistance exercise is comparable in young Caucasian and South Asian males though inflammatory response to exercise may be prolonged in South Asians.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-06-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.PMRJ.2015.05.023
Abstract: Previous research has shown that the performance of skeletal muscle declines with advancing age. Coordination of the transverse abdominis (TrA), a deep postural muscle, has been shown to be reduced in persons with low back pain. No previous research has studied the effect of age on the activation on this muscle. To assess the effect of age on TrA activation in response to rapid arm abduction. Cross-sectional cohort study. University exercise physiology laboratory. A total of 18 adult men (aged 27 ± 7.0 years) for the younger group and 11 older adults (5 men and 6 women, aged 59.6 ± 4.0 years) were recruited for this study. Participants were positioned on a treatment table and performed a series of rapid arm abduction movements with their right arm while the activation of the TrA muscle was recorded using ultrasound imaging. Onset of arm abduction was measured using surface electromyography and synchronized with the ultrasound through the ultrasound unit's electrocardiogram channel. The mean time difference between the 2 events was calculated during post-hoc analysis. A Mann-Whitney test was performed to test for differences in the onset performance of the TrA muscle between the 2 groups. Results showed that the older group was significantly slower than the younger group in engaging their TrA in response to the rapid arm abduction (P = .036). A separate analysis of the older group data showed that no significant differences existed between the male and female participants that could potentially have acted as a confounding factor for the main finding (P = .126). This study shows that older adults were slower than younger adults in activating their TrA muscle in response to rapid arm abduction. This delay has the potential to lead to increased occasions when the low back is unprotected, increasing the likelihood of injury or low back pain.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
DOI: 10.1016/J.ARR.2019.100999
Abstract: Few studies have directly compared the effects of different exercise therapies on clinical depression in older adults. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis of current evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to compare the effectiveness of three major exercise types (aerobic, resistance, and mind-body exercise) in clinically depressed older adults. We followed PRISMA-NMA guidelines and searched databases for eligible RCTs (inception - September 12 A network meta-analysis was performed on 15 eligible RCTs comprising 596 participants (321 treatment and 275 controls), including aerobic (n = 6), resistance (n = 5), and mind-body (n = 4) exercise trials. Compared with controls, mind-body exercise showed the largest improvement on depressive symptoms (g = -0.87 to -1.38), followed by aerobic exercise (g = -0.51 to -1.02), and resistance exercise (g = -0.41 to -0.92). Notably, there were no statistically significant differences between exercise types: aerobic versus resistance (g = -0.10, PrI = -2.23, 2.03), mind-body versus aerobic (g = -0.36, PrI = -2.69, 1.97), or mind-body versus resistance (g = -0.46, PrI = -2.75, 1.83). These findings should guide optimal exercise prescription for allied health professionals and stakeholders in clinical geriatrics. Notably, clinically depressed older adults may be encouraged to self-select their preferred exercise type in order to achieve therapeutic benefit on symptoms of depression. In coalition with high levels of compliance, these data provide encouraging evidence for the antidepressant effect of either aerobic, resistance, or mind-body exercise as effective treatment adjucts for older adults presenting with clinical depression.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 02-2017
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2001
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 19-09-2019
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2012
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2012
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-08-2017
DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2017.1365291
Abstract: The study aimed to determine whether or not commercial golf gloves influence performance variables and forearm muscle activity during golf play. Fifteen golfers participated in the laboratory based study, each performing 8 golf swings with a Driver and 7-iron whilst wearing a glove and 8 without wearing the glove. Club head speed, ball speed and absolute carry distance performance variables were calculated. Surface electromyography was recorded from the flexor digitorum superficialis and extensor carpi radialis brevis on both forearm muscles. Club head speed, ball speed and absolute carry distance was significantly higher when using the Driver with the glove in comparison to the Driver without the glove (p < 0.05). No significant differences were evident when using the 7-iron and no significant differences were displayed in muscle activity in either of the conditions. Findings from this study suggest that driving performance is improved when wearing a glove.
