Robert Trengove

A metabolomic approach to dissecting osmotic stress in the wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2008

DOI: 10.1016/J.FGB.2008.08.006

Abstract: A non-targeted metabolomics approach was used to identify significant changes in metabolism upon exposure of the wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum to 0.5M NaCl. The polyol arabitol, and to a lesser extent glycerol, was found to accumulate in response to the osmotic stress treatment. Amino acid synthesis was strongly down-regulated whilst mannitol levels were unaffected. A reverse genetic approach was undertaken to dissect the role of arabitol metabolism during salt stress. Strains of S. nodorum lacking a gene encoding an l-arabitol dehydrogenase (abd1), a xylitol dehydrogenase (xdh1) and a double-mutant lacking both genes (abd1xdh1) were exposed to salt and the intracellular metabolites analysed. Arabitol levels were significantly up-regulated upon salt stress in the xdh1 strains but were significantly lower than the wild-type. Arabitol was not significantly different in either the abd1 or the abd1xdh1 strains during osmotic stress but the concentration of glycerol was significantly higher indicating a compensatory mechanism in operation. Genome sequence analysis identified a second possible enzyme capable of synthesizing arabitol explaining the basal level of arabitol present in the abd1xdh1 strains. This study identified that arabitol is the primary compatible solute in S. nodorum but in-built levels of redundancy are present allowing the fungus to tolerate osmotic stress.

Human milk lipidomics: Current techniques and methodologies

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 26-08-2018

DOI: 10.3390/NU10091169

Abstract: Human milk contains a complex combination of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals, which are essential for infant growth and development. While the lipid portion constitutes only 5% of the total human milk composition, it accounts for over 50% of the infant’s daily energy intake. Human milk lipids vary throughout a feed, day, and through different stages of lactation, resulting in difficulties in s ling standardization and, like blood, human milk is bioactive containing endogenous lipases, therefore appropriate storage is critical in order to prevent lipolysis. Suitable s le preparation, often not described in studies, must also be chosen to achieve the aims of the study. Gas chromatography methods have classically been carried out to investigate the fatty acid composition of human milk lipids, but with the advancement of other chromatographic techniques, such as liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography, as well as mass spectrometry, intact lipids can also be characterized. Despite the known importance, concise and comprehensive analysis of the human milk lipidome is limited, with gaps existing in all areas of human milk lipidomics, discussed in this review. With appropriate methodology and instrumentation, further understanding of the human milk lipidome and the influence it has on infant outcomes can be achieved.

Metabolomic Profiling of Faecal Extracts from Cryptosporidium parvum Infection in Experimental Mouse Models

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 18-10-2013

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0077803

Metabolomics in chronic lung diseases

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 25-03-2019

DOI: 10.1111/RESP.13530

Abstract: Chronic lung diseases represent a significant global burden. Their increasing incidence and complexity render a comprehensive, multidisciplinary and personalized approach to each patient, critically important. Most recently, unique biochemical pathways and disease markers have been identified through large-scale metabolomic studies. Metabolomics is the study of metabolic pathways and the measurement of unique biomolecules in a living system. Analysing s les from different compartments such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and plasma has proven useful for the characterization of a number of pathological conditions and offers promise as a clinical tool. For ex le, several studies using mass spectrometry (MS) have shown alterations in the sphingolipid metabolism of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) sufferers. In this article, we present a practical review of the application of metabolomics to the study of chronic lung diseases (CLD): COPD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and asthma. The insights, which the analytical strategies employed in metabolomics, have provided to the dissection of the biochemistry of CLD and future clinical biomarkers are explored.

Effects of a butenolide present in smoke on light-mediated germination of Australian Asteraceae

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 03-2006

DOI: 10.1079/SSR2005232

Abstract: This study investigated the effects of 3-methyl-2 H -furo[2,3- c ]pyran-2-one, a germination active butenolide present in plant-derived smoke, gibberellic acid and smoke water on seeds of Australian Asteraceae exposed to different light regimes. Seeds of all species required light, with maximum germination occurring under white light, or light dominated by 640 nm. Compared to untreated seeds, butenolide increased germination of Angianthus tomentosus , Gnephosis tenuissima , Myriocephalus guerinae , Podolepis canescens and Rhodanthe citrina at suboptimal light wavelengths and in the dark to a level equal to, or greater than, smoke water. Germination of Erymophyllum glossanthus and Gnephosis acicularis was not promoted by butenolide or smoke water under any light regime. The action of gibberellic acid was compared to that of butenolide for three species ( Angianthus tomentosus , Myriocephalus guerinae and Podolepis canescens ), and both compounds were found to stimulate germination. This study provides evidence that butenolide can act in a similar fashion as gibberellic acid in promoting seed germination of light-sensitive seeds. The ecological significance of these findings is discussed.

Comparison of gravimetric, creamatocrit and esterified fatty acid methods for determination of total fat content in human milk

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 02-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2016.08.114

Abstract: The gravimetric method is considered the gold standard for measuring the fat content of human milk. However, it is labor intensive and requires large volumes of human milk. Other methods, such as creamatocrit and esterified fatty acid assay (EFA), have also been used widely in fat analysis. However, these methods have not been compared concurrently with the gravimetric method. Comparison of the three methods was conducted with human milk of varying fat content. Correlations between these methods were high (r(2)=0.99). Statistical differences (P<0.001) were observed in the overall fat measurements and within each group (low, medium and high fat milk) using the three methods. Overall, stronger correlation with lower mean (4.73g/L) and percentage differences (5.16%) was observed with the creamatocrit than the EFA method when compared to the gravimetric method. Furthermore, the ease of operation and real-time analysis make the creamatocrit method preferable.

Assessment of automated trimethylsilyl derivatization protocols for GC–MS-based untargeted metabolomic analysis of urine

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 07-09-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S11306-015-0839-Y

Hepcidin predicts response to IV iron therapy in patients admitted to the intensive care unit

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 10-09-2018

DOI: 10.1186/S40560-018-0328-2

A comparative analysis of the heterotrimeric G-protein Gα, Gβ and Gγ subunits in the wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 03-07-2012

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-131

Abstract: It has been well established that the Gα subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein in the wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum is required for a variety of phenotypes including pathogenicity, melanisation and asexual differentiation. The roles though of the Gγ and Gβ subunits though were unclear. The objective of this study was to identify and understand the role of these subunits and assess their requirement for pathogenicity and development. G-protein Gγ and Gβ subunits, named Gga1 and Gba1 respectively, were identified in the Stagonospora nodorum genome by comparative analysis with known fungal orthologues. A reverse genetics technique was used to study the role of these and revealed that the mutant strains displayed altered in vitro growth including a differential response to a variety of exogenous carbon sources. Pathogenicity assays showed that Stagonospora nodorum strains lacking Gba1 were essentially non-pathogenic whilst Gga1- impaired strains displayed significantly slower growth in planta . Subsequent sporulation assays showed that like the previously described Gα subunit mutants, both Gba1 and Gga1 were required for asexual sporulation with neither mutant strain being able to differentiate either pycnidia nor pycnidiospores under normal growth conditions. Continued incubation at 4°C was found to complement the mutation in each of the G-protein subunits with nearly wild-type levels of pycnidia recovered. This study provides further evidence on the significance of cAMP-dependent signal transduction for many aspects of fungal development and pathogenicity. The observation that cold temperatures can complement the G-protein sporulation defect now provides an ideal tool by which asexual differentiation can now be dissected.

Diffusion and thermal diffusion in some dilute binary gaseous systems between 195 and 400 K: Tests of several asymmetric potentials using the infinite order sudden approximation

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-1985

DOI: 10.1016/0378-4371(85)90128-1

The relationship between sensory attributes and wine composition for Australian Cabernet Sauvignon wines

Publisher: Hindawi Limited

Date: 15-08-2011

DOI: 10.1111/J.1755-0238.2011.00155.X

Synthesis of the seed germination stimulant 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2005

DOI: 10.1016/J.TETLET.2005.06.077

The influence of blood removal on pacing during a 4-minute cycling time trial

Publisher: Human Kinetics

Date: 09-2017

DOI: 10.1123/IJSPP.2015-0778

Abstract: To examine the influence of manipulating aerobic contribution after whole-blood removal on pacing patterns, performance, and energy contribution during self-paced middle-distance cycling. Seven male cyclists (33 ± 8 y) completed an incremental cycling test followed 20 min later by a 4-min self-paced cycling time trial (4MMP) on 6 separate occasions over 42 d. The initial 2 sessions acted as familiarization and baseline testing, after which 470 mL of blood was removed, with the remaining sessions performed 24 h, 7 d, 21 d, and 42 d after blood removal. During all 4MMP trials, power output, oxygen uptake, and aerobic and anaerobic contribution to power were determined. 4MMP average power output significantly decreased by 7% ± 6%, 6% ± 8%, and 4% ± 6% at 24 h, 7 d, and 21 d after blood removal, respectively. Compared with baseline, aerobic contribution during the 4MMP was significantly reduced by 5% ± 4%, 4% ± 5%, and 4% ± 10% at 24 h, 7 d, and 21 d, respectively. The rate of decline in power output on commencement of the 4MMP was significantly attenuated and was 76% ± 20%, 72% ± 24%, and 75% ± 35% lower than baseline at 24 h, 21 d, and 42 d, respectively. Removal of 470 mL of blood reduces aerobic energy contribution, alters pacing patterns, and decreases performance during self-paced cycling. These findings indicate the importance of aerobic energy distribution during self-paced middle-distance events.

An In Planta -Expressed Polyketide Synthase Produces ( R )-Mellein in the Wheat Pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum

Publisher: American Society for Microbiology

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02745-14

Abstract: Parastagonospora nodorum is a pathogen of wheat that affects yields globally. Previous transcriptional analysis identified a partially reducing polyketide synthase (PR-PKS) gene, SNOG_00477 ( SN477 ), in P. nodorum that is highly upregulated during infection of wheat leaves. Disruption of the corresponding SN477 gene resulted in the loss of production of two compounds, which we identified as ( R )-mellein and ( R )- O -methylmellein. Using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast heterologous expression system, we successfully demonstrated that SN477 is the only enzyme required for the production of ( R )-mellein. This is the first identification of a fungal PKS that is responsible for the synthesis of ( R )-mellein. The P. nodorum Δ SN477 mutant did not show any significant difference from the wild-type strain in its virulence against wheat. However, ( R )-mellein at 200 μg/ml inhibited the germination of wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and barrel medic ( Medicago truncatula ) seeds. Comparative sequence analysis identified the presence of mellein synthase (MLNS) homologues in several Dothideomycetes and two sodariomycete genera. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the MLNSs in fungi and bacteria evolved convergently from fungal and bacterial 6-methylsalicylic acid synthases.

