ORCID Profile
0000-0003-0204-6347
Current Organisation
Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development
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Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 14-03-2013
Abstract: Despite the differences in breastfeeding and bottle-feeding, our understanding of how suck-swallow-breathe (SSwB), oxygenation, and heart rate patterns change as the infant ages is based predominantly on bottle-feeding studies. Therefore, this study aimed to measure how SSwB, oxygenation, and heart rate patterns changed during the first 4 months of lactation in term breastfeeding infants. Infants less than 1 month postpartum (n = 15) were monitored early in lactation and again later in lactation (2-4 months postpartum). Simultaneous recordings of vacuum, tongue movement, respiration, swallowing, oxygen saturation, and heart rate were made during both nutritive sucking and non-nutritive sucking during breastfeeding. Infants transferred a similar amount of milk ( P = .15) over a shorter duration later in lactation ( P = .04). Compared to early lactation, suck bursts became longer ( P .001), pauses became shorter ( P .001), vacuum levels decreased (all P .05), oxygen saturation increased ( P .001), and heart rate decreased ( P .001) later in lactation. This study confirmed that term infants become more efficient at breastfeeding as they age, primarily by extending their suck bursts and pausing less. Although infants demonstrated satisfactory SSwB coordination during early lactation, they showed a level of adaption or conditioning at later lactation by applying weaker vacuum levels and demonstrating improved cardiorespiratory responses.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-11-2017
DOI: 10.1038/PR.2016.235
Abstract: Accurate, noninvasive, and inexpensive methods are required to measure infant body composition. Ultrasound (US) and bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) have been validated in adults and introduced in pediatric populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of both methods in determining percentage fat mass (%FM) in breastfed infants. %FM of 2, 5, 9, and 12 mo-old healthy, breastfed term infants (n = 58) was calculated using BIS-derived total body water equations and skinfold equations then compared with reference models. Skinfolds were measured with US at two and four sites (biceps, suprailiac and/or triceps, and subscapular). %FM differed widely within and between methods, with the degree of variation affected by infant age/sex. Not a single method/equation was consistent with the distributions of appropriate reference values for all age/sex groups. Moderate number of matches with references values (13-24 out of 36) was seen for both types of equations. High number of matches (25-36) was seen for US skinfold-based equations. %FM values calculated from US and BIS were not significantly different (P = 0.35). Both BIS and US are practical for predicting %FM in infants. BIS calculations are highly dependent upon an appropriate set of validated age-matched equations.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-2011
Abstract: The effect of using a warm breastshield on the efficiency, effectiveness, and comfort of expressing milk with an electric breast pump was assessed. The authors tested a standard breastshield at 25°C and a breastshield warmed to 39°C on 25 mothers using their maximum comfortable vacuum or −125 mm Hg. Using a warm breastshield effectively warmed the nipple and areola and, combined with maximum comfortable vacuum, decreased the time to remove 80% of the total milk yield and increased the percentage of available milk removed after 5 minutes of expression, with no change in the percentage of available milk removed after 15 minutes of expression compared with an ambient-temperature breastshield. The data confirmed that use of the mother’s maximum comfortable vacuum was more efficient than a vacuum of −125 mm Hg. Using a warm breastshield with an electric breast pump was comfortable and improved the efficiency of milk removal.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2015
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 06-11-2013
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 02-2015
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 08-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-12-2016
DOI: 10.1038/JP.2015.184
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-08-2015
DOI: 10.1038/SREP12933