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-06-2010
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-010-1541-4
Abstract: Both cycle ergometry and treadmill exercise are commonly employed to examine the cardiopulmonary system under conditions of precisely controlled metabolic stress. Although both forms of exercise are effective in elucidating a maximal stress response, it is unclear whether breathing strategies or ventilator efficiency differences exist between exercise modes. The present study examines breathing strategies, ventilatory efficiency and ventilatory capacity during both incremental cycling and treadmill exercise to volitional exhaustion. Subjects (n = 9) underwent standard spirometric assessment followed by maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing utilising cycle ergometry and treadmill exercise using a randomised cross-over design. Respiratory gases and volumes were recorded continuously using an online gas analysis system. Cycling exercise utilised a greater portion of ventilatory capacity and higher tidal volume at comparable levels of ventilation. In addition, there was an increased mean inspiratory flow rate at all levels of ventilation during cycle exercise, in the absence of any difference in inspiratory timing. Exercising V(E)/VCO₂slope and the lowest V(E)/VCO₂value, was lower during cycling exercise than during the treadmill protocol indicating greater ventilatory efficiency. The present study identifies differing breathing strategies employed during cycling and treadmill exercise in young, trained in iduals. Exercise mode should be accounted for when assessing breathing patterns and/or ventilatory efficiency during incremental exercise.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2014
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.14814/PHY2.12234
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2021
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-12-2014
Publisher: Bioscientifica
Date: 07-2017
DOI: 10.1530/EC-17-0082
Abstract: As the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on systemic hormones in aging men is unstudied to date, we investigated whether total testosterone (TT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), free testosterone (free-T) and cortisol (all in serum) were altered following HIIT in a cohort of 22 lifelong sedentary (62 ± 2 years) older men. As HIIT requires preconditioning exercise in sedentary cohorts, participants were tested at three phases, each separated by six-week training baseline (phase A), following conditioning exercise (phase B) and post-HIIT (phase C). Each measurement phase used identical methods. TT was significantly increased following HIIT (~17% P 0.001) with most increase occurring during preconditioning (~10% P = 0.007). Free-T was unaffected by conditioning exercise ( P = 0.102) but was significantly higher following HIIT compared to baseline (~4.5% P = 0.023). Cortisol remained unchanged from A to C ( P = 0.138). The present data indicate a combination of preconditioning, and HIIT increases TT and SHBG in sedentary older males, with the HIIT stimulus accounting for a small but statistically significant increase in free-T. Further study is required to determine the biological importance of small improvements in free-T in aging men.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2014
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-2012
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2012
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.NIOX.2014.09.158
Abstract: Dietary nitrate supplementation has been shown to increase nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, reduce blood pressure (BP) and enhance exercise performance. Acute exposure to ultraviolet (UV)-A light also increases NO bioavailability and reduces BP. We conducted a randomized, counterbalanced placebo-controlled trial to determine the effects of UV-A light alone and in combination with nitrate on the responses to sub-maximal steady-state exercise and time trial (TT) performance. Nine cyclists (VO2max 53.1 ± 4.4 ml/kg/min) completed five performance trials comprising 10 min submaximal steady-state cycling followed by a 16.1 km TT. Following a familiarization the final four trials were preceded, in random order, by either (1) Nitrate gels (NIT) + UV-A, (2) Placebo (PLA) + UV-A, (3) NIT + Sham light (SHAM) and (4) PLA + SHAM (control). The NIT gels (2 × 60 ml gels, ~8.1 mmol nitrate) or a low-nitrate PLA were ingested 2.5 h prior to the trial. The light exposure consisted of 20 J/cm(2) whole body irradiation with either UV-A or SHAM light. Plasma nitrite was measured pre- and post-irradiation and VO2 was measured continuously during steady-state exercise. Plasma nitrite was higher for NIT + SHAM (geometric mean (95% CI), 332 (292-377) nM P = 0.029) and NIT + UV-A (456 (312-666) nM P = 0.014) compared to PLA + SHAM (215 (167-277) nM). Differences between PLA + SHAM and PLA + UV-A (282 (248-356) nM) were small and non-significant. During steady-state exercise VO2 was reduced following NIT + UVA (P = 0.034) and tended to be lower in NIT + SHAM (P = 0.086) but not PLA + UV-A (P = 0.381) compared to PLA + SHAM. Performance in the TT was significantly faster following NIT + UV-A (mean ± SD 1447 ± 41 s P = 0.005 d = 0.47), but not PLA + UV-A (1450 ± 40 s d = 0.41) or NIT + SHAM (1455 ± 47 s d = 0.28) compared to PLA + SHAM (1469 ± 52 s). These findings demonstrate that exposure to UV-A light alone does not alter the physiological responses to exercise or improve performance in a laboratory setting. A combination of UV-A and NIT, however, does improve cycling TT performance in this environment, which may be due to a larger increase in NO availability.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2015
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 02-2004
Abstract: To examine levels of C reactive protein in users of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) compared with age matched control groups consisting of AAS using (but abstinent)/resistance trained and non-drug using/sedentary controls. Subjects included AAS using bodybuilders (n = 10) bodybuilders who denied AAS use (n = 10) sedentary controls (n = 8). Venous blood was s led, from which serum concentrations of C reactive protein, male sex hormones, and cardiac troponin T were determined. A significantly altered hormonal profile in the AAS using group provided indirect confirmation of AAS use. C reactive protein concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the AAS using bodybuilders. There was no relation between C reactive protein and cardiac troponin T. AAS using bodybuilders had significantly higher C reactive protein concentrations, indicating a greater propensity to develop peripheral arterial disease.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2001
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2015
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2016
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 08-2016
