ORCID Profile
0000-0001-7186-7363
Current Organisation
Florida State University
Does something not look right? The information on this page has been harvested from data sources that may not be up to date. We continue to work with information providers to improve coverage and quality. To report an issue, use the Feedback Form.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2023
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 06-2001
DOI: 10.1123/JSEP.23.2.85
Abstract: There is an extensive body of research indicating that social support can contribute to health and well-being by reducing exposure to stress and enhancing coping efforts. The mechanisms underlying this relationship remain poorly understood, however, and confusion abounds as to the nature of social support. This paper examines some of the major conceptual issues relevant to the study of social support in the context of sport injury. Specific issues addressed include differences between (a) support activities and support messages, (b) perceived support and received support, and (c) support networks, support behaviors, and appraisals of support. The discussion includes an examination of the general and sport-specific social support research. Gaps in the research are identified and suggestions are made throughout the paper for investigating social support issues in sport.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 17-06-2019
Abstract: This study’s purpose was to evaluate the unique contributions of self-, other-, and collective constructs in the efficacy–performance reciprocal relationship for athlete dyads involving low- and high-dependence roles. Data were obtained from 74 intact cheerleading pairs on self-, other-, and collective efficacy and subjective performance evaluations for each of 5 successive trials. Objective assessments of dyad performances were obtained from digital recordings. Across path models involving a single efficacy construct, similar reciprocal relationships between objective dyad performance and self-, other-, or collective efficacy were observed. In path models composed of multiple efficacy or performance constructs, unique efficacy contributions were observed in the prediction of objective dyad performance, and unique subjective performance contributions were observed in the prediction of efficacy beliefs. Partner effects were observed more often for athletes in the high-dependence role than for those in the low-dependence role. Findings support how self-, other-, and collective beliefs are processed by team athletes.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-2005
DOI: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000176304.14675.32
Abstract: To date, empirical reports of an association between motivation and athlete burnout have been exclusively based on cross-sectional research. Conclusions regarding the nature of the relationship between motivation and burnout are limited because they do not provide longitudinal information. To examine the relationship between burnout and motivation across a 12-wk league tournament (pretournament, midtournament, and end of tournament). Data were collected on using the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and Sport Motivation Scale from 102 adult professional male rugby players at three different times during a 12-wk league tournament. Linear mixed modeling was used to explore hypothesized relationships between in idual key characteristics of burnout and factors/covariates across time. Within the models, amotivation, the least self-determined type of motivation, had a large positive association with key characteristics of burnout. Self-determined forms of motivation (i.e., intrinsic motivation) exhibited significant negative associations with burnout. Extrinsic motivation, proposed to exist between intrinsic and amotivation on the self-determination continuum, was negatively associated with sport devaluation and reduced accomplishment as well as positively associated with physical and emotional exhaustion. Other factors related to burnout within the analysis included time (pretournament, in tournament, and end of tournament), team membership, number of injuries, years of national domestic league experience, and win/loss history. Overall, the results reflect the burnout experience may vary over time and support the potential utility of a self-determination theory explanation of burnout.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2004
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1037/T07814-000
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-1993
DOI: 10.1080/02701367.1993.10608782
Abstract: Extensive in-depth interviews were conducted with all 20 members of the 1988 U.S. Olympic Wrestling Team regarding their efforts to cope with stress experienced during the Seoul Olympics. Qualitative analyses revealed that the wrestlers employed a variety of coping strategies including: (a) thought control strategies (blocking distractions, perspective taking, positive thinking, coping thoughts, and prayer), (b) task focus strategies (narrow, more immediate focus, concentrating on goals), (c) behavioral based strategies (changing or controlling the environment, following a set routine), and (d) emotional control strategies (arousal control, visualization). In accordance with the observations of Compas (1987) and Folkman and Lazarus (1985), the coping efforts of the Olympic wrestlers were not limited to particular strategies nor to single approaches to dealing with a particular stressor but, rather, reflected a dynamic complex process involving a number of strategies, often in combination. The results also suggested that the degree to which coping strategies are well learned or automatized is related to their perceived effectiveness.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2000
Abstract: Based on Williams and Andersen's model of stress and athletic injury, six psychosocial variables were assessed as possible moderators of the relationship between life stress and injury among 121 athletes (65 males, 56 females) competing in a variety of sports at state, national or international level. No significant effects of the sex of the participants were evident. Correlational analyses revealed moderator effects of several variables. Specifically, dispositional optimism and hardiness were related to decreased injury time-loss in athletes when positive life change increased, and global self-esteem was associated with decreased injury time-loss when both negative life change and total life change increased. The results indicate that athletes with more optimism, hardiness or global self-esteem may cope more effectively with life change stress, resulting in reduced injury vulnerability and recovery rates.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2003
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2006
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-01-2007
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2010
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1037/T69534-000
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2004
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 03-1994
DOI: 10.1123/JSEP.16.1.70
Abstract: Hart, Leary, and Rejeski (1989) hypothesized that social physique anxiety (SPA), self-presentational anxiety associated with the physique, may deter some people from participating in fitness programs. This contention was explored in the present investigation. Data were collected from 104 undergraduate females regarding SPA, weight satisfaction, body satisfaction, and reasons for exercise. Following each of two video presentations of aerobics classes as stimulus materials, attitudes toward the favorability of the exercise settings were assessed. One class wore attire emphasizing the physique the other appeared in shorts and T-shirts, deemphasizing the physique. Multiple regression analyses revealed SPA was associated with favorability of attitudes toward both exercise settings. SPA was negatively associated with favorability of the setting emphasizing the physique and was positively related to favorability of the setting de-emphasizing the physique. The results indicate that self-presentational, theoretical perspectives may be useful in understanding exercise behavior patterns.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-9861.2008.00021.X
Abstract: Self‐objectification (SO) and Social Physique Anxiety (SPA) were investigated in relation to reported exercise behaviors (EBs). A conceptual model was used in which SPA was posited as a mediating variable between SO and EBs categorized as protective or permissive. Two hundred and ninety‐one women (age range = 18–74 years) completed the SO, SPA, and EB questionnaires. Women lower in SO reported exercising more, wearing more concealing exercise apparel, and preferring outdoors locations. The models were found to fit the data adequately, but only the path from SO to SPA was significant. These results reaffirm the relationship between SO and SPA, but further understanding of the potential effects of SO on behaviors involving health, body, and exercise is required.