Origins of Grape and Wine Aroma. Part 2. Chemical and Sensory Analysis

Publisher: American Society for Enology and Viticulture

Date: 23-01-2014

DOI: 10.5344/AJEV.2013.13106

Comparative susceptibility ofSalmonellaTyphimurium biofilms of different ages to disinfectants

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 30-09-2010

DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2010.527959

Abstract: There is a general consensus that with increasing age a biofilm shows increased resistance to antimicrobials. In this study the susceptibility of 3-, 5- and 7-day-old Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium biofilms to disinfectants was evaluated. It was hypothesized that 7-day-old biofilms would be more resistant to disinfectants compared to 3- and 5-day-old biofilms. Biofilms were formed using the MBEC™ system and treated with six chemical disinfectants for 1 and 5 min. Four disinfectants at the highest concentration available showed 100% reduction in viable cells from all ages of biofilms after exposure for 5 min, and ethanol at 70% v/v was the least effective against biofilms, followed by chlorhexidine gluconate (CG). At the recommended user concentrations, only sodium hypochlorite showed 100% reduction in viable cells from all ages of biofilms. Benzalkonium chloride and CG were the least effective against biofilms, followed by quaternary ammonium compound which only showed 100% reduction in viable cells from 5-day-old biofilms. Overall, the results from this study do not display enhanced resistance in 7-day-old biofilms compared to 3- and 5-day-old biofilms. It is concluded that under the conditions of this study, the age of biofilm did not contribute to resistance towards disinfectants. Rather, the concentration of disinfectant and an increased contact time were both shown to play a role in successful sanitization.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolite Profiling of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Differentiates between Biofilm and Planktonic Phenotypes

Publisher: American Society for Microbiology

Date: 15-04-2015

DOI: 10.1128/AEM.03658-14

Abstract: The aim of this study was to utilize gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to compare and identify patterns of biochemical change between Salmonella cells grown in planktonic and biofilm phases and Salmonella biofilms of different ages. Our results showed a clear separation between planktonic and biofilm modes of growth. The majority of metabolites contributing to variance between planktonic and biofilm supernatants were identified as amino acids, including alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, and ornithine. Metabolites contributing to variance in intracellular profiles were identified as succinic acid, putrescine, pyroglutamic acid, and N -acetylglutamic acid. Principal-component analysis revealed no significant differences between the various ages of intracellular profiles, which would otherwise allow differentiation of biofilm cells on the basis of age. A shifting pattern across the score plot was illustrated when analyzing extracellular metabolites s led from different days of biofilm growth, and amino acids were again identified as the metabolites contributing most to variance. An understanding of biofilm-specific metabolic responses to perturbations, especially antibiotics, can lead to the identification of novel drug targets and potential therapies for combating biofilm-associated diseases. We concluded that under the conditions of this study, GC-MS can be successfully applied as a high-throughput technique for “bottom-up” metabolomic biofilm research.

Emulsion Inhibiting Components in Crude Oils

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 25-01-2008

DOI: 10.1021/EF700529M

Solubility of p-t-butylcalixarenes in supercritical carbon dioxide: a comparison of static and dynamic measurement techniques

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-1998

DOI: 10.1016/S0378-3812(98)00363-X

Development of a sensitive non-targeted method for characterizing the wine volatile profile using headspace solid-phase microextraction comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2011

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHROMA.2010.11.008

Abstract: Future understanding of differences in the composition and sensory attributes of wines require improved analytical methods which allow the monitoring of a large number of volatiles including those present at low concentrations. This study presents the optimization and application of a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method for analysis of wine volatiles by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). This study demonstrates an important advancement in wine volatile analysis as the method allows for the simultaneous analysis of a significantly larger number of compounds found in the wine headspace compared to other current single dimensional GC-MS methodologies. The methodology allowed for the simultaneous analysis of over 350 different tentatively identified volatile and semi-volatile compounds found in the wine headspace. These included potent aroma compound classes such as monoterpenes, norisoprenoids, sesquiterpenes, and alkyl-methoxypyrazines which have been documented to contribute to wine aroma. It is intended that wine aroma research and wine sensory research will utilize this non-targeted method to assess compositional differences in the wine volatile profile.

Exploring the Application of the DSA-TOF, a Direct, High-resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Technique for the Screening of Potential Adulterated and Contaminated Herbal Medicines

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 17-06-2019

DOI: 10.1007/S13361-019-02256-W

Abstract: Global consumption of complementary and alternative medicines, including herbal medicines, has increased substantially, and recent reports of adulteration demonstrate the need for high throughput and extensive pharmacovigilance to ensure product safety and quality. Three different standard reference materials and five previously analyzed herbal medicines have been used as a proof of concept for the application of adulteration/contamination screening using a Direct S le Analysis (DSA) ion source with TOF MS on the Perkin Elmer AxION 2 TOF. This technique offers the advantages of minimum s le preparation, rapid analysis, and mass accuracies of 5 ppm. The DSA TOF analysis correlates well with the previous analysis on the initial s le set (which found undeclared herbal ingredients), with the added advantage of detecting previously untargeted compounds, including species-specific flavonoids and alkaloids. The rapid analysis using the DSA-TOF facilitates screening for hundreds of compounds in minutes with minimal s le preparation, generating a comprehensive profile for each s le. Graphical Abstract.

Excess and Interaction Second Virial Coefficients for Ten Binary Gaseous Systems Containing SF6

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 07-1982

DOI: 10.1002/BBPC.19820860710

Clearing the amyloid in Alzheimer's: progress towards earlier diagnosis and effective treatments – an update for clinicians

Publisher: Future Medicine Ltd

Date: 10-2014

DOI: 10.2217/NMT.14.29

Abstract: SUMMARY A beta (Aβ or β-amyloid) is a key molecule in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. According to the ‘amyloid hypothesis’, the gradual accumulation of Aβ triggers events which results in neuronal loss in regions of the brain involved with memory and learning. Diverse agents have been developed to reduce brain Aβ accumulation or to enhance its clearance. Some have progressed to human trials, however all have failed to improve cognition in patients. This has led researchers to question whether Aβ is really the problem. However, the trials have been targeting end stages of AD, by which stage extensive irreversible neuronal damage has already occurred. Intervention is required preclinically, therefore preclinical AD biomarkers are needed. In this regard, amyloid imaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers are leading the way, with plasma biomarkers and eye tests also being investigated. This review covers the current state of knowledge of Aβ as an early diagnostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target in AD.

Hybrid organic/inorganic hybrid surface technology for increasing the performance of LC/MS(MS)-based drug metabolite identification studies: Application to gefitinib and metabolites in mouse plasma an

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2021

DOI: 10.1016/J.JPBA.2021.114076

Structural Analysis of a Potent Seed Germination Stimulant

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2005

DOI: 10.1071/CH05086

Abstract: A single-crystal X-ray crystallographic study of a seed germination stimulant isolated from plant-derived smoke confirms it to be 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one 1.

Microbial inoculation to improve plant performance in mine-waste substrates

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 04-01-2022

DOI: 10.1002/LDR.4165

Abstract: Mining activities alter soil physicochemical and biological properties that are critical for plant establishment. Revitalisation of soil biological properties via microbial inoculations can potentially be adopted to improve vegetation restoration. Here, we evaluate the feasibility of using beneficial microorganisms in the form of commercially available inoculants to enhance plant performance in a non‐toxic and infertile mine‐waste substrate, using pigeon pea [ Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.] as a test plant. Six treatments were established to investigate the effects of inoculants ( Bradyrhizobium spp., microbial mix and uninoculated controls) and water availability (low and moderate) in a factorial design over 6 months. Plant performance was determined by physiological parameters (leaf gas exchange, leaf carbon, nitrogen and stable isotopes) and growth (height and biomass). Plant xylem sap phytohormones were measured to determine the plants' physiological status and effects of inoculation treatments. Results revealed that water had a greater effect on plant growth than inoculation treatments. Inoculation treatments, however, improved some physiological parameters. This study suggests that physical conditions such as soil moisture and nutrient availability may occlude more subtle (direct or interactive) effects of beneficial soil microbes on plant growth and plant condition. Prior knowledge on the biological and physicochemical properties of the soil to be amended, and on plant species‐specific responses, would be needed to customise microbial inoculants for maximum benefits to ecological restoration, to support future adoption of this practice.

Origins of grape and wine aroma. Part 1. Chemical components and viticultural impacts

Publisher: American Society for Enology and Viticulture

Date: 10-12-2014

DOI: 10.5344/AJEV.2013.12070

Development of an untargeted metabolomics method for the analysis of human faecal samples using Cryptosporidium-infected samples

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2012

DOI: 10.1016/J.MOLBIOPARA.2012.08.006

Abstract: Faecal metabolite profiling, though in its infancy, allows for investigation of complex metabolic interactions between gastrointestinal infections or diseases and host health. In the present study, we describe a faecal metabolite extraction method for untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis using Cryptosporidium positive and negative human faecal s les. The extraction method takes into account the varying faecal consistencies and quantities received for clinical diagnosis. Optimisation was carried out using different extraction solvents and on three different faecal quantities to determine the minimum amount of faecal s le required. The method was validated by untargeted GC-MS analysis on 8 Cryptosporidium positive and 8 Cryptosporidium negative human faecal s les, extracted using the optimised conditions. The method showed good extraction reproducibility with a relative standard deviation of 9.14%. Multivariate analysis of the GC-MS generated dataset showed distinct differences between profiles of Cryptosporidium positive and Cryptosporidium negative s les. The most notable differences included changes in amino acid, nitrogen and energy metabolism, demonstrating the association of infection with Cryptosporidium and altered permeability of the small intestine.

Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of Rat Neuroblastoma Cells as a Model System to Study the Biochemical Effects of the Acute Administration of Methamphetamine

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 07-06-2018

DOI: 10.3390/METABO8020038

Transplacental transfer of medetomidine and ketamine in pregnant ewes

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 2012

DOI: 10.1258/LA.2011.010179

Abstract: The extent of placental transfer of medetomidine and ketamine is unknown in pregnant ewes. Date-mated singleton ( n = 8) and twin ( n = 8) pregnant merino cross ewes were anaesthetized for Caesarean delivery of preterm lamb fetuses. A combination of medetomidine (20 μg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg) was administered by intravenous injection and surgery performed immediately thereafter. Blood s les were collected from the ewe at one, five and 10 min after intravenous injection and from the umbilical vein of the fetus at delivery. Non-pregnant ewes were also anaesthetized ( n = 8). There was no difference in the plasma concentration of medetomidine or ketamine when comparing singleton and twin ewes or pregnant and non-pregnant ewes for the short duration of the study. Fetal plasma concentrations of each drug were comparable to the maternal concentrations at the same time. We conclude that both drugs cross the placenta readily and provide anaesthesia and analgesia for the fetus when it is delivered.

Interactions between wine volatile compounds and grape and wine matrix components influence aroma compound headspace partitioning

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 11-11-2009

DOI: 10.1021/JF902586N

Abstract: A full-factorial design was used to assess the matrix effects of ethanol, glucose, glycerol, catechin, and proline on the volatile partitioning of 20 volatile compounds considered to play a role in wine aroma. Analysis of variance showed that the two-way interactions of ethanol and glucose, ethanol and glycerol, and glycerol and catechin significantly influenced headspace partitioning of volatiles. Experiments were conducted to observe the effect of varied ethanol and glucose concentrations on headspace partitioning of a constant concentration of volatiles. Analysis of variance and linear regression analysis showed that the presence of glucose increased the concentration of volatiles in the headspace, whereas increasing ethanol concentration was negatively correlated with headspace partitioning of volatiles. A subsequent study assessed the effect of diluting white and red wines with water and ethanol. It was again observed that increased ethanol concentration significantly reduced the relative abundance of volatile compounds in the s le headspace. This study investigates some of the complex matrix interactions of the major components of grape and wine that influence volatile compound headspace partitioning. The magnitude of each matrix-volatile interaction was ethanol > glucose > glycerol > catechin, whereas proline showed no apparent interaction. The results clearly identify that increasing ethanol concentrations significantly reduce the headspace concentration of volatile aroma compounds, which may contribute to explaining recent sensory research observations that indicate ethanol can suppress the fruit aroma attributes in wine.

Association between serum hepcidin-25 and primary resistance to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in chronic kidney disease: a secondary analysis of the HERO trial

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 15-06-2017

DOI: 10.1111/NEP.12815

Abstract: Pentoxifylline has been shown to increase haemoglobin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and erythropoietin-stimulating agent (ESA)-hyporesponsive anaemia in the Handling Erythropoietin Resistance with Oxpentifylline multicentre double-blind, randomized controlled trial. The present sub-study evaluated the effects of pentoxifylline on the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin in patients with ESA-hyporesponsive CKD. This sub-study included 13 patients in the pentoxifylline arm (400 mg daily) and 13 in the matched placebo arm. Hepcidin-25 was measured by ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry following isolation from patient serum. Serum hepcidin-25, serum iron biomarkers, haemoglobin and ESA dosage were compared within and between the two groups. Hepcidin-25 concentration at 4 months adjusted for baseline did not differ significantly in pentoxifylline versus placebo treated patients (adjusted mean difference (MD) -7.9 nmol, P = 0.114), although the difference between the groups mean translated into a >25% reduction of circulating hepcidin-25 due to pentoxifylline compared with the placebo baseline. In paired analysis, serum hepcidin-25 levels were significantly decreased at 4 months compared with baseline in the pentoxifylline group (-5.47 ± 2.27 nmol/l, P < 0.05) but not in the placebo group (2.82 ± 4.29 nmol/l, P = 0.24). Pentoxifylline did not significantly alter serum ferritin (MD 55.4 mcg/l), transferrin saturation (MD 4.04%), the dosage of ESA (MD -9.93 U/kg per week) or haemoglobin concentration (MD 5.75 g/l). The reduction of circulating hepcidin-25 due to pentoxifylline did not reach statistical significance however, the magnitude of the difference suggests that pentoxifylline may be a clinically and biologically meaningful modulator of hepcidin-25 in dialysis of patients with ESA-hyporesponsive anaemia.

Development of a non-targeted metabolomics method to investigate urine in a rat model of polycystic kidney disease.

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 19-01-2012

DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1797.2011.01532.X

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to use metabolomics to investigate the cystic phenotype in the Lewis polycystic kidney rat. Spot urine s les were collected from four male Lewis control and five male Lewis polycystic kidney rats aged 5 weeks, before kidney function was significantly impaired. Metabolites were extracted from urine and analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis was used to determine key metabolites contributing to the variance observed between s le groups. With the development of a metabolomics method to analyse Lewis and Lewis polycystic kidney rat urine, 2-ketoglutaric acid, allantoin, uric acid and hippuric acid were identified as potential biomarkers of cystic disease in the rat model. The findings of this study demonstrate the potential of metabolomics to further investigate kidney disease.

Development of a rapid profiling method for the analysis of polar analytes in urine using HILIC–MS and ion mobility enabled HILIC–MS

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 22-01-2019

DOI: 10.1007/S11306-019-1474-9

Metabolite profiling identifies the mycotoxin alternariol in the pathogen Stagonospora nodorum

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 12-03-2009

DOI: 10.1007/S11306-009-0158-2

Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of ketamine and medetomidine in ovine plasma

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 04-03-2011

DOI: 10.1002/BMC.1613

Abstract: Ketamine and medetomidine are commonly combined to sedate or anaesthetize a wide range of animal species. Despite this, there are few methods for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of the two drugs. This study describes the use of solid-phase extraction s le preparation followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of both drugs in ovine plasma. Extraction recovery was 93% for ketamine and 95% for medetomidine. The lowest limit of detection for ketamine was 1 ng/mL and for medetomidine 2 ng/mL, with linearity greater than 0.99 for both. Intra-day and inter-day precisions for both drugs were less than 10 and 7%, respectively. Application of the method to s les obtained from pregnant ewes and their fetuses showed placental transfer of the drugs over time such that there was no significant difference in plasma concentration at delivery. In summary, a validated method has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of ketamine and medetomidine in ovine plasma s les which can be used to study the pharmacokinetics of these drugs.

Pharmacokinetics and safety of deferasirox in subjects with chronic kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis.

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 25-02-2013

DOI: 10.1111/NEP.12035

Abstract: Treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) includes parenteral iron therapy, and these infusions can lead to iron overload. Secondary iron overload is typically treated with iron chelators, of which deferasirox is one of the most promising. However, it has not been studied in patients with CKD and iron overload. A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety of deferasirox in eight haemodialysis-dependent patients, who were receiving intravenous iron for treatment of anaemia of CKD. Deferasirox was administered at two doses (10 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg), either acute (once daily for 2 days) or steady-state (once daily for 2 weeks). A dose of 10 mg/kg in either protocol was not sufficient to achieve a plasma concentration in the therapeutic range (acute peak 14.1 and steady-state 22.8 μmol/L), while 15 mg/kg in either protocol maintained plasma concentration well above this range (acute peak 216 and steady-state 171 μmol/L). Plasma concentration observed at 15 mg/kg was well above that expected for this dose (40-50 μmol/L), although no adverse clinical events were observed. This study highlights the need to profile drugs such as deferasirox in specific patient groups, such as those with CKD and iron overload.

Exploring the influence of grape tissues on the concentration of wine volatile compounds

Publisher: Hindawi Limited

Date: 14-10-2021

DOI: 10.1111/AJGW.12524

Influence of geographic origin on the sensory characteristics and wine composition of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon wines from Australia

Publisher: American Society for Enology and Viticulture

Date: 25-06-2012

DOI: 10.5344/AJEV.2012.12023

Untargeted metabolomics of neuronal cell culture: A model system for the toxicity testing of insecticide chemical exposure

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 06-07-2017

DOI: 10.1002/JAT.3498

Abstract: Toxicity testing is essential for the protection of human health from exposure to toxic environmental chemicals. As traditional toxicity testing is carried out using animal models, mammalian cell culture models are becoming an increasingly attractive alternative to animal testing. Combining the use of mammalian cell culture models with screening-style molecular profiling technologies, such as metabolomics, can uncover previously unknown biochemical bases of toxicity. We have used a mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics approach to characterize for the first time the changes in the metabolome of the B50 cell line, an immortalised rat neuronal cell line, following acute exposure to two known neurotoxic chemicals that are common environmental contaminants the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin and the organophosphate insecticide malathion. B50 cells were exposed to either the dosing vehicle (methanol) or an acute dose of either permethrin or malathion for 6 and 24 hours. Intracellular metabolites were profiled by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Using principal components analysis, we selected the key metabolites whose abundance was altered by chemical exposure. By considering the major fold changes in abundance (>2.0 or <0.5 from control) across these metabolites, we were able to elucidate important cellular events associated with toxic exposure including disrupted energy metabolism and attempted protective mechanisms from excitotoxicity. Our findings illustrate the ability of mammalian cell culture metabolomics to detect finer metabolic effects of acute exposure to known toxic chemicals, and validate the need for further development of this process in the application of trace-level dose and chronic toxicity studies, and toxicity testing of unknown chemicals.

Identification of The Canidae Iron Regulatory Hormone Hepcidin.

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 18-12-2019

DOI: 10.1038/S41598-019-55009-W

Abstract: Hepcidins are an evolutionarily conserved class of liver-expressed peptide, from which the twenty-five amino acid hormone, hepcidin-25 (herein hepcidin), has gained significant notoriety as the master regulator of iron homeostasis in mammals. Hepcidin maintains iron homeostasis by controlling the dietary absorption of iron and the mechanisms of recycling cellular iron stores. With the physiological significance of this hormone well established, it has emerged as an informative biomarker. In a comparison of the genome, transcriptome and peptidome of Canis lupis familiaris , we reveal the size of the hepcidin peptide in the canine, previous reports of which were contradictory to the evolutionary conservation predicted by genome annotation. Here, measurement of the peptide by mass spectrometry, following isolation from greyhound blood serum, revealed an amino acid sequence and peptide mass, differing from all accounts to date, yet demonstrating perfect sequence identity to that of the greater Canidae lineage of the Carnivora. Importantly, in the greyhound, the measured hepcidin peptide showed a similar temporal pattern to total serum iron, consistent with our understanding of hepcidin regulating iron homeostasis, in agreement with human diagnostics, and providing added translational evidence of the measured peptide being the iron regulatory hormone of the Canidae.

