ORCID Profile
0000-0003-3940-5542
Current Organisation
Edith Cowan University
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Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics not elsewhere classified | Proteomics and Intermolecular Interactions (excl. Medical Proteomics) | Structural Chemistry and Spectroscopy | Biochemistry and Cell Biology | Biologically Active Molecules | Chemical Characterisation of Materials | Physical Chemistry (Incl. Structural)
Expanding Knowledge in the Chemical Sciences | Expanding Knowledge in the Biological Sciences | Expanding Knowledge in Engineering | Expanding Knowledge in the Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences |
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-07-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-014-2938-2
Abstract: This study measured the influence of acute hypoxic exercise on Interleukin-6 (IL-6), hepcidin, and iron biomarkers in athletes. In a repeated measures design, 13 moderately trained endurance athletes performed 5 × 4 min intervals at 90 % of their peak oxygen consumption velocity (vVO2peak) in both normoxic [NORM, fraction of inspired oxygen (F IO2) = 0.2093, 15.3 ± 1.7 km h(-1)] and simulated hypoxic (HYP, F IO2 = 0.1450, 13.2 ± 1.5 km h(-1)) conditions. Venous blood s les were obtained pre-, post-, and 3 h post-exercise, and analysed for serum hepcidin, IL-6, ferritin, iron, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and transferrin saturation. Peak heart rate was significantly lower in HYP compared with NORM (p = 0.01) however, the rating of perceived exertion was similar between trials (p = 0.24). Ferritin (p = 0.02), transferrin (p = 0.03), and IL-6 (p = 0.01) significantly increased immediately post-exercise in both conditions, but returned to baseline 3 h later. Hepcidin levels significantly increased in both conditions 3 h post-exercise (p = 0.05), with no significant differences between trials. A significant treatment effect was observed between trials for sTfR (p = 0.01), but not iron and transferrin saturation. Acute exercise in hypoxia did not influence post-exercise IL-6 production, hepcidin activity or iron metabolism compared with exercise at the same relative intensity in normoxia. Hence, acute exercise performed at the same relative intensity in hypoxia poses no further risk to an athlete's iron status, as compared with exercise in normoxia.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-09-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-015-3264-Z
Abstract: Locomotive efficiency is cited as an important component to endurance performance however, inconsistent observations of age-related changes in efficiency question its influence in the performance of masters athletes. This study examined locomotive efficiency in young and masters triathletes during both a run and cycle test. Twenty young (28.5 ± 2.6 years) and 20 masters (59.8 ± 1.3 years) triathletes completed an incremental cycling and running test to determine maximal aerobic consumption (VO2max) and the first ventilatory threshold (VT1). Participants then completed 10-min submaximal running and cycling tests at VT1 during which locomotive efficiency was calculated from expired ventilation. Additionally, body fat percentage was determined using skin-fold assessment. During the cycle and run, VO2max was lower in the masters (48.3 ± 5.4 and 49.6 ± 4.8 ml kg(-1) min(-1), respectively) compared with young (61.6 ± 5.7 and 62.4 ± 5.2 ml kg(-1) min(-1), respectively) cohort. Maximal running speed and the cycling power output corresponding to VO2max were also lower in the masters (15.1 ± 0.8 km h(-1) and 318.6 ± 26.0 W) compared with the young (19.5 ± 1.3 km h(-1) and 383.6 ± 35.0 W) cohort. Cycling efficiency was lower (-11.2%) in the masters compared with young cohort. Similar results were observed for the energy cost of running (+10.8%) however, when scaled to lean body mass, changes were more pronounced during the run (+22.1%). Within trained triathletes, ageing can influence efficiency in both the run and cycle discipline. While disregarded in the past, efficiency should be considered in research examining performance in ageing athletes.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-06-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JPC.12933
Abstract: The aims were to identify in-home concerns about sleep in children and young people with cerebral palsy (CP) across age and Gross Motor Function Classification Scale (GMFCS) levels. This was a retrospective review of clinical notes of 154 children and young people with CP, aged 1-18 years (M = 7.8 standard deviation = 5.4) who received a home-based sleep service. Reported concerns were synthesised, for analysis according to age groups (1-5, 6-13, 14-18) and GMFCS levels. Sixteen factors of concern were derived from the home-based assessment reports. Most children and young people had multiple factors of concern. These varied across age groups and GMFCS levels. Body position was of concern across all age groups, for over 90% at GMFCS levels IV and V, and for 10% at GMFCS level I. Settling routines were of concern for more than 90% at GMFCS levels I and II, but for less than 50% at GMFCS levels IV and V. Settling routines were of concern to over 65% of those under 6 years but less than 25% of those over 14 years. Conversely, pain and pressure care concerned less than 10% of children under 6, and more than 35% of those over 14 years. Concerns about sleep vary across ages and GMFCS levels of children and young people with CP. Concerns relate to impairment of body structure and function, activity, environment, and personal supports. Multi-disciplinary, home-based assessment and interventions are recommended to address these concerns.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 09-2014
Abstract: To determine the consistency of commercially available devices used for measuring elevation gain in outdoor activities and sports. Two separate observational validation studies were conducted. Garmin (Forerunner 310XT, Edge 500, Edge 750, and Edge 800 with and without elevation correction) and SRM (Power Control 7) devices were used to measure total elevation gain (TEG) over a 15.7-km mountain climb performed on 6 separate occasions (6 devices study 1) and during a 138-km cycling event (164 devices study 2). TEG was significantly different between the Garmin and SRM devices ( P .05). The between-devices variability in TEG was lower when measured with the SRM than with the Garmin devices (study 1: 0.2% and 1.5%, respectively). The use of the Garmin elevation-correction option resulted in a 5–10% increase in the TEG. While measurements of TEG were relatively consistent within each brand, the measurements differed between the SRM and Garmin devices by as much as 3%. Caution should be taken when comparing elevation-gain data recorded with different settings or with devices of different brands.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-10-2006
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-006-0296-4
Abstract: We investigated the effects of an Ironman triathlon race on markers of muscle damage, inflammation and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Nine well-trained male triathletes (mean +/- SD age 34 +/- 5 years VO(2peak) 66.4 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) participated in the 2004 Western Australia Ironman triathlon race (3.8 km swim, 180 km cycle, 42.2 km run). We assessed jump height, muscle strength and soreness, and collected venous blood s les 2 days before the race, within 30 min and 14-20 h after the race. Plasma s les were analysed for muscle proteins, acute phase proteins, cytokines, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and clinical biochemical variables related to dehydration, haemolysis, liver and renal functions. Muscular strength and jump height decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after the race, whereas muscle soreness and the plasma concentrations of muscle proteins increased. The cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6 and IL-10, and HSP70 increased markedly after the race, while IL-12p40 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were also elevated. IL-4, IL-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha did not change significantly, despite elevated C-reactive protein and serum amyloid protein A on the day after the race. Plasma creatinine, uric acid and total bilirubin concentrations and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity also changed after the race. In conclusion, despite evidence of muscle damage and an acute phase response after the race, the pro-inflammatory cytokine response was minimal and anti-inflammatory cytokines were induced. HSP70 is released into the circulation as a function of exercise duration.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2008
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-04-2016
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1175651
Abstract: Research indicates that instructing athlete's to focus on bodily movements (internal focus of attention [IFA]) may hinder performance, whereas instructing them to focus on the movement outcome (external focus of attention [EFA]) often enhances performance. Despite the importance of instructions in striking combat sports, limited research has examined the influence of IFA and EFA on performance in well-trained combat athletes. This study investigated the effects of different instructional cues on punching velocity (m · s
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-07-2016
DOI: 10.1111/CPF.12380
Abstract: This study compared the effect of postexercise water immersion (WI) at different temperatures on common femoral artery blood flow (CFA), muscle (total haemoglobin tHb) and skin perfusion (cutaneous vascular conductance CVC), assessed by Doppler ultrasound, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and laser Doppler flowmetry, respectively. Given that heat stress may influence the vascular response during cooling, nine men cycled for 25 min at the first ventilatory threshold followed by intermittent 30-s cycling at 90% peak power until exhaustion at 32·8 ± 0·4°C and 32 ± 5% RH. They then received 5-min WI at 8·6 ± 0·2°C (WI
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2009
DOI: 10.1080/02640410903207424
Abstract: This study compared the effect of 5, 10 and 20 min of cold-water (14 degrees C) immersion on rectal and muscle temperature and neuromuscular function. Twelve cyclists performed four cycling time-to-exhaustion trials in hot conditions (40 degrees C and 40%rh), followed 25 min later by cold-water immersion for 5, 10 or 20 min or 20 min in room temperature (24 degrees C control). Rectal temperature was measured continuously, and muscle temperature was measured before, immediately after and 45 min after the time-to-exhaustion-test, as well as before and after water immersion. Sixty-second maximal voluntary isometric torque and isokinetic torque of the knee extensors were measured before, immediately after and 55 min after time-to-exhaustion-test. A greater rate of decrease in rectal temperature was observed in all water immersion conditions 45-80 min after time-to-exhaustion-test compared with control. Compared with control, muscle temperature 45 min after time-to-exhaustion-test was lower for all water immersion conditions however, muscle temperature was lower for the 10- and 20-min conditions compared with 5 min. Isometric torque measured 55 min after time-to-exhaustion-test was lower for all conditions. Isokinetic torque was lower for all conditions immediately and 55-min post-time-to-exhaustion-test. Of the durations measured, 5 min of cold-water immersion appeared as the most appropriate duration for reducing rectal temperature but limiting decreases in muscle temperature.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2013
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 09-11-2017
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 09-2017
Abstract: To examine the influence of manipulating aerobic contribution after whole-blood removal on pacing patterns, performance, and energy contribution during self-paced middle-distance cycling. Seven male cyclists (33 ± 8 y) completed an incremental cycling test followed 20 min later by a 4-min self-paced cycling time trial (4MMP) on 6 separate occasions over 42 d. The initial 2 sessions acted as familiarization and baseline testing, after which 470 mL of blood was removed, with the remaining sessions performed 24 h, 7 d, 21 d, and 42 d after blood removal. During all 4MMP trials, power output, oxygen uptake, and aerobic and anaerobic contribution to power were determined. 4MMP average power output significantly decreased by 7% ± 6%, 6% ± 8%, and 4% ± 6% at 24 h, 7 d, and 21 d after blood removal, respectively. Compared with baseline, aerobic contribution during the 4MMP was significantly reduced by 5% ± 4%, 4% ± 5%, and 4% ± 10% at 24 h, 7 d, and 21 d, respectively. The rate of decline in power output on commencement of the 4MMP was significantly attenuated and was 76% ± 20%, 72% ± 24%, and 75% ± 35% lower than baseline at 24 h, 21 d, and 42 d, respectively. Removal of 470 mL of blood reduces aerobic energy contribution, alters pacing patterns, and decreases performance during self-paced cycling. These findings indicate the importance of aerobic energy distribution during self-paced middle-distance events.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 06-06-2010
Abstract: This study examined the effect of a 5-min cold-water immersion (14 degrees C) recovery intervention on repeated cycling performance in the heat. 10 male cyclists performed two bouts of a 25-min constant-paced (254 (22) W) cycling session followed by a 4-km time trial in hot conditions (35 degrees C, 40% relative humidity). The two bouts were separated by either 15 min of seated recovery in the heat (control) or the same condition with 5-min cold-water immersion (5th-10th minute), using a counterbalanced cross-over design (CP(1)TT(1) --> CWI or CON --> CP(2)TT(2)). Rectal temperature was measured immediately before and after both the constant-paced sessions and 4-km timed trials. Cycling economy and Vo(2) were measured during the constant-paced sessions, and the average power output and completion times were recorded for each time trial. Compared with control, rectal temperature was significantly lower (0.5 (0.4) degrees C) in cold-water immersion before CP(2) until the end of the second 4-km timed trial. However, the increase in rectal temperature (0.5 (0.2) degrees C) during CP(2) was not significantly different between conditions. During the second 4-km timed trial, power output was significantly greater in cold-water immersion (327.9 (55.7) W) compared with control (288.0 (58.8) W), leading to a faster completion time in cold-water immersion (6.1 (0.3) min) compared with control (6.4 (0.5) min). Economy and Vo(2) were not influenced by the cold-water immersion recovery intervention. 5-min cold-water immersion recovery significantly lowered rectal temperature and maintained endurance performance during subsequent high-intensity exercise. These data indicate that repeated exercise performance in heat may be improved when a short period of cold-water immersion is applied during the recovery period.