Publisher: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Date: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2009
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 02-2016
Abstract: This investigation sought to replicate and extend earlier studies of athlete burnout by examining athlete-perceived controlling coaching behaviors and athlete perfectionism variables as, respectively, environmental and dispositional antecedents of athlete motivation and burnout. Data obtained from NCAA Division I swimmers ( n = 487) within 3 weeks of conference ch ionship meets were analyzed for this report. Significant indirect effects were observed between controlling coaching behaviors and burnout through athlete perfectionism (i.e., socially prescribed, self-oriented) and motivation (i.e., autonomous, amotivation). Controlling coaching behaviors predicted athlete perfectionism. In turn, self-oriented perfectionism was positively associated with autonomous motivation and negatively associated with amotivation, while socially prescribed perfectionism was negatively associated with autonomous motivation and positively associated with controlled motivation and amotivation. Autonomous motivation and amotivation, in turn, predicted athlete burnout in expected directions. These findings implicate controlling coaching behaviors as potentially contributing to athlete perfectionism, shaping athlete motivational regulations, and possibly increasing athlete burnout.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1080/00223890903381809
Abstract: We conducted a series of studies to investigate the psychometric properties of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS Hart, Leary, & Rejeski, 1989) among a total s le of 1,563 nonclinical French adolescents. The, first study provided support for the item content of the preliminary version of the French SPAS for adolescents. Then, the second study supported the convergent validity of the English and French version of the SPAS. Finally, Studies 3 to 6 provided support for the factor validity, measurement invariance (across genders, age groups and s les), latent mean structure invariance (across age category and s les), reliability, convergent validity, and criterion-related validity of a 7-item version of the SPAS.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 12-1992
DOI: 10.1123/TSP.6.4.383
Abstract: This is second in a series of articles reporting on a study involving interviews with all 20 members of the 1988 U.S. Olympic Wrestling Team regarding their performances in the Seoul Olympics. Qualitative research methodology and analyses were employed and the results of the analyses of thoughts and affect occurring during competition were examined. The wrestlers responded to a series of questions about their all-time best match, worst Olympic match, and most crucial Olympic match. Considerable consistency was found across wrestler responses regarding best and worst matches whereas striking differences were found between best and worst matches. During best matches, wrestlers were extremely confident, totally focused, and optimally aroused. They also focused on clear tactical strategies. During worst matches, the wrestlers were not confident, had inappropriate feeling states, experienced many task-irrelevant and negative thoughts, and either deviated from strategic plans or made poor strategy choices. These results are consistent with other research on Olympic athletes and with peak performance, peak experience, and flow research.
Publisher: Central Library of the Slovak Academy of Sciences
Date: 06-10-2020
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-2005
DOI: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000155398.71387.C2
Abstract: Self-determination theory has proven to be a useful theoretical explanation of the occurrence of ill-being on a variety of accounts. Self-determination theory may also provide a useful explanation of the occurrence of athlete burnout. To date, limited evidence exists to support links between motivation and burnout. To examine relationships and potential causal directions among burnout and types of motivation differing in degree of self-determination. Data were collected on burnout using the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and Sport Motivation Scale from 392 top amateur male rugby players. Structural equation modeling procedures were employed to evaluate a measurement model and three conceptually grounded structural models. One conceptual model specified concomitant (noncausal) relationships between burnout and motivations varying in self-determination. The other conceptual models specified causal pathways between burnout and the three motivation variables considered in the investigation (i.e., intrinsic motivation, external regulation, and amotivation). Within the models, amotivation, the least self-determined type of motivation, had a large positive association with burnout. Externally regulated motivation had trivial and nonsignificant relationships with burnout. Self-determined forms of motivation (i.e., intrinsic motivation) exhibited significant negative associations with burnout. Overall the results support the potential utility of a self-determination theory explanation of burnout. As all models displayed reasonable and comparable fits, further research is required to establish the nature (concomitant vs directional causal vs reciprocal causal) of the relationship between burnout and motivation.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 09-1996
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to address the need to clarify the factorial measurement properties of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS). Data collected from 760 female participants (who, on average, were young adults) were randomly placed into one of two s les to facilitate double cross-validation analyses. Calibration confirmatory factor analyses of three plausible models identified in research reports were conducted using structural equation modeling procedures. Subsequent cross-validation revealed a model with two first-order factors subordinate to one second-order factor to be unambiguously the most adequate among competing models. This model also exhibited a good fit both in calibration and in cross-validation with all incremental fit indexes exceeding the desirable .90 criterion. These results challenge initial validation study contentions that the SPAS is unidimensional.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 2012
Abstract: Measurement in Sport and Exercise Psychology provides a complete analysis of the tools and methods used in sport and exercise psychology research. Each chapter of this accessible text presents key measurement variables and concepts, including their definitions an evaluation of the measurement constructs and tools available and an explanation of any controversies in each topic. Drawing on their experience as leading researchers in the field, editors Tenenbaum, Eklund, and Kamata have selected a team of recognized scholars to bring both breadth and depth to this essential resource. By thoroughly examining each measurement tool, Measurement in Sport and Exercise Psychology assists readers in determining strengths and limitations of each tool and discovering which tools are best suited to their research projects. Readers will also gain critical knowledge to expand the field by recognizing opportunities for new methods of measurement and evaluation. The text begins with a historical review of measurement in sport and exercise psychology followed by a comprehensive description of theories and measurement issues. It provides detailed information regarding ethical and cultural issues inherent in the selection of specific testing protocols as well as issues in interpreting meta-analysis. This is followed by discussion of the commonly used constructs and inventories in three areas: cognition, perception, and motivation measurement emotion (affect) and coping measurement and social and behavioral measurement. Recommendations for researchers and practitioners included at the end of each chapter provide starting points for considering ways to incorporate chapter content into research projects and professional practice. Tables located at the end of each chapter summarize key information for quick reference and provide online sources, when available, so that readers can access each measurement tool. Original source information is provided for those tools not available online. Measurement in Sport and Exercise Psychology assists readers in evaluating the effectiveness of specific measurement tools. As the most complete and up-to-date directory of tools and inventories in the field of sport and exercise, this text offers a thorough explanation of considerations, controversies, recommendations, and locations for accessing these measurement tools.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 08-1991
DOI: 10.1123/PES.3.3.198
Abstract: This study examined psychological correlates of performance in youth wrestlers by replicating and extending the findings of Scanlan et al. (18). A secondary purpose was to replicate and extend work on antecedents of pre- and postcompetitive state anxiety. A total of 202 youth wrestlers, ages 13 and 14, completed a background questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, trait anxiety, achievement orientations, and characteristic prematch cognitions prior to participating in an age-group wrestling tournament. Prematch performance expectancies and prematch state anxiety were also assessed 10 to 20 minutes before Rounds 1 and 2 of the tournament. Postmatch assessments of satisfaction and state anxiety were conducted immediately after both bouts. Results partially replicated those of Scanlan et al. (18), that is, wrestlers who performed best had more years of experience and higher prematch performance expectancies. Pre- and postmatch competitive state anxiety antecedent variables of trait anxiety, prematch performance expectancies, and parental-pressure-to-participate anxiety were also replicated.
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2003
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.1080/10615800802629922
Abstract: The effects of perceived stress (PS) on the relationship between adaptive and maladaptive forms of perfectionism and burnout were examined. Smith's (1986)stress appraisal model and Kelley, Eklund, and Ritter-Taylor's (1999) model of coach burnout were used to test two models of burnout in a s le of college coaches (N=177). The results indicated that there is an indirect effect of self-evaluative perfectionism (i.e., maladaptive form of perfectionism) on burnout through PS as well as a significant direct link to burnout, accounting for 56% of its variance. In contrast, conscientious perfectionism (CP) (i.e., adaptive perfectionism) did not directly impact burnout, nor was there an indirect effect through PS. Based on Lazarus's (1999) ideas about stress appraisal, the results suggested that maladaptive forms of perfectionism resulted in more threatening perceptions of stress, thus, potentially leading to the experience of burnout. However, adaptive forms of perfectionism did not seem to result in increased appraisals of stress or result in burnout. The results did indicate a significant correlation between the two forms of perfectionism, which may explain why CP did not significantly impact PS or burnout.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-1994
DOI: 10.1080/02701367.1994.10607612
Abstract: Recently, Gould, Eklund, and Jackson (1992b) reported the results of an extensive investigation with 1988 U.S. Olympic wrestlers. Examination of retrospective data revealed clear differences in the organization and content of thought during all-time best and Olympic worst performances. However, Gould and associates (1992b) advised caution in the interpretation of their findings because of the investigation's episodic nature and stressed the need for further in-depth exploration. The present investigation addressed this need by collecting qualitative data from six NCAA Division I wrestlers via in-depth retrospective interviews regarding 38 season matches in addition to data regarding all-time best and worst performances. Examination of performance data revealed high, moderate, and low performance quality levels. Observable patterns in the organization and content of competitive thought were identified across these performance levels. These patterns are reminiscent of the findings of Gould et al. (1992b), the results of previous research comparing successful and unsuccessful athletes, and other research examining optimal performance states. As might be anticipated from research comparing elite and less elite athletes, the collegiate athletes differed from Olympians on several accounts.
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 09-08-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.1080/02640411003792729
Abstract: We tested hypotheses grounded in self-determination theory regarding athletes' cognitive appraisals and emotional reactions when returning to competition following a serious injury. Professional male athletes (N = 225) competing in the Australian Football League were presented with return-to-competition scenarios that varied with respect to: (1) degree of self-determination and (2) salience of re-injury concern. Significant MANOVA main effects were observed for the degree of self-determination on both primary appraisals and emotional responses as well as for the salience of re-injury concern on emotional response. Follow-up ANOVA polynomial trend analyses provided support for the hypothesized trends for greater self-determination in the return to sport to result in more positive appraisals and affect. Findings support self-determination theory contentions and research indicating the psychological benefits of increased self-determination.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-1997
DOI: 10.1080/02701367.1997.10608004
Abstract: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide with high mortality and is classified as a single entity, although colon cancer and rectal cancer have largely different diagnoses, treatments, surgical methods, and recurrence rates. ≥ 16-slice spiral computed tomography (SCT) is mostly applied to detect the local stage of colon cancer however, its diagnostic accuracy and whether it is conducive to distinguishing between high-risk and low-risk colon cancer are unclear. To systematically review the diagnostic accuracy of ≥ 16-slice SCT for local staging of colon cancer. Based on the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases, computers were used to search the literature from the establishment of the database to April 2021, and the results of the diagnostic tests on ≥ 16-slice SCT for local staging of colon cancer were collected according to the inclusion criteria. The data were then extracted and assessed on the basis of the Quality Assessment Checklist of the Institute of Economics of Canada, Reference Citation Analysis (www.referencecitationanalysis.com/). Afterward, a meta-analysis was performed using the statistical software Meta-disc 14.0 and Stata 15.0. Eleven studies that provided data on 1613 subjects with computed tomography diagnostic tests were included in this study. Meta-analysis revealed that the pooled sensitivity, pooled specificity, pooled negative likelihood ratio (LR), pooled diagnostic odds ratio, and area under the fitted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of ≥ 16-slice SCT for colon cancer T staging were 0.67 (95%CI: 0.65-0.70), 0.81 (95%CI: 0.80-0.83), 4.13 (95%CI: 2.66-6.41), 0.39 (95%CI: 0.31-0.49), 10.81 (95%CI: 7.33-15.94), and 0.829, respectively, while the specificity, negative LR, diagnostic odds ratio, and area under the fitted ROC curve of ≥ 16-slice SCT for N staging of colon cancer were 0.54 (95%CI: 0.49-0.59), 0.74 (95%CI: 0.70-0.77), 1.92 (95%CI: 1.36-2.70), 0.67 (95%CI: 0.51-0.87), 3.74 (95%CI: 1.76-7.94), and 0.829 respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of ≥ 16-slice SCT for colon cancer T staging were acceptable, while the sensitivity for colon cancer N staging was relatively low, though its specificity was acceptable. ≥ 16-slice SCT for local staging of colon cancer has good diagnostic value however, the accuracy needs to be confirmed by further clinical practice.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 06-2017