Burkholderia rhynchosiae sp. nov., isolated from Rhynchosia ferulifolia root nodules

Publisher: Microbiology Society

Date: 11-2013

DOI: 10.1099/IJS.0.048751-0

Abstract: Two strains of Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from root nodules of the South African legume Rhynchosia ferulifolia and authenticated on this host. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, strains WSM3930 and WSM3937 T belonged to the genus Burkholderia , with the highest degree of sequence similarity to Burkholderia terricola (98.84 %). Additionally, the housekeeping genes gyrB and recA were analysed since 16S rRNA gene sequences are highly similar between closely related species of the genus Burkholderia . The results obtained for both housekeeping genes, gyrB and recA , showed the highest degree of sequence similarity of the novel strains towards Burkholderia caledonica LMG 19076 T (94.2 % and 94.5 %, respectively). Chemotaxonomic data, including fatty acid profiles and respiratory quinone data supported the assignment of strains WSM3930 and WSM3937 T to the genus Burkholderia . DNA–DNA hybridizations, and physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strains WSM3930 and WSM3937 T from the most closely related species of the genus Burkholderia with validly published names. We conclude, therefore, that these strains represent a novel species for which the name Burkholderia rhynchosiae sp. nov. is proposed, with strain WSM3937 T ( = LMG 27174 T = HAMBI 3354 T ) as the type strain.

Metabolomic profiling and genomic analysis of wheat aneuploid lines to identify genes controlling biochemical pathways in mature grain

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 06-2016

DOI: 10.1111/PBI.12410

Abstract: Metabolomics is becoming an increasingly important tool in plant genomics to decipher the function of genes controlling biochemical pathways responsible for trait variation. Although theoretical models can integrate genes and metabolites for trait variation, biological networks require validation using appropriate experimental genetic systems. In this study, we applied an untargeted metabolite analysis to mature grain of wheat homoeologous group 3 ditelosomic lines, selected compounds that showed significant variation between wheat lines Chinese Spring and at least one ditelosomic line, tracked the genes encoding enzymes of their biochemical pathway using the wheat genome survey sequence and determined the genetic components underlying metabolite variation. A total of 412 analytes were resolved in the wheat grain metabolome, and principal component analysis indicated significant differences in metabolite profiles between Chinese Spring and each ditelosomic lines. The grain metabolome identified 55 compounds positively matched against a mass spectral library where the majority showed significant differences between Chinese Spring and at least one ditelosomic line. Trehalose and branched-chain amino acids were selected for detailed investigation, and it was expected that if genes encoding enzymes directly related to their biochemical pathways were located on homoeologous group 3 chromosomes, then corresponding ditelosomic lines would have a significant reduction in metabolites compared with Chinese Spring. Although a proportion showed a reduction, some lines showed significant increases in metabolites, indicating that genes directly and indirectly involved in biosynthetic pathways likely regulate the metabolome. Therefore, this study demonstrated that wheat aneuploid lines are suitable experimental genetic system to validate metabolomics-genomics networks.

Adulterants and Contaminants in Psychotropic Herbal Medicines Detected with Mass Spectrometry and Next-Generation DNA Sequencing

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 10-11-2018

DOI: 10.1007/S40290-018-0252-8

Microvirga lupini sp. nov., Microvirga lotononidis sp. nov. and Microvirga zambiensis sp. nov. are alphaproteobacterial root-nodule bacteria that specifically nodulate and fix nitrogen with geographic

Publisher: Microbiology Society

Date: 11-2012

DOI: 10.1099/IJS.0.035097-0

Abstract: Strains of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria were isolated from nitrogen-fixing nodules of the native legumes Listia angolensis (from Zambia) and Lupinus texensis (from Texas, USA). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that the novel strains belong to the genus Microvirga , with ≥96.1 % sequence similarity with type strains of this genus. The closest relative of the representative strains Lut6 T and WSM3557 T was Microvirga flocculans TFB T , with 97.6–98.0 % similarity, while WSM3693 T was most closely related to Microvirga aerilata 5420S-16 T , with 98.8 % similarity. Analysis of the concatenated sequences of four housekeeping gene loci ( dnaK , gyrB , recA and rpoB ) and cellular fatty acid profiles confirmed the placement of Lut6 T , WSM3557 T and WSM3693 T within the genus Microvirga . DNA–DNA relatedness values, and physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of Lut6 T , WSM3557 T and WSM3693 T from each other and from other Microvirga species with validly published names. The nodA sequence of Lut6 T was placed in a clade that contained strains of Rhizobium , Mesorhizobium and Sinorhizobium , while the 100 % identical nodA sequences of WSM3557 T and WSM3693 T clustered with Bradyrhizobium , Burkholderia and Methylobacterium strains. Concatenated sequences for nifD and nifH show that the sequences of Lut6 T , WSM3557 T and WSM3693 T were most closely related to that of Rhizobium etli CFN42 T nifDH . On the basis of genotypic, phenotypic and DNA relatedness data, three novel species of Microvirga are proposed: Microvirga lupini sp. nov. (type strain Lut6 T = LMG 26460 T = HAMBI 3236 T ), Microvirga lotononidis sp. nov. (type strain WSM3557 T = LMG 26455 T = HAMBI 3237 T ) and Microvirga zambiensis sp. nov. (type strain WSM3693 T = LMG 26454 T = HAMBI 3238 T ).

Investigating the role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases inStagonospora nodorum

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 14-09-2006

DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2958.2006.05380.X

Abstract: Three genes encoding different Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases have been characterized in the wheat phytopathogenic fungus Stagonospora nodorum. The kinases were identified from the S. nodorum genome sequence on the basis of sequence homology to known Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases. Expression analysis determined that each of the kinases was expressed during growth in vitro and also during infection. The onset of sporulation triggered increased transcript levels of each of the kinases, particularly CpkA where an 11-fold increase in expression was observed during sporulation in planta. The role of the kinases was further determined via a reverse genetics approach. The disruption of CpkA affected vegetative growth in vitro and also sporulation. The cpkA strains produced 20-fold less spores on complex media and were unable to sporulate on defined minimal media. Infection assays showed that CpkA was not required for lesion development but was essential for sporulation at the completion of the infection cycle. Microscopic analysis revealed that the disruption of CpkA resulted in Stagonospora nodorum being unable to differentiate the mycelial knot into immature pycnidia during sporulation. A metabolite analysis of infected leaves during sporulation excluded the possible involvement of mannitol, a compound previously shown to be involved in the sporulation of Stagonospora nodorum. The disruption of CpkB did not effect growth in vitro or pathogenicity. Stagonospora nodorum strains lacking CpkC appeared unaffected during growth in planta but showed delayed lesion development and sporulation during infection.

Mannitol is required for asexual sporulation in the wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum (glume blotch)

Publisher: Portland Press Ltd.

Date: 27-09-2006

DOI: 10.1042/BJ20060891

Abstract: The physiological role of the mannitol cycle in the wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum (glume blotch) has been investigated by reverse genetics and metabolite profiling. A putative mannitol 2-dehydrogenase gene (Mdh1) was cloned by degenerate PCR and disrupted. The resulting mutated mdh1 strains lacked all detectable NADPH-dependent mannitol dehydrogenase activity. The mdh1 strains were unaffected for mannitol production but, surprisingly, were still able to utilize mannitol as a sole carbon source, suggesting a hitherto unknown mechanism for mannitol catabolism. The mutant strains were not compromised in their ability to cause disease or sporulate. To further our understanding of mannitol metabolism, a previously developed mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (gene mpd1) disruption construct [Solomon, Tan and Oliver (2005) Mol. Plant–Microbe Interact. 18, 110–115] was introduced into the mutated mdh1 background, resulting in a strain lacking both enzyme activities. The mpd1mdh1 strains were unable to grow on mannitol and produced only trace levels of mannitol. The double-mutant strains were unable to sporulate in vitro when grown on minimal medium for extended periods. Deficiency in sporulation was correlated with the depletion of intracellular mannitol pools. Significantly sporulation could be restored with the addition of mannitol. Pathogenicity of the double mutant was not compromised, although, like the previously characterized mpd1 mutants, the strains were unable to sporulate in planta. These findings not only question the currently hypothesized pathways of mannitol metabolism, but also identify for the first time that mannitol is required for sporulation of a filamentous fungus.

Chytridiomycosis causes catastrophic organism-wide metabolic dysregulation including profound failure of cellular energy pathways

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 29-05-2018

DOI: 10.1038/S41598-018-26427-Z

Abstract: Chytridiomycosis is among several recently emerged fungal diseases of wildlife that have caused decline or extinction of naïve populations. Despite recent advances in understanding pathogenesis, host response to infection remains poorly understood. Here we modelled a total of 162 metabolites across skin and liver tissues of 61 frogs from four populations (three long-exposed and one naïve to the fungus) of the Australian alpine tree frog ( Litoria verreauxii alpina ) throughout a longitudinal exposure experiment involving both infected and negative control in iduals. We found that chytridiomycosis dramatically altered the organism-wide metabolism of clinically diseased frogs. Chytridiomycosis caused catastrophic failure of normal homeostatic mechanisms (interruption of biosynthetic and degradation metabolic pathways), and pronounced dysregulation of cellular energy metabolism. Key intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were markedly depleted, including in particular α-ketoglutarate and glutamate that together constitute a key nutrient pathway for immune processes. This study was the first to apply a non-targeted metabolomics approach to a fungal wildlife disease and specifically to dissect the host-pathogen interface of Bd-infected frogs. The patterns of metabolite accumulation we have identified reveal whole-body metabolic dysfunction induced by a fungal skin infection, and these findings have broad relevance for other fungal diseases.