Publisher: Bowling Green State University Libraries
Date: 02-2015
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2010
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.497816
Abstract: The aims of this study were to determine (1) the in idual tactics employed by elite modern pentathletes within each discipline of the new combined running-shooting event, and (2) the consequences of these strategies on overall performance. For 36 male pentathletes competing in a World Cup event, we measured running velocity, transition time, shooting time, shooting accuracy, and delay per shot. Performances of the top third of athletes, middle third of athletes, and the bottom third of athletes in the combined event were compared. The difference in overall performance between the top third and middle/bottom thirds was predominately associated with better shooting accuracy (79 +/- 13%, 68 +/- 12%, and 64 +/- 10% success rate for top, middle, and bottom third, respectively) and faster shooting time (86 +/- 16 s, 109 +/- 19 s, and 117 +/- 23 s for top, middle, and bottom third, respectively). No significant differences in running velocity, transition time or delay per shot were observed among the three groups. All the competitors started significantly faster over the first 200 m of each of the three 1-km running stages. The last third of the approximately 3-km race was completed significantly faster by all athletes (P < 0.05). The main finding was that the best performers of the combined event distinguished themselves due to their greater shooting accuracy.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-10-2008
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-007-0598-1
Abstract: We investigated the influence of rectal temperature on the immune system during and after exercise. Ten well-trained male cyclists completed exercise trials (90 min cycling at 60% VO(2max) + 16.1 - km time trial) on three separate occasions: once in 18 degrees C and twice in 32 degrees C. Twenty minutes after the trials in 32 degrees C, the cyclists sat for approximately 20 min in cold water (14 degrees C) on one occasion, whereas on another occasion they sat at room temperature. Rectal temperature increased significantly during cycling in both conditions, and was significantly higher after cycling in 32 degrees C than in 18 degrees C (P < 0.05). Leukocyte counts increased significantly during cycling but did not differ between the conditions. The concentrations of serum interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IL-10, plasma catecholamines, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, myeloperoxidase and calprotectin increased significantly following cycling in both conditions. The concentrations of serum IL-8 (25%), IL-10 (120%), IL-1 receptor antagonist (70%), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (17%), plasma myeloperoxidase (26%) and norepinephrine (130%) were significantly higher after cycling in 32 degrees C than in 18 degrees C. During recovery from exercise in 32 degrees C, rectal temperature was significantly lower in response to sitting in cold water than at room temperature. However, immune changes during 90 min of recovery did not differ significantly between sitting in cold water and at room temperature. The greater rise in rectal temperature during exercise in 32 degrees C increased the concentrations of serum IL-8, IL-10, IL-1ra, TNF-alpha and plasma myeloperoxidase, whereas the greater decline in rectal temperature during cold water immersion after exercise did not affect immune responses.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-02-2007
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-007-0405-Z
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if increased environmental heat leads to hyperthermic-induced hypocapnia and associated alkalosis during prolonged self-paced cycling. Nine male cyclists completed three 100 km stochastic time trials in hot (34 degrees C), neutral (22 degrees C) and cold (10 degrees C) environments. Intermittent measurements of rectal and skin temperature, expired gases, blood pH, PaCO(2), PaO(2), and bicarbonate were made throughout. Rectal temperature increased significantly throughout all trials (P < 0.001) and was significantly correlated with increases in the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (Ve/ VCo2 r = 0.77 P < 0.001) and blood pH (r = 0.69 P < 0.05). Rectal temperature was also negatively correlated with a reduction in PaCO(2) (r = -0.80 P < 0.001). PaO(2) and bicarbonate concentration remained constant throughout all trials. This study has shown that prolonged self-paced cycling is associated with a hyperthermic-induced hyperventilation, causing a decrease in arterialized carbon dioxide tension and consequential respiratory alkalosis.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-10-2019
DOI: 10.1111/SMS.13555
Abstract: Compare power output, cadence, and torque in the seated, standing, and forward standing cycling sprint positions. On three separated occasions (ie, one for each position), 11 recreational male road cyclists performed a 14 seconds sprint before and directly after a high-intensity lead-up. Power output, cadence, and torque were measured during each sprint. No significant differences in peak and mean power output were observed between the forward standing (1125.5 ± 48.5 W and 896.0 ± 32.7 W, respectively) and either the seated or standing positions (1042.5 ± 46.8 W and 856.5 ± 29.4 W 1175.4 ± 44.9 W and 927.5 ± 28.9 W, respectively). Power output was higher in the standing, compared with the seated position. No difference was observed in cadence between positions. At the start of the sprint before the lead-up, peak torque was higher in the standing position vs the forward standing position and peak torque occurred later in the pedal revolution for both the forward standing and standing positions when compared with the seated position. At the start of the sprint after the lead-up, peak torque occurred later in the forward standing position when compared with both the seated and standing position. At the end of the sprint, no difference in torque was found between the forward standing and standing position either before or after the lead-up. Sprinting in the forward standing sprint position does not impair power output, cadence, and torque when compared with the seated and standing sprint positions.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 11-2019
Abstract: Purpose : To determine the validity of the Velocomp PowerPod power meter in comparison with the Verve Cycling InfoCrank power meter. Methods : This research involved 2 separate studies. In study 1, 12 recreational male road cyclists completed 7 maximal cycling efforts of a known duration (2 times 5 s and 15, 30, 60, 240, and 600 s). In study 2, 4 elite male road cyclists completed 13 outdoor cycling sessions. In both studies, power output of cyclists was continuously measured using both the PowerPod and InfoCrank power meters. Maximal mean power output was calculated for durations of 1, 5, 15, 30, 60, 240, and 600 seconds plus the average power output in study 2. Results : Power output determined by the PowerPod was almost perfectly correlated with the InfoCrank ( r .996 P .001) in both studies. Using a rolling resistance previously reported, power output was similar between power meters in study 1 ( P = .989), but not in study 2 ( P = .045). Rolling resistance estimated by the PowerPod was higher than what has been previously reported this might have occurred because of errors in the subjective device setup. This overestimation of rolling resistance increased the power output readings. Conclusion : Accuracy of rolling resistance seems to be very important in determining power output using the PowerPod. When using a rolling resistance based on previous literature, the PowerPod showed high validity when compared with the InfoCrank in a controlled field test (study 1) but less so in a dynamic environment (study 2).
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.1152/AJPREGU.00031.2015
Abstract: This study investigated the effect of regular postexercise cold water immersion (CWI) on muscle aerobic adaptations to endurance training. Eight males performed 3 sessions/wk of endurance training for 4 wk. Following each session, subjects immersed one leg in a cold water bath (10°C COLD) for 15 min, while the contralateral leg served as a control (CON). Muscle biopsies were obtained from vastus lateralis of both CON and COLD legs prior to training and 48 h following the last training session. S les were analyzed for signaling kinases: p38 MAPK and AMPK, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), enzyme activities indicative of mitochondrial biogenesis, and protein subunits representative of respiratory chain complexes I–V. Following training, subjects' peak oxygen uptake and running velocity were improved by 5.9% and 6.2%, respectively ( P 0.05). Repeated CWI resulted in higher total AMPK, phosphorylated AMPK, phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase, β-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase and the protein subunits representative of complex I and III ( P 0.05). Moreover, large effect sizes (Cohen's d 0.8) were noted with changes in protein content of p38 ( d = 1.02, P = 0.064), PGC-1α ( d = 0.99, P = 0.079), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α ( d = 0.93, P = 0.10) in COLD compared with CON. No differences between conditions were observed in the representative protein subunits of respiratory complexes II, IV, and V and in the activities of several mitochondrial enzymes ( P 0.05). These findings indicate that regular CWI enhances p38, AMPK, and possibly mitochondrial biogenesis.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 15-12-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2008.08.003
Abstract: This study examined the effect of a short cold water immersion (CWI) intervention on rectal and muscle temperature, isokinetic strength and 1-km cycling time trial performance in the heat. Ten male cyclists performed a 1-km time trial at 35.0+/-0.3 degrees C and 40.0+/-3.0% relative humidity, followed by 20 min recovery sitting in either cold water (14 degrees C) for 5 min or in 35 degrees C air (control) a second 1-km time trial immediately followed. Peak and mean cycling power output were recorded for both time trials. Rectal and muscle temperature, and maximal isokinetic concentric torque of the knee extensors were measured before and immediately after the first and second time trials. Rectal temperature was not different between cold water immersion and control conditions at any time points. After the second time trial, however, muscle temperature was significantly lower (-1.3+/-0.7 degrees C) in cold water immersion compared with the control trial. While peak and mean power decreased from the first to second time trial in both conditions (-86+/-54 W and -24+/-16 W, respectively), maximal isokinetic concentric torque was similar between conditions at all time points. The 5 min cold water immersion intervention lowered muscle temperature but did not affect isokinetic strength or 1-km cycling performance.