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-11-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S13105-014-0368-6
Abstract: Due to its noninvasive, convenient, and practical nature, salivary testosterone (sal-T) and cortisol (sal-C) are frequently used in a clinical and applied setting. However, few studies report biological and analytical error and even fewer report the 'critical difference' which is the change required before a true biological difference can be claimed. It was hypothesized that (a) exercise would result in a statistically significant change in sal-C and sal-T and (b) the exercise-induced change would be within the critical difference for both salivary hormones. In study 1, we calculated the critical difference of sal-T and sal-C of 18 healthy adult males aged 23.2 ± 3.0 years every 60 min in a seated position over a 12-h period (08:00-20:00 hours [study 1]). As proof-of-concept, sal-C and sal-T was also obtained pre and at 5 and 60 min post a maximal exercise protocols in a separate group of 17 healthy males (aged 20.1 ± 2.8 years [study 2]). The critical difference of sal-T calculated as 90 %. For sal-C, the critical difference was 148 % (study 1). Maximal exercise was associated with a statistically significant (p < 0.05) changes in sal-T and sal-C. However, these changes were all within the critical difference range. Results from this investigation indicate that a large magnitude of change for sal-C and sal-T is required before a biologically significant mean change can be claimed. Studies utilizing sal-T and sal-C should appreciate the critical difference of these measures and assess the biological significance of any statistical changes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-06-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2362.2006.01667.X
Abstract: Anabolic androgenic steroids are used by some bodybuilders to enhance performance. While the cardiovascular implications of supraphysiological androgen levels requires further clarification, use is associated with sudden death, left ventricular hypertrophy, thrombo-embolism and cerebro-vascular events. To further understand the effect of androgenic anabolic steroid abuse on vascular function, this study assessed vascular stiffness (pulse-wave analysis) and cardiovascular risk factors in 28 male, bodybuilding subjects, of whom ten were actively receiving anabolic agents (group A 26.4 +/- 7.2 years) and eight had undergone a 3-month "wash-out" period (group B 32.1 +/- 7.1 years). The remaining ten bodybuilding subjects (group C 24.4 +/- 4.4 years) denied any past use of anabolic steroids or other performance enhancing drugs. Comparisons were made with ten sedentary male controls (group D, 29.3 +/- 4.7 years). Endothelial independent dilatation in response to glycerol trinitrate was significantly impaired in the group currently using anabolic steroids (group A) compared with the other three groups [A (5.63 +/- 3.24%) versus B (11.10 +/- 4.91%), C (17.88 +/- 9.2%) and D (14.46 +/- 3.9%), P < 0.0005, respectively], whereas no significant differences in endothelial-dependent dilatation were detected between the groups [A (5.0 +/- 3.0%), B (7.4 +/- 3.4%), C (9.6 +/- 4.5%) and D (8.2 +/- 3.3%), P < 0.059, respectively]. Previous studies described a decline in vascular reactivity occurring in bodybuilding subjects which is independent of anabolic steroid use and may result from smooth muscle hypertrophy with increased vascular stiffness. This study revealed impaired vascular reactivity associated with anabolic agents and that improvement in vascular function may occur following their discontinuation.
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 17-02-2021
Publisher: Index Copernicus
Date: 04-08-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.EXGER.2017.05.010
Abstract: This study examined a programme of pre-conditioning exercise with subsequent high intensity interval training (HIIT) on blood pressure, echocardiography, cardiac strain mechanics and maximal metabolic (MET) capacity in sedentary (SED) aging men compared with age matched masters athletes (LEX). Using a STROBE compliant observational design, 39 aging male participants (SED n=22, aged 62.7±5.2yrs) (LEX n=17, aged=61.1±5.4yrs) were recruited to a study that necessitated three distinct assessment phases enrolment (Phase A), following pre-conditioning exercise in SED (Phase B), then following 6weeks of HIIT performed once every five days by both groups before reassessment (Phase C). Hemodynamic, echocardiographic and cardiac strain mechanics were obtained at rest and maximal cardiorespiratory and chronotropic responses were obtained at each measurement phase. The training intervention improved systolic, mean arterial blood pressure, rate pressure product and heart rate reserve (each P<0.05) in SED and increased MET capacity in both SED and LEX (P<0.01) which was lified by HIIT. Echocardiography and cardiac strain measures were unremarkable apart from trivial increase to intra-ventricular septum diastole (IVSd) (P<0.05) and decrease to left ventricular internal dimension diastole (LVId) (P<0.05) in LEX following HIIT. A programme of preconditioning exercise with HIIT induces clinically relevant improvements in blood pressure, rate pressure product and encourages recovery of heart rate reserve in SED, while improving maximal MET capacity in both SED and LEX without inducing any pathological cardiovascular remodeling. These data add to the emerging repute of HIIT as a safe and promising exercise prescription to improve cardiovascular function and metabolic capacity in sedentary aging.
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2012
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-10-2010
DOI: 10.1007/S12012-010-9090-Y
Abstract: The non-therapeutic use of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) is associated with sudden cardiac death. Despite this, there is no proposed mechanism by which this may occur. Signal-averaged ECG (SAECG) allows the assessment of cardiac electrical stability, reductions of which are a known risk factor for cardiac arrhythmias. The aim of the present study was to examine cardiac electrical stability using SAECG in a group (n = 15) of long-term AAS users (AAS use 21.3 ± 3.1 years) compared with a group (n = 15) of age-matched weight lifters (WL) and age-matched sedentary controls [C (n = 15)]. AS, WL and C underwent SAECG analysis at rest and following an acute bout of exercise to volitional exhaustion. SAECGs were analyzed using a 40 Hz filter and were averaged over 200 beats. Results indicate a non-significant trend for increased incidence of abnormal SAECG measures at rest in AS (P = 0.55). However, AS demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of abnormalities of SAECG following exercise than C or WL (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the higher incidence of abnormal SAECG measurements immediately post-exercise in the AAS group places them at a greater risk of sudden death. The present study provides a strong contraindication to the use of AAS.