Pesticides in human milk of Western Australian women and their influence on infant growth outcomes

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2016.10.005

Abstract: Persistent organic pollutants in human milk (HM) at high levels are considered to be detrimental to the breastfed infant. To determine the pesticide concentration in HM, a pilot cross-sectional study of 40 Western Australian (WA) women was carried out. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) with a validated QuEChERS was used for the analysis of 88 pesticides in HM. p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) with a mean concentration of 62.8 ± 54.5 ng/g fat was found, whereas other organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids were not detected in HM. Overall, no association was observed between HM p,p'-DDE concentrations and maternal age, parity, body mass index and percentage fat mass. Furthermore, for the first time no significant association was found between p,p'-DDE concentrations in HM and infant growth outcomes such as weight, length, head circumference and percentage fat mass. The calculated daily intake was significantly different to the estimated daily intake of total DDTs and was well below the guideline proposed by WHO. The DDTs levels in WA have also significantly decreased by 42 - fold since the 1970s and are currently the lowest in Australia.

Untargeted metabolomics of human plasma reveal lipid markers unique to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 18-03-2021

DOI: 10.1002/PRCA.202000039

Abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by airway inflammation and progressive airflow limitation, whereas idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterised by a restrictive pattern due to fibrosis and impaired gas exchange. We undertook metabolomic analysis of blood s les in IPF, COPD and healthy controls (HC) to determine differences in circulating molecules and identify novel pathogenic pathways. An untargeted metabolomics using an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC‐QTOF‐MS) was performed to profile plasma of patients with COPD (n = 21), and IPF (n = 24) in comparison to plasma from healthy controls (HC n = 20). The most significant features were identified using multiple database matching. One‐way ANOVA and variable importance in projection (VIP) scores were also used to highlight metabolites that influence the specific disease groups. Non‐polar metabolites such as fatty acids (FA) and membrane lipids were well resolved and a total of 4805 features were identified. The most prominent metabolite composition differences in lipid mediators identified at ∼2–3 fold higher in both diseases compared to HC were palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid and dihydrotestosterone was lower in both diseases. We demonstrated that COPD and IPF were characterised by systemic changes in lipid constituents such as essential FA s led from circulating plasma.

A Compound from Smoke That Promotes Seed Germination

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Date: 13-08-2004

DOI: 10.1126/SCIENCE.1099944

Abstract: Exposure of seeds to aerosol smoke or crude smoke extracts stimulates the germination of a number of fire-dependent and fire-independent plant species. We now report the identity of a germination-promoting compound present in plant- and cellulose-derived smoke. The structure of this compound, deduced from spectroscopic analysis and confirmed by synthesis, was shown to be that of the butenolide 3-methyl-2 H -furo[2,3- c ]pyran-2-one ( 1 ). Here we show that 1 promotes germination of a number of plant species at a level similar to that observed with plant-derived smoke water.

Excess second virial coefficients for some dilute binary gas mixtures

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 1982

DOI: 10.1071/CH9821525

Abstract: Excess and interaction second virial coefficients have been measured in the temperature range 290-320 K for 20 binary gaseous systems. Several of these systems have previously been studied by Brewer. The present values are in excellent agreement with his results. The excess virial coefficients have been used to calculate excess molar enthalpies of mixing at 300 K.

Highly fluorous complexes of nickel, palladium and platinum: solubility and catalysis in high pressure CO2

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2011

DOI: 10.1039/C0DT01709D

Abstract: A variety of Group 10 metal complexes [MXY(dfppp)], M = Ni, X, Y = Cl, Br, M = Pd, Pt, X, Y = Cl or CH(3), containing the recently reported highly fluorous diphosphine ligand, dfppp, 1,3-bis[di(fluoroponytail)phosphino]propane, {(p-F(13)C(6)C(6)H(4))(2)P}(2)(CH(2))(3) have been synthesised. They have been characterised by NMR, mass spectrometry and microanalysis, with two platinum complexes, [PtCl(2)(dfppp)] and [PtClMe(dfppp)], structurally characterised by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The highly fluorous nature of the ligands affords the complexes good supercritical CO(2) solubility as measured by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and has allowed for the copolymerisation of CO and ethylene using [PdClMe(dfppp)] as the catalyst precursor and CO(2) as the solvent. Additionally, PtCl(2) complexes of the new ligands dfppb, {(p-F(13)C(6)C(6)H(4))(2)P}(2)(CH(2))(4), and dfpop, {(p-F(13)C(6)C(6)H(4)O)(2)P}(2)(CH(2))(3), have also been prepared and characterised.

Untargeted lipidomics using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry reveals novel triacylglycerides in human milk

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 09-06-2020

DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-66235-Y

Abstract: Human milk provides the infant with the essential nutritive and non-nutritive factors required for health, growth and development. The human milk lipidome is complex, but comprises predominantly triacylglycerides. Historically, the fatty acid profile of the entire human milk lipidome has been investigated, and many relationships have been identified between infant health and fatty acids. Most of these fatty acids are, however, delivered to the infant as triacylglycerides. Using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry, the objective of this study was to characterise the triacylglyceride profile of human milk and elucidate relationships between the triacylglyceride profile and infant outcomes in a cohort of 10 exclusively breastfeeding woman-infant dyads. 205 triacylglycerides were identified, including 98 previously not reported in human milk. The dose of specific triacylglycerides differed in relation to infant health, such as lauric acid containing TAGs, which were delivered in significantly higher dose to healthy infants compared to unwell infants.

Effects of fighting decisions on formation and structure of dominance hierarchies

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 03-2007

DOI: 10.1080/10236240701237932

A RE-EVALUATION OF CINEOLE AS A GERMINATION PROMOTER OFLACTUCA SATIVAL. GRAND RAPIDS

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 31-08-2001

DOI: 10.1081/AL-100106852

Identification of Alkyl Substituted 2H-Furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-ones as Germination Stimulants Present in Smoke

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 28-10-2009

DOI: 10.1021/JF9028128

Abstract: The butenolide, 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one (1), is a major compound in smoke responsible for promoting the seed germination of a wide range of plant species. We now report the structure of five alkyl substituted variants of 1 that are also present in smoke. The concentrations of these analogues, as well as that of 1, in a typical smoke-water solution have been determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The analogue, 3,5-dimethyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one (3), was identified at levels that indicate that it is a contributor to the overall germination-promoting activity of crude smoke extracts.

Highly Fluorous Complexes of Ruthenium and Osmium and Their Solubility in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 25-11-2009

DOI: 10.1021/IC901880F

Abstract: A series of ruthenium and osmium complexes containing highly fluorous diphosphine ligands (F)P(wedge)P(F) = (F(13)C(6)C(6)H(4)-p)(2)P(CH(2))(2)P(p-C(6)H(4)C(6)F(13))(2) (dfppe) and (F(13)C(6)C(6)H(4)-p)(2)P(CH(2))(3)P(p-C(6)H(4)C(6)F(13))(2) (dfppp) has been prepared. The fluorous diphosphine ligands incorporate four C(6)F(13) "fluoro-ponytails", and these have been effective in solubilizing the complexes in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)). Precise solubility measurements in scCO(2) were performed for some of the complexes. The new complexes [MX(2)((F)P(wedge)P(F))(2)] and [MX((F)P(wedge)P(F))(eta-C(5)H(5))], M = Ru, Os, X = Cl, Br, have been characterized by a number of spectroscopic techniques and their electrochemical properties measured, three of the ruthenium complexes also being characterized by single-crystal X-ray studies. The noncovalent interactions observed in the X-ray structures have been analyzed by the Hirshfeld surface approach, putting them on a more solid footing. The fluorinated complexes show significantly different solvation properties from those of the analogous unfluorinated compounds, particularly with respect to their behavior in common organic solvents and their good scCO(2) solubility.

Equilibrium Adsorption Measurements of Pure Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Methane on a Carbon Molecular Sieve at Cryogenic Temperatures and High Pressures

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 21-05-2009

DOI: 10.1021/JE900224W

Vapor−Liquid Equilibria Measurements of Methane + 2-Methylpropane (Isobutane) at Temperatures from (150 to 250) K and Pressures to 9 MPa

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 04-03-2010

DOI: 10.1021/JE900971R

Survival, gene and metabolite responses of Litoria verreauxii alpina frogs to fungal disease chytridiomycosis

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 06-03-2018

DOI: 10.1038/SDATA.2018.33

Abstract: The fungal skin disease chytridiomycosis has caused the devastating decline and extinction of hundreds of hibian species globally, yet the potential for evolving resistance, and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. We exposed 406 naïve, captive-raised alpine tree frogs ( Litoria verreauxii alpina ) from multiple populations (one evolutionarily naïve to chytridiomycosis) to the aetiological agent Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in two concurrent and controlled infection experiments. We investigated (A) survival outcomes and clinical pathogen burdens between populations and clutches, and (B) in idual host tissue responses to chytridiomycosis. Here we present multiple interrelated datasets associated with these exposure experiments, including animal signalment, survival and pathogen burden of 355 animals from Experiment A, and the following datasets related to 61 animals from Experiment B: animal signalment and pathogen burden raw RNA-Seq reads from skin, liver and spleen tissues de novo assembled transcriptomes for each tissue type raw gene expression data annotation data for each gene and raw metabolite expression data from skin and liver tissues. These data provide an extensive baseline for future analyses.

Preparation of 2H-Furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Germination-Promoting Activity

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 23-02-2007

DOI: 10.1021/JF0633241

Abstract: The butenolide, 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one (1), has recently been identified as the germination stimulant present in smoke that promotes the germination of seeds from a wide range of plant species. In this paper, we describe the preparation of a number of analogues of 1 and compare their efficacy in promoting seed germination of three highly smoke-responsive plant species, Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids (Asteraceae), Emmenanthe penduliflora Benth. (Hydrophyllaceae), and Solanum orbiculatum Poir. (Solanaceae). The results show that the methyl substituent at C-3 in 1 is important for germination-promoting activity while substitution at C-7 reduces activity. In contrast, bioactivity is mostly retained with analogues substituted at C-4 or C-5.

Combined DNA, toxicological and heavy metal analyses provides an auditing toolkit to improve pharmacovigilance of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 10-12-2015

DOI: 10.1038/SREP17475

Abstract: Globally, there has been an increase in the use of herbal remedies including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). There is a perception that products are natural, safe and effectively regulated, however, regulatory agencies are h ered by a lack of a toolkit to audit ingredient lists, adulterants and constituent active compounds. Here, for the first time, a multidisciplinary approach to assessing the molecular content of 26 TCMs is described. Next generation DNA sequencing is combined with toxicological and heavy metal screening by separation techniques and mass spectrometry (MS) to provide a comprehensive audit. Genetic analysis revealed that 50% of s les contained DNA of undeclared plant or animal taxa, including an endangered species of Panthera (snow leopard). In 50% of the TCMs, an undeclared pharmaceutical agent was detected including warfarin, dexamethasone, diclofenac, cyproheptadine and paracetamol. Mass spectrometry revealed heavy metals including arsenic, lead and cadmium, one with a level of arsenic times the acceptable limit. The study showed 92% of the TCMs examined were found to have some form of contamination and/or substitution. This study demonstrates that a combination of molecular methodologies can provide an effective means by which to audit complementary and alternative medicines.