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 07-2008
Abstract: The aims of the present study were to determine the influence of familiarization on the reliability of power output during a dynamic 30-km cycling trial and to determine the test-retest reliability following a 6-week period. Nine trained male cyclists performed five self-paced 30-km cycling trials, which contained three 250-m sprints and three 1-km sprints. The first three of these trials were performed in consecutive weeks (Week 1, Week 2 and Week 3), while the latter two trials were consecutively conducted 6 wk following (Week 9 and Week 10). Subjects were instructed to complete each sprint, as well as the entire trial in the least time possible. Reproducibility in average power output over the entire 30-km trial for Week 2 and 3 alone (coefficient of variation, CV = 2.4 %, intra-class correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.93) was better than for Week 1 and 2 (CV = 5.5 %, ICC = 0.77) and Week 9 and 10 alone (CV = 5.3 %, ICC = 0.57). These results indicate that high reliability during a dynamic 30-km cycling trial may be obtained after a single familiarization trial when subsequent trials are performed within 7 days. However, if cyclists do not perform trials for six weeks, the same level of reliability is not maintained.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 02-11-2018
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 30-05-2019
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002053
Abstract: Regular exercise can reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease through risk factor modification, with high-intensity exercise and more recently small muscle mass training providing alternatives to moderate-intensity exercise. This study randomly assigned 53 healthy middle-age adults (age, 62 ± 6 yr) to complete 24 sessions (8 wk 3 d·wk −1 ) of exercise training, using either high-intensity double-leg cycling ( n = 17 HIT DL ), high-intensity single-leg cycling ( n = 18 HIT SL ), or moderate-intensity double-leg cycling ( n = 18 MCT DL ). Biomarkers of cardiovascular risk (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-c, LDL-c, apo-B48, and glucose), anthropometry measures (body mass, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio), resting blood pressure, and aerobic capacity were assessed pre- and postintervention. Total work completed was greater ( P 0.01) in MCT DL (5938 ± 1462 kJ) compared with the HIT DL (3462 ± 1063 kJ) and HIT SL (4423 ± 1875 kJ). Pre- to posttraining differences were observed for waist-to-hip ratio (0.84 ± 0.09 vs 0.83 ± 0.09 P 0.01), resting systolic blood pressure (129 ± 11 vs 124 ± 12 mm Hg P 0.01), total cholesterol (5.87 ± 1.17 vs 5.55 ± 0.98 mmol·L −1 P 0.01), and LDL-c (3.70 ± 1.04 vs 3.44 ± 0.84 mmol·L −1 P 0.01), with no differences between conditions. In addition, aerobic capacity increased after training (22.3 ± 6.4 vs 24.9 ± 7.6 mL·kg −1 ·min −1 P 0.01), with no differences between conditions. These findings suggest that all three modes of exercise can be prescribed to achieve cardiovascular risk reduction in an aging population.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2019.03.007
Abstract: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at investigating the isolated effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO Following a search through PubMed and Scopus, 13 studies (7 with caffeine and 6 with NaHCO The meta-analysis indicated that caffeine ingestion did not improve the total work done (weighted average effect size Hedges's g = -0.01, 95%CI: -0.32 to 0.31, p = 0.97), best sprint (weighted average effect size Hedges's g = -0.02, 95% CI: -0.32 to 0.27 p = 0.87) or last sprint performance (weighed average effect size Hedge's g = -0.27, 95%CI: -0.68 to 0.14 p = 0.20), when compared with a placebo condition. Similarly, NaHCO This meta-analysis provides evidence that repeated sprint ability is not affected by acute ingestion of caffeine or NaHCO
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 02-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2016
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 28-01-2009
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of the Velotron cycle ergometer and the SRM power meter using a dynamic calibration rig over a range of exercise protocols commonly applied in laboratory settings. These trials included two sustained constant power trials (250 W and 414 W), two incremental power trials and three high-intensity interval power trials. To further compare the two systems, 15 subjects performed three dynamic 30 km performance time trials. The Velotron and SRM displayed accurate measurements of power during both constant power trials (<1% error). However, during high-intensity interval trials the Velotron and SRM were found to be less accurate (3.0%, CI=1.6-4.5% and -2.6%, CI=-3.2--2.0% error, respectively). During the dynamic 30 km time trials, power measured by the Velotron was 3.7+/-1.9% (CI=2.9-4.8%) greater than that measured by the SRM. In conclusion, the accuracy of the Velotron cycle ergometer and the SRM power meter appears to be dependent on the type of test being performed. Furthermore, as each power monitoring system measures power at various positions (i.e. bottom bracket vs. rear wheel), caution should be taken when comparing power across the two systems, particularly when power is variable.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2010.08.020
Abstract: The pack hike test (PHT, 4.83 km hike wearing a 20.4-kg load) was devised to determine the job readiness of USA wildland firefighters. This study measured PHT performance in a s le of Australian firefighters who currently perform the PHT (career land management firefighters, LMFF) and those who do not (suburban/regional volunteer firefighters, VFF). The study also investigated the relationships between firefighters' PHT performance and their performance across a range of fitness tests for both groups. Twenty LMFF and eighteen age-, body mass-, and height-matched VFF attempted the PHT, and a series of muscular endurance, power, strength and cardiorespiratory fitness tests. Bivariate correlations between the participants' PHT finishing time and their performance in a suite of different fitness tests were determined using Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient. The mean PHT finishing time for LMFF (42.2 ± 2.8 min) was 9 ± 14% faster (p = 0.001) than for VFF (46.1 ± 3.6 min). The pass rate (the percentage of participants who completed the PHT in under 45 min) for LMFF (90%) was greater than that of VFF (39%, p = 0.001). For LMFF, VO(2peak) in L min(-1)(r = -0.66, p = 0.001) and the duration they could sustain a grip 'force' of 25 kg (r = -0.69, p = 0.001) were strongly correlated with PHT finishing time. For VFF, VO(2peak) in mL kg(-1) min(-1)(r = -0.75, p = 0.002) and the duration they could hold a 1.2-m bar attached to 45.5 kg in a 'hose spray position' (r = -0.69, p = 0.004) were strongly correlated with PHT finishing time. This study shows that PHT fitness-screening could severely limit the number of VFF eligible for duty, compromising workforce numbers and highlights the need for specific and valid firefighter fitness standards. The results also demonstrate the strong relationships between PHT performance and firefighters' cardiorespiratory fitness and local muscular endurance. Those preparing for the PHT should focus their training on these fitness components in the weeks and months prior to undertaking the PHT.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-01-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-018-3809-Z
Abstract: This study investigated whether reported improvements in blood flow distribution, and the possible related effects on thermoregulation during exercise following supplementation with beetroot juice (BR), a rich source of dietary nitrate (NO 12 male endurance-trained cyclists (age 27 ± 6 years, VO Salivary NO This investigation shows that the ergogenic effects and health benefits of BR supplementation, such as augmented cutaneous blood flow, reduced MAP, increased muscle oxygenation, and improved aerobic efficiency may be attenuated when exercise is performed in hot conditions.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 29-09-2017
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 10-2018
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002659
Abstract: Farley, ORL, Secomb, JL, Raymond, ER, Lundgren, LE, Ferrier, BK, Abbiss, CR, and Sheppard, JM. Workloads of competitive surfing: work-to-relief ratios, surf-break demands, and updated analysis. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2939–2948, 2018—The study provides an in-depth descriptive and quantitative time-motion analysis of competitive surfing, using Global Positioning System (GPS) units and video synchronization, which serves to extend upon the results of Farley, Harris, and Kilding (Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26, 7 [2012]). In addition, comparisons between locations and surfers competing in the same heats were performed. Global Positioning System and video data were collected from 41 male competitive surfers (23.2 ± 6.1 years, 71 ± 10.3 kg, 177.2 ± 6.4 cm) participating in 3 professional domestic surfing events, with competitive heats of 20-minute duration. Fifty data sets were analyzed across the 3 competitions, with velocities and distances covered, proportion of time spent performing various surfing activities, and total work-to-relief ratio determined. Results revealed surfers paddled 44% of the total time, followed by stationary periods (42%). Surfers performed at a significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) higher work-to-relief ratio (1.7:1) at the beach-break (an exposed beach) compared with point-break 1 and 2 (waves breaking around a rocky point). Point-breaks 1 and 2 had longer continuous durations of paddling, with significantly longer rides at point-break 1 over the beach-break ( p ≤ 0.01) and point-break 2 ( p ≤ 0.01). The average maximal speed (24.8 km·h −1 ) from point-break 2 was significantly faster than point-break 1 ( p ≤ 0.01) and beach-break ( p ≤ 0.05). This information should influence surfing drills and conditioning methods to prepare these athletes for the disparate demands, such as training for a point-break competition involving longer durations of continuous paddling and short, high-intensity workloads for a beach-break.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 27-02-2017
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 15-03-2022
DOI: 10.1242/JEB.243643
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to demonstrate that muscle fiber mechanics can be assessed on micro-biopsies obtained from human medial gastrocnemii. Three micro-biopsy s les were collected from female dancers (n=15). Single fibers and fiber bundles were isolated and passively stretched from 2.4 to 3.0 µm at 0.015 and 0.04 µm s−1 (n=50 fibers total) and in five increments at 0.12 µm s−1 (n=42 fibers total). Muscle fibers were then activated isometrically at 2.4 µm (n=4 fibers total) and 3.0 µm (n=3 fibers total). Peak stress and steady-state stress were significantly greater (P& .0001) after stretching at 0.04 µm s−1 than at 0.015 µm s−1. Furthermore, peak stresses and steady-state stresses increased non-linearly with fiber length (P& .0001). We conclude that active and passive muscle fiber mechanics can be investigated using tissue from micro-biopsies.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-03-2020
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2011
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 10-2014
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001442
Abstract: Farley, ORL, Abbiss, CR, and Sheppard, JM. Performance Analysis of Surfing: A Review. J Strength Cond Res 31(1): 260–271, 2017—Despite the increased professionalism and substantial growth of surfing worldwide, there is limited information available to practitioners and coaches in terms of key performance analytics that are common in other field-based sports. Indeed, research analyzing surfing performance is limited to a few studies examining male surfers' heart rates, surfing activities through time-motion analysis (TMA) using video recordings and Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) data during competition and recreational surfing. These studies have indicated that specific activities undertaken during surfing are unique with a variety of activities (i.e., paddling, resting, wave riding, breath holding, and recovery of surfboard in the surf). Furthermore, environmental and wave conditions also seem to influence the physical demands of competition surfing. It is due to these demands that surfers are required to have a high cardiorespiratory fitness, high muscular endurance, and considerable strength and anaerobic power, particular within the upper torso. By exploring various methods of performance analysis used within other sports, it is possible to improve our understanding of surfing demands. In so doing this will assist in the development of protocols and strategies to assess physiological characteristics of surfers, monitor athlete performance, improve training prescription, and identify talent. Therefore, this review explores the current literature to provide insights into methodological protocols, delimitations of research into athlete analysis and an overview of surfing dynamics. Specifically, this review will describe and review the use of TMA, GPS, and other technologies (i.e., HR) that are used in external and internal load monitoring as they pertain to surfing.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-09-2016
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1235790
Abstract: This study examined the test-retest reliability of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and Doppler ultrasound to assess exercise-induced haemodynamics. Nine men completed two identical trials consisting of 25-min submaximal cycling at first ventilatory threshold followed by repeated 30-s bouts of high-intensity (90% of peak power) cycling in 32.8 ± 0.4°C and 32 ± 5% relative humidity (RH). NIRS (tissue oxygenation index [TOI] and total haemoglobin [tHb]) and LDF (perfusion units [PU]) signals were monitored continuously during exercise, and leg blood flow was assessed by Doppler ultrasound at baseline and after exercise. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC PU/mean arterial pressure (MAP)) was expressed as the percentage change from baseline (%CVC
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 24-07-2018
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1498131
Abstract: The objectives of this article are to compare oxygen consumption (VO
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 20-02-2020
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 08-2007
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-02-2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-06-2022