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 27-10-2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-03-2015
DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2015.1018158
Abstract: Testosterone (T) is a biologically important androgen that demonstrates a widely-known natural decline with advancing age. The use of salivary T (sal-T), as a determinant of systemic T, has shown promising results in recent years. However, the strength of the salivary-serum T relationship may be affected by measurement method and binding capacity with salivary proteins. The potential influence exercise may impact on this relationship is unstudied in aging men. Therefore, the aim of the present investigation was to examine the relationship of the delta change (Δ) in sal-T with Δserum T following six weeks exercise training. Fifteen sedentary (SED) males (aged 60.4 ± 5.0 years of age) and 20 lifelong exercising (LE) males (60.4 ± 4.7 years of age) were participated. Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed sal-T did not correlate with total testosterone (TT), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), bioactive T (bio-T), or free T (free-T) at week 0 or week 6. Δsal-T did not correlate with ΔTT, ΔSHBG, Δbio-T or Δfree-T (r = 0.271, p = 0.180 r = 0.197, p = 0.335 r = 0.258, p = 0.205 and r = 0.257, p = 0.205, respectively). In conclusion, poor levels of agreement existed between saliva and serum measurements of T in response to exercise amongst aging men.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2011
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 07-05-2015
DOI: 10.3390/NU7053347
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2015
Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing Group
Date: 10-2019
DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/A000228
Abstract: Abstract. Tasks such as the Trier Social Stress Test, narrative recall, and some cognitive challenges require participants to speak in order to measure acute physiological responses to induced stress. Typically, the physiological measures during the stressed state are compared to a silent baseline period. This does not differentiate between stress that is induced by emotion and stress due to the physical act of vocalization. We modified a psychosocial stress task for 41 participants to add a period of neutral speaking. We hypothesized that there would be significant differences in physiological measures between the silent baseline and neutral speaking periods, and that these differences would explain a substantial proportion of the stress response traditionally attributed to emotion. Blood pressure, skin conductance level, respiration rate, salivary alpha-amylase, and high frequency heart rate variability showed significant changes during the neutral speaking period compared to a silent baseline, demonstrating the need for this control. Of the magnitude of physiological response which would have typically been attributed to emotion, 36–77% was due to vocalization alone. In stress-inducing tasks that require speaking, care should be taken in study design to account for the physiological impact of speech.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-03-2018
DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1431913
Abstract: Mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to have psychological benefits in college students. We explored the effects of an academic Seminar on Compassion on student psychological health. Forty-one participants (14 male, 27 female, mean age 19.8 ± 1.4 years) were assessed pre- and post- spring semesters 2013 and 2014. Students were randomized to the Seminar on Compassion or a wait-list control group. Participants completed self-report measures on anxiety, depression, perceived stress, self-compassion, compassion and mindfulness. Salivary alpha-amylase was also assessed. At baseline, self-compassion and mindfulness were negatively correlated with depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. There were significant changes between the intervention and control group from Time 1 to Time 2 in mindfulness, self-compassion, compassion, and salivary alpha-amylase however, there were no significant changes in depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. The course was effective in increasing mindfulness, self-compassion and compassion, and decreasing a salivary marker of stress.
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2012
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2014
Publisher: OMICS Publishing Group
Date: 2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JGS.13863
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-11-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-2011
DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2011.608034
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training and long-term anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) administration on respiratory function. Subject groups consisted of AAS users (n = 9) who were still using AAS at time of testing (SU) AAS users (n = 6) who had been abstinent for > 3 months (SA), bodybuilding controls (n = 8) (BC), and (n = 8) sedentary male controls (SC). FEV(1), FVC, and PEF were measured. The results found that all subjects were within normal range, and there were no differences between groups. Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), and grip strength were both significantly greater in SU (P < 0.05) compared with SC no significant difference was found between the other groups. Their MIP and grip strength was significantly correlated (r = 0.57 P < 0.05). The data from this study suggest that the combination of resistance training and AAS administration produce a significant increase in MIP in a cohort of long-term AAS users.