Abstract: This study explored person-related sources of variance in athletes' efficacy beliefs and performances when performing in pairs with distinguishable roles differing in partner dependence. College cheerleaders (n = 102) performed their role in repeated performance trials of two low- and two high-difficulty paired-stunt tasks with three different partners. Data were obtained on self-, other-, and collective efficacy beliefs and subjective performances, and objective performance assessments were obtained from digital recordings. Using the social relations model framework, total variance in each belief/assessment was partitioned, for each role, into numerical components of person-related variance relative to the self, the other, and the collective. Variance component by performance role by task-difficulty repeated-measures analysis of variances revealed that the largest person-related variance component differed by athlete role and increased in size in high-difficulty tasks. Results suggest that the extent the athlete's performance depends on a partner relates to the extent the partner is a source of self-, other-, and collective efficacy beliefs.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2006
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2004
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-03-2021
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1037/T67663-000
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-08-2020
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 06-1998
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate four psychometric models for Carver, Scheier, and Weintraub’s (1989) COPE inventory, and for Crocker and Graham’s (1995) sport-specific modification of the COPE inventory for measurement of in idual differences in coping with sport-related stress. Slumping athletic performance (i.e., an extended, unexplained loss of competitive form) was employed as the frame of reference for the coping responses. Data collected from 1,491 athletes (870 for the COPE analyses and 621 for the Modified-COPE analyses) were evaluated in the empirical, double cross-validation design analyses (Cudeck & Browne, 1983). Results revealed a 14-factor model of the COPE inventory and a 10-factor model of the Modified-COPE inventory as the most appropriate psychometric models for these inventories in examining slump-related coping among athletes.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 06-1997
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 09-08-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-1993
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2006
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 1997
DOI: 10.1123/APAQ.14.1.74
Abstract: In iduals who perceive themselves as “athletes” are thought to have self-schemas composed of, in part, an athletic identity (Brewer, Van Raalte, & Linder, 1993). The recent development of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) has allowed sport psychology researchers to assess athletic identity. Research with adolescent athletes with disabilities has suggested that the AIMS is composed of 4 factors (Martin, Mushett, & Eklund, 1994). The purpose of the current study was to further examine the psychometric properties of the AIMS. Seventy-eight international swimmers (34 females, 44 males) with disabilities, ranging in age from 12 to 44 ( M = 23.4 years), participated in the present study. Using structural equation modeling procedures, a confirmatory factor analysis determined that the data fit the 4-factor model specified in the Martin et al. (1994) study, thus providing support for the multidimensionality of the AIMS.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 02-2007
DOI: 10.1123/JSEP.29.1.1
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2017.04.001
Abstract: Borrowed from organizational psychology, the concept of transformational leadership has now been applied to a sport context for a decade. Our review covers and critically discusses empirical articles published on this growing topic. However, because the majority of studies used cross-sectional designs and single-source questionnaires to tap what has been a fuzzy construct, current theoretical and methodological issues impede understanding of whether transformational leadership matters for sport outcomes. To make a difference to applied practice and policy, the transformational leadership construct requires a refined definition and stronger empirical tests allowing for robust causal inference. We highlight avenues for advancing research on transformational leadership in the sport context.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 03-1998
DOI: 10.1123/JSEP.20.1.81
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to examine Leary’s (1992) contention that competitive anxiety revolves around the self-presentational implications of sport competition. Intercollegiate athletes ( N = 199) completed inventories assessing competitive trait anxiety and self-presentational concerns. Principal-axis factor analysis with direct oblim rotation of self-presentational concern items produced an interpretable four-factor solution accounting for 62% of the variance. These factors were interpreted to represent self-presentational concerns about Performance/Composure Inadequacies, Appearing Fatigued/Lacking Energy, Physical Appearance, and Appearing Athletically Untalented. Correlational and structural equation modeling analyses revealed that self-presentational concern was more strongly associated with cognitive rather than somatic anxiety, and that substantial portions of variance in competitive anxiety could be accounted for by self-presentational concern variables. The results of this investigation provide support for Leary’s (1992) assertion regarding the relationship between self-presentational concern and competitive anxiety.