Abstract: Breastmilk is a rich source of cells with a heterogeneous composition comprising early-stage stem cells, progenitors and more differentiated cells. The gene expression profiles of these cells and their associations with characteristics of the breastfeeding mother and infant are poorly understood. This study investigated factors associated with the cellular dynamics of breastmilk and explored variations amongst women. Genes representing different breastmilk cell populations including mammary epithelial and myoepithelial cells, progenitors and multi-lineage stem cells showed great variation in expression. Stem cell markers ESRRB and CK5, myoepithelial marker CK14 and lactocyte marker α-lactalbumin were amongst the genes most highly expressed across all s les tested. Genes exerting similar functions, such as either stem cell regulation or milk production, were found to be closely associated. Infant gestational age at delivery and changes in maternal bra cup size between pre-pregnancy and postpartum lactation were associated with expression of genes controlling stemness as well as milk synthesis. Additional correlations were found between genes and dyad characteristics, which may explain abnormalities related to low breastmilk supply or preterm birth. Our findings highlight the heterogeneity of breastmilk cell content and its changes associated with characteristics of the breastfeeding dyad that may reflect changing infant needs.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 07-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-03-2016
DOI: 10.1038/EJCN.2016.26
Abstract: Bioimpedance spectroscopy is an accurate non-invasive method for measuring body composition in adults, but in infants it requires further testing and validation. Of the few studies of bioimpedance conducted in infants, none have comprehensively investigated the effect of milk intake volume. This study assessed the effect of the milk intake, feed duration and the volume of the infant's stomach and bladder on the resistance values pre- ost-feed to establish the feasibility of using these values interchangeably during data collection. Forty-eight breastfeeding infants were measured at 2, 5, 9 and/or 12 months (n=62 sessions) within 1-2 min before the start and after the end of breastfeed. Median (IQR) time between measurements was 24 (20.0-30.0) min. Resistance measurements at 0 and 50 kHz, and infinite frequency (R0, R50 and Rinf) and resistance of intracellular water (Ricw) were analysed with customised infant settings. Milk intake was measured by test weights. Free-water volumes and free-water change were determined from stomach and bladder volumes calculated from ultrasound images. Small pre-to-post-feed changes (median (IQR): R0 -3.7 (-14.8, 14.3) R50 0.3 (-10.4, 15.0) Rinf 2.8 (-13.3, 35.5) Ricw 20.8 (-98.1, 290.9)) were not significantly different from zero (R0: P=0.92 R50: P=0.48 Rinf: P=0.32 Ricw: P=0.097). No significant effect of milk intake or free-water change was detected. The lack of consistent change in resistance across a breastfeed provides flexibility in the timing of measurements of infants in the research setting, such that typically pre- and post-feed measures of resistance can be used interchangeably.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 05-01-2018
DOI: 10.3390/NU10010045
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 19-02-2013
Abstract: Breast milk composition can be affected by several factors, and it can exhibit short-term (weekly) variations. Investigating variations in breast milk composition is important to accurately estimate nutrient requirements of the infant. To investigate short-term changes in breast milk composition between left and right breasts, over a 3-week period within the first 6 months of lactation. The left and right breasts of the mothers of healthy, term infants (n = 23) were simultaneously expressed with an electric breast pump for 15 minutes, on 3 occasions within 3 weeks. Milk s les (5 mL) were collected from the total expression volume of each breast at each session. The macronutrient contents, total solids, and energy content were determined using a mid-infrared human milk analyzer. Mothers (n = 17) measured their 24-hour milk production, and the average 24-hour fat contents were also determined. Over the 3 weekly sessions, no significant changes were found in macronutrient contents. On average, total solids ( P = .04) and energy ( P = .04) decreased by week 3 of follow-up sessions from 14 to 13 g/100 mL and from 82 to 76 Kcal/100 mL, respectively however, these changes became insignificant when expression volume was taken into account. The macronutrient concentration was similar for the left and right breasts however, milk composition varied markedly between mothers. Furthermore, average 24-hour fat content was significantly lower than the mean fat content from a single expression session ( P .01). Our findings highlight that when determining the nutritional adequacy of a mother’s milk, assuming an average concentration requires caution. The study findings illustrate the importance of using average 24-hour fat content of milk to obtain representative measures of infant energy intake.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2014
