ORCID Profile
0000-0001-5558-3133
Current Organisations
Charles Sturt University
,
UNSW Sydney
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Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-02-2020
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.13207
Abstract: Information regarding parasite control practices currently used on Thoroughbred and Standardbred studs in Australia is lacking. Anthelmintic resistance (AR) is a global problem which has implications for equine health and welfare. To identify parasite control practices currently used on horse studs in Australia and investigate the frequency of use of management factors that have been associated with the likelihood of promoting or delaying AR. Questionnaire study of equine parasite control on Thoroughbred and Standardbred studs in Australia. An online questionnaire was emailed to 300 studs in Australia. Information obtained included property details, grazing management, anthelmintic use, non-chemotherapeutic parasite control practices, use of faecal egg counts (FECs) and perceptions of AR. Seventy-five completed questionnaires were received (25% response rate). Macrocyclic lactones (MLs) were the most commonly administered anthelmintics in mares and foals and less than 5% of respondents used targeted treatment regimens. The implementation of pasture hygiene practices was variable. The majority of respondents (97%) considered AR to be important however, few respondents were aware of the use of FEC reduction tests for monitoring of drug efficacy. The potential for nonresponse bias was the main limitation of this study. Parasite control strategies on Australian stud farms remain over-reliant on anthelmintic use. The frequent use of MLs is of concern for the increased selection pressure for AR. There is a lack of awareness of the importance of non-chemotherapeutic strategies in integrated approaches to parasite control aimed at delaying the development of AR. This study highlights the need for greater veterinary involvement in the implementation of more sustainable parasite control practices with greater emphasis placed on surveillance through FEC testing.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-01-2021
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.13045
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Date: 2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.JCHROMB.2011.09.049
Abstract: Mucosal integrity may be objectively assessed by determination of the absorption of exogenous substances such as sucrose. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) have been reported for the accurate quantification of low concentrations of sucrose in serum. LC/MS offered the advantage of high sensitivity and mass selectivity without the need for extensive s le derivatization required for GC/MS methods. However, the high polarity and non-volatile nature of the sucrose molecule renders LC/MS techniques challenging. Previously published reports lacked sufficient detail to permit replication of methodology. Problems encountered with existing protocols included poor peak resolution and weak fragmentation of the parent molecule. This communication describes a LC/MS protocol developed to provide improved resolution and product detection.
Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.2460/AJVR.78.1.17
Abstract: OBJECTIVE To determine plasma drug concentrations after IV administration of a bolus followed by continuous rate infusion (CRI) of sodium benzylpenicillin and ceftiofur sodium to healthy adult horses. ANIMALS 6 Thoroughbred mares (3 to 9 years old mean ± SD body weight, 544 ± 55 kg) with no history of recent antimicrobial treatment. PROCEDURES Horses were used in 2 experiments conducted 14 days apart. For each experiment, horses were housed in idually in stables, and catheters were placed bilaterally in both jugular veins for drug administration by CRI (left catheter) and for intermittent collection of blood s les (right catheter). Synovial fluid s les were obtained from carpal joints following ceftiofur administration to evaluate drug diffusion into articular spaces. RESULTS Plasma concentrations above accepted minimum inhibitory concentrations for common pathogens of horses were achieved within 1 minute after bolus administration and remained above the minimum inhibitory concentration for 48 (ceftiofur) or 12 (benzylpenicillin) hours (ie, the duration of the CRI). Mean synovial fluid ceftiofur free acid equivalent concentrations were approximately 46% (range, 25.4% to 59.8%) of plasma concentrations at the end of infusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Compared with intermittent bolus administration, the loading dose and CRI used less drug but maintained high plasma concentrations for the duration of infusion. By use of pharmacological parameters derived in this study, a loading dose of 2.5 mg/kg and CRI of 200 μg/kg/h should achieve plasma ceftiofur concentrations of 4 μg/mL a loading dose and CRI of 1.3 mg/kg and 2.5 μg/kg/h, respectively, should achieve plasma benzylpenicillin concentrations of 2 μg/mL.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1155/2016/2129362
Abstract: Practical methods to provide respiratory support to bovine neonates in a field setting are poorly characterised. This study evaluated the response of healthy neonatal calves with pharmacologically induced respiratory suppression to nasal oxygen insufflation and to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) delivered via an off-the-shelf device. Ten calves were randomised to receive either nasal oxygen insufflation (Group 1, n = 5 ) or CPAP (Group 2, n = 5 ) as a first treatment after induction of respiratory depression by intravenous administration of xylazine, fentanyl, and diazepam. Calves received the alternate treatment after 10 minutes of breathing ambient air. Arterial blood gas s les were obtained prior to sedation, following sedation, following the first and second treatment, and after breathing ambient air before and after the second treatment. Oxygen insufflation significantly increased arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO 2 ) but was also associated with significant hypercapnia. When used as the first treatment, CPAP was associated with significantly decreased arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide but did not increase PaO 2 . These results suggest that the use of CPAP may represent a practical method for correction of hypercapnia associated with inadequate ventilation in a field setting, and further research is required to characterise the use of CPAP with increased inspired oxygen concentrations.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-1997
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1997.TB10060.X
Abstract: Rezafungin is a semisynthetic, long-acting echinocandin with broad-spectrum activity against many
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1997
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1997.TB14172.X
Abstract: To evaluate the administration of procaine penicillin prior to or during confinement with head elevation as a means of reducing the associated accumulation of inflammatory lower respiratory tract secretions and increased numbers of bacteria within the lower respiratory tract of confined horses. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different dose rates and dosing frequencies. In experiment A a single low dose (15,000 IU/kg) of procaine penicillin was administered to four horses immediately prior to confinement with head elevation for 48 hours. The systemic leucocyte response, gross and cytologic characteristics of transtracheal aspirate and bacterial numbers in lower respiratory tract s les were compared with corresponding s les from two horses confined with heads elevated but not given penicillin. The efficacy of higher dose rates (20,000 IU/kg and 40,000 IU/kg) given before and during confinement with heads elevated for 24 hours was evaluated in experiment B. Treatment with procaine penicillin had no effect on the systemic leucocyte response or on the accumulation of inflammatory lower respiratory tract secretions at any of the dosing schedules evaluated. The number of bacteria isolated from trans-tracheal s les was reduced at 12 hours for treated horses in experiment A and at 24 hours for experiment B. beta-haemolytic Streptococcus spp were not isolated from treated horses in either experiment. Bacterial species isolated from treated horses were predominantly Pasteurella and/or Actinobacillus spp, however, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and a Staphylococcus sp were isolated from treated horses. One treated horse in experiment A developed clinically apparent pulmonary disease. The prophylactic administration of penicillin before or during confinement did not reliably reduce bacterial numbers or prevent the accumulation of purulent lower respiratory tract secretions in horses confined with their heads elevated. Numbers of beta-haemolytic Streptococcus spp were reduced following treatment, suggesting that the repeated administration of procaine penicillin may have some merit as part of a strategy to prevent transport-associated respiratory disease. However, methods directed at minimising the duration of confinement with head elevation, augmentation of the clearance of accumulated secretions and prompt identification of animals in which airway inflammation has extended to the pulmonary parenchyma remain the best ways of minimising transport-associated respiratory disease.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-09-2020
DOI: 10.1111/JVIM.15888
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-06-2019
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12833
Abstract: Antimicrobial stewardship involves the judicious use of antimicrobials balanced against the requirement to treat the presenting clinical condition. The same mandate and principles as discussed in human medicine and other veterinary disciplines are relevant to equine practice. This brief review will focus on available resources for equine practitioners, emerging perspectives on antimicrobial use and stewardship, and opportunities for more effective antimicrobial use in equine practice. There is a need for improved client education, availability of faster and more accurate techniques for identification and sensitivity testing of bacterial pathogens, and the development of novel agents.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2019
DOI: 10.1111/VEC.12816
Abstract: To characterize the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) delivered by a commercial human CPAP device on respiratory function in foals with pharmacologically induced respiratory suppression. Prospective randomized, cross-over study comparing CPAP with spontaneous respiration and oxygen insufflation. University veterinary teaching hospital. Twelve foals born in consecutive seasons from a university teaching herd. Foals were randomized to receive 10 minutes of respiratory support by mask oxygen supplementation or CPAP as a first treatment after induction of respiratory depression by intravenous administration of xylazine and fentanyl. Each foal received the alternate treatment after 10 minutes of breathing ambient air, and the procedure was repeated after 48 hours with treatment order reversed. The administration of xylazine and fentanyl by bolus or continuous infusion reliably induced reversible respiratory suppression and recumbency. CPAP was associated with comparable increase in PaO Findings of the study suggest that CPAP might represent a method for improved respiratory support compared to O