Publisher: OMICS Publishing Group
Date: 2012
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 06-2016
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 24-04-2020
Abstract: Background: High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is a sustainable and effective method for improving Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF) in adolescents. HIIT is proven to produce equal or greater improvements in CRF when compared to moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in adolescents. Methods: The studies included were considered eligible if: (1) Participants were adolescents (11–18 years old) (2) Examined changes in CRF measured either directly or indirectly (3) Included a non-exercising control group or MICE comparison group (4) Participants were matched at enrolment (5) Reported HIIT protocol information (6) Provided HIIT intensity. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effect of HIIT on CRF. Meta-regression and moderator analyses were performed out to quantitatively examine moderators of protocol design on CRF improvements. Results: HIIT displays a moderate effect to improve CRF (g = 0.86, 95% CI 0.518–1.106, p 0.001). Neither study duration (weeks), nor total or weekly accumulated HIIT volume (min) displayed any significant moderation effect on pooled improvement on CRF (p 0.05). Conclusions: HIIT is an effective method to improve CRF in adolescents, irrespective of body composition. Notably, meta regression analysis identified that prolonged high volume HIIT programs are similarly effective to short term low volume HIIT programs. This becomes of particular interest for those involved in school curricula, where short HIIT exercise may provide a pragmatic adjunct to the health benefits of Physical Education (PE) lessons.
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Date: 06-2015
DOI: 10.1210/JC.2014-4353
Abstract: Sugar overconsumption and chronic stress are growing health concerns because they both may increase the risk for obesity and its related diseases. Rodent studies suggest that sugar consumption may activate a glucocorticoid-metabolic-brain-negative feedback pathway, which may turn off the stress response and thereby reinforce habitual sugar overconsumption. The objective of the study was to test our hypothesized glucocorticoid-metabolic-brain model in women consuming beverages sweetened with either aspartame of sucrose. This was a parallel-arm, double-masked diet intervention study. The study was conducted at the University of California, Davis, Clinical and Translational Science Center's Clinical Research Center and the University of California, Davis, Medical Center Imaging Research Center. Nineteen women (age range 18–40 y) with a body mass index (range 20–34 kg/m2) who were a subgroup from a National Institutes of Health-funded investigation of 188 participants assigned to eight experimental groups. The intervention consisted of sucrose- or aspartame-sweetened beverage consumption three times per day for 2 weeks. Salivary cortisol and regional brain responses to the Montreal Imaging Stress Task were measured. Compared with aspartame, sucrose consumption was associated with significantly higher activity in the left hippoc us (P = .001). Sucrose, but not aspartame, consumption associated with reduced (P = .024) stress-induced cortisol. The sucrose group also had a lower reactivity to naltrexone, significantly (P = .041) lower nausea, and a trend (P = .080) toward lower cortisol. These experimental findings support a metabolic-brain-negative feedback pathway that is affected by sugar and may make some people under stress more hooked on sugar and possibly more vulnerable to obesity and its related conditions.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 08-2019
Abstract: Background : This study examined the impact of a 4-week school-based sprint interval training program on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), daily physical activity (PA) behavior, and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) outcomes in adolescents. Methods : A total of 56 adolescents (22 females) were allocated to either an intervention (n = 22 17.0 [0.3] y) or control group (n = 30 16.8 [0.5] y). Intervention group performed 5 to 6, 30 second “all out” running sprints, interspersed with 30-second rest intervals, 3 times per week, for 4 consecutive weeks, whereas control group performed their normal physical education lessons. CRF was estimated from the 20-m multistage fitness test and PA behavior was determined using accelerometry. Fasting blood s les were obtained to measure biochemical markers of CMR. Results : Significant group × time interactions were observed for CRF (5.03 [1.66 to 8.40] P .001 d = 0.95), sedentary time (136.15 [91.91 to 180.39] P = .004 d = 1.8), moderate PA (57.20 [32.17 to 82.23] P .001 d = 1.5), vigorous PA (5.40 [4.22 to 6.57] P .001 d = 1.2), fasting insulin (0.37 [−0.48 to 1.21] P = .01 d = 1.0), homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (0.26 [0.15 to 0.42] P .001 d = 0.9), and clustered CMR score (0.22 [−0.05 to 0.68] P .001 d = 10.63). Conclusion : Findings of this study indicate that 4 weeks of school-based sprint interval training improves CRF, improves PA profiles, and maintains CMR in adolescents during the school term.
Publisher: F1000 Research Ltd
Date: 14-07-2021
DOI: 10.12688/F1000RESEARCH.27123.2
Abstract: Background: Exercise has been identified as an allied health strategy that can support the management of depression in older adults, yet the relative effectiveness for different exercise modalities is unknown. To meet this gap in knowledge, we present a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to examine the head-to-head effectiveness of aerobic, resistance, and mind-body exercise to mitigate depressive symptoms in adults aged ≥ 65 years. Methods: A PRISMA-NMA compliant review was undertaken on RCTs from inception to September 12 th , 2019. PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched for eligible RCTs enrolling adults with a mean age ≥ 65 years, comparing one or more exercise intervention arms, and which used valid measures of depressive symptomology. Comparative effectiveness was evaluated using network meta-analysis to combine direct and indirect evidence, controlling for inherent variation in trial control groups. Results: The systematic review included 82 RCTs, with 69 meeting eligibility for the network meta-analysis ( n = 5,379 participants). Pooled analysis found each exercise type to be effective compared with controls (Hedges’ g = -0.27 to -0.51). Relative head-to-head comparisons were statistically comparable between exercise types: resistance versus aerobic (Hedges’ g = -0.06, PrI = -0.91, 0.79), mind-body versus aerobic (Hedges’ g = -0.12, PrI = -0.95, 0.72), mind-body versus resistance (Hedges’ g = -0.06, PrI = -0.90, 0.79). High levels of compliance were demonstrated for each exercise treatment. Conclusions: Aerobic, resistance, and mind-body exercise demonstrate equivalence to mitigate symptoms of depression in older adults aged ≥ 65 years, with comparably encouraging levels of compliance to exercise treatment. These findings coalesce with previous findings in clinically depressed older adults to encourage personal preference when prescribing exercise for depressive symptoms in older adults. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42018115866 (23/11/2018).
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 20-08-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FPHYS.2021.702248
Abstract: Increased basal low-grade inflammation is observed with advancing age, which is augmented by physical inactivity. However, data regarding the influence of lifelong exercise training and particularly high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on inflammatory mediators in older men are scarce. Therefore, we examined effects of 6weeks of aerobic preconditioning followed by 6weeks of HIIT on inflammatory mediators [interleukin (IL)-6, homocysteine, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)] in previously sedentary older men (SED) and masters athletes (LEX). Further, we investigated whether SED exhibited greater basal inflammatory biomarkers compared to LEX. Twenty-two men (aged 62±2years) participated in the SED group, while 17 age-matched LEX men (aged 60±5years) also participated as a positive comparison group. In SED, preconditioning ( P =0.030, d =0.34) and HIIT ( P =0.030, d =0.48) caused a reduction in IL-6 compared to enrollment. SED homocysteine did not change throughout ( P & .57 d & .26), while the decrease in hsCRP after preconditioning ( P =0.486, d =0.25) and after HIIT ( P =0.781, d =0.23) compared to enrollment was small. HIIT did not influence IL-6 or hsCRP in LEX (all P & .42 d & .3). Homocysteine increased from enrollment to post-HIIT in LEX ( P =0.144, d =0.83), but all other perturbations were trivial. IL-6 and hsCRP were greater in SED than LEX throughout the investigation (all P & .029 d& 0.72), but homocysteine was not different (all P & .131 d & .41). Results of this study suggest moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and HIIT lowers IL-6 (and possible hsCRP) in previously sedentary older men. Moreover, lifelong exercise is associated with reduced concentrations of some inflammatory biomarkers in older males, and therefore, physical activity, rather than age per se , is implicated in chronic low-grade inflammation. Moreover, physical inactivity-induced inflammation may be partly salvaged by short-term exercise training.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
Publisher: F1000 Research Ltd
Date: 13-11-2020
DOI: 10.12688/F1000RESEARCH.27123.1
Abstract: Background: Exercise has been identified as an allied health strategy that can support the management of depression in older adults, yet the relative effectiveness for different exercise modalities is unknown. To meet this gap in knowledge, we present a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to examine the head-to-head effectiveness of aerobic, resistance, and mind-body exercise to mitigate depressive symptoms in adults aged ≥ 65 years. Methods: A PRISMA-NMA compliant review was undertaken on RCTs from inception to September 12 th , 2019. PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched for eligible RCTs enrolling adults with a mean age ≥ 65 years, comparing one or more exercise intervention arms, and which used valid measures of depressive symptomology. Comparative effectiveness was evaluated using network meta-analysis to combine direct and indirect evidence, controlling for inherent variation in trial control groups. Results: The systematic review included 81 RCTs, with 69 meeting eligibility for the network meta-analysis ( n = 5,379 participants). Pooled analysis found each exercise type to be effective compared with controls (Hedges’ g = -0.27 to -0.51). Relative head-to-head comparisons were statistically comparable between exercise types: resistance versus aerobic (Hedges’ g = -0.06, PrI = -0.91, 0.79), mind-body versus aerobic (Hedges’ g = -0.12, PrI = -0.95, 0.72), mind-body versus resistance (Hedges’ g = -0.06, PrI = -0.90, 0.79). High levels of compliance were demonstrated for each exercise treatment. Conclusions: Aerobic, resistance, and mind-body exercise demonstrate equivalence to mitigate symptoms of depression in older adults aged ≥ 65 years, with comparably encouraging levels of compliance to exercise treatment. These findings coalesce with previous findings in clinically depressed older adults to encourage personal preference when prescribing exercise for depressive symptoms in older adults, irrespective of severity. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42018115866 (23/11/2018).