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 09-2014
Abstract: To date, there has been limited research examining the influence of pacing pattern (PP) on middle-distance swimming performance. As such, the purpose of the current study was to examine the influence of PP manipulation on 400-m freestyle swimming performance. 15 front-crawl swimmers (5 female, 10 male age 18 ± 2 y) performed 3 simulated 400-m swimming events. The initial trial was self-selected pacing (PP SS ). The following 2 trials were performed in a counterbalanced order and required participants to complete the first 100 m more slowly (PP SLOW : 4.5% ± 2.2%) or quickly (PP FAST : 2.4% ± 1.6%) than the PP SS trial. 50-m split times were recorded during each trial. Overall performance time was faster in PP SS (275.0 ± 15.9 s) than in PP FAST (278.5 ± 16.4 s, P = .05) but not significantly different from PP SLOW (277.5 ± 16.2 s, P = .22). However, analysis for practical relevance revealed that pacing manipulation resulted in a “likely” ( .2%) decrease in performance compared with PP SS . Moderate manipulation of the starting speed during simulated 400-m freestyle races seems to affect overall performance. The observed results indicate that PP SS is optimal in most in iduals, yet it seems to fail in some swimmers. Future research should focus on the identification of athletes possibly profiting from manipulations.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-2006
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 25-03-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-03-2017
DOI: 10.1111/SMS.12685
Abstract: The post-exercise hepcidin response during prolonged (>2 weeks) hypoxic exposure is not well understood. We compared plasma hepcidin levels 3 h after exercise [6 × 1000 m at 90% of maximal aerobic running velocity (vVO
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 22-03-2013
Abstract: The reliability of near infrared spectroscopy derived tissue oxygenation index (TOI) and total haemoglobin concentration (tHb) were examined during continuous (CR) and interval (INT) running. In a repeated measures design, 10 subjects twice performed 30 min of CR at 70% of their peak treadmill velocity, followed by 10 bouts of INT at 100%. Between trial reliability of mean and litude changes in TOI and tHb during CR were determined. Muscle de-oxygenation and re-oxygenation rates during INT were calculated using 3 analytical methods i) linear modelling, ii) minimum and maximum values during work/rest intervals, and iii) mean values during work/rest intervals. Reliability was assessed using coefficient of variation (CV %). During CR, mean TOI was more reliable (3.5%) compared with TOI litude change (34.7%), while mean tHb (12%) was similar to both absolute (9.2%) and relative (10.2%) litude changes. During INT, de-oxygenation rates analysed via linear modelling produced the lowest CV (7.2%), while analysis using min-max values produced the lowest CV (9.3%) for re-oxygenation rates. In conclusion, while the variables demonstrated CVs lower than reported changes in training-induced adaptations and/or differences between athletes and controls (23- 450%), practitioners are encouraged to consider the advantages/disadvantages of each method when performing their analysis.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 08-2018
Abstract: Context : Combat sports are typically ided into weight classes, and body-mass manipulation to reach a weight class is commonplace. Previous research suggests that weight loss practices in mixed martial arts (MMA) may be more extreme than in other combat sports. Purpose : To investigate the magnitude of weight loss and the prevalence of weight loss strategies in different combat sports. Methods : Competitors (N = 637) from Brazilian jiu-jitsu, boxing, judo, MMA, Muay Thai/kickboxing, taekwondo, and wrestling completed an online questionnaire seeking information regarding their weight loss practices. Results : Body-mass manipulation was commonly undertaken by all combat-sport athletes, with a particularly high incidence of gradual dieting, increased exercise, and fluid restriction. Skipping meals was higher in taekwondo and wrestling (84%) compared with the other combat sports (∼58%), whereas training in heated rooms and forced oral fluid loss (spitting) was higher in wrestling (83% and 47%, respectively) compared with other combat sports (∼45% and ∼19%, respectively). MMA athletes reported the highest usage of sauna (76%) and water loading (67%) while also reporting the second-highest use of training in rubber lastic suits (63%). Conclusions : Body-mass manipulation was present in all combat sports, with the prevalence and magnitude of acute weight loss greater in MMA. The incidence of and practices reported will help support staff be fully aware of the variety of methods these athletes and coaches may use to achieve weight loss. Additionally, the results could aid regulatory bodies in the further development of policies on weight cutting.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSBEH.2018.06.005
Abstract: The relationship between patterns of change in skin temperature and sleep is well recognized. In particular, there is a rapid rise in distal skin temperature (T
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-02-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-016-0483-3
Abstract: Intense training results in numerous physiological perturbations such as muscle damage, hyperthermia, dehydration and glycogen depletion. Insufficient/untimely restoration of these physiological alterations might result in sub-optimal performance during subsequent training sessions, while chronic imbalance between training stress and recovery might lead to overreaching or overtraining syndrome. The use of post-exercise cold water immersion (CWI) is gaining considerable popularity among athletes to minimize fatigue and accelerate post-exercise recovery. CWI, through its primary ability to decrease tissue temperature and blood flow, is purported to facilitate recovery by ameliorating hyperthermia and subsequent alterations to the central nervous system (CNS), reducing cardiovascular strain, removing accumulated muscle metabolic by-products, attenuating exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and improving autonomic nervous system function. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive and detailed examination of the mechanisms underpinning acute and longer term recovery of exercise performance following post-exercise CWI. Understanding the mechanisms will aid practitioners in the application and optimisation of CWI strategies to suit specific recovery needs and consequently improve athletic performance. Much of the literature indicates that the dominant mechanism by which CWI facilitates short term recovery is via ameliorating hyperthermia and consequently CNS mediated fatigue and by reducing cardiovascular strain. In contrast, there is limited evidence to support that CWI might improve acute recovery by facilitating the removal of muscle metabolites. CWI has been shown to augment parasympathetic reactivation following exercise. While CWI-mediated parasympathetic reactivation seems detrimental to high-intensity exercise performance when performed shortly after, it has been shown to be associated with improved longer term physiological recovery and day to day training performances. The efficacy of CWI for attenuating the secondary effects of EIMD seems dependent on the mode of exercise utilised. For instance, CWI application seems to demonstrate limited recovery benefits when EIMD was induced by single-joint eccentrically biased contractions. In contrast, CWI seems more effective in ameliorating effects of EIMD induced by whole body prolonged endurance/intermittent based exercise modalities.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-06-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-015-0344-5
Abstract: Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and effort are considered extremely important in the regulation of intensity during self-paced physical activity. While effort and exertion are slightly different constructs, these terms are often used interchangeably within the literature. The development of perceptions of both effort and exertion is a complicated process involving numerous neural processes occurring in various regions within the brain. It is widely accepted that perceptions of effort are highly dependent on efferent copies of central drive which are sent from motor to sensory regions of the brain. Additionally, it has been suggested that perceptions of effort and exertion are integrated based on the balance between corollary discharge and actual afferent feedback however, the involvement of peripheral afferent sensory feedback in the development of such perceptions has been debated. As such, this review examines the possible difference between effort and exertion, and the implications of such differences in understanding the role of such perceptions in the regulation of pace during exercise.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 10-2009
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 05-03-2019
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 05-2014
Abstract: To observe voluntary fluid and carbohydrate intakes and thermoregulatory characteristics of road cyclists during 2 multiday, multiple-stage races in temperate conditions. Ten internationally competitive male cyclists competed in 2 stage races (2009 Tour of Gippsland, T1, n = 5 2010 Tour of Geelong, T2, n = 5) in temperate conditions (13.2–15.8°C 54–80% relative humidity). Body mass (BM) was recorded immediately before and after each stage. Peak gastrointestinal temperature (T GI peak ) was recorded throughout each stage. Cyclists recalled the types and volumes of fluid and food consumed throughout each stage. Although fluid intake varied according to the race format, there were strong correlations between fluid intake and distance across all formats of racing, in both tours ( r = .82, r = .92). Within a stage, the relationship between finishing time and fluid intake was trivial. Mean BM change over a stage was 1.3%, with losses % BM occurring on 5 out of 43 measured occasions and the fastest competitors incurring lower BM changes. Most subjects consumed carbohydrate at rates that met the new guidelines (30–60 g/h for 2–3 h, ~90 g/h for h), based on event duration. There were consistent observations of T GI peak °C during stages of T1 (67%) and T2 (73%) despite temperate environmental conditions. This study captured novel effects of highintensity stage racing in temperate environmental conditions. In these conditions, cyclists were generally able to find opportunities to consume fluid and carbohydrate to meet current guidelines. We consistently observed high T GI peak , which merits further investigation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2007.10.011
Abstract: Cold water immersion (CWI) is a popular recovery modality, but actual physiological responses to CWI after exercise in the heat have not been well documented. The purpose of this study was to examine effects of 20-min CWI (14 degrees C) on neuromuscular function, rectal (T(re)) and skin temperature (T(sk)), and femoral venous diameter after exercise in the heat. Ten well-trained male cyclists completed two bouts of exercise consisting of 90-min cycling at a constant power output (216+/-12W) followed by a 16.1km time trial (TT) in the heat (32 degrees C). Twenty-five minutes post-TT, participants were assigned to either CWI or control (CON) recovery conditions in a counterbalanced order. T(re) and T(sk) were recorded continuously, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque of the knee extensors (MVIC), MVIC with superimposed electrical stimulation (SMVIC), and femoral venous diameters were measured prior to exercise, 0, 45, and 90min post-TT. T(re) was significantly lower in CWI beginning 50min post-TT compared with CON, and T(sk) was significantly lower in CWI beginning 25min post-TT compared with CON. Decreases in MVIC, and SMVIC torque after the TT were significantly greater for CWI compared with CON differences persisted 90min post-TT. Femoral vein diameter was approximately 9% smaller for CWI compared with CON at 45min post-TT. These results suggest that CWI decreases T(re), but has a negative effect on neuromuscular function.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-2011
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 25-11-2013
Abstract: Demand for Australian mined iron ore has increased employment within this sector, thus exposing increased numbers of workers to the harsh Australian climate. This study examined the influence of hot (>30°C wet bulb globe temperature) environmental temperatures, consistent with working in North Western Australia, on iron ore mining staff. Core temperature, hydration status, perceived exertion, mood, and fatigue state were measured in 77 participants at three time points (pre-, mid-, and post-shift) during a normal 12-h shift at an open-cut iron ore mining rocessing site (n = 31 Site1) and an iron ore processing/shipping site (n = 46 Site2). A significant effect for time was observed for core temperature with greater mean core temperatures measured mid-shift (37.5±0.4°C) and post-shift (37.6±0.3°C) compared with pre-shift values (37.0±0.5°C). All mean core temperature measures were lower than ISO7933 thresholds (38°C) for thermal safety. Mean hydration measures [urine-specific gravity (USG)] were greater at Site1 (1.029±0.006) compared with those at Site2 (1.021±0.007). Furthermore, both pre- and post-shift measures from Site1 and the post-shift measures from Site2 were greater than the threshold for dehydration (USG = 1.020). No differences were observed for mood or perceived exertion over time however, measures of fatigue state were greater post-shift compared with pre- and mid-shift values for both sites. Our findings indicate that the majority of mine workers in North Western Australia are able to regulate work rate in hot environments to maintain core temperatures below ISO safety guidelines however, 22% of workers reached or exceeded the safety guidelines, warranting further investigation. Furthermore, hydration practices, especially when off-work, appear inadequate and could endanger health and safety.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-01-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-012-0014-9