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2005
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2005.TB13304.X
Abstract: To evaluate the effect of plasma transfusion on phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity of peripheral blood neutrophils from healthy and septic equine neonates with sub-optimal passive transfer of maternal immunity. Nine healthy and seven septic foals with suboptimal passive transfer of maternal immunity (serum IgG or = 8 g/L. Foals with serum IgG concentrations or = 11. All foals received between 1 and 3 L of plasma to boost circulating IgG concentrations to > or = 8 g/L. Serum IgG concentrations were determined before and following transfusion by glutaraldehyde coagulation test and confirmed by single radial immunodiffusion assays. Neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity were determined before plasma transfusion and at 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 5 d following treatment. Neutrophil function from seven healthy foals less than 7 d of age and with circulating IgG concentrations of > or = 8 g/L was similarly evaluated on a single occasion. Plasma treatment significantly increased circulating IgG concentrations for healthy and septic foals. Oxidative burst activity of neutrophils from septic foals was significantly increased 5 days following treatment, relative to 0 h post treatment. Other differences were not significant but suggested a transient decrease in phagocytosis by neutrophils from healthy foals and increased phagocytosis by neutrophils from septic foals immediately following transfusion. Oxidative burst activity of neutrophils from septic foals tended to be less than that of healthy foals at all s ling times. Serum IgG concentrations were not correlated with neutrophil phagocytosis, but were correlated with oxidative burst activity. Plasma transfusion did not improve neutrophil function of healthy foals, suggesting that such treatment may be of equivocal benefit for healthy neonates. Conversely, improved neutrophil function was observed following treatment of septic foals, suggesting that plasma transfusion was beneficial for these foals. Oxidative burst activity of neutrophils from septic foals was lower than that of neutrophils from healthy foals and was significantly improved 5 days post treatment, when compared with values obtained immediately following treatment.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-09-2020
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.13170
Abstract: During 2016-2018, 15 critically ill neonatal foals with acute respiratory distress associated with Chlamydia psittaci infection were presented to three referral hospitals in New South Wales. Chlamydia psittaci has not previously been associated with the development of neonatal respiratory disease. To investigate and describe the clinical features and outcome of C. psittaci infection in neonatal foals. Multicentre retrospective case series. The clinical, clinicopathological, necropsy and histological features of 15 foals with confirmed C. psittaci infection were reviewed and reported. Thirteen foals with C. psittaci infection died or were subjected to euthanasia within 36 h of hospitalisation and two foals survived to discharge. Findings during post-mortem examination of nonsurviving foals included bronchopneumonia, pulmonary congestion, hepatic congestion and hepatic inflammation. Detection of C. psittaci was achieved using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of swabs of nasal secretions (4/6) and rectal mucosa (5/7) from live foals, lung tissues of foals at necropsy (11/14) and foetal membranes (4/5). Small numbers of confirmed cases of neonatal C. psittaci infection and inconsistent s ling methods. Chlamydia psittaci should be considered a differential diagnosis for neonatal foals with signs of severe systemic disease, including equine neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (EqNARDS). Chlamydia psittaci is a zoonotic pathogen and a personal protective equipment (PPE) should be worn for the management of foals with suspected or confirmed infection.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2014
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12238
Abstract: Three foals, aged between 5 and 10 days, were presented for assessment of lethargy, abdominal pain and joint effusion. Fibrinous pericarditis and pericardial effusion (PE) were recognised in each foal and considered as sequelae to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and suspected or confirmed septicaemia. Diagnosis of pericarditis was made in two foals by echocardiographic examination and analysis of pericardial fluid, and during postmortem examination of the third foal. In both of the foals that underwent pericardiocentesis, PE was an exudate, no bacteria were identified on cytological analysis and bacterial culture was negative. Despite apparent response to treatment, two foals died 2 and 3 weeks, respectively, after discharge from hospital. One foal was euthanased during hospitalisation. This report highlights the need to consider the development of pericarditis and PE in foals with SIRS and signs of cardiorespiratory dysfunction, and the requirement for protracted follow-up to monitor for clinical resolution.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 13-01-2023
DOI: 10.3389/FVETS.2022.1075791
Abstract: This study aimed to compare the distribution of ventilation measured by electrical impedance tomography (EIT), in foals under varying clinical conditions of sedation, postural changes, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). To support the interpretation of EIT variables, specific spirometry data and F-shunt calculation were also assessed. Six healthy Thoroughbred foals were recruited for this sequential experimental study. EIT and spirometry data was recorded: (1) before and after diazepam-sedation, (2) after moving from standing to right lateral recumbency, (3) in dorsal recumbency during no CPAP (CPAP 0 ) and increasing levels of CPAP of 4, 7, and 10 cmH 2 O (CPAP 4 , 7 , 10 , respectively). Ventral to dorsal (COV VD ) and right to left (COV RL ) center of ventilation, silent spaces, tidal impedance variation, regional ventilation distribution variables and right to left lung ventilation ratio (R:L) were extracted. Minute ventilation was calculated from tidal volume (V T ) and respiratory rate. F-Shunt was calculated from results of arterial blood gas analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed effects models (significance determined at p & 0.05). (1) Respiratory rate was lower after sedation ( p = 0.0004). (2) In right lateral recumbency (compared to standing), the COV VD ( p = 0.0012), COV RL ( p = 0.0057), left centro-dorsal ( p = 0.0071) and dorsal ( p & 0.0001) regional ventilation were higher, while the right ventral ( p = 0.0016) and dorsal ( p = 0.0145) regional ventilation, and R:L ( p = 0.0017) were lower. (3) Data of two foals for CPAP 10 was excluded from statistical analysis due to prolonged apnea. Stepwise increase of CPAP led to increases of COV VD ( p = 0.0028) and V T ( p = 0.0011). A reduction of respiratory rate was detected with increasing CPAP levels ( p & 0.0001). (1) In healthy foals, diazepam administration did not alter distribution of ventilation or minute ventilation, (2) lateral recumbency results in collapse of dependent areas of the lung, and (3) the use of CPAP in dorsal recumbency at increasing pressures improves ventilation in dependent regions, suggesting improvement of ventilation-perfusion mismatch.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-04-2023
DOI: 10.1111/JVIM.16651
Abstract: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and pressure support ventilation (PSV) can improve respiratory mechanics and gas exchange, but different airway pressures have not been compared in foals. Assess the effect of different airway pressures during CPAP and PSV have on respiratory function in healthy foals with pharmacologically induced respiratory insufficiency. We hypothesized that increased airway pressures would improve respiratory mechanics and increased positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) would be associated with hypercapnia. Six healthy foals from a university teaching herd. A prospective, 2‐phase, 2‐treatment, randomized cross‐over study design was used to evaluate sequential interventions in sedated foals using 2 protocols (CPAP and PSV). Outcome measures included arterial blood gases, spirometry, volumetric capnography, lung volume and aeration assessed using computed tomography (CT). Sedation and dorsal recumbency were associated with significant reductions in arterial oxygen pressure (PaO 2 ), respiratory rate, and tidal volume. Continuous positive airway pressure was associated with improved PaO 2 , without concurrent hypercapnia. Volumetric capnography identified improved ventilation:perfusion (V/Q) matching and increased carbon dioxide elimination during ventilation, and spirometry identified decreased respiratory rate and increased tidal volume. Peak inspiratory pressure was moderately associated with PaO 2 and lung volume. Improved pulmonary aeration was evident in CT images, and lung volume was increased, particularly during CPAP. Both CPAP and PSV improved lung mechanics and gas exchange in healthy foals with induced respiratory insufficiency.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.TVJL.2011.01.015
Abstract: Metformin may be an effective therapeutic option for insulin-resistant (I-R) horses onies because, in humans, it reportedly enhances insulin sensitivity (SI) of peripheral tissues without stimulating insulin secretion. To determine the effect of metformin on insulin and glucose dynamics in I-R ponies, six ponies were studied in a cross-over design by Minimal Model analysis of a frequently-s led intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT). Metformin was administered at 15 mg/kg bodyweight (BW), orally, twice-daily, for 21 days to the metformin-treated group. The control group received a placebo. A FSIGT was conducted before and after treatment. The Minimal Model of glucose and insulin dynamics rendered indices describing SI, glucose effectiveness (Sg), acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) and the disposition index (DI). The body condition score (BCS), BW and cresty neck score (CNS) were also assessed. There was no significant change in SI, Sg, AIRg, DI, BW, BCS or CNS in response to metformin, or over time in the control group. There were no measurable benefits of metformin on SI, consistent with recent work showing that the bioavailability of metformin in horses is poor, and chronic dosing may not achieve therapeutic blood concentrations. Alternatively, metformin may only be effective in obese ponies losing weight or with hyperglycaemia.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.TVJL.2017.07.005
Abstract: This study was performed to determine the consistency of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) hydrogen peroxide (H
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-10-2019
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.13017