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 28-12-2016
DOI: 10.3390/NU9010015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.EARLHUMDEV.2011.10.012
Abstract: Recent literature supports the theory that vacuum is integral to the removal of milk from the breast rather than peristaltic compression of the breast. We aimed to determine if breastfed infants could remove breast milk from an experimental teat designed to release milk only when a vacuum is applied. Submental ultrasound images and intra-oral vacuum measurements were recorded simultaneously during both a breastfeed and a feed with the experimental teat. Infants placed the nipple and teat a similar distance from the nipple hard-soft palate junction when the tongue was lowered (4.7 mm vs 5.3 mm). As the tongue lowered the nipple and teat expanded evenly although the nipple expanded more than the teat (3.1mm vs 1.5 mm). Both baseline (-31 mm Hg vs -12 mm Hg) and peak vacuum (-122 mm Hg vs -67 mm Hg) applied to the breast were significantly higher than for the teat. Breastfed infants are able to remove milk from a teat using only vacuum with a similar tongue movement to that of breastfeeding. This evidence supports the theory that vacuum is a critical factor in the removal of milk from the breast.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1155/2012/130769
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 07-2015
Abstract: The duration of exclusive breastfeeding is affected by maternal confidence and perception of milk supply, but objective measurement of milk supply is rarely used. Mothers of preterm infants have found measuring milk supply by in-home test weighing to be helpful to ascertain their infants' breastfeeding intake. This study aimed to determine if this technique affects breastfeeding confidence of mothers of term infants. Participants filled in a survey of their breastfeeding confidence and perceptions of breastfeeding behavior prior to and after a 24-hour period of recording the times of feeds, amounts of each breastfeed or bottle feed (expressed breastmilk or formula), and amounts of breastmilk expressed. The breastfeeding confidence of at least 66% of mothers who were initially confident was maintained, and the breastfeeding confidence of at least 11% of mothers who were initially not confident was improved after objective measurement of milk supply and breastfeeding behavior. Measurement of actual milk supply and breastfeeding behavior provides objective information that can guide clinicians in the management of lactation. It can also help to maintain or improve breastfeeding confidence.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 2013
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 13-07-2012
Abstract: Data regarding the association between breast milk composition and infant feeding patterns (frequency and amount of breast milk taken) would help in understanding the regulation of food intake in breastfed infants. This study examined the relationship between breast milk macronutrient concentration and patterns of milk intake in breastfeeding infants over a 24-hour breastfeeding period. Mothers of healthy term infants (n = 15) collected pre- and postfeed breast milk s les from each feed at each breast over a 24-hour period. Breast milk s les were analyzed for fat, lactose, total protein, casein, and whey protein content. The energy content for each feed was calculated. Breastfeeding patterns and milk composition varied greatly between in iduals. The fat content of milk significantly differed over 24 hours ( P = .01), whereas the concentration of lactose and protein content remained the same. The mean 24-hour total protein, whey, and casein intake was inversely ( P .01), whereas lactose concentration was positively ( P = .03) related to the number of breast feeds per day. No relationship was seen either between fat or energy content and feeding patterns. The mean (SD) concentration of fat, lactose, and total protein over the 24-hour period was 43 (12) g/L, 68 (7) g/L, and 13 (2) g/L, respectively. The association between milk protein intake and the breastfeeding frequency suggests that the protein intake may play a role in infant appetite control.
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 08-2013
Abstract: The most common reason given for discontinuation of exclusive breastfeeding is perceived insufficient milk supply. Breastfed infants show more variation in feeding frequency than bottle-fed infants, and this may lead to a mother lacking confidence in her milk supply if the frequency of breastfeeding sessions does not match expectations based on bottle feeding. We aimed to assist clinicians in supporting breastfeeding mothers by providing evidence-based information on expected changes in breastfeeding patterns and milk intake during exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. Mothers and their healthy infants who were exclusively breastfeeding (total 24-hour milk intake within the normal range) were studied during two to five 24-hour periods between 1 and 6 months of lactation. Between 1 and 3 months of lactation, the frequency of breastfeeding sessions decreased, whereas both the median and maximum breastmilk intakes during each breastfeeding session increased. These parameters remained constant between 3 and 6 months. The duration of each breastfeeding session decreased steadily from 1 to 6 months, but the total 24-hour milk intake remained constant. Breastfeeding becomes more efficient between 1 and 3 months of lactation, although milk intake remains constant. Clinicians can give mothers confidence that these changes in breastfeeding behavior do not indicate insufficient milk supply, but may be a result of the increase in the stomach capacity of the infants and are an expected outcome of a healthy, normal breastfeeding relationship.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2013
DOI: 10.1038/CTI.2013.1
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 09-03-2017
DOI: 10.3390/NU9030252
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 24-09-2010
Abstract: A mid-infrared human milk analyzer (HMA) is designed to measure the macronutrients in human milk over a wide range of concentrations. Human milk s les (N = 30, 4 different dilutions each) were used to compare the macronutrient levels determined by the HMA to those derived from traditional laboratory methods. There was a small but statistically significant difference in the levels of fat, protein, lactose, total solids, and energy for all s les. These differences were consistent with subtle differences in the chemical principles governing the assays. For higher macronutrient levels, a trend to greater differences between the HMA and the laboratory method was seen, particularly in s les with high fat concentration. The intra-assay variation for the HMA for all macronutrients was less than 4%. It is concluded that that with appropriate s le preparation, the mid-infrared HMA can provide a practical measurement of macronutrients in human milk. J Hum Lact. 26(4):376-383.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 08-2012
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-06-2012
Abstract: Nipple pain is a major cause of early weaning. The causes of nipple pain are erse, and most treatments involve experience-based assessment. There is little knowledge of the intensity or variation in pain experienced by breastfeeding women. Given the high breastfeeding initiation rates, it is important to evaluate pain experienced by lactating women in detail. To investigate and compare the pain experienced by breastfeeding women using objective measures. The type, effect, and severity of pain were measured using the McGill Pain Questionnaire, Brief Pain Inventory, and Visual Analogue Scale, respectively, for 2 groups of breastfeeding women. One group were experiencing persistent nipple pain despite treatment, and the other had obvious signs of nipple trauma. Pain intensity and interference scores were highly variable for both groups. Mothers with nipple trauma reported significantly higher mean pain intensity and breastfeeding interference. Higher pain intensity scores were related to higher interference scores. After accounting for pain intensity, higher interference with general activity, mood, and sleep interference was related to longer duration of pain. There was no difference in MPQ class scores. The ramifications of nipple pain extend far beyond the act of breastfeeding, particularly for women whose pain lasts several months. Given the lack of evidence-based treatments, it is not surprising that pain is a major contributor to premature weaning. Further research into the causes of nipple pain is necessary to enable the implementation of effective interventions, thus reducing further complications such as infection and postnatal depression. Detailed pain analysis may assist in assessing the success of these interventions.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 15-01-2020
Abstract: Challenges for wheat doubled haploid (DH) production using anther culture include genotype variability in green plant regeneration and spontaneous chromosome doubling. The frequency of chromosome doubling in our program can vary from 14% to 80%. Caffeine or trifluralin was applied at the start of the induction phase to improve early genome doubling. Caffeine treatment at 0.5 mM for 24 h significantly improved green plant production in two of the six spring wheat crosses but had no effect on the other crosses. The improvements were observed in Trojan/Havoc and Lancer/LPB14-0392, where green plant numbers increased by 14% and 27% to 161 and 42 green plants per 30 anthers, respectively. Caffeine had no significant effect on chromosome doubling, despite a higher frequency of doubling in several caffeine treatments in the first experiment (67–68%) compared to the control (56%). In contrast, trifluralin significantly improved doubling following a 48 h treatment, from 38% in the control to 51% and 53% in the 1 µM and 3 µM trifluralin treatments, respectively. However, trifluralin had a significant negative effect on green plant regeneration, declining from 31.8 green plants per 20 anthers (control) to 9–25 green plants per 20 anthers in the trifluralin treatments. Further work is required to identify a treatment regime with caffeine and/or anti-mitotic herbicides that consistently increases chromosome doubling in wheat without reducing green plant regeneration.
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 08-2012
Abstract: Nipple pain and insufficient milk supply are major causes of early weaning. We have found that persistent nipple pain was associated with strong infant sucking vacuums during breastfeeding. Several studies indicate that nipple pain and abnormal infant sucking have the potential to reduce milk transfer. We aimed to determine whether women with persistent nipple pain had low milk supply. The 24-hour milk production and feeding characteristics of mothers with persistent nipple pain (n=21) were compared with those mothers without nipple pain (n=21). Milk productions were measured by test-weighing the infant before and after every feed from each breast over a 24-26-hour period. Comparisons were made using Student's t tests and linear mixed models as appropriate. Lower milk productions were associated with longer meal durations for mothers with pain. There were no significant differences in the average 24-hour milk production or any feeding characteristics between the groups. However, four women with persistent nipple pain had milk production levels below 500 mL/day. The majority of breastfeeding women experiencing persistent nipple pain were able to achieve normal milk production levels. Feeding duration and frequency were similar to those of women not experiencing pain. However, longer meal durations in the pain group were associated with lower levels of milk production. Further investigation is necessary to identify mothers most affected by maternal nipple pain.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 02-09-2015
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 19-09-2017
DOI: 10.3390/NU9091034
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.ULTRASMEDBIO.2010.08.005
Abstract: Infant feeding problems are extremely common during breastfeeding establishment. To objectively assess infant sucking, consistent methods to analyze ultrasound images of the infant's oral cavity are required. We developed and assessed the reliability of an extensive ultrasound measurement protocol by measuring nipple diameter and placement. Midline submental ultrasound scans of 30 term breastfed infants were analyzed by two raters. Nipple diameter, nipple hard-soft palate junction distance and tongue hard-soft palate junction distance were measured on two frames: tongue-up and tongue-down. No evidence of measurement bias was found between raters and inter-rater agreement and consistency scores were high. The changes in nipple diameter and placement were consistent with previous descriptions however, the diameter of the nipple was not consistent in either position. This method provides objective measurements representative of tongue movement, and further investigation is required to ensure usefulness when examining sucking difficulties.
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 04-2012
Abstract: To investigate the dynamics of milk removal during breast expression. This study used a continuous weighing balance to determine changes in milk flow rate and their relationship to the proportion of milk removed over time and the percentage of the available milk removed during simultaneous expression (15 minutes) of the left and right breasts in 34 mothers of healthy, term, breastfeeding infants. Multiple milk ejections (5.1±2.0 range, two to 14) were detected as increases in milk flow rate. A larger total expression volume was associated with a higher maximum milk flow rate (p<0.001). However, 14% less of the available milk was removed for a 100 g increase in available milk (p<0.001). After 2.9±1.4 and 6.0±2.5 minutes, 50% and 80%, respectively, of the total expression volume was removed. Milk flow was more active in the first 7 minutes than the last 7 minutes. At the eighth minute (midpoint), 54±25% of the available milk and 86±9% of the total expression volume were removed. The maximum milk flow rate was predictive of the total volume expressed. After the eighth minute of expression the milk flow rate was reduced. Increasing volumes of milk in the breast were associated with less complete breast emptying. These data suggest that long expression sessions are not required for mothers who are not pump dependent and that extending intervals between expressions results in less effective milk removal.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-11-2017
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Date: 08-2011