Publisher: American Society of Hematology
Date: 13-08-2015
DOI: 10.1182/BLOOD-2015-02-628461
Abstract: ITP patients differ in their tendency to bleed despite similarly low platelet counts, thereby confounding treatment decisions. Platelet function tests, independent of platelet count, are associated with bleeding severity in ITP patients.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-06-2015
DOI: 10.1002/DTA.1826
Abstract: Androgenic anabolic steroid (AAS) abuse is associated with changes in cardiac electrophysiology. Recently heart rate corrected QT interval (QTc) has been suggested as a method of screening for AAS use in athletes despite conflicting reports. This study aimed to further investigate the effect of AAS on QTc in a cohort of long-term AAS users in whom the affects may be more pronounced. Using a cross-sectional cohort design with AAS using resistance trained athletes (AS n = 15) and a group of non-AAS using resistance trained, age matched controls (C n = 15). AS had a long history of AAS use (18 ± 2 yrs) and AS and C both had >19 years of resistance training. Participants underwent a resting electrocardiogram (ECG), from which, the QTc interval was calculated using the Bazett formula. The main outcome measure was significant differences in mean corrected QTc between groups. A secondary outcome was to calculate a QTc that best differentiated between C and AS. Results indicated that QTc was shorter in AS than in C (382.0 ± 21.01 ms versus 409 ± 18.77 ms for AS and C respectively p < 0.001). Chi squared analyses revealed a greater incidence of QTc < 380 ms in AS versus C p < 0.01, specificity 93% sensitivity 60%). In conclusion these results supports previous findings that AAS use causes a reduction in QTc, however, the specificity and sensitivity in our s le is lower than reported previously and precludes use as a screening tool.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 27-10-2014
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 29-10-2014
DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2014.977246
Abstract: Advancing age in men is associated with a progressive decline in serum testosterone (T) and interactions between exercise, aging and androgen status are poorly understood. The primary aim of this study was to establish the influence of lifelong training history on serum T, cortisol (C) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in aging men. A secondary aim was to determine the agreement between serum and salivary measurement of steroid hormones in ageing men. Serum and salivary steroid hormones (serum C, T and SHBG, and salivary measures of C and T) were determined and compared between two distinct groups lifelong exercising males (LE [n = 20], 60.4 ± 4.7 year) and age matched lifelong sedentary in iduals (SED [n = 28], 62.5 ± 5.3 years). T-test revealed a lack of significant differences for serum C or SHBG between LE and SED, while Mann-Whitney U revealed a lack of differences in total T (TT), bioavailable T (bio-T) or free testosterone (free-T). Further, salivary T (sal-T) did not correlate with serum markers of T in LE, SED, or when pooled (r = 0.040 p > 0.05). Findings from this investigation suggested that resting levels of serum T and calculated free-T was unable to distinguish between erse lifelong training histories in aging men. Further, sal-T was not an appropriate indicator of serum T and calculated free-T values in older males and considerable caution should be exercised when interpreting sal-T measurements in aging males.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-07-2020
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 25-09-2013
DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2013.825799
Abstract: Alteration in body composition, physical function, and substrate metabolism occur with advancing age. These changes can be attenuated by exercise. This study evaluated whether master athletes (MA [n = 20]) would have improved exercise capabilities, anthropometry, and hormone profiles when compared with age-matched sedentary counterparts (S [n = 28]). The MA group was predominantly aerobically trained with some resistance exercise incorporated in their routine. The VO(2max), peak power output, and salivary testosterone was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the MA group, while diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and body fat percentage were lower (p < 0.05). Cortisol, fat free mass, (FFM) and total body mass were not significantly different between groups. Salivary testosterone correlated positively with VO(2max) (r² = .320), suggesting that increased aerobic capacity is linked with higher concentrations of testosterone. These results suggest that life-long exercise is associated with favorable body composition and attenuation of the age related decline in testosterone.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2004
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 08-2017
Abstract: Lower back pain is commonly associated with golfers. The study aimed: to determine whether thoracic- and lumbar-erector-spinae muscle display signs of muscular fatigue after completing a golf practice session, and to examine the effect of the completed practice session on club head speed, ball speed and absolute carry distance performance variables. Fourteen right-handed male golfers participated in the laboratory-based-study. Surface electromyography (EMG) data was collected from the lead and trail sides of the thoracic- and lumbar-erector-spinae muscle. Normalized root mean squared (RMS) EMG activation levels and performance variables for the golf swings were compared before and after the session. Fatigue was assessed using median frequency (MDF) and RMS during the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) performed before and after the session. No significant differences were observed in RMS thoracic- and lumbar-erector-spinae muscle activation levels during the five phases of the golf swing and performance variables before and after the session ( p .05). Significant changes were displayed in MDF and RMS when comparing the MVC performed before and after the session ( p .05). Fatigue was evident in the trail side of the erector-spinae muscle after the session.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-06-2017
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1334956
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the electromyography (EMG) patterns of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the erector spinae (ES) muscle during the golf swing whilst using four different golf clubs. Fifteen right-handed male golfers performed a total of twenty swings in random order using the driver, 4-iron, 7-iron and pitching-wedge. Surface EMG was recorded from the lead and trail sides of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the ES muscle (T8, L1 and L5 lateral to the spinous-process). Three-dimensional high-speed video analysis was used to identify the backswing, forward swing, acceleration, early and late follow-through phases of the golf swing. No significant differences in muscle-activation levels from the lead and trail sides of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the ES muscle were displayed between the driver, 4-iron, 7-iron and pitching-wedge (P > 0.05). The highest mean thoracic and lumbar ES muscle-activation levels were displayed in the forward swing (67-99% MVC) and acceleration (83-106% MVC) phases of the swing for all clubs tested. The findings from this study show that there were no significant statistical differences between the driver, 4-iron, 7-iron and pitching-wedge when examining muscle activity from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the ES muscle.
Publisher: Bioscientifica
Date: 10-2017
DOI: 10.1530/EC-17-0159
Abstract: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) improves peak power output (PPO) in sedentary aging men but has not been examined in masters endurance athletes. Therefore, we investigated whether a six-week program of low-volume HIIT would (i) improve PPO in masters athletes and (ii) whether any change in PPO would be associated with steroid hormone perturbations. Seventeen male masters athletes (60 ± 5 years) completed the intervention, which comprised nine HIIT sessions over six weeks. HIIT sessions involved six 30-s sprints at 40% PPO, interspersed with 3 min active recovery. Absolute PPO (799 ± 205 W and 865 ± 211 W) and relative PPO (10.2 ± 2.0 W/kg and 11.0 ± 2.2 W/kg) increased from pre- to post-HIIT respectively ( P 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.32−0.38). No significant change was observed for total testosterone (15.2 ± 4.2 nmol/L to 16.4 ± 3.3 nmol/L ( P = 0.061, Cohen’s d = 0.32)), while a small increase in free testosterone occurred following HIIT (7.0 ± 1.2 ng/dL to 7.5 ± 1.1 ng/dL pre- to post-HIIT ( P = 0.050, Cohen’s d = 0.40)). Six weeks’ HIIT improves PPO in masters athletes and increases free testosterone. Taken together, these data indicate there is a place for carefully timed HIIT epochs in regimes of masters athletes.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1999
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.IJCARD.2014.06.018
Abstract: A number of 'proof-of-concept' trials suggest that remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) reduces surrogate markers of end-organ injury in patients undergoing major cardiovascular surgery. To date, few studies have involved hard clinical outcomes as primary end-points. Randomised clinical trials of RIPC in major adult cardiovascular surgery were identified by a systematic review of electronic abstract databases, conference proceedings and article reference lists. Clinical end-points were extracted from trial reports. In addition, trial principal investigators provided unpublished clinical outcome data. In total, 23 trials of RIPC in 2200 patients undergoing major adult cardiovascular surgery were identified. RIPC did not have a significant effect on clinical end-points (death, peri-operative myocardial infarction (MI), renal failure, stroke, mesenteric ischaemia, hospital or critical care length of stay). Pooled data from pilot trials cannot confirm that RIPC has any significant effect on clinically relevant end-points. Heterogeneity in study inclusion and exclusion criteria and in the type of preconditioning stimulus limits the potential for extrapolation at present. An effort must be made to clarify the optimal preconditioning stimulus. Following this, large-scale trials in a range of patient populations are required to ascertain the role of this simple, cost-effective intervention in routine practice.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 17-02-2006
Abstract: Objectives: The long term effects ( years) of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use on plasma concentrations of homocysteine (HCY), folate, testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index, urea, creatinine, haematocrit (HCT), vitamin B12, and urinary testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio, were examined in a cohort of self-prescribing bodybuilders. Methods: Subjects (n = 40) were ided into four distinct groups: (1) AAS users still using AAS (SU n = 10) (2) AAS users abstinent from AAS administration for 3 months (SA n = 10) (3) non-drug using bodybuilding controls (BC n = 10) and (4) sedentary male controls (SC n = 10). Results: HCY levels were significantly higher in SU compared with BC and SC (p .01), and with SA (p .05). Fat free mass was significantly higher in both groups of AAS users (p .01). Daily energy intake (kJ) and daily protein intake (g/day) were significantly higher in SU and SA (p .05) compared with BC and SC, but were unlikely to be responsible for the observed HCY increases. HCT concentrations were significantly higher in the SU group (p .01). A significant linear inverse relationship was observed in the SU group between SHBG and HCY ( r = −0.828, p .01), indicating a possible influence of the sex hormones in determining HCY levels. Conclusions: With mounting evidence linking AAS to adverse effects on some clotting factors, the significantly higher levels of HCY and HCT observed in the SU group suggest long term AAS users have increased risk of future thromboembolic events.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-08-2022
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-022-17175-2
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare swing time and golf club angle parameters during golf swings using three, two dimensional (2D) low cost, Augmented-Video-based-Portable-Systems (AVPS) (Kinovea, SiliconCoach Pro, SiliconCoach Live). Twelve right-handed golfers performed three golf swings whilst being recorded by a high-speed 2D video camera. Footage was then analysed using AVPS-software and the results compared using both descriptive and inferential statistics. There were no significant differences for swing time and the golf phase measurements between the 2D and 3D software comparisons. In general, the results showed a high Intra class Correlation Coefficient (ICC 0.929) and Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha (CCA 0.924) reliability for both the kinematic and temporal parameters. The inter-rater reliability test for the swing time and kinematic golf phase measurements on average were strong. Irrespective of the AVPS software investigated, the cost effective AVPS can produce reliable output measures that benefit golf analyses.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1997
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: Australia
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
No related grants have been discovered for Fergal Grace.