Abstract: Clinical pathology results are typically interpreted by referring to population-based reference intervals. The use of in idualised (subject-based) reference intervals is more appropriate for measurands with a high degree of variation between in iduals. To determine the biological variation of routinely analysed equine haematology and biochemistry measurands and calculate indices of in iduality and reference change values which enable production of in idualised reference intervals, in a group of healthy, privately owned horses. In a prospective cohort study, thirty-nine privately owned horses were s led by jugular venipuncture for analysis of haematology and biochemistry measurands at weekly intervals for 6 weeks. Haematology was analysed on the day of collection. Serum was frozen and biochemistry analyses performed on thawed s les. Duplicate results were obtained and the coefficient of variation was calculated for analytical variation, within-subject variation and between-subject variation. The index of in iduality and reference change value were derived for each measurand. Haematology (red blood cell count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean cell volume) and biochemistry measurands (total protein, globulins, albumin, gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase) demonstrated high in iduality, indicating that in idualised reference intervals are more appropriate for evaluation of these measurands. Two haematology (mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and platelets) and three biochemistry measurands (chloride, glucose and sodium) had low in iduality, indicating that the use of traditional population-based reference intervals is appropriate for these measurands. Remaining measurands had intermediate in iduality suggesting interpretation of the reference change value should occur with consideration of the population-based reference interval. The use of privately owned horses, variable management and environmental factors. The use of in idualised reference intervals is justified for many measurands in horses, supporting the use of serial s ling, consideration of biological variation and application of reference change values for improved clinical decision making and patient management in equine practice.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 22-03-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-11-2016
DOI: 10.1111/EVE.12469
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 29-09-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FVETS.2021.741720
Abstract: Respiratory insufficiency and pulmonary health are important considerations in equine neonatal care. As the majority of foals are bred for athletic pursuits, strategies for respiratory support of compromised foals are of particular importance. The administration of supplementary oxygen is readily implemented in equine practice settings, but does not address respiratory insufficiency due to inadequate ventilation and is no longer considered optimal care for hypoxia in critical care settings. Non-invasive ventilatory strategies including continuous or bi-level positive airway pressure are effective in human and veterinary studies, and may offer improved respiratory support in equine clinical practice. The current study was conducted to investigate the use of a commercial bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) ventilator, designed for home care of people with obstructive respiratory conditions, for respiratory support of healthy foals with pharmacologically induced respiratory insufficiency. A two sequence (administration of supplementary oxygen with, or without, BiPAP), two phase, cross-over experimental design was used in a prospective study with six foals. Gas exchange and mechanics of breathing (increased tidal volume, decreased respiratory rate and increased peak inspiratory flow) were improved during BiPAP relative to administration of supplementary oxygen alone or prior studies using continuous positive airway pressure, but modest hypercapnia was observed. Clinical observations, pulse oximetry and monitoring of expired carbon dioxide was of limited benefit in identification of foals responding inappropriately to BiPAP, and improved methods to assess and monitor respiratory function are required in foals.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-07-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.RVSC.2012.05.003
Abstract: The effects of hyoscine-N-butylbromide (hyoscine) and propantheline-bromide (propantheline) on heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV) and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) contractions in the normal horse were determined. Five adult horses had ECG recordings for 180 min after treatment with propantheline (100mg), hyoscine (120 mg) or saline. Both propantheline and hyoscine reduced GIT sounds, with propantheline having a longer duration of effect (≥120 min). Both drugs elevated HR relative to the control baseline period (P<0.05), with the effects of propantheline again being of longer duration. HRV analysis indicated that propantheline suppressed Total Power (P<0.05), and both the high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) components of the power spectral analysis for up to 60-90 min post treatment. Hyoscine had no effect on HRV Total Power but reduced the HF component for 30 min after drug injection. Time domain variables correlated with Total Power and HF data (P<0.01). The marked effect of these compounds on parasympathetic control of cardiac and GIT function in normal horses should be taken into consideration when evaluating a clinical response to these agents.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-02-2013
DOI: 10.1111/JVIM.12045
Abstract: The pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of meloxicam have been evaluated in adult horses, but not foals. Physiologic differences between neonates and adults might alter drug pharmacokinetics and therapeutic index. The pharmacokinetics of meloxicam will be different in foals compared with adult horses, and foals could be at increased risk for adverse drug effects. Twenty lightbreed foals less than 6 weeks of age at commencement of the study. Single and repeated oral dose pharmacokinetics were determined for meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg) in 10 foals. The safety of the drug was further evaluated in a 2nd group of 10 foals in a randomized blinded prospective study. Plasma concentrations after a single oral dose of meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg) and time to maximum plasma concentration were similar to adult horses. However, drug clearance was much more rapid in foals (elimination half-life 2.48 ± 0.25 hours). Administration of 0.6 mg/kg every 12 hours was well tolerated by foals for up to 3 weeks, with no evidence of drug accumulation in plasma. Adverse effects observed in adult horses at higher dose rates were not observed in foals given 1.8 mg/kg twice daily for 7 days. Meloxicam at an oral dose rate of 0.6 mg/kg every 12 hours provided plasma concentrations likely to be therapeutic. In contrast to findings for other NSAIDs, foals appeared more resilient to the adverse effects of this drug than was observed in adult horses.
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Date: 12-2013
Abstract: Veterinary practice is a broad sphere of professional activity encompassing clinical activity and other vocational opportunities conducted in rapidly changing contemporary social conditions. Workplace learning is an important but resource-intensive component of educating students for practice. This conceptual article argues that literature on workplace learning in the veterinary context is dominated by descriptive accounts and that there is a dearth of theoretically informed research on this topic. Framing veterinary practice as a social, relational, and discursive practice supports the use of workplace learning theories developed from a sociocultural perspective. Situated learning theory, with its associated concepts of communities of practice and legitimate peripheral participation, and workplace learning theory focused on workplace affordances and learner agency are discussed. Two composite ex les of student feedback from veterinary clinical learning illustrate the concepts, drawing out such themes as the roles of teachers and learners and the assessment of integrated practice. The theoretical perspective described in this article can be used to inform development of models of workplace learning in veterinary clinical settings relevant ex les from medical education are presented.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-08-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1939-1676.2012.00976.X
Abstract: Safety of meloxicam, a potent NSAID with selective COX-2 inhibition, has not been evaluated in horses. To evaluate pharmacokinetics and safety of single and repeated oral doses of meloxicam in adult horses. Forty-nine healthy, university-owned adult lightbreed horses. Study conducted in 2 parts. Part I addressed pharmacokinetics of single oral dose meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg) in 16 horses. Part II, 33 horses were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups to assess prolonged administration (0.6 mg/kg PO q24h for 6 weeks, n = 7) or higher doses (1.8 mg/kg, n = 7, or 3.0 mg/kg PO q24h, n = 7) of meloxicam for 2 weeks, compared with control horses (placebo, n = 7, or phenylbutazone, 4.4 mg/kg q12h on day 1, 2.2 mg/kg q12h for 4 days, then 2.2 mg/kg q24h for 9 days, n = 5). Maximum plasma concentration following a single oral dose of meloxicam was 915.1 ± 116.9 ng/mL and elimination half-life 10.2 ± 3.0 hours. Meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg, q24h, PO for 6 weeks) yielded plasma concentrations between 100 and 1000 ng/mL and was well tolerated by healthy adult horses. Administration of 3-5 times the recommended dose of meloxicam was associated with decreased total serum protein and albumin concentrations, gastrointestinal damage, renal damage, or bone marrow dyscrasia. PBZ administration was associated with the development right dorsal colitis, gastric ulceration, and protein losing enteropathy in 2 horses. Administration meloxicam at 0.6 mg/kg q24h was well tolerated for 6 weeks, without drug accumulation in plasma. Higher doses were associated with dose-dependent adverse effects typical of class of drugs.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-05-2019
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12820
Abstract: To determine demographic details of applicants to the veterinary degree program at and relate this information to student selection processes. Retrospective evaluation of applicant data. Database records of 4042 applicants to the veterinary program (2006-2016) were retrieved from university records. Summary statistics were used to determine basic demographic data, which were related to pre-entry academic achievement and results of selection processes using univariable and multivariable analyses. The number of applications, interviews and acceptance of offers fluctuated but did not vary substantively for the duration of the study. Gender, rurality (as assessed by residential and school postcodes), socioeconomic background, academic background and pre-entry academic achievement all significantly influenced written application and interview scores in the multivariate models. Rural background, written application score, number of applications, pre-entry academic history and achievement significantly affected the chances of receiving an interview. Chances of receiving an offer and subsequent program entry were significantly influenced by academic background, interview score and pre-entry academic achievement. Male applicants were more likely to receive an offer, but gender had no effect on program entry. Rural residential and school background was associated with significantly reduced ATAR in comparison with city-based applicants. Selection processes effectively identified applicants with demographic backgrounds and life experiences consistent with the School's commitment to the veterinary needs of rural and regional Australia. Findings support the provision of an academic loading for the ATAR results of rural students. Effects of these selection outcomes on student performance should be evaluated.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 10-11-2020
DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.10.376392
Abstract: Respiratory insufficiency and pulmonary health are important considerations in equine neonatal care, as the majority of foals are bred for athletic function. The administration of supplementary oxygen is readily implemented in equine practice settings, but this does not address respiratory insufficiency due to inadequate ventilation and is no longer considered optimal care for hypoxia in some settings. Non-invasive ventilatory strategies including continuous or bi-level positive airway pressure are effective in human and veterinary studies, and may offer improved respiratory support in equine clinical practice. The current study was conducted in two parts to investigate the use of a commercial bilevel positive airway pressure (biPAP) ventilator, designed for home care of people with obstructive respiratory conditions, for respiratory support of foals. In Part 1 a prospective observational study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sequential application of supplementary oxygen and then biPAP for respiratory support of five foals ≤ 4 days of age hospitalised with respiratory in sufficiency (Group 1) and four healthy, sedated foals 28 days of age (Group 2). In Part 2, biPAP and supplementary oxygen were administered to six healthy foals with pharmacologically induced respiratory insufficiency in a two sequence, two phase, cross-over study (Group 3). Non-invasive ventilation by biPAP improved gas exchange and mechanics of breathing (increased tidal volume, decreased respiratory rate and increased peak inspiratory flow) in foals, but modest hypercapnia was observed in healthy, sedated foals (Groups 2 and 3). Clinical cases (Group 1) appeared less likely to develop hypercapnia in response to treatment, however the response in in idual foals was variable, and close monitoring is necessary. Clinical observations, pulse oximetry and CO 2 monitoring of expired gases were of limited benefit in identification of foals responding inappropriately to biPAP, and improved methods to assess and monitor respiratory function are required in foals.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2000
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2000.TB11788.X
Abstract: To review relevant literature on factors associated with the development of equine pleuropneumonia. A review of the literature using a range of databases including Current Contents, Medline, ChemAbstracts, Biological Abstracts and CAB and a comprehensive search strategy which involved use of keywords, author and subject category searches. Additional sources included review of articles cited by key accumulated references. Since the early years of this century, many of the "gaps" in our knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease have been filled. We now know that equine pleuropneumonia results from contamination of the lower respiratory tract with bacteria similar to the normal oropharyngeal microbiota of the horse and that transportation of any mode, especially over long distances (and consequently with no or short rest periods), is the single most important predisposing factor for this disease. This is associated with restraint of horses such that they are unable to lower their heads, which leads to increased opportunity for lower respiratory tract contamination and a reduced opportunity for clearance. Strenuous exercise also results in lower respiratory tract contamination and exercise subsequent to transportation exerts additive detrimental effects on the defenses of the lower respiratory tract. While modern veterinary medicine and surgery have significantly reduced the death rate from pleuropneumonia, horses that develop the disease have a high probability of not returning to their prior use. This underscores the importance of developing the most effective strategies for its prevention.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.JPBA.2018.02.048
Abstract: Salmeterol (a long acting beta2-agonist) is a chiral molecule. (RR)-salmeterol is responsible for pharmacological effect, but basic knowledge of enantioselective pulmonary pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of salmeterol remains unknown. There are safety concerns with (S)-enantiomers of beta2-agonists, with suggestions that these enantiomers may increase bronchial hyperresponsivneness in asthma patients. Horses (n = 12) received racemic (rac-) salmeterol 250 μg via inhalation. Enantioselective UPLC-MS/MS was used to determine (R)- and (S)-salmeterol concentrations in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) s led 2, 5, 10 and 15 min after administration, in central lung (endoscopic bronchial biopsy) and peripheral lung (percutaneous pulmonary biopsy) tissues (at 20 and 25 min respectively), and in plasma s les. Physiologically relevant tissue concentrations were found for both enantiomers, with median levels greater in central than peripheral lung (equivalent to 32 and 5 mM (R)-salmeterol for central and peripheral lung respectively). Levels in PELF decreased around 50% over 15 min and enantioselective distribution was observed in the central lung with levels of (R)-salmeterol around 30% higher than (S)-salmeterol. Salmeterol distribution is enantioselective in the central lung. This suggests duration of action is more likely associated with specific B2ADR localisation effects rather than non-specific physiochemical factors which would not be enantioselective.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-02-2023
DOI: 10.1111/OPO.13105
Abstract: S ling and describing the distribution of refractive error in populations is critical to understanding eye care needs, refractive differences between groups and factors affecting refractive development. We investigated the ability of mixture models to describe refractive error distributions. We used key informants to identify raw refractive error datasets and a systematic search strategy to identify published binned datasets of community‐representative refractive error. Mixture models combine various component distributions via weighting to describe an observed distribution. We modelled raw refractive error data with a single‐Gaussian (normal) distribution, mixtures of two to six Gaussian distributions and an additive model of an exponential and Gaussian (ex‐Gaussian) distribution. We tested the relative fitting accuracy of each method via Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and then compared the ability of selected models to predict the observed prevalence of refractive error across a range of cut‐points for both the raw and binned refractive data. We obtained large raw refractive error datasets from the United States and Korea. The ability of our models to fit the data improved significantly from a single‐Gaussian to a two‐Gaussian‐component additive model and then remained stable with ≥3‐Gaussian‐component mixture models. Means and standard deviations for BIC relative to 1 for the single‐Gaussian model, where lower is better, were 0.89 ± 0.05, 0.88 ± 0.06, 0.89 ± 0.06, 0.89 ± 0.06 and 0.90 ± 0.06 for two‐, three‐, four‐, five‐ and six‐Gaussian‐component models, respectively, tested across US and Korean raw data grouped by age decade. Means and standard deviations for the difference between observed and model‐based estimates of refractive error prevalence across a range of cut‐points for the raw data were −3.0% ± 6.3, 0.5% ± 1.9, 0.6% ± 1.5 and −1.8% ± 4.0 for one‐, two‐ and three‐Gaussian‐component and ex‐Gaussian models, respectively. Mixture models appear able to describe the population distribution of refractive error accurately, offering significant advantages over commonly quoted simple summary statistics such as mean, standard deviation and prevalence.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-06-2019
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12816
Abstract: To evaluate the extent to which current selection processes at Charles Sturt University, New South Wales, Australia, predict performance within and attrition from the veterinary degree program. Retrospective evaluation of application details and student performance data. Database records of 424 students entering the veterinary program were retrieved from university records, including all students graduating (n = 356) or leaving the program without completing (n = 68) between 2005 and 2016. Demographic data were related to results of selection processes and achievement within the degree using univariable and multivariable general linear and logistic regression analyses. The grade point average achieved over the 6 years of the degree was influenced by academic achievement prior to entry, gender (females performed ≈ 2% better than males) and interview scores. Preceptor evaluation of final-year clinical performance was associated with interview scores, gender (males performed ≈ 4% better than females) and residential address at the time of application. Attrition for personal reasons was more common for female students and students who had completed a prior degree, and students who experienced academic or personal attrition had lower written application scores. Factors that have been previously linked to poor academic outcomes, including rural or low socioeconomic background, were not associated with adverse student outcomes. Selection processes did not systematically disadvantage students admitted to the degree program. Gender differences in personal attrition and academic and clinical performance warrant further evaluation. Factors in addition to academic aptitude predicted student success.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.VETIMM.2006.01.012
Abstract: We have previously demonstrated that intramuscular inoculation of EHV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) and glycoprotein B (gB) produced by a recombinant baculovirus and formulated with the adjuvant Iscomatrix elicited virus-neutralizing antibody and gD- and gB-specific ELISA antibody in adult horses. In this study, 14 mares and their very young foals were inoculated with a combination of baculovirus-expressed EHV-1 gD and EHV-1 gB (EHV-1 gDBr) and challenged with a respiratory strain of EHV-1. Following experimental challenge, inoculated mares and foals shed virus in nasal secretions on significantly fewer occasions compared to uninoculated mares and foals. Uninoculated foals born from inoculated mares were no more protected against experimental challenge than uninoculated foals born from uninoculated mares. The results suggest that it is indeed possible to induce partial protection in very young foals through vaccination, and while the inoculation did not prevent infection, it did reduce the frequency of viral shedding with the potential to thereby reduce the risk and prevalence of infection in a herd situation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.VETMIC.2006.11.009