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the consistency of milk ejections and milk expression characteristics within mothers at repeated expression sessions. Twenty-five breastfeeding mothers expressed their breasts simultaneously on three occasions within 3 weeks, and follow-up visits were performed at 6, 9, and 12 months of lactation. During the 15-minute expression, milk was collected onto a continuous weigh balance to measure milk flow rate. The number of milk ejections was similar at the three sessions (5.1±2.0), decreasing at the 12-month follow-up (3.3±1.2). Mothers had a similar pattern of milk ejection at each session. The time that each milk ejection occurred was consistent for the first 9 months of lactation. Of the four milk ejection patterns identified, each removed a similar percentage of available milk but varied in the time to reach 80% of the total expression volume. The first two milk ejections produced the greatest percentage (62%) of total milk volume during breast expression. For each in idual mother, the timing, pattern, and number of milk ejections were consistent, suggesting a predetermined release of oxytocin. In light of the innate oxytocin release and milk removal characteristics in women, there is potential for in idual tailoring of the duration of expression.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 29-07-2011
Abstract: Ceroid and lipofuscin are autofluorescent granules thought to be generated as a consequence of chronic oxidative stress. Because ceroid and lipofuscin are persistent in tissue, their measurement can provide a lifetime history of exposure to chronic oxidative stress. Although ceroid and lipofuscin can be measured by quantification of autofluorescent granules, current methods rely on subjective assessment. Furthermore, there has not been any evaluation of variables affecting quantitative measurements. The article describes a simple statistical approach that can be readily applied to quantitate ceroid and lipofuscin. Furthermore, it is shown that several factors, including magnification tissue thickness and tissue level, can affect precision and sensitivity. After optimizing for these factors, the authors show that ceroid and lipofuscin can be measured reproducibly in the skeletal muscle of dystrophic mice (ceroid) and aged mice (lipofuscin).
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 12-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-12-2018
DOI: 10.1038/PR.2017.292
Abstract: BackgroundPreterm infants' meals typically progress to higher volumes over time. Knowledge of gastric emptying (GE) responses to differing meal volumes may inform enteral feeding management. We examined the effect of meal volume and composition on preterm GE.MethodsForty infants were studied at 33.3±1.4 (29.7-35.6) weeks postmenstrual age when fully enteral fed (target 150 ml/kg/day). Intrain idual comparisons of GE were made for paired meals of 100% and 75% prescribed volume and identical composition of mother's own milk (n=21) and pasteurized donor human milk (n=19). Serial stomach ultrasound images were used to calculate gastric residual volumes (GRVs) and remaining meal proportions (% meal).ResultsGE was faster in the early postprandial period and slowed over time (P<0.001). Reduced volume meals had slower GE rates and lower GRV (P<0.001). Serial postprandial % meal was similar between reduced and full volume meals (P=0.41). Higher milk casein concentration was associated with slower GE (P=0.04). Complete gastric emptying (GRV=0 ml) was more common in infants fed at 3 h intervals compared with those fed every 2 h (P=0.002).ConclusionEarly postprandial GE is more rapid for larger meal volumes. Stable preterm infants may tolerate feeding of a 3 h meal volume at shorter intervals.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-08-2015
DOI: 10.1002/JCB.25207
Abstract: MicroRNA have been recently discovered in human milk signifying potentially important functions for both the lactating breast and the infant. Whilst human milk microRNA have started to be explored, little data exist on the evaluation of s le processing, and analysis to ensure that a full spectrum of microRNA can be obtained. Human milk comprises three main fractions: cells, skim milk, and lipids. Typically, the skim milk fraction has been measured in isolation despite evidence that the lipid fraction may contain more microRNA. This study aimed to standardize isolation of microRNA and total RNA from all three fractions of human milk to determine the most appropriate s ling and analysis procedure for future studies. Three different methods from eight commercially available kits were tested for their efficacy in extracting total RNA and microRNA from the lipid, skim, and cell fractions of human milk. Each fraction yielded different concentrations of RNA and microRNA, with the highest quantities found in the cell and lipid fractions, and the lowest in skim milk. The column-based phenol-free method was the most efficient extraction method for all three milk fractions. Two microRNAs were expressed and validated in the three milk fractions by qPCR using the three recommended extraction kits for each fraction. High expression levels were identified in the skim and lipid milk factions for these microRNAs. These results suggest that careful consideration of both the human milk s le preparation and extraction protocols should be made prior to embarking upon research in this area.
Location: Australia
Location: Australia
No related grants have been discovered for Anna Hepworth.