Abstract: Precooling is a popular strategy used to combat the debilitating effects of heat-stress-induced fatigue and extend the period in which an in idual can tolerate a heat-gaining environment. Interest in precooling prior to sporting activity has increased over the past three decades, with options including the application (external) and ingestion (internal) of cold modalities including air, water and/or ice, separately or in combination, immediately prior to exercise. Although many studies have observed improvements in exercise capacity or performance following precooling, some strategies are more logistically challenging than others, and thus are often impractical for use in competition or field settings. The purpose of this article was to comprehensively evaluate the established precooling literature, which addresses the application of cooling strategies that are likely to enhance field-based sports performance, while discussing the practical and logistical issues associated with these methods. We undertook a narrative examination that focused on the practical and event-specific application of precooling and its effect on physiological parameters and performance. Relevant precooling literature was located through the PubMed database with second- and third-order reference lists manually cross matched for relevant journal articles. The last day of the literature search was 31 January 2012. Relevant studies were included on the basis of conforming to strict criteria, including the following: (i) cooling was conducted before exercise (ii) cooling was conducted during the performance task in a manner that was potentially achievable during sports competition (iii) a measure of athletic performance was assessed (iv) subjects included were able bodied, and free of diseases or disorders that would affect thermoregulation (v) subjects were endurance-trained humans (maximal oxygen uptake [[Formula: see text]O(2max)] >50 ml/kg/min for endurance protocols) (vi) cooling was not performed on already hyperthermic subjects that were in immediate danger of heat-related illnesses or had received passive heating treatments (vii) drink ingestion protocols were used for the intended purpose of benefiting thermoregulation as a result of beverage temperature and (viii) investigations employed ≥ six subjects. Initial searches yielded 161 studies, but 106 were discarded on failing to meet the established criteria. This final summary evaluated 74 precooling treatments, across 55 studies employing well trained subjects. Key physiological and performance information from each study was extracted and presented, and includes respective subject characteristics, detailed precooling methods, exercise protocols, environmental conditions, along with physiological and performance outcomes. Data were presented in comparison to respective control treatments. For studies that include more than one treatment intervention, the comparative results between each precooling treatment were also presented. The practical benefits and limitations of employing each strategy in the field and in relation to sports performance were summarized. Clear evidence of the benefits for a range of precooling strategies undertaken in the laboratory setting exists, which suggest that these strategies could be employed by athletes who compete in hot environmental conditions to improve exercise safety, reduce their perceived thermal stress and improve sports performance. This review did not include a systematic assessment of the study quality rating and provided a subjective assessment of the pooled outcomes of studies, which range in precooling methodologies and exercise outcomes. The wide range of research designs, precooling methods, environmental conditions and exercise protocols make it difficult to integrate all the available research into single findings. Most laboratory studies have shown improvements in exercise performance following precooling and the emergence of strategies that are practically relevant to the field setting now allow scientists to in idualize relevant strategies for teams and in iduals at competition locations. Future research is warranted to investigate the effectiveness of practical precooling strategies in competition or field settings.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-06-2019
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1482526
Abstract: Prior research indicates that providing participants with positive augmented feedback tends to enhance motor learning and performance, whereas the opposite occurs with negative feedback. However, the majority of studies were conducted with untrained participants performing unfamiliar motor tasks and so it remains unclear if elite athletes completing familiar tasks respond in a similar fashion. Thus, this study investigated the effects of three different versions of false-performance feedback on punching force (N), pacing (force over time) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in 15 elite amateur male boxers. Athletes completed a simulated boxing bout consisting of three rounds with 84 maximal effort punches delivered to a punching integrator on four separate days. Day one was a familiarisation session in which no feedback was provided. In the following three days athletes randomly received false-positive, false-negative and false-neutral feedback on their punching performance between each round. No statistical or meaningful differences were observed in punching forces, pacing or RPE between conditions (P > 0.05 ≤ 2%). These null results could stem from the elite status of the athletes involved, the focus on performance rather than learning, or they may indicate that false feedback has a less potent effect on performance than previously thought.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 10-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-05-2019
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1617789
Abstract: This study examined the acute performance, cardiovascular and local muscular responses to perceived exertion-based high-intensity interval exercise using either double- or single-leg cycling. Fifteen healthy middle-aged adults completed, on separate occasions, ten 30-s double-leg intervals interspersed with 60 s passive recovery and twenty (ten with each leg) 30-s single-leg intervals interspersed with 60 s passive recovery. Impedance cardiography, blood pressure, muscle oxygenation and total haemoglobin content (near-infrared spectroscopy), oxygen consumption and power output were measured throughout each session. Normalised to the lean mass used during each trial, single-leg cycling resulted in lower power output (single-leg: 8.92 ± 1.74 W kg
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-2015
Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt
Date: 12-2006
DOI: 10.1142/S021895770600187X
Abstract: Background: The influence of water immersion on neuromuscular function is of importance to a number of disciplines however, the reliability of surface electromyography (SEMG) following water immersion is not known. This study examined the reliability of SEMG litude during maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) of the vastus lateralis following water immersion. Methods: Using a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer and in a randomized order, 12 healthy male subjects performed four MVICs at 60° knee flexion on both the dominant and nondominant kicking legs, and the SEMG was recorded. Each subject's dominant and nondominant kicking leg was then randomly assigned to have SEMG electrodes removed or covered during 15 min of water immersion (20°C–25°C). Following water immersion, subjects performed a further four MVICs. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the relative standard error of measurement (%SEM) of SEMG litude showed moderate to high trial-to-trial reliability when electrodes were covered (0.93% and 2.79%) and removed (0.95% and 2.10%, respectively). Conclusions: The results of the this study indicate that SEMG litude of the vastus lateralis may be accurately determined during maximal voluntary contractions following water immersion if electrodes are either removed or covered with water-resistive tape during the immersion.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 04-2008
DOI: 10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00683.2007
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of carbohydrate (CHO sucrose) ingestion and environmental heat on the development of fatigue and the distribution of power output during a 16.1-km cycling time trial. Ten male cyclists (V̇o 2max = 61.7 ± 5.0 ml·kg −1 ·min −1 , mean ± SD) performed four 90-min constant-pace cycling trials at 80% of second ventilatory threshold (220 ± 12 W). Trials were conducted in temperate (18.1 ± 0.4°C) or hot (32.2 ± 0.7°C) conditions during which subjects ingested either CHO (0.96 g·kg −1 ·h −1 ) or placebo (PLA) gels. All trials were followed by a 16.1-km time trial. Before and immediately after exercise, percent muscle activation was determined using superimposed electrical stimulation. Power output, integrated electromyography (iEMG) of vastus lateralis, rectal temperature, and skin temperature were recorded throughout the trial. Percent muscle activation significantly declined during the CHO and PLA trials in hot (6.0 and 6.9%, respectively) but not temperate conditions (1.9 and 2.2%, respectively). The decline in power output during the first 6 km was significantly greater during exercise in the heat. iEMG correlated significantly with power output during the CHO trials in hot and temperate conditions ( r = 0.93 and 0.73 P 0.05) but not during either PLA trial. In conclusion, cyclists tended to self-select an aggressive pacing strategy (initial high intensity) in the heat.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2006.07.015
Abstract: Historically, research into possible causes of exercise-induced fatigue has been found to span numerous scientific disciplines, including medicine, psychology, physiology, neurophysiology, biochemistry, biomechanics, and physics. In order to better understand the mechanisms responsible for fatigue, these disciplines have viewed various aspects of fatigue, including the involvement of physiological, physical, biomechanical, and/or psychological factors. This has resulted in a erse array of interpretations of the term 'fatigue' among the scientific disciplines. For instance, the word 'fatigue' has been used to define a sensation of tiredness, a physical reduction in force, or the failure of a specific physiological system to maintain homeostatic integrity. As sports scientists begin to take on a holistic approach to understanding fatigue, it seems necessary that the 'context' should be highlighted when using the term and questioning the mystery behind it.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 08-2009
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 11-2016
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the pacing profiles between distance- and duration-based trials of short and long duration. Thirteen trained cyclists completed 2 time-based (6 and 30 min) and 2 distance-based (4 and 20 km) self-paced cycling time trials. Participants were instructed to complete each trial with the highest average power output. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were measured throughout the trials. Average power output was not different between the 4-km and 6-min trials (324 ± 46 vs 325 ± 45 W P = .96) or between the 20-km and 30-min trials (271 ± 44 vs 267 ± 38 W P = .24). Power output was greater on commencement of the distance-based trials when short and long trials were analyzed together. Furthermore, the rate of decline in power output over the 1st 40% of the trial was greater in the 20-km trial than in the 30-min trial ( P = .01) but not different between the 4-km and the 6-min trials ( P = .13). RPE was greater in the 4-km trial than in the 6-min trial but not different between the 20-km and 30-min trials. These findings indicate that athletes commenced distance-based time trials at relatively higher power outputs than a similar time-based trial. Such findings may result from discrete differences in our ability to judge or predict an exercise endpoint when performing time- and distance-based trials.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2011
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 03-2014
Abstract: To assess the reliability of a 5-min-stage graded exercise test (GXT) and determine the association between physiological attributes and performance over stochastic cycling trials of varying distance. Twenty-eight well-trained male cyclists performed 2 GXTs and either a 30-km (n = 17) or a 100-km stochastic cycling time trial (n = 9). Stochastic cycling trials included periods of high-intensity efforts for durations of 250 m, 1 km, or 4 km depending on the test being performing. Maximal physiological attributes were found to be extremely reliable (maximal oxygen uptake [VO 2max ]: coefficient of variation [CV] 3.0%, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] .911 peak power output [PPO]: CV 3.0%, ICC .913), but a greater variability was found in ventilatory thresholds and economy. All physiological variables measured during the GXT, except economy at 200 W, were correlated with 30-km cycling performance. Power output during the 250-m and 1-km efforts of the 30-km trial were correlated with VO 2max , PPO, and the power output at the second ventilatory threshold ( r = .58–.82). PPO was the only physiological attributed measured during the GXT to be correlated with performance during the 100-km cycling trial ( r = .64). Many physiological variables from a reliable GXT were associated with performance over shorter (30-km) but not longer (100-km) stochastic cycling trials.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 04-2018
Abstract: Despite the terms' often being used interchangeably, it has been suggested that perceptions of effort and perceptions of exertion may differ. Eccentric (ECC) cycling may provide a model of exercise by which differences between these perceptions can be examined. To examine and compare perceptions of effort and exertion during ECC and concentric (CONC) cycling at 4 intensities. Ten healthy male participants (mean [SD]: age = 29.8 [2.3] y) performed an incremental cycling test for the determination of maximal aerobic power output, followed in a randomized and crossover design, by four 5-min bouts (30%, 60%, 80%, and maximal) of either ECC or CONC cycling. Through each bout, participants were asked to report their perceived effort, exertion, and muscle pain. Heart rate and oxygen consumption were continuously recorded throughout each bout. Perceived exertion was greater for CONC at 30% (8.5 [1.5] vs 7.1 [1.8] P = .01), 60% (12.4 [1.4] vs 10.3 [2.0] P = .01), 80% (15.8 [1.7] vs 12.4 [2.5] P < .01), and maximal (17.2 [1.3] vs 15.6 [1.8] P = .03) in comparison with ECC. Perceptions of effort and pain were similar between CONC and ECC. Heart rate and oxygen consumption were greater during CONC than ECC. Perceived exertion was greater during CONC compared with ECC cycling, yet effort was similar between conditions despite different physiological stress. Such findings have implications for understanding the development of such perceptions during exercise.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2018