Publisher: The Korea Society for Wellness
Date: 05-02-2017
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 12-03-2218
Abstract: The main purpose of the present study was to examine the validation and reliability of the Korean version of the Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS-2Kr) by evaluating its factorial invariance across gender. A total of 303 Korean collegiate athletes (198 males and 105 females) from 9 sports participated in the study, and they completed the demographic questionnaire and the SAS-2Kr containing 15 items to measure multidimensional trait anxiety and in idual differences in the cognitive and somatic anxiety experienced by athletes. The results of this study indicated that the construct validity in the SAS-2Kr was well established in that the values of the standardized factor loadings, composite reliability, and average variance extracted values were above the recommended cutoff points. The multiple-s le confirmatory factor analyses showed the SAS-2Kr could be generalizable across gender in college s les. The results also indicated that the SAS-2Kr supported the original 3-factor model of SAS-2 in English consisting of somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption, and thus this study provides useful information for researchers to understand the athletes’ tendency to experience anxiety reactions in sport situations. Suggestions for future research on competitive trait anxiety are provided in the discussion section.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2011
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 09-2020
Abstract: Efficacy beliefs and communication are key constructs that have been targeted to develop task cohesion. This study’s purpose was to (a) examine whether collective efficacy, team-focused other-efficacy, and team-focused relation-inferred self-efficacy are predictive of task cohesion and (b) evaluate the possibility that communication mediates efficacy–task cohesion relationships. British university team-sport athletes ( N = 250) completed questionnaires assessing efficacy beliefs, communication (i.e., positive conflict, negative conflict, and acceptance communication), and task cohesion (i.e., attractions to group, group integration). Data were subjected to a multigroup path analysis to test mediation hypotheses while also addressing potential differences across males and females. Across all athletes, collective efficacy and team-focused other-efficacy significantly predicted attractions to group and group integration directly. Positive conflict and acceptance communication significantly mediated relationships between efficacy (team-focused other-efficacy, collective efficacy) and cohesion (attractions to group, group integration). Findings suggest that enhancing athletes’ collective efficacy and team-focused efficacy beliefs will encourage communication factors affecting task cohesion.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-11-2008
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1016/BS.PBR.2017.02.001
Abstract: We present commentary focused on the theoretical implications of Hardy et al.'s (2017) study of elite (E) and super-elite (SE) UK athletes. Athlete developmental experiences are first discussed, and we consider how Hardy et al.'s findings fit with extant and emerging theory regarding motivation and experiences of adversity. We then focus on athlete characteristics and propose a complementary theory-based interpretation of Hardy et al.'s findings based on the idea that SE athletes may be more focused on agency than E athletes. We consider this proposition in light of theory and empirical research addressing the agency and communion theoretical distinction.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 2012
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2023
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 03-2007
DOI: 10.1123/TSP.21.1.1
Abstract: Athlete burnout has been a concern to sport organizations, the media, and researchers because of its association with negative welfare and performance outcomes (Gould, Udry, Tuffey, & Loehr, 1996 Smith, 1986). Conclusions drawn in existing cross-sectional studies (e.g., Cresswell & Eklund, 2006c Gould, Tuffey, Udry, & Loehr, 1996) are limited because they are not based on data sensitive to the dynamic nature of athlete burnout. In the current study, professional New Zealand rugby players ( n = 9) and members of team management ( n = 3) were interviewed multiple times over a 12-month period in an effort to capture accounts reflecting the dynamic nature of their experiences. In these interviews, some players reported experiences consistent with multidimensional descriptions of burnout in the extant literature. During the course of the interviews players reported positive and negative changes within their experiences. Players’ experiences and adaptations were interpreted using existing theoretical explanations.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2000
DOI: 10.1080/02640410050074313
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between physical self-perceptions and physical activity in Canadian school children aged 10-14 years. The s le consisted of 220 boys and 246 girls in grades 5-8. Physical activity was assessed by 7-day recall using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Self-perceptions of physical conditioning, sports competence, strength, body appearance and general physical self-worth were measured by the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP). We found that boys were more physically active than girls and had higher perceptions of sport competence and strength. All PSPP scales were significantly correlated with physical activity in both boys and girls. Structural equation modelling procedures found the hierarchical PSPP model provided a good fit to the observed data, with little evidence of differences between the sexes. Analysis of five alternative structural models of the relationship between the PSPP and physical activity found the most parsimonious model to have significant pathways from both physical conditioning and sport skills to physical activity. Models for the s le as a whole, for boys and for girls were similar, accounting for an R2 of 0.27-0.29 for physical activity. Our results demonstrate that physical self-perceptions, especially physical conditioning and sport skills, are significant correlates of activity in this population.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 12-1992
DOI: 10.1123/TSP.6.4.358
Abstract: This study involved extensive interviews with all 20 members of the 1988 U.S. Olympic Wrestling Team about their performances in the Seoul Olympics. Qualitative research methodology and analyses were employed to acquire and preserve rich representations of these experiences. Mental preparation strategies, precompetitive cognition, and affect were examined by having the wrestlers respond to a series of questions about their all-time best match, worst Olympic match, and most crucial Olympic match. Considerable consistency was found across wrestlers’ responses regarding all-time best and worst Olympic matches whereas striking differences were found between the best and worst matches. For ex le, before best matches, wrestlers followed mental preparation plans and routines and were extremely confident, totally focused, and optimally aroused. They also focused on clear tactical strategies. Before worst matches, wrestlers were not confident, had inappropriate feeling states and experienced many task-irrelevant and negative thoughts, and deviated from preparation plans. These results are consistent with other research with Olympic athletes and suggest that precompetitive states play a critical role in competitive performance.
Publisher: Korea Institute of Sport Science
Date: 12-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2023
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2005
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 09-1999
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to examine stress and burnout in athletic directors. Using Kelley’s (1994) original model we hypothesized that stress mediated the influence of social support, hardiness, and career issues on burnout. A second model, based on Smith’s (1986) contentions, allowed stress predictors to directly influence burnout in addition to influencing burnout through stress. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses supported the respecified model over Kelley’s (1994) original model. Athletic directors with a tendency to find career issues stressful, and who were low in hardiness, experienced elevated stress and burnout. Specifically, stress predictors had a direct influence on burnout, as well as an indirect influence through stress. Descriptive data classified athletic directors as enduring greater levels of emotional exhaustion than depersonalization and personal accomplishment.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 09-2002
Abstract: Two studies grounded in ironic-cognitive-processing theory were conducted to determine (a) whether ironic errors may be associated with efforts to exert mental control that typically occur in sport settings and (b) whether these potential ironic effects could be negated through the use of a task-relevant cue word to refocus one’s thoughts during suppression. Participants were asked to watch a videotape of a series of clips of Australian Rules Football players, coaches, and umpires. Study 1 revealed that participants were more aware of umpires when instructed not to pay attention to them. Contrary to expectations, however, ironic effects were not significantly magnified by the combination of high cognitive load and the instruction not to pay attention to the umpires. Results from Study 2 indicated that potential ironic effects could be negated when in iduals were given a task-relevant cue word to focus on when suppressing unwanted or negative thoughts. Overall, support for ironic processing theory was found in Studies 1 and 2 in this investigation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2007
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 09-1993
DOI: 10.1123/TSP.7.3.232
Abstract: Sport psychology research conducted in field settings has expanded considerably in the last decade and a half. However, there has been little formal discussion of a number of important issues concerning the notion of conducting research in ecologically valid settings. Gaining entry to collect data with sport participants is one such issue. This important initial stage of the field research process regards not only the feasibility of collecting data but also the very quality of data that one might be able to collect in the setting. This manuscript presents important guiding considerations for efforts to gain entry to field settings, including personal attributes of the researcher, connections, accounts, knowledge, and courtesy. Social science and sport psychology practitioner literature regarding gaining entry are examined, and relevant ex les are integrated into the discussion.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-2002
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 29-03-2017
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-05-2007
Publisher: Hacettepe University
Date: 06-04-2016
DOI: 10.17644/SBD.237577
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 19-10-2015
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 02-2005
DOI: 10.1123/JSR.14.1.20
Abstract: It is argued in self-determination theory that the motivation underlying behavior has implications for health and well-being independent of the behavior itself. To examine associations between athlete motivations for returning to sport after injury and perceived psychological return-to-sport outcomes. A correlational survey design was employed to obtain data in Canada, Australia, and England. Elite and subelite athletes (N = 180) with injuries requiring a minimum 2-month absence from sport participation. Participants completed an inventory measuring perceptions of motivation to return to sport from a serious injury and psychological return-to-sport outcomes. Correlational analyses revealed that intrinsic motivations for returning to competition were associated with a positive renewed perspective on sport participation. Conversely, extrinsic motivations for returning to sport were associated with increased worry and concern. The motivation underlying return to sport might play an important role in return-to-sport perceptions among elite and subelite athletes.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-04-2013
DOI: 10.1111/JASP.12064
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2004
DOI: 10.1016/S1440-2440(04)80267-6
Abstract: Burnout has been identified as a concern in elite sport. The aim of the current study was to examine relationships among proposed early signs and the athlete burnout syndrome. Quantitative methods (i.e., questionnaire) were used to identify the level of burnout and perceptions of proposed early signs among New Zealand male semi- and fully-professional Rugby Union players (n = 199) aged 19 to 33 years (M = 25.19, SD = 2.98). Results indicated significant associations among proposed early signs and athlete burnout. Perceptions of adequate social support, competence and perceptions of control were negatively correlated with key characteristics of burnout. Perceived rugby and money hassles were positively correlated with key characteristics of burnout. This research provides support for the proposed early signs of burnout. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and investigate the nature of the relationship between these early signs and the burnout syndrome.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 08-2020
DOI: 10.1037/SPY0000178
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2014
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 06-1996
DOI: 10.1123/TSP.10.2.111
Abstract: In order to extend Gould, Eklund, and Jackson’s (1992a) investigation with 1988 U.S. Olympic wrestlers, Eklund (1994) reported results from a season-long investigation of cognition during performance among collegiate wrestlers. This manuscript expands the account of that season-long investigation by reporting precompetitive cognition and affect—the psychological experience immediately prior to match performance—associated with performance. Qualitative data were collected from 6 NCAA Division I wrestlers via indepth retrospective interviews regarding all-time best and worst performances within 2’days of 38 season matches. Observable patterns in the organization and content of precompetitive psychological experience were identified in high, moderate, and low quality performances and observations made regarding associations with the competitive psychological experience.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 03-2002
DOI: 10.1123/TSP.16.1.20
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate appraisals and coping of elite athletes when facing expected versus unexpected stressors. Questionnaires were sent to all New Zealand athletes competing at the 1998 Commonwealth Games, and 91 athletes provided responses inside three weeks of the closing ceremony. A stressful experience that had occurred prior to or during their most important performance was identified by 71 althletes. Analysis revealed significant differences in the way athletes cognitively appraised expected and unexpected stressors. Unexpected stressors were perceived as more threatening than expected stressors. Athletes also indicated a significantly greater tendency to hold back or hesitate from responding or acting in the face of unexpected stressors in comparison to expected stressors. Athletes employed a variety of strategies to help them cope with their most stressful experience. Stressor expectedness, however, was not related to coping use or performance and coping evaluations. Finally, a modest but significant relationship was observed between coping strategy effectiveness and coping automaticity. These findings suggest that competitively functional primary and secondary cognitive appraisals of stressors may result from the preparation of athletes for potentially distressing events and circumstances associated with major international competitions.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 06-2005
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 06-1999
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to examine stress and burnout among collegiate tennis coaches. Three alternative models of stress-mediated relationships between personal/situational variables (hardiness, coaching issues, competitive level, gender, trait anxiety, initiating and consideration leadership styles) and burnout among men ( n = 163) and women ( n = 98) collegiate head tennis coaches were examined. Preliminary analysis revealed that the tennis coaches in this investigation were suffering from levels of burnout similar to those of other helping professionals working in higher education (Maslach & Jackson, 1986). A gender-by-competition-level (2 × 2) MANOVA on study variables revealed a significant main effect for gender but not for competition level. The women had a higher tendency than the men did to find coaching issues stressful. Structural equation modeling revealed that the stress-mediation model, also featuring direct effects of personality/dispositional variables on burnout, accounted for observed relationships in data more adequately than the other alternative models did.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2011
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2013
DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2013.763934
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to investigate how self-presentation imperatives can influence cognition and affect. Participants were 70 collegiate and recreational athletes who were recruited because of the relevance of self-presentation processes in sport. Athletes were asked to read either a script which de-emphasized self-presentation concerns (low self-presentation) or emphasized self-presentation concerns (high self-presentation). The scripts were developed for the purpose of the study and depicted a pre-competition scenario. The low self-presentation manipulation group reported more of a challenge state of appraisal, higher self-efficacy, lower avoidance goal focus, and more positive affect, while the high self-presentation manipulation group reported more of a threat state of cognitive appraisal and more negative affect. Nonsignificant differences were observed between groups for the perception of positive affect and negative affect. These findings provide preliminary evidence that self-presentation imperatives can impact the cognitive appraisal and affect of athletes as they prepare for competition.
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2009
Publisher: Association for Applied Sport Psychology
Date: 28-06-2023
DOI: 10.55743/000019
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore how sport demands and psychological aspects of rest are related to depressive symptoms and well-being among female college athletes. Eccles and Kazmier (2019) proposed that physical and psychological (i.e., cognitive and emotional) demands of sport negatively affect perceptions of being mentally rested, which in turn reduce well-being and elicit depressive symptoms. They also proposed that engaging in resting experiences buffers negative effects of sport demands on perceptions of being mentally rested. These model predictions were tested in this study. Female athletes (N = 179) in NCAA Division I sports provided online responses to the Demand-Induced Strain Compensation Questionnaire for Sport (Balk et al., 2018), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977), and Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (Keyes et al., 2008). They also completed measures of perceptions of recent resting experiences and perceived current level of mental rest that were developed for this study. Results showed that emotional demands but not physical or cognitive demands, significantly predicted current level of mental rest. Also, recent resting experiences significantly predicted current level of mental rest but did not significantly moderate the relationship between sport demands and current level of mental rest. Finally, athletes who reported a lower current level of mental rest experienced a lower level of well-being and more depressive symptoms. Monitoring of emotional demands and engaging in key psychological resting experiences might be useful for athletes as they attempt to obtain adequate mental rest and stay healthy mentally.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-1998
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 12-1994
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to replicate and extend Crawford and Eklund's (1994) investigation of social physique anxiety (SPA) and exercise. Women ( N = 94) enrolled in physical education activity or major classes participated in the investigation. Data were collected on SPA, weight satisfaction, percent body fat, reasons for exercise, exercise behaviors and preferences, and attitudes toward two aerobic class video presentations featuring a manipulation of physique salience. Consistent with the previous investigation, self-presentational reasons for exercise (body tone, weight control, and physical attractiveness) were positively associated with SPA in both simple correlations and hierarchical analyses controlling for body composition. In contrast to previous findings, SPA was not associated with favorability of attitudes toward either of the video presentations. The inability to fully replicate Crawford and Eklund's (1993) findings raised interesting questions with regard to variables that may moderate or mediate self-presentational anxiety in exercise settings.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 09-1598
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to address the need to clarify the factorial measurement properties of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS). Data collected from 760 female participants (who, on average, were young adults) were randomly placed into one of two s les to facilitate double cross-validation analyses. Calibration confirmatory factor analyses of three plausible models identified in research reports were conducted using structural equation modeling procedures. Subsequent cross-validation revealed a model with two first-order factors subordinate to one second-order factor to be unambiguously the most adequate among competing models. This model also exhibited a good fit both in calibration and in cross-validation with all incremental fit indexes exceeding the desirable .90 criterion. These results challenge initial validation study contentions that the SPAS is unidimensional.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2006
DOI: 10.1080/02640410500131431
Abstract: Athlete burnout research has been h ered by the lack of an adequate measurement tool. The Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS) are two recently developed self-report instruments designed to assess burnout. The convergent and discriminant validity of the ABQ and MBI-GS were assessed through multi-trait/multi-method analysis with a sporting population. Overall, the ABQ and the MBI-GS displayed acceptable convergent validity with matching subscales highly correlated, and satisfactory internal discriminant validity with lower correlations between non-matching subscales. Both scales also indicated an adequate discrimination between the concepts of burnout and depression. These findings add support to previous findings in non-sporting populations that depression and burnout are separate constructs. Based on the psychometric results, construct validity analysis and practical considerations, the results support the use of the ABQ to assess athlete burnout.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 2012
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 30-04-2015
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 09-2008
DOI: 10.1123/TSP.22.3.253
Abstract: The effect of hypothetical injuries to pivotal and nonpivotal players on collective efficacy perceptions was studied in this exploratory investigation. A collective efficacy inventory was given to male soccer players ( N = 194) from 12 semiprofessional teams, as well as a hypothetical scenario describing an injury to a pivotal or less pivotal player. Based on the PFA, the collective efficacy inventory was determined to have two factors: perseverance collective efficacy (PCE) and skills (physical) collective efficacy (SCE). Both PCE and SCE were subsequently analyzed to determine if the hypothesized loss of a player influenced such perceptions. Findings indicated that following the injury scenario, PCE perceptions only, significantly decreased following the loss of either player. PCE appears to be readily affected by player loss, whereas the results for SCE were more ambivalent. Future research, implications and limitations are discussed in detail.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 21-10-2021
DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780197512494.003.0020
Abstract: This chapter overviews fatigue, overtraining, and burnout from multiple theoretical perspectives with an emphasis on historical, contemporary, and future milestones/directions. Two theory-based questions are (a) Is there a theoretical conceptualization that characterizes and differentiates fatigue, overtraining, and burnout? and (b) Does recovery science represent a useful conceptual model to guide the next decade of topical research? One methodology-driven question is (c) What prospective research designs represent a scientifically efficacious and ethical way to investigate the development of fatigue, overtraining, and burnout concomitantly in athletes? Two applied intervention-related questions are (d) What interventions are best suited to prevent maladaptive responses to the sport experience including (unrelenting) fatigue, overtraining syndrome, and athlete burnout? and (e) How will novel theory-based intervention strategies be effectively evaluated to ensure their efficacy, safety, and effectiveness in athlete populations? Overall, this chapter presents a roadmap for future work in these areas.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 05-2021
DOI: 10.1037/SPY0000220
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 02-2019
Abstract: This study examined whether teachers' use of transformational teaching behaviors, as perceived by adolescent girls, in physical education would predict girls' moderate to vigorous physical activity via mediated effects of physical activity self-presentation motives, physical activity identity, and physical education class engagement. Self-report data were acquired from 273 Scottish high school girls in Grades S1-S3 (the equivalent of Grades 7-9 in North America) at 2 time points separated by 1 week. Significant predictive pathways were found from transformational teaching to girls' moderate to vigorous physical activity via mediated effects of acquisitive self-presentation motives and physical activity identity. This preliminary study provides a novel contribution to the research area by showing how previously unrelated psychosocial constructs work together to predict adolescent girls' moderate to vigorous physical activity. Results are discussed in relation to existing literature and future research directions.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 2001
Abstract: The purpose of the present investigation was to examine determinants of teachers’ intentions to teach physically active physical education classes (i.e., spend at least 50% of class time with the students engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity). Based on the theories of reasoned action, planned behavior, and self-efficacy, a model was examined hypothesizing that teachers’ intentions were determined by subjective norm, attitude, perceived behavioral control, and self-efficacy. Using hierarchical regression analyses, the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior were supported by accounting for 65% of the variance in intention due to the main effects of attitude and subjective norm, as well as their interaction effects. The role of perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy theory were not supported.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2003
DOI: 10.1016/S1440-2440(03)80272-4
Abstract: Body composition testing has been advocated as part of fitness test batteries in an educational effort to promote health-related fitness, and to prevent public health problems like obesity. However, the measurement of the body composition of children and youth, especially involving the use of skinfold calipers, has raised concerns. In two experiments the cognitive and affective consequences of skinfold caliper use in a 7th grade (155 boys, 177 girls, total N = 332) health hysical education context were examined. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the students could be taught to accurately measure a partner and/or significantly learn body fatness-related concepts compared to controls. It was also shown that inexpensive plastic Fat Control calipers produced accurate measurements. Experiment 2 was designed to replicate the significant cognitive outcome effects, and also to test the hypothesis that psychological damage is a likely consequence of skinfold caliper use-and that hypothesis was refuted. Specifically, knowledge scores, and outcome scores on adapted affect scales (e.g., PANAS, MAACL), physical self-esteem scales (CY-PSPP) and on the Social Physique Anxiety Scale supported the premise that skinfold calipers can be used in an educational context to facilitate cognitive learning without causing adverse affective consequences.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2019
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-1995
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 25-10-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2006.03.017
Abstract: Controversy over a negative experiential state among players, discussed as "burnout" in media reports, stimulated the New Zealand Rugby Union to commission research (including the present study) into players' experiences. Athlete burnout research to date has largely been limited to studies featuring cross-sectional designs. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the key characteristics of burnout over a "rugby year", a 30-week competitive period involving two or more independent competitions. Players completed the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire at three different times during the 30-week competitive rugby year. Some statistically significant changes were observed in key characteristics of burnout across the competitive rugby year. Specifically players reported that their feelings of reduced accomplishment increased pre-competition to in-competition phases. Changes in exhaustion over time were associated with playing position. Burnout was also associated with injury, non-selection, rugby experience and team membership. Overall the results reflect that burnout is a dynamic experience and indicate that factors such as playing position, injury, selection and starting status are worthy of further investigation.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 10-2008
Abstract: Long and short flow scales are examined from dispositional ( n = 652 long n = 692 short) and state ( n = 499 long n = 865 short) perspectives. The long flow scales constitute a 36-item multidimensional assessment of flow and have previously demonstrated good psychometric properties. The short flow scales constitute new abbreviated versions of the long forms, contain 9 items, and provide a brief measure of flow from a dimensional perspective. In the current study, long and short flow scales are assessed across a large and erse physical activity s le. With few exceptions, these flow measures demonstrated acceptable model ft, reliability, and distributions associations with key correlates in parallel and hypothesized ways and invariance in factor loadings. Together, the scales provide options for assessing flow in different contexts and when different goals or constraints are operating. Researchers wanting to capture an aggregate of the multidimensional framework might find the short scales a pragmatic alternative when constraints prohibit use of the full-length versions.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-09-2017
DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2016.1239203
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine behavioral regulations and dispositional flow in exercise among university students in terms of gender and stage of change. Data were collected from American college students (N = 257 M Behavioral regulations and dispositional flow in exercise were assessed, along with stage of change. Exercisers in the maintenance stage of change displayed significantly more self-determined motivation to exercise and a greater tendency to experience flow than those in preparation and action stages. Significant correlations were observed among behavioral regulations and flow state. Nonsignificant differences were observed for gender on behavioral regulations and dispositional flow in exercise. The results suggest that promotion of self-determined motivation and dispositional flow in exercisers may improve the quality of their experiences, as well as to foster their exercise behavior.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 06-2002
Abstract: The Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) and Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) are presented as two self-report instruments designed to assess flow experiences in physical activity. Item modifications were made to the original versions of these scales in order to improve the measurement of some of the flow dimensions. Confirmatory factor analyses of an item identification and a cross-validation s le demonstrated a good fit of the new scales. There was support for both a 9-first-order factor model and a higher order model with a global flow factor. The item identification s le yielded mean item loadings on the first-order factor of .78 for the FSS-2 and .77 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged from .80 to .90 for the FSS-2, and .81 to .90 for the DFS-2. In the cross-validation s le, mean item loadings on the first-order factor were .80 for the FSS-2, and .73 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged between .80 to .92 for the FSS-2 and .78 to .86 for the DFS-2. The scales are presented as ways of assessing flow experienced within a particular event (FSS-2) or the frequency of flow experiences in chosen physical activity in general (DFS-2).
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2004
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-04-2020
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-2001
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 06-1998
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 25-10-2017
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2004
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1037/T69535-000
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 1992
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2005
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2005
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2023
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2002
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 25-11-2015
DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2014.977764
Abstract: Following ironic process theory (IPT), the authors aimed at investigating how attentional allocation affects participants' upper limb motion steadiness under low and high levels of mental load. A secondary purpose was to examine the validity of skin conductance level in measuring perception of pressure. The study consisted of 1 within-participant factor (i.e., phase: baseline, test) and 4 between-participant factors (i.e., gender: male, female mental load: fake time constraints, no time constraints attention: positive, suppressive order: baseline → → → test, test → → baseline). Eighty college students (40 men and 40 women, Mage = 20.20 years, SD(age) = 1.52 years) participated in the study. Gender-stratified random assignment was employed in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 mixed experimental design. The findings generally support IPT but its predictions on motor performance under mental load may not be entirely accurate. Unlike men, women's performance was not susceptible to manipulations of mental load and attention allocation. The validity of skin conductance readings as an index of pressure perception was called into question.
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: United States of America
No related grants have been discovered for Robert Eklund.