Abstract: A nested multiplex PCR was developed as a rapid (<12h), sensitive test for the simultaneous identification of equine herpesviruses (EHV1, EHV4, EHV2 and EHV5) in clinical s les from horses. Peripheral blood and nasal swab (NS) s les from 205 weanling Thoroughbred foals on 6 different studs over 3 consecutive seasons and from 92 adult horses without clinical signs of respiratory disease were examined using direct multiplex PCR of clinical s les (direct PCR) and conventional cell culture with differentiation of EHV in cell cultures by multiplex PCR. Multiplex PCR proved a sensitive and specific technique for the detection of EHV in cell culture and clinical s les. The technique described appeared equally sensitive as one using a single set of primers for in idual EHV but reduced labour and reagent costs. Cell cultures showing cytopathic effect (CPE) were always positive for EHV on PCR. EHV were also detected by multiplex PCR in 11 s les which failed to show CPE. By a combination of multiplex PCR and cell culture or direct multiplex PCR, the presence of up to three EHV in the same s le was detected. Overall, EHV5 was detected by direct multiplex PCR of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and/or NS s les from 78% of foals and 47% of adult horses. Repeated s ling or cell culture in combination with multiplex PCR and with the incorporation of IL-2 in culture medium increased the sensitivity for detection of EHV in PBMC and demonstrated that EHV5 DNA could be identified in PBMC from 89% of foals and 100% of adult horses. EHV2 was identified from approximately 30% of foals, but was more frequently identified in s les from 17 foals with mild respiratory disease and was isolated infrequently from adult horses. EHV1 and EHV4 were identified uncommonly in any population in the current study.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-06-2017
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.12691
Abstract: Limited data are available on the relative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of different omeprazole formulations. To compare pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of a novel omeprazole formulation against a currently registered product. Masked 2 period, 2 treatment crossover. Twelve clinically healthy horses were studied over two 6-day treatment periods. Horses were randomly assigned to receive a novel omeprazole paste (Ulcershield: ULS) or a currently registered reference omeprazole product (OMO). Gastric pH was measured continuously for 10 h on the day prior to commencing treatment (Day -1) and after 6 days of oral treatment (Day 5) using in situ antimony pH probes within an indwelling nasogastric tube. Plasma pharmacokinetics were determined on Days 0 and 6. Treatment significantly (P<0.005) increased gastric pH on Day 5, compared to results obtained prior to treatment (Day -1) and there was no significant difference between products (P = 0.773). Similarly, comparison of median hourly gastric pH (P = 0.593), mean gastric pH (P = 0.154), percentage time pH<4 (P = 0.259) and area under the time-gastric pH response curve (P = 0.734) did not discriminate between products. Both treatments resulted in significantly lower gastric ulcer severity scores (both P = 0.004), with no difference between treatments (P = 0.688). Comparison of mean log area under time-plasma concentration curves demonstrated that, although the lower limit of the 90% confidence interval was within the -20% limit for bioequivalence, the upper limit was exceeded, suggesting that the test product could have greater bioavailability than the reference product. The small s le size, large interhorse plasma omeprazole concentrations, and low bioavailability of omeprazole impacted the sensitivity of the bioequivalence analysis. ULS matched or slightly exceeded OMO plasma concentrations. Both products resulted in equivalent increases in gastric pH, gastric pH profiles and decrease in gastric ulcer scores. Thus, ULS was pharmacodynamically equivalent to OMO and was associated with an equivalent beneficial effect on gastric squamous mucosal ulceration.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 10-12-2015
DOI: 10.3390/ANI5040412
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2000
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-07-2019
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.12979
Abstract: Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analysis is a noninvasive method to assess the lower respiratory tract. In human subjects, EBC hydrogen peroxide (H To determine associations between EBC biomarkers and cytological and endoscopic definitions of lower airway inflammation (LAI) while controlling for s ling and environmental variables. Prospective, cross-sectional study. Clinical, endoscopic and airway cytological findings from 47 horses were compared with EBC pH and concentrations of H EBC pH and H LAI is challenging to categorise due to a variety of clinical and cytological phenotypes. Although the study was designed to overcome this limitation, numbers of horses were small in some categories. EBC pH and H
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-03-2017
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12571
Abstract: To report initial career experiences and graduate employment destinations 1 and 5 years following graduation of the 67 graduates from the first two graduating classes of the veterinary science program at Charles Sturt University. Online survey of graduates from the 2010 and 2011 cohorts undertaken 12 months following course completion and descriptive data on graduate practice locations 5 years post-graduation. Questions covered general demographic information, issues relating to work-life balance and factors influencing vocational choices. Descriptive statistics and qualitative responses are reported, with comparisons between continuous variables by two-s le t-test and between categories by Chi-square analyses. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Graduates' locations 5 years after graduation were obtained from veterinary registration details and staff contact with graduates. Complete survey responses were received from 39 graduates of whom 34 were employed in regional areas, 1 in a very remote area, 3 in major cities and 1 overseas. Hours worked and salary received were consistent with other survey data, with new graduates working in regional practices earning slightly more than those working in metropolitan practices. At 5 years following graduation, the majority (56/61, 92%) remained in rural or regional Australian veterinary practices, with a further five graduates overseas and one lost to follow-up. This study supported the selection criteria and educational approaches at CSU in establishing most of the new graduates in rural and regional mixed veterinary practice.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-09-2023
Publisher: Brill
Date: 15-11-2020
Abstract: Non-pharmaceutical methods are desirable to treat or prevent gastric ulceration in horses. This two-period, randomised, double-blinded placebo-controlled study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of dietary supplementation (25 g once daily in feed for 30 days) with Fermaid®Ease 187 (FE, Lallemand Australia Pty Ltd, Maroochydore, Australia) on gastric squamous and glandular mucosal ulcer scores in horses. Gastroscopy of 120 horses presented to the Veterinary Clinical Centre at Charles Sturt University (CSU Bathurst, Australia) or at local training establishments identified 60 horses with spontaneous gastric ulcer disease (50%). Of horses eligible for inclusion, 29 horses were recruited and randomised to receive either the FE or placebo for 30 days. Effects were assessed by repeat gastroscopy (Day 31), at which time horses started the reciprocal treatment. Eleven horses successfully completed both treatment periods. Treatment with FE showed a significant decrease in squamous ulcer scores in period 1 (P=0.008), with a similar effect observed in period 2. No change was observed in squamous ulcer scores for horses receiving placebo treatment in period 1, but increased squamous scores were observed in horses receiving placebo treatment in period 2 (P=0.062). Squamous ulcer scores on Day 31 were significantly lower (P=0.005) following FE treatment than for horses receiving the placebo treatment. No effects were observed on glandular ulcer scores. This study supported the use of FE in horses predisposed to ulceration of the squamous gastric mucosa.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 02-09-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-01-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S40264-017-0631-1
Abstract: Long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs) such as formoterol and salmeterol are used for prolonged bronchodilatation in asthma, usually in combination with inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs). Unexplained paradoxical asthma exacerbations and deaths have been associated with LABAs, particularly when used without ICS. LABAs clearly demonstrate effective bronchodilatation and steroid-sparing activity, but long-term treatment can lead to tolerance of their bronchodilator effects. There are also concerns with regard to the effects of LABAs on bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), where long-term use is associated with increased BHR and loss of bronchoprotection. A complicating factor is that formoterol and salmeterol are both chiral compounds, usually administered as 50:50 racemic (rac-) mixtures of two enantiomers. The chiral nature of these compounds has been largely forgotten in the debate regarding LABA safety and effects on BHR, particularly that (S)-enantiomers of β2-agonists may be deleterious to asthma control. LABAs display enantioselective pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Biological plausibility of the deleterious effects of β2-agonists (S)-enantiomers is provided by in vitro and in vivo studies from the short-acting β2-agonist (SABA) salbutamol. Supportive clinical findings include the fact that patients in emergency departments who demonstrate a blunted response to salbutamol are more likely to benefit from (R)-salbutamol than rac-salbutamol, and resistance to salbutamol appears to be a contributory mechanism in rapid asthma deaths. More effort should therefore be applied to investigating potential enantiospecific effects of LABAs on safety, specifically bronchoprotection. Safety studies directly assessing the effects of LABA (S)-enantiomers on BHR are long overdue.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-12-2021
DOI: 10.1111/JVIM.15987
Abstract: Grading of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is undertaken in clinical and research settings, but the reliability of EGUS grading systems is poorly understood. Investigate interobserver and intraobserver reliability of an established ordinal grading system and a novel visual analog scale (VAS), and assess the influence of observer experience. Sixty deidentified gastroscopy videos. Six observers (3 specialists and 3 residents) graded videos using the EGUS Council (EGUC) system and VAS. Observers graded the videos three 3 for each system, using a cross‐over design with at least 1 week between each phase. The order of videos was randomized for each phase. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability were estimated using Gwet's agreement coefficient with ordinal weights applied (AC2) for the EGUC system and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the VAS. Using the EGUC system, interobserver reliability was substantial for squamous (AC2 = 0.69 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57‐0.80) and glandular mucosa (AC2 = 0.72 95% CI, 0.70‐0.75), and intraobserver reliability was substantial for squamous (AC2 = 0.80 95% CI, 0.71‐0.90) and glandular mucosa (AC2 = 0.80 95% CI, 0.74‐0.86). Interobserver reliability using the VAS was moderate for squamous (ICC = 0.64 95% CI, 0.31‐0.96) and poor for glandular mucosa (ICC = 0.35 95% CI, 0.06‐0.64), and intraobserver reliability was moderate for squamous (ICC = 0.74 95% CI, 0.62‐0.86) and glandular mucosa (ICC = 0.56 95% CI, 0.39‐0.72). The EGUC system had acceptable intraobserver and interobserver reliability and performed well regardless of observer experience. Familiarity and observer experience improved reliability of the VAS.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 17-01-2020
DOI: 10.3390/ANI10010160
Abstract: The regulations for minimal space and direction of travel for land transport in horses vary worldwide and there is currently no definitive guidance to promote equine health and welfare. This study evaluated the effects of bay size and direction of travel (forwards/backwards) in horses by comparing the behavioural, physiological, laboratory and gastroscopy parameters between transported and confined horses. A total of twenty-six mares took part in the study 12 horses were confined for 12 h, and all mares underwent 12 hours’ transportation, travelling in single (n = 18) or wide bays (n = 8), and forward (n = 10) or rear (n = 16) facing. Behaviour was recorded during confinement/transportation and analysed using a behaviour s ling ethogram. Clinical examination, blood s les and gastroscopy were conducted before and after confinement/transportation. The frequency of behaviours relating to stress and balance increased during transport, and horses transported in a rear-facing position and in a wider bay size showed fewer balance-related behaviours. Balance behaviours, particularly loss of balance, were positively associated with the severity of gastric ulceration after transportation and elevated muscle enzymes, while increased stress behaviours correlated with decreased gastrointestinal sounds. Heart rate and rectal temperature after transportation were positively associated with balance and stress behaviours, and with squamous gastric ulcer scores. Transportation was associated with expected increases in cortisol and muscle enzymes, but positioning and space allowance had minimal effects on these analytes. Findings suggest that transportation in a rear-facing position and in wider bays might reduce the impact of transport on horse health and welfare, and monitoring behaviour in transit and physiological measurements after transportation should be recommended. Behavioural and physiological parameters were more sensitive than haematological, biochemical or endocrine analytes to identify horses suffering from transport stress.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1998
DOI: 10.1016/S1090-0233(05)80037-1
Abstract: Flow cytometric techniques were developed for the evaluation of oxidative burst activity in equine peripheral blood neutrophils and lymphocytes, as well as bronchoalveolar lavage derived pulmonary alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes. The oxidation of dichlorofluorescin was measured by the increased fluorescence of cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or a variety of other stimulants. Flow cytometry was a suitable method for the evaluation of the intracellular oxidation in all cell populations evaluated. Analysis was rapid and cell separation before analysis was not required. Heterogenous cell populations with differing responsiveness to phorbol myristate acetate stimulated oxidative burst were identified in peripheral blood neutrophil and alveolar macrophage populations. The current study characterizes flow cytometric techniques for the evaluation of oxidative burst activity in equine peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage-derived leucocytes.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-02-2017
DOI: 10.1111/BCP.13228
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.VETPAR.2019.04.010
Abstract: This study investigated the impact of variability in Parascaris spp. and strongyle faecal egg counts (FEC) from foals on treatment decision-making and detection of a patent infection. A single faecal s le was collected once daily for three days from 53 foals and a FEC was performed on three separate portions of each s le (total of nine egg counts per foal). Differences in the decision to administer an anthelmintic using the results of a single count (C
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2005
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2005.TB13083.X
Abstract: To determine the pharmacokinetics of potassium bromide (KBr) in horses after single and multiple oral doses. Twelve adult Standardbred and Thoroughbred mares. Horses were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. Group 1 horses were given a single oral dose of 120 mg/kg potassium bromide. Part 2 of the study evaluated a loading dose of 120 mg/kg KBr daily by stomach tube for 5 days, followed by 40 mg/kg daily in feed for 7 days. Serum concentrations of KBr were measured to construct concentration versus time curves and to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters. Treated horses were monitored twice daily by clinical examination. Serum concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions and partial pressures of venous blood gases were determined. Maximum mean serum concentration following a single dose of KBr (120 mg/kg) was 423 +/- 22 microg/mL and the mean elimination half-life was 75 +/- 14 h. Repeated administration of a loading dose of KBr (120 mg/kg once daily for 5 d) gave a maximum serum concentration 1639 +/- 156 microg/mL. The administration of lower, maintenance doses (40 mg/kg once daily) was associated with decreased serum bromide concentrations, which plateaued at approximately 1000 microg/mL. Administration of KBr was associated with significant but transient changes in serum potassium and sodium concentrations, and possible changes in base excess and plasma bicarbonate concentrations. High serum concentrations of bromide were associated with an apparent increase in serum chloride concentrations, when measured on an ion specific electrode. and clinical relevance Loading doses of 120 mg/kg daily over 5 d and maintenance doses of approximately 90 mg/kg of KBr administered once daily resulted in serum bromide concentrations consistent with therapeutic efficacy for the management of seizures in other species. The clinical efficacy of this agent as an anticonvulsant medication and/or calmative in horses warrants further investigation.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-10-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1939-1676.2012.01004.X
Abstract: Newer NSAIDs that more selectively target the induced isoform of the cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX2) activity might reduce adverse effects while preserving therapeutic benefits of these drugs. To compare the effect of oral administration of multiple dose rates of meloxicam and phenylbutazone (PBZ) on gastric mucosal integrity in horses. Twenty-five light breed horses. In vivo toxicity study. Horses were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups, receiving placebo, PBZ (4.4 mg/kg PO q12h day 1, 2.2 mg/kg PO q12h for 4 days, 2.2 mg/kg PO q24h for 9 days), or 3 dose rates of meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg q24h, 1.8 mg/kg q24h, 3.0 mg/kg q24h) for 14 days. Sucrose permeability testing was performed on Day 0 (before treatment) and on Day 13. All personnel involved with data collection or analysis were blinded to treatment. Administration of PBZ at the above dose rate significantly increased gastric permeability to sucrose, evidenced by increased peak serum sucrose concentrations (280-1,580 pg/μL, P = .001) after treatment. Similar changes were not evident after administration of meloxicam at any dose rate tested, or in control horses (P > .05). Treatment was not associated with significant differences in ulceration of the squamous or glandular mucosa. Peak sucrose concentrations were not correlated with serum total protein or albumin concentrations (R(2) = -0.07, P = .61, R(2) = -0.08, P = .58, respectively). These results suggest that PBZ was associated with greater compromise to gastric mucosal integrity than meloxicam.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1996
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1996.TB09963.X
Abstract: Tracheal mucociliary clearance was determined in horses by measuring the rostrad transport of the radiopharmaceutical 99mtechnetium-sulphur colloid following deposition on the tracheal epithelium by intratracheal injection. The effects of head position (head elevated to normal standing position vs head lowered) and of accumulated purulent secretions on tracheal mucociliary clearance were evaluated for the first time in the horse. In normal horses tracheal mucociliary clearance was greatly accelerated by lowering the head so that the cranial trachea was lower than the caudal trachea. Horses confined with their heads elevated for 24 hours developed an accumulation of purulent airway secretions (and associated increased numbers of bacteria) in the lower respiratory tract and showed a decrease in tracheal mucociliary clearance when compared with their previously measured rate when the lower airway contained only normal secretions. These findings have implications for management practices where horses are prevented from lowering their heads, such as transportation and cross-tying, which may therefore contribute to lower respiratory tract disease in horses.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.TVJL.2017.03.001
Abstract: Sedation is often required to perform pulmonary function testing (PFT) in horses, but drug effects may influence respiratory function. The current study was designed to characterise the effects of sedation and bronchodilator administration on absolute and relative indices of pulmonary function during eupnoeic respiration and carbon dioxide-induced hyperpnoea (rebreathing) in healthy horses using a pneumotachographic spirometry system. Sedation with acetylpromazine (ACP), xylazine, or both drugs in combination was associated with significant reductions in respiratory frequency, minute ventilation and peak airflows during eupnoeic respiration. Peak expiratory airflow occurred later in the respiratory cycle than was observed in untreated horses, and expiratory relative flow-time indices were also affected during eupnoeic respiration. Rebreathing attenuated the effects of sedation on indices of pulmonary function, suggesting that future studies should consider the use of induced hyperpnoea as part of the spirometry protocol. Based on the finding that all sedative agents had some effect on eupnoeic respiration, albeit least pronounced with ACP, the latter drug should be considered for sedation of horses undergoing PFT. Salbutamol increased peak inspiratory flow during eupnoeic respiration in healthy horses.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.RVSC.2017.01.024
Abstract: Horses are transported frequently and often over long distances. Transportation may represent a physiological stressor with consequential health and welfare implications. This study reports the effects of a long distance journey on immunological, clinical, haematological, inflammatory and oxidative parameters in an Experimental Group (EG) of ten horses, comparing them with six horses of similar age and breed used as a non-transported Control Group (CG). Clinical examination and blood s ling were performed twice on all horses: immediately after unloading for the EG, and at rest on the same day for the CG (day 1) at rest on the same day one week later for both groups (day 7). On day 1 EG horses showed increased heart and respiratory rates (P<0.01), rectal temperature (P<0.05), capillary refilling time (P<0.01), neutrophil numbers (P<0.01), serum albumin (P<0.01), plasma total antioxidant status (P<0.01), and a lower rate of mitogen induced proliferation of lymphocytes (P<0.05), in comparison with CG. On day 7 only an increase in total serum protein (P<0.05) and serum globulins (P<0.001) was seen in the EG. No difference in serum cortisol concentration was found. Long distance transportation induced an acute phase response impairing the cell-mediated immune response. Clinical examinations, including assessing CRT and body weight loss, and the monitoring of redox balance may be useful in evaluating the impact of extensive transport events on horses. A better understanding of the link between transportation stress, the immune system and the acute phase response is likely to inform strategies for enhancing the welfare of transported horses.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-02-2021
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.13056
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-1996
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1996.TB15404.X
Abstract: Records of 220 thoroughbred horses presented to the Randwick Equine Centre or the University of Queensland Veterinary Teaching Hospital for surgical management of carpal injury were reviewed. Details of racing performance were obtained, enabling evaluation of racing success following surgery. Age and sex matched control horses not known to have suffered carpal injury were selected from the Australian Stud Book and the Australian Racehorse Register. Control and treated populations were compared in terms of overall career racing success. Radiographs or xeroradiographs from 198 horses were available for evaluation. The dorsomedial aspects of the distal articular surface of the radial carpal bone and the proximal articular surface of the third carpal bone were the most commonly observed locations of osteochondral fracture. Bilateral carpal injury was found to be sufficiently common to warrant routine radiographic examination of both limbs. The dorsolareral-palmaromedial oblique, flexed lateral and dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique (skyline) projections were the most useful views for evaluation of carpal degenerative joint disease. Surgical removal of osteochondral fractures by arthrotomy or arthroscopy was found to be a suitable method of treatment. Arthroscopy was associated with a significantly shorter convalescent period than arthrotomy. Seventy-six percent of the treated population returned to racing following surgery. Average earnings following surgery were $20,000. However, the median value was only $1400 and 48% of the treated population failed to earn more than $1000. Male horses in both the treated and control groups performed significantly better than females. Treated horses performed significantly better than the randomly selected control population.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-12-2021
DOI: 10.1111/JVIM.15971
Abstract: Omeprazole preparations vary in bioavailability in horses. To characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an existing enteric‐coated oral omeprazole paste (REF) and a novel, in‐feed, enteric‐coated dry granule preparation (NOV). Twelve Standardbred/Thoroughbred mares free from clinical disease. A prospective, blinded randomized interventional study was trial, conducted in 3 parts: (a) bioavailability study, (b) dose titration study, and (c) comparative clinical pharmacodynamic study, each using a blocked crossover design. Consistent with the larger dose administered, C max (median, 1032 ng/mL range, 576‐1766) and AUC0‐24 (median, 63.9 μg/mL*min range, 42.4‐152.4) were greater after single oral administration of NOV than REF (282.7 ng/mL range, 94.8‐390.2, and 319 23.8 μg/mL*min range, 8.2‐42.3, respectively both P = .004). No differences were observed between products for absolute oral bioavailability (NOV 55% range, 15‐88 REF 17% range, 10‐77 P = .25). Treatment with both preparations was associated with reduced gastric squamous ulcer scores and increased pH of gastric fluid. Bioequivalence was demonstrated for pharmacodynamic measures with the exception of % time pH , despite differences in dose rate and subsequent plasma omeprazole concentrations. The findings of this study indicate that the NOV product would be a suitable alternative to the reference product, and confirm that plasma concentrations of omeprazole and omeprazole dose do not predict drug pharmacodynamics in horses.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-02-2020
DOI: 10.1111/JVIM.15698
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Date: 09-2013
Abstract: Problem-based learning (PBL) is often described as resource demanding due to the high staff-to-student ratio required in a traditional PBL tutorial class where there is commonly one facilitator to every 5–16 students. The veterinary science program at Charles Sturt University, Australia, has developed a method of group facilitation which readily allows one or two staff members to facilitate up to 30 students at any one time while maintaining the benefits of a small PBL team of six students. Multi-team facilitation affords obvious financial and logistic advantages, but there are also important pedagogical benefits derived from uniform facilitation across multiple groups, enhanced discussion and debate between groups, and the development of self-facilitation skills in students. There are few disadvantages to the roaming facilitator model, provided that several requirements are addressed. These requirements include a suitable venue, large whiteboards, a structured approach to support student engagement with each disclosure, a detailed facilitator guide, and an open, collaborative, and communicative environment.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1995
DOI: 10.1016/S0007-1935(95)80175-8
Abstract: Pleuropneumonia is a clinically important equine disease, predisposed by a number of identifiable factors. Successful management is largely dependent on early identification and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment strategies. Rapid resolution of the disease process is associated with appropriate treatment commenced within 48 h of the causative insult. Lower airway contamination by oropharyngeal organisms and subsequent extension into the pulmonary parenchyma results in respiratory dysfunction and systemic toxaemia. Acute disease is associated with the isolation of facultatively anaerobic organisms, especially beta-haemolytic Streptococcus spp. and Pasteurellaceae. Delayed or inappropriate treatment is likely to result in chronic disease characterized by the involvement of anaerobic bacteria and a poor response to therapy. The primary mode of treatment for anaerobic infection of the human thorax is surgical drainage and resection of necrotic tissue but whilst such techniques have been described for the management of equine pleuropneumonia, the size of the equine thoracic cavity hinders accurate diagnostic evaluation and successful completion of such intervention. The chronic nature and cost of ongoing treatment and limitations on choice of antimicrobial agents warrant a poor prognosis for survival and a poorer prognosis for return to athletic endeavour.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-1997
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1997.TB14375.X
Abstract: Host to one billion people around the world, informal settlements are especially vulnerable to COVID-19 lockdown measures as they already lack basic services such as water, toilets, and secure housing. Additionally, many residents work in informal labor markets that have been affected by the lockdowns, resulting in further reductions in access to resources, including clean water. This study uses a cross-sectional design (n = 532) to examine the vulnerabilities of households to employment and business disruptions, water access and hygiene practices during the COVID-19 lockdowns between April and June 2020 in three informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. We used survey questions from the Household Water Insecurity Experience Scale (HWISE) to investigate the relationship between employment and business disruptions, water access, and hygiene practices (i.e., hand washing, body washing, clothes washing, and being able to use or drink clean water). Of the s led households, 96% were forced to reduce work hours during the lockdowns, and these households had 92% lower odds of being able to afford water than households who did not experience a work hour reduction (OR = 0.08, p < .001). Household challenges in affording water were likely due to a combination of reduced household income, increased water prices, and pre-existing poverty, and were ultimately associated with lower hygiene scores (Beta = 1.9, p < .001). Our results highlight a compounding tragedy of reduced water access in informal settlements that were already facing water insecurities at a time when water is a fundamental requirement for following hygiene guidelines to reduce disease burden during an ongoing pandemic. These outcomes emphasize the need for targeted investments in permanent water supply infrastructures and improved hygiene behaviors as a public health priority among households in informal settlements.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-11-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-1996
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1996.TB10035.X
Abstract: Circulating IgG concentration was determined between 12 and 24 hours after birth for 323 foals born on a Thoroughbred breeding farm over 3 consecutive years. The incidence of failure of passive transfer (FPT) of maternal immunoglobulins (foal circulating IgG concentration < 8 g/L) was found to be 9.6%. Foals born late in the season (October to December) were found to be at increased risk for the development of FPT. The degree of assistance required at parturition and the presence of a periparturient problem in the mare or foal also significantly influenced the subsequent incidence of FPT. Passive immune status significantly influenced the likelihood of foals developing septic illness (joint ill, septicaemia, pneumonia) in the first month of life, but had no significant effect on the development of diarrhoea or Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. The results of the current study support the value of routine monitoring of passive immune status and the early speculative treatment of foals considered to be at risk for the development of FPT.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2006
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2005.TB12202.X
Abstract: Objective To quantify absorption of colostral IgG by healthy neonatal foals and to test the hypothesis that delayed ingestion of macromolecules prolongs the duration of intestinal permeability to immunoglobulins (Ig) in newborn foals. Animals Thirteen mixed breed foals. Procedure Foals were randomly assigned to two treatment groups, which were fed either a glucose‐electrolyte solution or a commercial milk replacer for 12 h after birth, before being fed a known amount of colostral IgG. A control group was fed a known amount of colostral IgG from birth. The efficiency of IgG absorption was calculated following determination of plasma IgG concentration for each foal. Results Foals given colostrum immediately after birth transferred approximately 51% of ingested IgG into their vascular space. Delayed colostral ingestion significantly reduced the amount of IgG absorbed by foals. Withholding macromolecules for 12 h had no effect on the subsequent efficiency of IgG absorption. Conclusions Colostrum should be supplied to foals within 12 h of birth for best uptake of Ig. The type of fluid administered to foals before the ingestion of colostrum does not influence subsequent absorption of Ig, suggesting that the process of gut closure in foals is not mediated by a finite capacity for macromolecular uptake.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.CVEX.2005.09.002
Abstract: In this article the osmoregulatory, acid-base homeostasis, and excretory functions of the renal system of invertebrates and vertebrates are reviewed. The mammalian renal system is the most highly evolved in terms of the range of functions performed by the kidneys. Renal physiology in other animals can be very different, and a sound knowledge of these differences is important for understanding health and disease processes that involve the kidneys, as well as ion and water homeostasis. Many animals rely on multiple organs along with the kidneys to maintain osmotic, ionic, and pH balance. Some animals rely heavily on postrenal modification of urine to conserve water and salt balance this can influence the interpretation of disease signs and treatment modalities.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-09-2016
DOI: 10.1111/AVJ.12486
Abstract: To survey amateur and professional participants on equine transportation management, practices and outcomes in Australia. An online survey targeting people who organised horse movements at least monthly was made available to a broad cross-section of amateur and professional equine associations. Respondents were invited to provide demographic details and information relating to their routine transportation management practices and their experiences of issues relating to the transportation of horses. Of 797 usable responses involving approximately 17,000 horses and 313,000 in idual horse transport events, transport-related behavioural problems were reported by 38% of respondents, particularly at loading. Transport-related health problems had been experienced during or after transportation by horses in the care of 67% of respondents. The most common problems reported were traumatic injuries (45.0%), diarrhoea (20.0%), muscular problems (13.0%), respiratory problems (12.3%), overheating (10.5%) and colic (10.3%). In the 2 years reviewed in the survey, 9.4% of participants reported at least one case of transport-associated pneumonia and 35 horses had died, most commonly from fractures, colic or pneumonia. Although respondents identifying as amateurs transported horses less frequently and over shorter distances, the incidence of transport-related problems was similar between amateurs and professionals. Respondents reported specific precautions before, during and after transportation, although management was often not compliant with the Australian Code of horse transportation. Responses indicated that there remains a substantial risk of adverse welfare and health outcomes for horses transported in Australia and management practices reported may not be compliant with current recommendations for transportation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2008
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2007.00250.X
Abstract: To determine the pharmacokinetics of potassium bromide (KBr) in horses after a single and multiple oral doses. Twelve adult Standardbred and Thoroughbred mares. Horses were randomly assigned into two treatment groups. In Part 1 of the study, horses were given a single oral dose of 120 mg/kg KBr. Part 2 of the study evaluated a loading dose of 120 mg/kg KBr daily by stomach tube for 5 days, followed by 40 mg/kg daily in feed for 7 days. Serum concentrations of bromide were determined by colorimetric spectrophotometry following drug administration to permit determination of concentration versus time curves from which pharmacokinetic parameters could be calculated. Treated horses were monitored twice daily by clinical examination. Serum concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions and partial pressures of venous blood gases were determined. Maximum mean serum bromide concentration following a single dose of KBr (120 mg/kg) was 284 +/- 15 microg/mL and the mean elimination half-life was 75 +/- 14 h. Repeated administration of a loading dose of KBr (120 mg/kg once daily for 5 days) gave a maximum serum bromide concentration of 1098 +/- 105 microg/mL. The administration of lower, maintenance doses of KBr (40 mg/kg once daily) was associated with decreased serum bromide concentrations, which plateaued at approximately 700 microg/mL. Administration of KBr was associated with significant but transient changes in serum potassium and sodium concentrations, and possible changes in base excess and plasma bicarbonate concentrations. High serum concentrations of bromide were associated with an apparent increase in serum chloride concentrations, when measured on an ion specific electrode. A loading dose of 120 mg/kg daily over 5 days and maintenance doses of approximately 90-100 mg/kg of KBr administered once daily are predicted to result in serum bromide concentrations consistent with therapeutic efficacy for the management of seizures in other species. The clinical efficacy of this agent as an anticonvulsant medication and/or calmative in horses warrants further investigation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1998
DOI: 10.1016/S1090-0233(05)80036-X
Abstract: Flow cytometry was used to assess the phagocytosis of fluorescent-labelled bacteria by equine peripheral blood neutrophils and pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Cell populations were prepared from venous blood following ammonium chloride lysis and from washed bronchoalveolar lavage derived s les. Discrete clusters of cells, corresponding to different leucocyte groups, were readily identified on the basis of differing light scattering properties and could thus be discriminated, negating the need for prior cell separation. Cells able to associate with fluorescent-labelled bacteria (by attachment to the cell membrane or by internalization within the cell) acquired increased fluorescence and were readily differentiated from cells unable to interact with bacteria. The fluorescence of bacteria attached to the cell surface was quenched by the addition of trypan blue or counterstained by the addition of ethidium bromide to the assay, thus permitting identification of cells which were able to internalize bacteria.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1995
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.1995.TB15328.X
Abstract: Confinement of horses with their heads elevated for periods up to 24 hours was used to evaluate the extent and the effects of bacterial contamination of the equine lower respiratory tract. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in bacterial numbers (up to 10(9) colony forming units/mL in transtracheal aspirate derived s les) occurred within 6 or 12 hours in most horses. Pasteurella/Actinobacillus spp and Streptococcus spp were most commonly isolated. Lowering of the head for 30 minutes every 6 hours to facilitate postural drainage did not prevent multiplication of organisms to levels equivalent to those achieved by horses where the head was elevated for 24 hours. When horses were released from confinement and heads were no longer maintained in an elevated position, clearance of accumulated secretions and bacteria occurred within 8 to 12 hours. Thus, confinement with the head elevated resulted in significant bacterial contamination and multiplication within the lower respiratory tract during a period often encountered in routine management procedures, such as transportation. The clearance of accumulated secretions occurred over a prolonged period after release from such confinement.
Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
Date: 07-2014
Abstract: Objective —To compare the effects of 2 NSAIDs (phenylbutazone and meloxicam) on renal function in horses. Animals —9 Thoroughbred or Standardbred mares (mean ± SD age, 5.22 ± 1.09 years [range, 2 to 12 years] mean body weight, 470 ± 25 kg [range, 442 to 510 kg]). Procedures —A randomized blinded placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted to examine the effects of treatment with phenylbutazone, meloxicam, or a placebo (control solution) on renal responses to the administration of furosemide, dobutamine, and exercise (15 minutes at 60% of maximum heart rate). Renal function was assessed by use of bilateral ureteral catheterization for simultaneous determination of creatinine clearance, sodium excretion, and urine flow rate. Results —Both phenylbutazone and meloxicam attenuated diuresis and natriuresis and reduced glomerular filtration rate, compared with results for the control solution, when horses were treated with furosemide. Mean arterial blood pressure, urine flow rate, and glomerular filtration rate were increased during or after (or both) dobutamine infusion. Both NSAIDs reduced urine flow rate and sodium excretion associated with dobutamine infusion and exercise but had no effect on glomerular filtration rate. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Responses to meloxicam, a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 preferential agent, appeared comparable to those detected after phenylbutazone treatment, which suggested that COX-2 was the mediator of prostanoid-induced changes to renal function in horses and indicated that COX-2–preferential agents would be likely to have adverse renal effects similar to those for nonselective COX inhibitors in volume-depleted horses.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-10-2017
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.12631
Abstract: Transportation can affect equine health and is a potential source of economic loss to the industry. To identify journey (duration, vehicle, commercial or noncommercial) and horse (sex, age, breed, use, amateur or professional status) characteristics associated with the development of transport-related health problems in horses. Cross-sectional online survey. An online survey was conducted targeting amateur and professional participants in the Australian equine industry eligible respondents were required to organise horse movements at least monthly. Respondents provided details of the last case of a transport-related health problem that had affected their horse(s). Associations between type of health problem, journey and horse characteristics were examined with multivariable multinomial regression analysis. Based on 214 responses, health problems were classified as injuries, muscular problems, heat stroke, gastrointestinal and respiratory problems, and death or euthanasia. Respiratory problems were reported most frequently (33.7%), followed by gastrointestinal problems (23.8%) and traumatic injuries (16.3%). The type of health problem was associated with journey duration (P<0.001) and horse breed (P = 0.001). Injuries were more likely to occur on short journeys, whereas more severe illnesses (gastrointestinal and respiratory problems, and death or euthanasia) were more likely to occur on long journeys. Using Standardbreds as the reference group, Thoroughbreds, Arabians and Warmbloods were more likely to experience a severe illness than an injury. Self-selected participation in the study and the self-reported nature of transport-related problems. Horses undertaking journeys of longer than 24 h are at greater risk for the development of severe disease or death. Further studies on long-haul transportation effects are required to safeguard the welfare of horses moved over long distances.
Location: Australia
No related grants have been discovered for Sharanne Lee Raidal.