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002249
Abstract: Barley, OR, Iredale, F, Chapman, DW, Hopper, A, and Abbiss, C. Repeat effort performance is reduced 24 hours after acute dehydration in mixed martial arts athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2555–2561, 2018—This study sought to determine the influence of acute dehydration on physical performance and physiology in mixed martial arts (MMA). Mixed martial arts athletes ( n = 14 age: 23 ± 4 years) completed in a randomized counterbalanced order a dehydration protocol, (DHY: 3-hour cycling at 60 W in 40° C to induce 5% dehydration) or thermoneutral control (25° C: CONT) exercise, followed by ad libitum fluid/food intake. Performance testing (a repeat sled push test, medicine ball chest throw, and vertical jump) was completed 3 hours and 24 hours after the intervention, whereas urine and blood s les were collected before, 20 minutes, 3 hours, and 24 hours after the intervention. Body mass was reduced (4.8 ± 0.8%) after DHY ( p 0.001) and remained lower than CONT at 3 hours and 24 hours after DHY ( p = 0.003 and p = 0.024, respectively). Compared with CONT, average sled push times were slower 3 hours and 24 hours after DHY (19 ± 15% p = 0.001 g = 1.229 and 14 ± 15% p = 0.012 g = 0.671, respectively). When compared with the CONT, handgrip was weaker 3 hours after DHY (53 ± 8 and 51 ± 8 kg p = 0.044, g = 0.243, respectively) and medicine ball chest throw distances were shorter 24 hours after DHY (474 ± 52 and 449 ± 44 cm p = 0.016, g = 0.253, respectively). No significant differences were observed in vertical jump ( p = 0.467). Urine specific gravity was higher than CONT 20 minutes ( p = 0.035) and 24 hours ( p = 0.035) after DHY. Acute dehydration of 4.8% body mass results in reduced physical performance 3 and 24 hours after DHY. There is need for caution when athletes use dehydration for weight loss 24 hours before competition.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-08-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-011-2115-9
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to compare the maximal isometric torque and cardio-respiratory parameters in well-trained young and master triathletes prior to and following an Olympic distance triathlon. One day before and 24 h following the event, participants performed three maximum voluntary isometric knee extensions and flexions and an incremental running test on a treadmill to determine the maximal isometric torque, maximal oxygen uptake VO(2max), speed at VO(2max) (vVO(2)max), speed at ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) and submaximal running economy. Prior to the event VO(2max), vVO(2)max, speed at ventilatory thresholds and running economy were significantly lower in master athletes, but maximal voluntary torque was similar between the groups. 24 h following the race, a similar significant decrease in VO(2max) (-3.1% in masters, and -6.2% in young, p < 0.05), and vVO(2)max (-9.5% in masters, and -5.6% in young, p < 0.05) was observed in both the groups. The speed at VT2 significantly decreased only in master athletes (-8.3%, p < 0.05), while no change was recorded in maximal voluntary torque or submaximal running economy following the event. The results indicate that for well-trained subjects, the overall relative exercise intensity during an Olympic distance triathlon and the fatigue 24 h following the event seem to be independent of age.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 05-2011
DOI: 10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.01247.2010
Abstract: Single-leg cycling may enhance the peripheral adaptations of skeletal muscle to a greater extent than double-leg cycling. The purpose of the current study was to determine the influence of 3 wk of high-intensity single- and double-leg cycle training on markers of oxidative potential and muscle metabolism and exercise performance. In a crossover design, nine trained cyclists (78 ± 7 kg body wt, 59 ± 5 ml·kg −1 ·min −1 maximal O 2 consumption) performed an incremental cycling test and a 16-km cycling time trial before and after 3 wk of double-leg and counterweighted single-leg cycle training (2 training sessions per week). Training involved three (double) or six (single) maximal 4-min intervals with 6 min of recovery. Mean power output during the single-leg intervals was more than half that during the double-leg intervals (198 ± 29 vs. 344 ± 38 W, P 0.05). Skeletal muscle biopsy s les from the vastus lateralis revealed a training-induced increase in Thr 172 -phosphorylated 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase α-subunit for both groups ( P 0.05). However, the increase in cytochrome c oxidase subunits II and IV and GLUT-4 protein concentration was greater following single- than double-leg cycling ( P 0.05). Training-induced improvements in maximal O 2 consumption (3.9 ± 6.2% vs. 0.6 ± 3.6%) and time-trial performance (1.3 ± 0.5% vs. 2.3 ± 4.2%) were similar following both interventions. We conclude that short-term high-intensity single-leg cycle training can elicit greater enhancement in the metabolic and oxidative potential of skeletal muscle than traditional double-leg cycling. Single-leg cycling may therefore provide a valuable training stimulus for trained and clinical populations.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 26-11-2017
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1405077
Abstract: This review evaluated the effects of precooling via cold water immersion (CWI) and ingestion of ice slurry/slushy or crushed ice (ICE) on endurance performance measures (e.g. time-to-exhaustion and time trials) and psychophysiological parameters (core [T
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 29-11-2016
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 11-08-2015
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 06-2023
Abstract: Purpose : This study examined the influence of blood-flow restriction (BFR) on the distribution of pace, physiological demands, and perceptual responses during self-paced cycling. Methods : On separate days, 12 endurance cyclists/triathletes were instructed to produce the greatest average power output during 8-minute self-paced cycling trials with BFR (60% arterial occlusion pressure) or without restriction (CON). Power output and cardiorespiratory variables were measured continuously. Perceived exertion, muscular discomfort, and cuff pain were recorded every 2 minutes. Results : Linear regression analysis of the power output slope was statistically significant (ie, deviated from the intercept) for CON (2.7 [3.2] W·30 s −1 P = .009) but not for BFR (−0.1 [3.1] W·30 s −1 P = .952). Absolute power output was ∼24% (12%) lower at all time points ( P .001) during BFR compared with CON. Oxygen consumption (18% [12%] P .001), heart rate (7% [9%] P .001), and perceived exertion (8% [21%] P = .008) were reduced during BFR compared with CON, whereas muscular discomfort (25% [35%] P = .003) was greater. Cuff pain was rated as “strong” (5.3 [1.8] au 0–10 scale) for BFR. Conclusion : Trained cyclists adopted a more even distribution of pace when BFR was applied compared with a negative distribution during CON. By presenting a unique combination of physiological and perceptual responses, BFR is a useful tool to understand how the distribution of pace is self-regulated.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2018
DOI: 10.1113/EP087159
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200535100-00004
Abstract: Much of the previous research into understanding fatigue during prolonged cycling has found that cycling performance may be limited by numerous physiological, biomechanical, environmental, mechanical and psychological factors. From over 2000 manuscripts addressing the topic of fatigue, a number of erse cause-and-effect models have been developed. These include the following models: (i) cardiovascular/anaerobic (ii) energy supply/energy depletion (iii) neuromuscular fatigue (iv) muscle trauma (v) biomechanical (vi) thermoregulatory (vii) psychological/motivational and (viii) central governor. More recently, however, a complex systems model of fatigue has been proposed, whereby these aforementioned linear models provide afferent feedback that is integrated by a central governor into our unconscious perception of fatigue. This review outlines the more conventional linear models of fatigue and addresses specifically how these may influence the development of fatigue during cycling. The review concludes by showing how these linear models of fatigue might be integrated into a more recently proposed nonlinear complex systems model of exercise-induced fatigue.
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 07-08-2015
Abstract: The aim of this study was to quantify the demands of road competitions ending with sprints in male professional cycling. 17 races finished with top-5 results from 6 male road professional cyclists (age, 27.0±3.8 years height, 1.76±0.03 m weight, 71.7±1.1 kg) were analysed. SRM power meters were used to monitor power output, cadence and speed. Data were averaged over the entire race, different durations prior to the sprint (60, 10, 5 and 1 min) and during the actual sprint. Variations in power during the final 10 min of the race were quantified using exposure variation analysis. This observational study was conducted in the field to maximize the ecological validity of the results. Power, cadence and speed were statistically different between various phases of the race (p<0.001), increasing from 316±43 W, 95±4 rpm and 50.5±3.3 km·h(-1) in the last 10 min, to 487±58 W, 102±6 rpm and 55.4±4.7 km·h(-1) in the last min prior to the sprint. Peak power during the sprint was 17.4±1.7 W·kg(-1). Exposure variation analysis revealed a significantly greater number of short-duration high-intensity efforts in the final 5 min of the race, compared with the penultimate 5 min (p=0.010). These findings quantify the power output requirements associated with high-level sprinting in men's professional road cycling and highlight the need for both aerobic and anaerobic fitness.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-07-2019
DOI: 10.1113/EP087864
Publisher: ACM
Date: 15-10-2019
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 29-09-2015
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 11-2019
Abstract: Purpose : To examine the effect of environmental temperature ( T A ) on performance and physiological responses (eg, body temperature, cardiopulmonary measures) during a high-intensity aerobic interval session. It was hypothesized that power output would be highest in the 13°C condition and lower in the 5°C, 22°C, and 35°C conditions. Methods : Eleven well-trained cyclists randomly completed 4 interval sessions at 5°C, 13°C, 22°C, and 35°C (55% [13%] relative humidity), each involving five 4-min intervals interspersed with 5 min of recovery. During the intervals, power output, core temperature ( T C ), skin temperature, VO 2 , and heart rate were recorded. Results : Mean session power output for 13°C (366 [32] W) was not higher than 5°C (363 [32] W P = 1.00, effect size = 0.085), 22°C (364 [36] W P = 1.00, effect size = 0.061), or 35°C (352 [31] W P = .129, effect size = 0.441). The 5th interval of the 35°C condition had a lower power output compared with all other T A . T C was higher in 22°C compared with both 5°C and 13°C ( P = .001). VO 2 was not significantly different across T A ( P = .187). Heart rate was higher in the 4th and 5th intervals of 35°C compared with 5°C and 13°C. Conclusions : This study demonstrates that while mean power outputs for intervals are similar across T A , hot T A (≥35°C) reduces interval power output later in a training session. Well-trained cyclists performing maximal high-intensity aerobic intervals can achieve near-optimal power output over a broader range of T A than previous literature would indicate.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1080/02640410903406216
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of environmental temperature on power output, muscle activation, body temperature, and perceived physical strain during a dynamic self-paced 100-km cycling trial. Nine endurance-trained male cyclists (mean + or - s: age 31 + or - 6 years VO(2max) 62.1 + or - 8.5 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) completed two 100-km experimental trials, interspersed with five 1-km and four 4-km high-intensity epochs, in hot (34 degrees C) and cold (10 degrees C) environments. Measurements consisted of power output, rectal and skin temperature, muscle activation of vastus lateralis, biceps femoris and soleus, ratings of perceived exertion, thermal sensation and pain intensity in the quadriceps. Power output and muscle activation of the biceps femoris and soleus were lower in the hot trial (22 km P < 0.05) prior to significant (P < 0.05) differences in rectal temperature [38.8 degrees C (cold) vs. 39.1 degrees C (hot)] at 42 km. Muscle activation of the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and soleus was significantly (P 0.68) but not with perceived pain or exertion. Thus, a hyperthermic-induced anticipatory reduction of muscle activation may have occurred during the hot exercise trials only. Fatigue and pacing during prolonged dynamic exercise in the cold appears to be influenced by factors dissociated from hyperthermic-induced stress.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-2010
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 07-2019
Abstract: Purpose : To assess the influence of seated, standing, and forward-standing cycling sprint positions on aerodynamic drag (CdA) and the reproducibility of a field test of CdA calculated in these different positions. Methods : A total of 11 recreational male road cyclists rode 250 m in 2 directions at around 25, 32, and 40 km·h −1 and in each of the 3 positions, resulting in a total of 18 efforts per participant. Riding velocity, power output, wind direction and velocity, road gradient, temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure were measured and used to calculate CdA using regression analysis. Results : A main effect of position showed that the average CdA of the 2 d was lower for the forward-standing position (0.295 [0.059]) compared with both the seated (0.363 [0.071], P = .018) and standing positions (0.372 [0.077], P = .037). Seated and standing positions did not differ from each other. Although no significant difference was observed in CdA between the 2 test days, a poor between-days reliability was observed. Conclusion : A novel forward-standing cycling sprint position resulted in 23% and 26% reductions in CdA compared with a seated and standing position, respectively. This decrease in CdA could potentially result in an important increase in cycling sprint velocity of 3.9–4.9 km·h −1 , although these results should be interpreted with caution because poor reliability of CdA was observed between days.