Analysis and evaluation of the top- $$k$$ k most influential location selection query

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 16-01-2014

DOI: 10.1007/S10115-013-0720-0

Longitudinal study of pesticide residue levels in human milk from Western Australia during 12 months of lactation

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 07-12-2016

DOI: 10.1038/SREP38355

Abstract: The presence of pesticides in human milk (HM) is of great concern due to the potential health effects for the breastfed infant. To determine the relationships between HM pesticides and infant growth and development, a longitudinal study was conducted. HM s les (n = 99) from 16 mothers were collected at 2, 5, 9 and 12 months of lactation. A validated QuEChERS method and Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) were used for the analysis of 88 pesticides in HM. Only p,p’ -DDE, p,p’ -DDT and β -HCH were detected with a mean concentration (±SD) of 52.25 ± 49.88 ng/g fat, 27.67 ± 20.96 ng/g fat and 48.00 ± 22.46 ng/g fat respectively. The concentrations of the detected pesticides decreased significantly throughout the first year of lactation. No significant relationships between HM p,p’ -DDE and infant growth outcomes: weight, length, head circumference and percentage fat mass were detected. The actual daily intake (ADI) of total DDTs in this cohort was 14–1000 times lower than the threshold reference and significantly lower than the estimated daily intake (EDI). Further, the ADI decreased significantly throughout the first 12 months of lactation.

Dissecting the role of G-protein signalling in primary metabolism in the wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum

Publisher: Microbiology Society

Date: 09-2013

DOI: 10.1099/MIC.0.067009-0

Abstract: Mutants of the wheat pathogenic fungus Stagonospora nodorum lacking G-protein subunits display a variety of phenotypes including melanization defects, primary metabolic changes and a decreased ability to sporulate. To better understand the causes of these phenotypes, Stagonospora nodorum strains lacking a Gα, Gβ or Gγ subunit were compared to a wild-type strain using metabolomics. Agar plate growth at 22 °C revealed a number of fundamental metabolic changes and highlighted the influential role of these proteins in glucose utilization. A further characterization of the mutants was undertaken during prolonged storage at 4 °C, conditions known to induce sporulation in these sporulation-deficient signalling mutants. The abundance of several compounds positively correlated with the onset of sporulation including the dissacharide trehalose, the tryptophan degradation product tryptamine and the secondary metabolite alternariol metabolites all previously associated with sporulation. Several other compounds decreased or were absent during sporulation. The levels of one such compound (Unknown_35.27_2194_319) decreased from being one of the more abundant compounds to absence during pycnidial maturation. This study has shed light on the role of G-protein subunits in primary metabolism during vegetative growth and exploited the cold-induced sporulation phenomenon in these mutants to identify some key metabolic changes that occur during asexual reproduction.

Western Australian Sandalwood Oil: Extraction by Different Techniques and Variations of the Major Components in Different Sections of a Single Tree

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 1997

DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199701)12:1<43::AID-FFJ601>3.0.CO;2-H

Trehalose biosynthesis is involved in sporulation of Stagonospora nodorum

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2009

DOI: 10.1016/J.FGB.2009.02.002

Abstract: Stagonospora nodorum is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that is the causal agent of leaf and glume blotch on wheat. S. nodorum is a polycyclic pathogen, whereby rain-splashed pycnidiospores attach to and colonise wheat tissue and subsequently sporulate again within 2-3weeks. As several cycles of infection are needed for a damaging infection, asexual sporulation is a critical phase of its infection cycle. A non-targeted metabolomics screen for sporulation-associated metabolites identified that trehalose accumulated significantly in concert with asexual sporulation both in vitro and in planta. A reverse-genetics approach was used to investigate the role of trehalose in asexual sporulation. Trehalose biosynthesis was disrupted by deletion of the gene Tps1, encoding a trehalose 6-phosphate synthase, resulting in almost total loss of trehalose during in vitro growth and in planta. In addition, lesion development and pycnidia formation were also significantly reduced in tps1 mutants. Reintroduction of the Tps1 gene restored trehalose biosynthesis, pathogenicity and sporulation to wild-type levels. Microscopic examination of tps1 infected wheat leaves showed that pycnidial formation often halted at an early stage of development. Further examination of the tps1 phenotype revealed that tps1 pycnidiospores exhibited a reduced germination rate while under heat stress, and tps1 mutants had a reduced growth rate while under oxidative stress. This study confirms a link between trehalose biosynthesis and pathogen fitness in S.nodorum.

Metabolite identification: are you sure? And how do your peers gauge your confidence?

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 08-04-2014

DOI: 10.1007/S11306-014-0656-8

Metabolomics Approaches for the Diagnosis and Understanding of Kidney Diseases

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 14-02-2019

DOI: 10.3390/METABO9020034

Abstract: Diseases of the kidney are difficult to diagnose and treat. This review summarises the definition, cause, epidemiology and treatment of some of these diseases including chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, acute kidney injury, kidney cancer, kidney transplantation and polycystic kidney diseases. Numerous studies have adopted a metabolomics approach to uncover new small molecule biomarkers of kidney diseases to improve specificity and sensitivity of diagnosis and to uncover biochemical mechanisms that may elucidate the cause and progression of these diseases. This work includes a description of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approaches, including some of the currently available tools, and emphasises findings from metabolomics studies of kidney diseases. We have included a varied selection of studies (disease, model, s le number, analytical platform) and focused on metabolites which were commonly reported as discriminating features between kidney disease and a control. These metabolites are likely to be robust indicators of kidney disease processes, and therefore potential biomarkers, warranting further investigation.

Organic tracers from biomass burning in snow from the coast to the ice sheet summit of East Antarctica

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2018.12.058

Characterizing the plasma metabolome during 14 days of live-high, train-low simulated altitude: A metabolomic approach.

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 11-2018

DOI: 10.1113/EP087159

Burning vegetation produces cyanohydrins that liberate cyanide and stimulate seed germination

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 21-06-2011

DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS1356

Abstract: Cyanide is well known for its toxicity towards living organisms. Many plants use cyanide as a defensive agent against herbivores, releasing it through the enzymatic hydrolysis of endogenous cyanogenic compounds. At low concentrations, cyanide has been proposed to have a regulatory role in many plant processes including stimulation of seed germination. However, no ecological role for cyanide in seed germination has been established. In the present study, we show that burning plant material produces the cyanohydrin, glyceronitrile. We also show that, in the presence of water, glyceronitrile is slowly hydrolysed to release cyanide that stimulates seed germination of a erse range of fire-responsive species from different continents. We propose that glyceronitrile serves as an ecological store for cyanide and is an important cue for stimulating seed germination and landscape regeneration after fires.

Microalgae: A potential sustainable commercial source of sterols

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.ALGAL.2019.101772

Assessing the impact of transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics on fungal phytopathology

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2009

DOI: 10.1111/J.1364-3703.2009.00565.X

Experimental design and reporting standards for metabolomics studies of mammalian cell lines

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 07-2017

DOI: 10.1007/S00018-017-2582-1

Abstract: Metabolomics is an analytical technique that investigates the small biochemical molecules present within a biological s le isolated from a plant, animal, or cultured cells. It can be an extremely powerful tool in elucidating the specific metabolic changes within a biological system in response to an environmental challenge such as disease, infection, drugs, or toxins. A historically difficult step in the metabolomics pipeline is in data interpretation to a meaningful biological context, for such high-variability biological s les and in untargeted metabolomics studies that are hypothesis-generating by design. One way to achieve stronger biological context of metabolomic data is via the use of cultured cell models, particularly for mammalian biological systems. The benefits of in vitro metabolomics include a much greater control of external variables and no ethical concerns. The current concerns are with inconsistencies in experimental procedures and level of reporting standards between different studies. This review discusses some of these discrepancies between recent studies, such as metabolite extraction and data normalisation. The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of a standardised experimental approach to any cultured cell metabolomics study and suggests an ex le procedure fully inclusive of information that should be disclosed in regard to the cell type/s used and their culture conditions. Metabolomics of cultured cells has the potential to uncover previously unknown information about cell biology, functions and response mechanisms, and so the accurate biological interpretation of the data produced and its ability to be compared to other studies should be considered vitally important.

Toxicological screening and DNA sequencing detects contamination and adulteration in regulated herbal medicines and supplements for diet, weight loss and cardiovascular health

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.JPBA.2019.112834

Abstract: Use of herbal medicines and supplements by consumers to prevent or treat disease, particularly chronic conditions continues to grow, leading to increased awareness of the minimal regulation standards in many countries. Fraudulent, adulterated and contaminated herbal and traditional medicines and dietary supplements are a risk to consumer health, with adverse effects and events including overdose, drug-herb interactions and hospitalisation. The scope of the risk has been difficult to determine, prompting calls for new approaches, such as the combination of DNA metabarcoding and mass spectrometry used in this study. Here we show that nearly 50% of products tested had contamination issues, in terms of DNA, chemical composition or both. Two s les were clear cases of pharmaceutical adulteration, including a combination of paracetamol and chlorpheniramine in one product and trace amounts of buclizine, a drug no longer in use in Australia, in another. Other issues include the undeclared presence of stimulants such as caffeine, synephrine or ephedrine. DNA data highlighted potential allergy concerns (nuts, wheat), presence of potential toxins (Neem oil) and animal ingredients (reindeer, frog, shrew), and possible substitution of bird cartilage in place of shark. Only 21% of the tested products were able to have at least one ingredient corroborated by DNA sequencing. This study demonstrates that, despite current monitoring approaches, contaminated and adulterated products are still reaching the consumer. We suggest that a better solution is stronger pre-market evaluation, using techniques such as that outlined in this study.

Dysregulated Erythropoietin, Hepcidin, and Bone Marrow Iron Metabolism Contribute to Interferon-Induced Anemia in Hepatitis C

Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc

Date: 11-2016

DOI: 10.1089/JIR.2016.0043

Abstract: Anemia is a complication of interferon-containing hepatitis C treatments. We characterized effects of interferon-based therapy on hepcidin and erythropoietin (EPO) production, iron metabolism, hemolysis, and hematopoiesis. Standard hemopoiesis [reticulocyte hemoglobin (Hb), reticulocyte production index (RPI), free Hb, and haptoglobin], iron biochemistry, hepcidin, and EPO levels were measured in 10 subjects over 12 weeks. There was a rapid decline in Hb during treatment, from a mean pretreatment (t = 0 weeks) Hb of 158.6 to 125.2 g/L at week 4 (P = 0.003) and 122.8 g/L at week 12 (P = 0.005). Paradoxically, the RPI (a measure of bone marrow responsiveness to EPO) decreased on initiation of hepatitis C virus treatment from 0.78% to 0.53% (P = 0.04). Despite worsening anemia, there was no significant increase in EPO levels. Hepcidin levels increased to >20 nM in 3 subjects from 5.8 to 27.5 nM (P = 0.009) compared with 9.6 to 12.3 nM (P = 0.5) for the remainder of subjects. Hepcidin levels peaked at week 1 before returning to baseline levels at week 4. Subjects who responded with a rise in serum hepcidin levels to >20 nM had a significantly greater drop in Hb (27.2 g/L, P = 0.008) and reticulocyte Hb (-1.4 g/L, P = 0.013) compared with the subjects who did not exhibit any change in hepcidin production. In conclusion, 30% of subjects treated with interferon exhibited significant transient increase in serum hepcidin levels, which was associated with more extreme anemia and decreased iron availability as evidenced by decreased reticulocyte Hb. In addition, there was a failure to upregulate EPO production in response to anemia and hemolysis ( clinicaltrials.gov trial NCT01726400).

Optimization of headspace solid-phase microextraction conditions for the identification of Phytophthora cinnamomi rands

Publisher: Scientific Societies

Date: 08-2014

DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-12-13-1258-RE

Abstract: A robust technique was developed to identify Phytophthora cinnamomi using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) for analyzing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Six fiber types were evaluated and results indicated that the three-phase fiber 50/30 μm inylbenzene/carboxen olydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) had the highest extraction efficiency for both polar and nonpolar GC columns. The maximum extraction efficiency (equilibrium absorption) was achieved 16 h after fiber exposure in the HS. Absorbed compounds on the fiber were completely desorbed in the GC injector after 5 min at 250°C. Compared with the nonpolar column, the polar column showed optimum separation of VOCs released from P. cinnamomi. Under the optimized HS-SPME and GC/FID conditions, lower detection limits for the four external standards was found to be between 1.57 to 27.36 ng/liter. Relative standard deviations .010% showed that the method is precise and reliable. The method also showed good linearity for the concentration range that was analyzed using four standards, with regression coefficients between 0.989 and 0.995, and the sensitivity of the method was 10 4 times greater than that of the conventional HS method. In this study, the VOC profiles of six Phytophthora spp. and one Pythium sp. were characterized by the optimized HS-SPME-GC method. The combination of the VOCs creates a unique pattern for each pathogen the chromatograms of different isolates of P. cinnamomi were the same and the specific VOC pattern of P. cinnamomi remained consistently independent of the growth medium used. The chromatograms and morphological studies showed that P. cinnamomi released specific VOCs at different stages of colony development. Using the optimized HS-SPME GC method, identification of P. cinnamomi from 15 in vivo diseased soil s les was as high as 100%. Results from this study demonstrate the feasibility of this method for identifying P. cinnamomi and the potential use of this method for physiological studies on P. cinnamomi.

The application of metabolomics for herbal medicine pharmacovigilance: a case study on ginseng

Publisher: Portland Press Ltd.

Date: 15-12-2016

DOI: 10.1042/EBC20160030

Abstract: Herbal medicines are growing in popularity, use and commercial value however, there remain problems with the quality and consequently safety of these products. Adulterated, contaminated and fraudulent products are often found on the market, a risk compounded by the fact that these products are available to consumers with little or no medical advice. Current regulations and quality control methods are lacking in their ability to combat these serious problems. Metabolomics is a biochemical profiling tool that may help address these issues if applied to quality control of both raw ingredients and final products. Using the ex le of the popular herbal medicine, ginseng, this essay offers an overview of the potential use of metabolomics for quality control in herbal medicines and also highlights where more research is needed.

A rapid method for profiling of volatile and semi-volatile phytohormones using methyl chloroformate derivatisation and GC–MS

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 08-09-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S11306-015-0837-0

Sample Preparation and Reporting Standards for Metabolomics of Adherent Mammalian Cells

Publisher: Springer New York

Date: 2019

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9236-2_1

Abstract: Metabolomics is an analytical technique that investigates the small molecules present within a biological system. Metabolomics of cultured cells allows profiling of the metabolic chemicals involved in a cell type-specific system and the response of that metabolome to external challenges, such as change in environment or exposure to drugs or toxins. The numerous benefits of in vitro metabolomics include a much greater control of external variables and reduced ethical concerns. There is potential for metabolomics of mammalian cells to uncover new information on mechanisms of action for drugs or toxins or to provide a more sensitive, human-specific early risk assessment in drug development or toxicology investigations. One way to achieve stronger biological outcomes from metabolomic data is via the use of these mammalian cultured cell models, particularly in a high-throughput context. With the sensitivity and quantity of data that metabolomics is able to provide, it is important to ensure that the s ling techniques have minimal interference when it comes to interpretation of any observed shifts in the metabolite profile. Here we describe a s ling procedure designed to ensure that the effects seen in metabolomic analyses are explained fully by the experimental factor and not other routine culture-specific activities.

There is detectable variation in the lipidomic profile between stable and progressive patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 09-04-2021

DOI: 10.1186/S12931-021-01682-3

Abstract: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease characterized by fibrosis and progressive loss of lung function. The pathophysiological pathways involved in IPF are not well understood. Abnormal lipid metabolism has been described in various other chronic lung diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, its potential role in IPF pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) to characterize lipid changes in plasma derived from IPF patients with stable and progressive disease. We further applied a data-independent acquisition (DIA) technique called SONAR, to improve the specificity of lipid identification. Statistical modelling showed variable discrimination between the stable and progressive subjects, revealing differences in the detection of triglycerides (TG) and phosphatidylcholines (PC) between progressors and stable IPF groups, which was further confirmed by mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) in IPF tissue. This is the first study to characterise lipid metabolism between stable and progressive IPF, with results suggesting disparities in the circulating lipidome with disease progression.

Quantitative assay of urinary hepcidin using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.1039/B9AY00130A

Untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis of kidney and liver tissue from the Lewis Polycystic Kidney rat.

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.JCHROMB.2019.04.021

Abstract: Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) encompasses a spectrum of inherited disorders that lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). There is no cure for PKD and current treatment options are limited to renal replacement therapy and transplantation. A better understanding of the pathobiology of PKD is needed for the development of new, less invasive treatments. The Lewis Polycystic Kidney (LPK) rat phenotype has been characterized and classified as a model of nephronophthisis (NPHP9, caused by mutation of the Nek8 gene) for which polycystic kidneys are one of the main pathologic features. The aim of this study was to use a GC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics approach to determine key biochemical changes in kidney and liver tissue of the LPK rat. Tissues from 16-week old LPK (n = 10) and Lewis age- and sex-matched control animals (n = 11) were used. Principal component analysis (PCA) distinguished signal corrected metabolite profiles from Lewis and LPK rats for kidney (PC-1 77%) and liver (PC-1 46%) tissue. There were marked differences in the metabolite profiles of the kidney tissues with 122 deconvoluted features significantly different between the LPK and Lewis strains. The metabolite profiles were less marked between strains for liver s les with 30 features significantly different. Five biochemical pathways showed three or more significantly altered metabolites: transcription/translation, arginine and proline metabolism, alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid metabolism, the citric acid cycle, and the urea cycle. The results of this study validate and complement the current literature and are consistent with the understood pathobiology of PKD.

Phoma medicaginis stimulates the induction of the octadecanoid and phenylpropanoid pathways in Medicago truncatula

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 03-01-2012

DOI: 10.1111/J.1364-3703.2011.00767.X

Hepatic iron concentration correlates with insulin sensitivity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Date: 27-04-2018

DOI: 10.1002/HEP4.1190

Abstract: Rodent and cell‐culture models support a role for iron‐related adipokine dysregulation and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) however, substantial human data are lacking. We examined the relationship between measures of iron status, adipokines, and insulin resistance in patients with NAFLD in the presence and absence of venesection. This study forms part of the Impact of Iron on Insulin Resistance and Liver Histology in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (IIRON2) study, a prospective randomized controlled trial of venesection for adults with NAFLD. Paired serum s les at baseline and 6 months (end of treatment) in controls (n = 28) and patients who had venesection (n = 23) were assayed for adiponectin, leptin, resistin, retinol binding protein‐4, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin‐6, using a Quantibody, customized, multiplexed enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay array. Hepatic iron concentration (HIC) was determined using MR FerriScan. Unexpectedly, analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between baseline serum adiponectin concentration and HIC, which strengthened after correction for age, sex, and body mass index (rho = 0.36 P = 0.007). In addition, there were significant inverse correlations between HIC and measures of insulin resistance (adipose tissue insulin resistance (Adipo‐IR), serum insulin, serum glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, hemoglobin A1c, and hepatic steatosis), whereas a positive correlation was noted with the insulin sensitivity index. Changes in serum adipokines over 6 months did not differ between the control and venesection groups. Conclusion: HIC positively correlates with serum adiponectin and insulin sensitivity in patients with NAFLD. Further study is required to establish causality and mechanistic explanations for these associations and their relevance in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and NAFLD. ( Hepatology Communications 2018 :644‐653)

Metabolomics Protocols for Filamentous Fungi

Publisher: Humana Press

Date: 23-11-2011

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-501-5_15

Abstract: Proteomics and transcriptomics are established functional genomics tools commonly used to study filamentous fungi. Metabolomics has recently emerged as another option to complement existing techniques and provide detailed information on metabolic regulation and secondary metabolism. Here, we describe broad generic protocols that can be used to undertake metabolomics studies in filamentous fungi.

Headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for analysis of VOCs produced by Phytophthora cinnamomi

Publisher: Scientific Societies

Date: 08-2014

DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-01-14-0049-RE

Abstract: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Phytophthora cinnamomi–infected lupin seedlings were collected by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The s ling was done 28 to 44, 52 to 68, and 76 to 92 h after inoculation (HAI). The HS-SPME s les were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) to assess the differences in volatile compounds between the P. cinnamomi–infected lupin seedlings and the control. Three specific peaks were identified after 52 to 68 h with the infected lupin seedlings, at which time there were no visible aboveground symptoms of infection. Subsequently, the VOCs of five different substrates (V8A, PDA, lupin seedlings, soil, and soil + lupin seedlings) infected with P. cinnamomi and the corresponding controls were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 87 VOCs were identified. Of these, the five most abundant that were unique to all five inoculated substrates included: 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 4-ethylphenol, butyrolactone, phenylethyl alcohol, and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone. Therefore, these metabolites can be used as markers for the identification of P. cinnamomi in different growing environments. Some VOCs were specific to a particular substrate for ex le, 2,4,6-rrimethyl-heptanes, dl-6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, dimethyl trisulfide, 6,10-dimethyl- 5,9-undecadien-2-ol, and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol were specific to P. cinnamomi + V8A heptanes and 5-methyl-3-heptaneone were specific to P. cinnamomi + PDA 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl acetate, 2-methyl-propanoic acid, ethyl ester, and ethyl ester 2-methyl-butanoic acid were specific to P. cinnamomi–inoculated lupin seedlings and benzyl alcohol and 4-ethyl-1, 2-dimethoxybenzene were only detected in the headspace of inoculated soil + lupin seedlings. Results from this investigation have multiple impacts as the volatile organic profiles produced by the pathogen can be utilized as an early warning system to detect the pathogen from contaminated field soil s les. Data from this investigation have also illuminated potential metabolic pathways utilized by the oomycete during infection which may serve as potential targets for the development of specific control strategies.

Influence of yeast strain, canopy management, and site on the volatile composition and sensory attributes of cabernet sauvignon wines from Western Australia

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 03-03-2011

DOI: 10.1021/JF104324D

Abstract: Understanding what factors are the major influences on wine composition will assist in the successful management of grape composition in the vineyard and/or variables in the winery to produce wines with specific sensory attributes. A recently developed analytical method [headspace solid-phase microextraction comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry] was employed to analyze over 350 volatile compounds in research scale wines and was combined with descriptive sensory analysis. Both compositional and sensory results showed significant differences among the wines, and in many cases, multiple factors influenced the abundance of wine volatile compounds. Site had the most significant influence on sensory scores and wine composition, followed by canopy management. Unexpectedly, yeast strain had no significant sensory effect despite the fact that a number of volatile compounds were significantly different in the wines made from different strains. PLS analysis, combining the sensory and chemical analyses, also supports the concept of volatile compound interactions contributing to the aroma characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon wine.

Shear and Electrical Property Measurements of Water-in-Oil Emulsions and Implications for Multiphase Flow Meters

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 22-08-2008

DOI: 10.1021/EF800453A

Intravenous iron or placebo for anaemia in intensive care

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 30-09-2016

DOI: 10.1007/S00134-016-4465-6

Abstract: Both anaemia and allogenic red blood cell transfusion are common and potentially harmful in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Whilst intravenous iron may decrease anaemia and RBC transfusion requirement, the safety and efficacy of administering iron intravenously to critically ill patients is uncertain. The multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded Intravenous Iron or Placebo for Anaemia in Intensive Care (IRONMAN) study was designed to test the hypothesis that, in anaemic critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit, early administration of intravenous iron, compared with placebo, reduces allogeneic red blood cell transfusion during hospital stay and increases the haemoglobin level at the time of hospital discharge. Of 140 patients enrolled, 70 were assigned to intravenous iron and 70 to placebo. The iron group received 97 red blood cell units versus 136 red blood cell units in the placebo group, yielding an incidence rate ratio of 0.71 [95 % confidence interval (0.43-1.18), P = 0.19]. Overall, median haemoglobin at hospital discharge was significantly higher in the intravenous iron group than in the placebo group [107 (interquartile ratio IQR 97-115) vs. 100 g/L (IQR 89-111), P = 0.02]. There was no significant difference between the groups in any safety outcome. In patients admitted to the intensive care unit who were anaemic, intravenous iron, compared with placebo, did not result in a significant lowering of red blood cell transfusion requirement during hospital stay. Patients who received intravenous iron had a significantly higher haemoglobin concentration at hospital discharge. The trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as # ACTRN12612001249842.

Comparison of Supercritical Fluid Chromatographic and High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Separations of p-tert-Butylcalix[n]arenes

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 05-1997

DOI: 10.1093/CHROMSCI/35.5.232

The transcription factor stua regulates central carbon metabolism, mycotoxin production, and effector gene expression in the wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum

Publisher: American Society for Microbiology

Date: 07-2010

DOI: 10.1128/EC.00064-10

Abstract: The Stagonospora nodorum StuA transcription factor gene SnStuA was identified by homology searching in the genome of the wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum . Gene expression analysis revealed that SnStuA transcript abundance increased throughout infection and in vitro growth to peak during sporulation. To investigate its role, the gene was deleted by homologous recombination. The growth of the resulting mutants was retarded on glucose compared to the wild-type growth, and the mutants also failed to sporulate. Glutamate as a sole carbon source restored the growth rate defect observed on glucose, although sporulation remained impaired. The SnstuA strains were essentially nonpathogenic, with only minor growth observed around the point of inoculation. The role of SnstuA was investigated using metabolomics, which revealed that this gene's product played a key role in regulating central carbon metabolism, with glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and amino acid synthesis all affected in the mutants. SnStuA was also found to positively regulate the synthesis of the mycotoxin alternariol. Gene expression studies on the recently identified effectors in Stagonospora nodorum found that SnStuA was a positive regulator of SnTox3 but was not required for the expression of ToxA . This study has uncovered a multitude of novel regulatory targets of SnStuA and has highlighted the critical role of this gene product in the pathogenicity of Stagonospora nodorum .

Normalization of metabolites in heterogenous systems using genomics

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2006

DOI: 10.1016/J.AB.2005.11.044

A bioassay for prosulfocarb, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin detection and quantification in soil and crop residues

Publisher: CSIRO Publishing

Date: 2018

DOI: 10.1071/CP18026

Abstract: Three experiments were conducted to develop a bioassay method for assessing the bioavailability of prosulfocarb, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin in both crop residue and soil. In preliminary experiments, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) were tested as bioassay plant species for the three pre-emergent herbicides. Four growth parameters (shoot length, root length, fresh weight and dry weight) were measured for all plant species. Shoot-length inhibition was identified as the most responsive to the herbicide application rates. Italian ryegrass was the most sensitive species to all tested herbicides, whereas beetroot and cucumber had lower and similar sensitivity to shoot inhibition for the three herbicides. The bioassay species performed similarly in wheat and canola residues collected a few days after harvest. In bioassay calibration experiments, dose–response curves were developed for prosulfocarb, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin in a sandy loam soil typical of the grain belt of Western Australia and with wheat residue. The developed bioassay uses ryegrass shoot inhibition for relatively low suspected concentrations of herbicide, and cucumber shoot inhibition for higher rates. The bioassay was validated by spraying the three herbicides separately onto wheat residue and soil and comparing the concentrations derived from chemical analysis with those from the bioassay. All of the linear correlations between concentrations derived from chemical analyses and the bioassays were highly significant. These results indicate that the bioassay calibration curves are suitable for estimating herbicide concentrations in crop residue collected soon after harvest and a sandy-loam soil, low in organic matter.

Role of neuregulin‐1β in dexamethasone‐enhanced surfactant synthesis in fetal type II cells

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 11-02-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.FEBSLET.2014.01.057

Abstract: It is well established that glucocorticoids elevate the production of fibroblast-pneumocyte factor (FPF), which induces type II cells to synthesize surfactant phospholipids. FPF, however, has not been identified and it is not clear whether it is a single factor or a complex mixture of factors. In this study it has been shown that, when lung fibroblasts are exposed to dexamethasone, the concentration of neuregulin-1β (NRG1β) in conditioned medium is elevated 2-fold (P<0.05), even though NRG1β gene expression is unaffected. This, together with the finding that exposure of type II cells to NRG1β directly stimulates by 3-fold the rate of phospholipid synthesis (P<0.05), suggests that NRG1β is a component of FPF that promotes lung development.

Untargeted Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Analysis of Wheat Grain

Publisher: MyJove Corporation

Date: 13-03-2020

DOI: 10.3791/60851

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0776928

Start Date: 06-2008

End Date: 08-2012

Amount: $263,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0559058

Start Date: 05-2005

End Date: 10-2008

Amount: $355,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0668536

Start Date: 2006

End Date: 12-2006

Amount: $485,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Special Research Initiatives - Grant ID: SR0354745

Start Date: 01-2004

End Date: 12-2004

Amount: $20,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0882519

Start Date: 04-2008

End Date: 02-2013

Amount: $390,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0561166

Start Date: 03-2005

End Date: 03-2007

Amount: $193,876.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE130100145

Start Date: 2013

End Date: 12-2013

Amount: $150,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0775763

Start Date: 2007

End Date: 12-2007

Amount: $189,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE110100239

Start Date: 10-2011

End Date: 10-2012

Amount: $480,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE120100059

Start Date: 01-2012

End Date: 12-2012

Amount: $220,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP110201130

Start Date: 06-2012

End Date: 12-2015

Amount: $419,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE170100021

Start Date: 05-2017

End Date: 12-2018

Amount: $2,168,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0668452

Start Date: 02-2006

End Date: 12-2007

Amount: $290,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE190100183

Start Date: 04-2019

End Date: 04-2020

Amount: $415,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE190100053

Start Date: 2019

End Date: 06-2020

Amount: $1,267,674.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE120100112

Start Date: 01-2012

End Date: 04-2013

Amount: $275,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE140100036

Start Date: 2014

End Date: 12-2015

Amount: $771,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE200100122

Start Date: 08-2020

End Date: 08-2021

Amount: $620,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE150100158

Start Date: 2015

End Date: 12-2015

Amount: $670,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council