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 27-11-2017
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 27-02-2019
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 04-2006
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 06-02-2009
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of starting strategy on time trial performance in the heat. Eleven endurance trained male cyclists (30+/-5 years, 79.5+/-4.6 kg, VO(2max) 58.5+/-5.0 ml x kg x (-1) min(-1)) performed four 20-km time trials in the heat (32.7+/-0.7 degrees C and 55% relative humidity). The first time trial was completed at a self-selected pace (SPTT). During the following time trials, subjects performed the initial 2.5-km at power outputs 10% above (10% ATT), 10% below (10% BTT) or equal (ETT) to that of the average power during the initial 2.5-km of the self-selected trial the remaining 17.5-km was self-paced. Throughout each time trial, power output, rectal temperature, skin temperature, heat storage, pain intensity and thermal sensation were taken. Despite significantly (P<0.05) greater power outputs for 10% BTT (273+/-45W) compared with the ETT (267+/-48W) and 10% ATT (265+/-41W) during the final 17.5-km, overall 20-km performance time was not significantly different amongst trials. There were no differences in any of the other measured variables between trials. These data show that varying starting power by +/-10% did not affect 20 km time trial performance in the heat.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838030-00004
Abstract: It is widely recognized that an athlete's 'pacing strategy', or how an athlete distributes work and energy throughout an exercise task, can have a significant impact on performance. By applying mathematical modelling (i.e. power/velocity and force/time relationships) to athletic performances, coaches and researchers have observed a variety of pacing strategies. These include the negative, all-out, positive, even, parabolic-shaped and variable pacing strategies. Research suggests that extremely short-duration events ( 2 minutes), performance times may be improved if athletes distribute their pace more evenly. Knowledge pertaining to optimal pacing strategies during middle-distance (1.5-2 minutes) and ultra-endurance (>4 hours) events is currently lacking. However, evidence suggests that during these events well trained athletes tend to adopt a positive pacing strategy, whereby after peak speed is reached, the athlete progressively slows. The underlying mechanisms influencing the regulation of pace during exercise are currently unclear. It has been suggested, however, that self-selected exercise intensity is regulated within the brain based on a complex algorithm involving peripheral sensory feedback and the anticipated workload remaining. Furthermore, it seems that the rate and capacity limitations of anaerobic and aerobic energy supply/utilization are particularly influential in dictating the optimal pacing strategy during exercise. This article outlines the various pacing profiles that have previously been observed and discusses possible factors influencing the self-selection of such strategies.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001364
Abstract: Farley, ORL, Secomb, JL, Parsonage, JR, Lundgren, LE, Abbiss, CR, and Sheppard, JM. Five weeks of sprint and high-intensity interval training improves paddling performance in adolescent surfers. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2446–2452, 2016—The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of sprint interval training (SIT 10 seconds) and high-intensity interval training (HIT 30 seconds) on surfing athletes paddling performance (400-m time trial and repeat-sprint paddle performance). Twenty-four competitive adolescent surfers (19 male, 5 female age = 14.4 ± 1.3 years, mass: 50.1 ± 10.7 kg, and stature: 159.9 ± 10.3 cm) were assigned to perform either 5 weeks of SIT and HIT. Participants completed a repeated-sprint paddle ability test (RSPT, 15-m surfboard sprint paddle initiated every 40 seconds × 10 bouts) and 400-m endurance surfboard paddle time trial before and after training. High-intensity interval training decreased the total time to complete the 400 m by 15.8 ± 16.1 seconds ( p = 0.03), and SIT decreased the total time to complete the RSPT by 6.5 ± 4.3 seconds ( p = 0.02). Fatigue index during the RSPT (first—slowest effort) was lower after HIT and SIT ( p ≤ 0.001 and p = 0.02, respectively). There were no significant differences in performance changes in the 400 m (total time) and RSPT (total time, fastest 15 m time, and peak velocity) between HIT and SIT. Our study indicates that HIT and SIT may be implemented to the training program of surfers to improve aerobic and repeat-sprint paddle ability, both of which are identified as key aspects of the sport. In addition, these findings indicate that 400-m paddle and RSPT can discriminate between aerobic and anaerobic training adaptations, with aerobic gains likely from HIT and anaerobic gains from SIT.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 20-01-2018
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1424942
Abstract: To investigate the effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO Nine taekwondo athletes completed two experimental sessions separated by at least 48 h. Athletes consumed 300 mg/kg body mass of NaHCO [La NaHCO
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 04-2017
Abstract: To describe the within-season external workloads of professional male road cyclists for optimal training prescription. Training and racing of 4 international competitive professional male cyclists (age 24 ± 2 y, body mass 77.6 ± 1.5 kg) were monitored for 12 mo before the world team-time-trial ch ionships. Three within-season phases leading up to the team-time-trial world ch ionships on September 20, 2015, were defined as phase 1 (Oct–Jan), phase 2 (Feb–May), and phase 3 (June–Sept). Distance and time were compared between training and racing days and over each of the various phases. Times spent in absolute ( , 100–300, 400–500, W) and relative (0–1.9, 2.0–4.9, 5.0–7.9, W/kg) power zones were also compared for the whole season and between phases 1–3. Total distance (3859 ± 959 vs 10911 ± 620 km) and time (240.5 ± 37.5 vs 337.5 ± 26 h) were lower ( P .01) in phase 1 than phase 2. Total distance decreased ( P .01) from phase 2 to phase 3 (10911 ± 620 vs 8411 ± 1399 km, respectively). Mean absolute (236 ± 12.1 vs 197 ± 3 W) and relative (3.1 ± 0 vs 2.5 ± 0 W/kg) power output were higher ( P .05) during racing than training, respectively. Volume and intensity differed between training and racing over each of 3 distinct within-season phases.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2009
DOI: 10.1080/02640410903114372
Abstract: The importance of pacing for middle-distance performance is well recognized, yet previous research has produced equivocal results. Twenty-six trained male cyclists (VO2 peak 62.8 +/- 5.9 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) maximal aerobic power output 340 +/- 43 W mean +/- s) performed three cycling time-trials where the total external work (102.7 +/- 13.7 kJ) for each trial was identical to the best of two 5-min habituation trials. Markers of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism were assessed in 12 participants. Power output during the first quarter of the time-trials was fixed to control external mechanical work done (25.7 +/- 3.4 kJ) and induce fast-, even-, and slow-starting strategies (60, 75, and 90 s, respectively). Finishing times for the fast-start time-trial (4:53 +/- 0:11 min:s) were shorter than for the even-start (5:04 +/- 0:11 min:s 95% CI = 5 to 18 s, effect size = 0.65, P < 0.001) and slow-start time-trial (5:09 +/- 0:11 min:s 95% CI = 7 to 24 s, effect size = 1.00, P < 0.001). Mean VO2 during the fast-start trials (4.31 +/- 0.51 litres x min(-1)) was 0.18 +/- 0.19 litres x min(-1) (95% CI = 0.07 to 0.30 litres x min(-1), effect size = 0.94, P = 0.003) higher than the even- and 0.18 +/- 0.20 litres x min(-1) (95% CI = 0.5 to 0.30 litres x min(-1), effect size = 0.86, P = 0.007) higher than the slow-start time-trial. Oxygen deficit was greatest during the first quarter of the fast-start trial but was lower than the even- and slow-start trials during the second quarter of the trial. Blood lactate and pH were similar between the three trials. In conclusion, performance during a 5-min cycling time-trial was improved with the adoption of a fast- rather than an even- or slow-starting strategy.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 21-05-2019
Abstract: In combat sports, athletes are ided into categories based on gender and body mass. Athletes attempt to compete against a lighter opponent by losing body mass prior to being weighed (i.e., ‘weight-cutting’). The purpose of this narrative review was to explore the current body of literature on weight-cutting and outline gaps for further research. Methods of weight-loss include energy intake restriction, total body fluid reduction and pseudo extreme/abusive medical practice (e.g., diuretics). The influence of weight-cutting on performance is unclear, with studies suggesting a negative or no effect. However, larger weight-cuts (~5% of body mass in h) do impair repeat-effort performance. It is unclear if the benefit from competing against a smaller opponent outweighs the observed reduction in physical capacity. Many mechanisms have been proposed for the observed reductions in performance, ranging from reduced glycogen availability to increased perceptions of fatigue. Athletes undertaking weight-cutting may be able to utilise strategies around glycogen, total body water and electrolyte replenishment to prepare for competition. Despite substantial discussion on managing weight-cutting in combat sports, no clear solution has been offered. Given the prevalence of weight-cutting, it is important to develop a deeper understanding of such practices so appropriate advice can be given.
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 12-05-2009
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of active (AR) versus passive recovery (PR) on muscle deoxygenation during short repeated maximal running. Ten male team sport athletes (26.9+/-3.7y) performed 6 repeated maximal 4-s sprints interspersed with 21 s of either AR (2 m.s (-1)) or PR (standing) on a non-motorized treadmill. Mean running speed (AvSp (mean)), percentage speed decrement (Sp%Dec), oxygen uptake (V O (2)), deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) and blood lactate ([La] (b)) were computed for each recovery condition. Compared to PR, AvSp (mean) was lower (3.79+/-0.28 vs. 4.09+/-0.32m.s (-1) P<0.001) and Sp%Dec higher (7.2+/-3.7 vs. 3.2+/-0.1.3% P<0.001) for AR. Mean V O (2) (3.64+/-0.44 vs. 2.91+/-0.47L.min (-1), P<0.001), HHb (94.4+/-16.8 vs. 83.4+/-4.8% of HHb during the first sprint, P=0.02) and [La] (b) (13.5+/-2.5 vs. 12.7+/-2.2 mmol.l (-1), P=0.03) were significantly higher during AR compared to PR. In conclusion, during run-based repeated sprinting, AR was associated with reduced repeated sprint ability and higher muscle deoxygenation.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 20-09-2015
DOI: 10.1136/BJSPORTS-2013-092417
Abstract: Laboratory studies that support the hydration guidelines of leading governing bodies have shown that dehydration to only -2% of body mass can lead to increase in body temperature and heart rate during exercise, and decrease in performance. These studies, however, have been conducted in relatively windless environments (ie, wind speed <12.9 km/h), without participants being blinded to their hydration status. To investigate the effect of blinded hydration status on cycling time-trial performance in the heat with ecologically valid facing wind speed conditions. During three experimental trials, 10 cyclists were dehydrated to -3% body mass by performing 2 h of submaximal exercise (walking and cycling) in the heat, before being reinfused with saline to replace 100%, 33% or 0% of fluid losses, leaving them 0%, -2% or -3% hypohydrated, respectively. Participants then completed a 25 km time trial in the heat (33°C, 40% relative humidity wind speed 32 km/h) during which their starting hydration status was maintained by infusing saline at a rate equal to their sweat rate. The treatment was participant-blinded and the order was randomised. Completion time, power output, heart rate, rectal temperature and perceptual variables were measured. While rectal temperature was higher beyond 17 km of the time trial in the -3% vs 0% conditions (38.9±0.3°C vs 38.6±0.3°C p<0.05), no other differences between trials were shown. When well-trained cyclists performed a 25 km cycling time trial under ecologically valid conditions and were blinded to their hydration status, performance, physiological and perceptual variables were not different between trials. These data do not support the residing basis behind many of the current hydration guidelines.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-2013
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.751118
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution of pace self-selected by cyclists of varying ability, biological age and sex performing in a mountain bike World Ch ionship event. Data were collected on cyclists performing in the Elite Male (ELITEmale n = 75), Elite Female (ELITEfemale n = 50), Under 23 Male (U23male n = 62), Under 23 Female (U23female n = 34), Junior Male (JNRmale n = 71) and Junior Female (JNRfemale n = 30) categories of the 2009 UCI Cross-Country Mountain Bike World Ch ionships. Split times were recorded for the top, middle and bottom 20% of all finishers of each category. Timing splits were positioned to separate the course into technical and non-technical, uphill, downhill and rolling/flat sections. Compared with bottom performers, top performers in all male categories (ELITEmale, U23male, JNRmale) maintained a more even pace over the event as evidenced by a significantly lower standard deviation and range in average lap speed. Top performers, males, and ELITEmale athletes spent a lower percentage of overall race time on technical uphill sections of the course, compared with middle and bottom placed finishers, females, and JNRmale athletes, respectively. Better male performers adopt a more even distribution of pace throughout cross-country mountain events. Performance of lower placed finishers, females and JNRmale athletes may be improved by enhancing technical uphill cycling ability.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 06-2018
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001553
Abstract: Leg order during sequential single-leg cycling (i.e., exercising both legs independently within a single session) may affect local muscular responses potentially influencing adaptations. This study examined the cardiovascular and skeletal muscle hemodynamic responses during double-leg and sequential single-leg cycling. Ten young healthy adults (28 ± 6 yr) completed six 1-min double-leg intervals interspersed with 1 min of passive recovery and, on a separate occasion, 12 (six with one leg followed by six with the other leg) 1-min single-leg intervals interspersed with 1 min of passive recovery. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, blood pressure, muscle oxygenation, muscle blood volume, and power output were measured throughout each session. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, and power output were not different between sets of single-leg intervals, but the average of both sets was lower than the double-leg intervals. Mean arterial pressure was higher during double-leg compared with sequential single-leg intervals (115 ± 9 vs 104 ± 9 mm Hg, P 0.05) and higher during the initial compared with second set of single-leg intervals (108 ± 10 vs 101 ± 10 mm Hg, P 0.05). The increase in muscle blood volume from baseline was similar between the active single leg and the double leg (267 ± 150 vs 214 ± 169 μM·cm, P = 0.26). The pattern of change in muscle blood volume from the initial to second set of intervals was significantly different ( P 0.05) when the leg was active in the initial (−52.3% ± 111.6%) compared with second set (65.1% ± 152.9%). These data indicate that the order in which each leg performs sequential single-leg cycling influences the local hemodynamic responses, with the inactive muscle influencing the stimulus experienced by the contralateral leg.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-06-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-011-2021-1
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the cardiorespiratory and muscle oxygenation responses to a sprint interval training (SIT) session, and to assess their relationships with maximal pulmonary O(2) uptake [Formula: see text], on- and off- [Formula: see text] kinetics and muscle reoxygenation rate (Reoxy rate). Ten male cyclists performed two 6-min moderate-intensity exercises (≈90-95% of lactate threshold power output, Mod), followed 10 min later by a SIT session consisting of 6 × 30-s all out cycling sprints interspersed with 2 min of passive recovery. [Formula: see text] kinetics at Mod onset ([Formula: see text]) and cessation ([Formula: see text]) were calculated. Cardiorespiratory variables, blood lactate ([La](b)) and muscle oxygenation level of the vastus lateralis (tissue oxygenation index, TOI) were recorded during SIT. Percentage of the decline in power output (%Dec), time spent above 90% of [Formula: see text] (t > 90% [Formula: see text]) and Reoxy rate after each sprint were also recorded. Despite a low mean [Formula: see text] (48.0 ± 4.1% of [Formula: see text]), SIT performance was associated with high peak [Formula: see text] (90.4 ± 2.8% of [Formula: see text]), muscle deoxygenation (sprint ΔTOI = -27%) and [La](b) (15.3 ± 0.7 mmol l(-1)) levels. Muscle deoxygenation and Reoxy rate increased throughout sprint repetitions (P 90% [Formula: see text] versus [Formula: see text] [r = 0.68 (90% CL, 0.20 0.90) P = 0.03], there were no significant correlations between any index of aerobic function and either SIT performance or physiological responses [e.g., %Dec vs. [Formula: see text]: r = -0.41 (-0.78 0.18) P = 0.24]. Present results show that SIT elicits a greater muscle O(2) extraction with successive sprint repetitions, despite the decrease in external power production (%Dec = 21%). Further, our findings obtained in a small and homogenous group indicate that performance and physiological responses to SIT are only slightly influenced by aerobic fitness level in this population.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 03-06-2008
Abstract: In this study, the litude and time distribution of power output in a variety of competitive cycling events through the use of a new mathematical analysis was examined: exposure variation analysis (EVA). Descriptive field study. Various professional road cycling events, including a 5-day-eight-stage tour race, a 1-day World Cup event and the Australian National In idual Time Trial Ch ionships. 9 elite female cyclists (mean (SD), mass = 57.8 (3.4) kg, height = 167.3 (2.8) cm, Vo(2)peak = 63.2 (5.2) ml kg(-1) min(-1)). None. The variation in power output and the quantification of the total time and acute time spent at various exercise intensities during competitive professional cycling were examined. Predefined levels of exercise intensity that elicited first ventilation threshold, second ventilation threshold and maximal aerobic power were determined from a graded exercise test performed before the events and compared with power output during each event. EVA exposed that power output during the time trial was highly variable (EVA(SD) = 2.81 (0.33)) but more evenly distributed than the circuit/criterium (4.23 (0.31)) and road race events (4.81 (0.96)). EVA may be useful for illustrating variations in the litude and time distribution of power output during cycling events. The specific race format influenced not only the overall time spent in various power bands, but also the acute time spent at these exercise intensities.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 10-2018
Abstract: Purpose : To characterize the physiological profiles of elite cross-country mountain-bike (XCO-MTB) cyclists and to examine their pacing and power-output (PO) distribution during international races. Methods : Over 2 competitive seasons, 8 male XCO-MTB cyclists (VO 2 max 79.9 [5.2] mL·min −1 ·kg −1 , maximal aerobic power [MAP] 411 [18] W and 6.3 [0.4] W·kg −1 ) regularly undertook incremental tests to assess their PO and heart rate (HR) at first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) and at VO 2 max. During the same period, their PO, HR, speed, and cadence were recorded over 13 international races (total of 30 recorded files). Results : Mean PO, speed, cadence, and HR during the races were 283 (22) W (4.31 [0.32] W·kg −1 , 68% [5%] MAP), 19.7 (2.1) km·h −1 , 68 (8) rpm, and 172 (11) beats·min −1 (91% [2%] HR max ), respectively. The average times spent below 10% of MAP, between 10% of MAP and VT1, between VT1 and VT2, between VT2 and MAP, and above MAP were 25% (5%), 21% (4%), 13% (3%), 16% (3%), and 26% (5%), respectively. Both speed and PO decreased from the start loop to lap 1 before stabilizing until the end of the race. Conclusions : Elite off-road cyclists demonstrated typical values of world-class endurance cyclists with an excellent power-to-mass ratio. This study demonstrated that XCO-MTB races are performed at higher intensities than reported in previous research and are characterized by a fast start followed by an even pace.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-02-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-018-3826-Y
Abstract: This study compared cardio-pulmonary responses between incremental concentric and eccentric cycling tests, and examined factors affecting the maximal eccentric cycling capacity. On separate days, nine men and two women (32.6 ± 9.4 years) performed an upright seated concentric (CON) and an eccentric (ECC) cycling test, which started at 75 W and increased 25 W min Peak power output was 53% greater (P < 0.001, g = 1.77) for ECC (449 ± 115 W) than CON (294 ± 61 W), but peak oxygen consumption was 43% lower (P < 0.001, g = 2.18) for ECC (30.6 ± 5.6 ml kg min Unexpectedly, maximal HR was similar between CON and ECC. Although ECC power output can be predicted from CON peak power output, an incremental eccentric cycling test performed after 3-6 familiarisation sessions may be useful in programming ECC training with healthy and accustomed in iduals.
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Date: 02-2009
DOI: 10.1152/AJPHEART.01017.2008
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of cold water immersion (CWI) on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation. Ten male cyclists (age, 29 ± 6 yr) performed two repeated supramaximal cycling exercises (SE 1 and SE 2 ) interspersed with a 20-min passive recovery period, during which they were randomly assigned to either 5 min of CWI in 14°C or a control (N) condition where they sat in an environmental chamber (35.0 ± 0.3°C and 40.0 ± 3.0% relative humidity). Rectal temperature (T re ) and beat-to-beat heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously. The time constant of HR recovery (HRRτ) and a time (30-s) varying vagal-related HR variability (HRV) index (rMSSD 30s ) were assessed during the 6-min period immediately following exercise. Resting vagal-related HRV indexes were calculated during 3-min periods 2 min before and 3 min after SE 1 and SE 2 . Results showed no effect of CWI on T re ( P = 0.29), SE performance ( P = 0.76), and HRRτ ( P = 0.61). In contrast, all vagal-related HRV indexes were decreased after SE 1 ( P 0.001) and tended to decrease even further after SE 2 under N condition but not with CWI. When compared with the N condition, CWI increased HRV indexes before ( P 0.05) and rMSSD 30s after ( P 0.05) SE 2 . Our study shows that CWI can significantly restore the impaired vagal-related HRV indexes observed after supramaximal exercise. CWI may serve as a simple and effective means to accelerate parasympathetic reactivation during the immediate period following supramaximal exercise.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 10-2018
Abstract: Purpose : To examine the power-output distribution and sprint characteristics of professional female road cyclists. Methods : A total of 31 race files, representing top 5 finishes, were collected from 7 professional female cyclists. Files were analyzed for sprint characteristics, including mean and peak power output, velocity, and duration. The final 20 min before the sprint was analyzed to determine the mean maximal power output (MMP) consistent with durations of 5, 15, 30, 60, 240, and 600 s. Throughout the race, the number of efforts for each duration exceeding 80% of its corresponding final 20-min MMP (MMP 80 ) was determined. The number of 15-s efforts exceeding 80% of the mean final sprint power output (MSP 80 ) was determined. Results : Sprint finishes lasted 21.8 (6.7) s with mean and peak power outputs of 679 (101) and 886 (91) W, respectively. Throughout the race, additional 5-, 15-, and 30-s efforts above MMP 80 were completed in the 5th compared with the 1st–4th quintiles of the race. The 60-s efforts were greater during the 5th quintile compared with the 1st, 2nd, and 4th quintiles, and during the 3rd compared with the 4th quintile. More 240-s efforts were recorded during the 5th compared with the 1st and 4th quintiles. About 82% of the 15-s efforts above MSP 80 were completed in the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th quintiles of the race. Conclusions : These data demonstrate the variable nature of women’s professional cycling and the physical demands necessary for success, thus providing information that could enhance in-race decision making and the development of race-specific training programs.
Start Date: 2014
End Date: 12-2015
Amount: $771,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2015
End Date: 12-2015
Amount: $670,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity