ORCID Profile
0000-0001-7346-3100
Current Organisations
Universidade de Sao Paulo Campus da Capital
,
Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute
,
Harvard Medical School
,
Edith Cowan University
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Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-01-2022
DOI: 10.1038/S41393-022-00751-8
Abstract: Clinical trial. To demonstrate that a 12-week exoskeleton-based robotic gait training regimen can lead to a clinically meaningful improvement in independent gait speed, in community-dwelling participants with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI). Outpatient rehabilitation or research institute. Multi-site (United States), randomized, controlled trial, comparing exoskeleton gait training (12 weeks, 36 sessions) with standard gait training or no gait training (2:2:1 randomization) in chronic iSCI ( year post injury, AIS-C, and D), with residual stepping ability. The primary outcome measure was change in robot-independent gait speed (10-meter walk test, 10MWT) post 12-week intervention. Secondary outcomes included: Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG), 6-min walk test (6MWT), Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI-II) (assistance and devices), and treating therapist NASA-Task Load Index. Twenty-five participants completed the assessments and training as assigned (9 Ekso, 10 Active Control, 6 Passive Control). Mean change in gait speed at the primary endpoint was not statistically significant. The proportion of participants with improvement in clinical ambulation category from home to community speed post-intervention was greatest in the Ekso group ( /2 Ekso, 1/3 Active Control, 0 Passive Control, p 0.05). Improvements in secondary outcome measures were not significant. Twelve weeks of exoskeleton robotic training in chronic SCI participants with independent stepping ability at baseline can improve clinical ambulatory status. Improvements in raw gait speed were not statistically significant at the group level, which may guide future trials for participant inclusion criteria. While generally safe and tolerable, larger gains in ambulation might be associated with higher risk for non-serious adverse events.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.HUMOV.2010.03.003
Abstract: The excitability of the corticospinal projection to upper and lower limbs is constantly modulated during voluntary and passive movement however a direct comparison during a comparable movement has not been reported. In the present study we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to compare corticomotor excitability to the extensor and flexor carpi radialis (ECR/FCR) muscles of the forearm during voluntary rhythmic wrist movement (through 45 degrees of range), during a matched (for range and rhythm) passive movement of the wrist, and while the wrist was stationary (in mid-range). TMS was delivered when the wrist was in the neutral position. With passive and active movement, and for both FCR and ECR, corticomotor excitability was reduced during lengthening relative to shortening phases of movement. With active movement, this pattern was maintained and superimposed on an overall increase in excitability to both muscles that was greater for the ECR. The results favor a common pattern of excitability changes shared by extensor and flexor muscles as they undergo lengthening and shortening, which may be mediated by afferent input during both passive and active movement. This is combined with an overall increase in excitability associated with active movement that is greater for extensor muscles perhaps due to differences in the strength of the corticomotor projection to these muscles.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.CLINPH.2005.09.010
Abstract: We hypothesised that facilitatory I-wave interaction set up by paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered with I-wave periodicity (iTMS) may reinforce trans-synaptic events and provide a means for modulating synaptic plasticity and cortical excitability. Our objective was to determine whether prolonged iTMS can increase corticospinal excitability, and whether this form of stimulation can have lasting aftereffects. Paired stimuli of equal strength with a 1.5 ms inter-stimulus interval were delivered for 30 min at a rate of 0.2 Hz. Motor threshold and motor evoked potential (MEP) litude to single-pulse TMS was compared before and after intervention. Paired-pulse MEP litude increased linearly throughout the period of iTMS, and had increased five-fold by the end of the stimulation period. Single-pulse MEP litude was increased a mean of four-fold for 10 min after stimulation. Motor threshold was unaffected. iTMS is an effective method for increasing excitability of the human motor cortex, and probably acts by increasing synaptic efficacy. Reinforcement of trans-synaptic events by iTMS may provide a means to investigate and modulate synaptic plasticity in the brain.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
DOI: 10.1111/NER.12390
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-01-2010
Abstract: Objective. Spasticity with increased tone and spasms is frequent in patients after spinal cord injury (SCI). Damage to descending corticospinal pathways that normally exert spinal segmental control is thought to play an important causal role in spasticity. The authors examined whether the modulation of excitability of the primary motor cortex with high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) could modify lower limb spasticity in patients with incomplete SCI. Methods. Patients were assessed by the Modified Ashworth Scale, Visual Analogue Scale, and the Spinal Cord Injury Spasticity Evaluation Tool (SCI-SET) and neurophysiologically with measures of corticospinal and segmental excitability by the H max /M max , T reflex, and withdrawal reflex. Fifteen patients received 5 days of daily sessions of active (n = 14) or sham (n = 7) rTMS to the leg motor area (20 trains of 40 pulses at 20 Hz and an intensity of 90% of resting motor threshold for the biceps brachii muscle). Result. A significant clinical improvement in lower limb spasticity was observed in patients following active rTMS but not after sham stimulation.This improvement lasted for at least 1 week following the intervention. Neurophysiological studies did not change. Conclusions. High-frequency rTMS over the leg motor area can improve aspects of spasticity in patients with incomplete SCI.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2023
DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.043164
Abstract: To determine if low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation targeting the primary motor cortex contralateral (M1 CL ) to the affected corticospinal tract in patients with hemiparetic stroke augments intensive training–related clinical improvement an extension of the NICHE trial (Navigated Inhibitory rTMS to Contralesional Hemisphere Trial) using an alternative sham coil. The present E-FIT trial (Electric Field Navigated 1Hz rTMS for Post-stroke Motor Recovery Trial) included 5 of 12 NICHE trial outpatient US rehabilitation centers. The stimulation protocol remained identical (1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, M1 CL , preceding 60-minute therapy, 18 sessions/6 wks parallel arm randomized clinical trial). The sham coil appearance mimicked the active coil but without the weak electric field in the NICHE trial sham coil. Outcomes measured 1 week, and 1, 3, and 6 months after the end of treatment included the following: upper extremity Fugl-Meyer (primary, 6 months after end of treatment), Action Research Arm Test, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, quality of life (EQ-5D), and safety. Of 60 participants randomized, 58 completed treatment and were included for analysis. Bayesian analysis of combined data from the E-FIT and the NICHE trials indicated that active treatment was not superior to sham at the primary end point (posterior mean odds ratio of 1.94 [96% credible interval of 0.61–4.80]). For the E-FIT intent-to-treat population, upper extremity Fugl-Meyer improvement ≥5 pts occurred in 60% (18/30) active group and 50% (14/28) sham group. Participants enrolled 3 to 6 months following stroke had a 67% (31%–91% CI) response rate in the active group at the 6-month end point versus 50% in the sham group (21.5%–78.5% CI). There were significant improvements from baseline to 6 months for both active and sham groups in upper extremity Fugl-Meyer, Action Research Arm Test, and EQ-5D ( P .05). Improvement in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was observed only in the active group ( P =0.004). Ten serious unrelated adverse events occurred (4 active group, 6 sham group, P =0.72). Intensive motor rehabilitation 3 to 12 months after stroke improved clinical impairment, function, and quality of life however, 1 Hz-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation was not an effective treatment adjuvant in the present s le population with mixed lesion location and extent. URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov Unique identifier: NCT03010462.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1519/R-19165.1
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1002/MDS.20392
Abstract: Primary orthostatic tremor (OT) is characterized by leg tremor and instability on standing. High frequency (13-18 Hz) tremor bursting is present in leg muscles during stance, and posturography has shown greater than normal sway. We report on an open-label add-on study of gabapentin in 6 patients with OT. Six patients were studied with surface electromyography, force platform posturography, and a modified Parkinson's disease questionnaire (PDQ-39) quality of life (QOL) scale before and during treatment with gabapentin 300 mg t.d.s. If on other medications for OT, these were continued unchanged. Of the 6 patients, 4 reported a subjective benefit of 50 to 75% with gabapentin, 3 of whom showed reduced tremor litude and postural sway of up to 70%. Dynamic balance improved in all 3 patients who completed the protocol. QOL data from 5 patients showed improvement in all cases. No adverse effects were noted. Gabapentin may improve tremor, stability, and QOL in patients with OT, and symptomatic response correlated with a reduction in tremor litude and postural sway. The findings confirm previous reports of symptomatic benefit with gabapentin and provide justification for larger controlled clinical trials. Further work is required to establish the optimal dosage and to validate the methods used to quantify the response to treatment.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-01-2009
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2012
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 19-07-2016
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 04-01-2023
DOI: 10.1126/SCITRANSLMED.ABQ6885
Abstract: Facilitating axon regeneration in the injured central nervous system remains a challenging task. RAF-MAP2K signaling plays a key role in axon elongation during nervous system development. Here, we show that conditional expression of a constitutively kinase-activated BRAF in mature corticospinal neurons elicited the expression of a set of transcription factors previously implicated in the regeneration of zebrafish retinal ganglion cell axons and promoted regeneration and sprouting of corticospinal tract (CST) axons after spinal cord injury in mice. Newly sprouting axon collaterals formed synaptic connections with spinal interneurons, resulting in improved recovery of motor function. Noninvasive suprathreshold high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) activated the BRAF canonical downstream effectors MAP2K1/2 and modulated the expression of a set of regeneration-related transcription factors in a pattern consistent with that induced by BRAF activation. HF-rTMS enabled CST axon regeneration and sprouting, which was abolished in MAP2K1/2 conditional null mice. These data collectively demonstrate a central role of MAP2K signaling in augmenting the growth capacity of mature corticospinal neurons and suggest that HF-rTMS might have potential for treating spinal cord injury by modulating MAP2K signaling.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.APMR.2011.08.028
Abstract: To report the clinical improvements in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients associated with intensive gait training using electromechanical systems according to patient characteristics. Prospective longitudinal study. Inpatient SCI rehabilitation center. Adults with SCI (n=130). Patients received locomotor training with 2 different electromechanical devices, 5 days per week for 8 weeks. Lower-extremity motor score, Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury, and 10-meter walking test data were collected at the baseline, midpoint, and end of the program. Patients were stratified according to the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) category, time since injury, and injury etiology. A subgroup of traumatic ASIA grade C and D patients were compared with data obtained from the European Multicenter Study about Human Spinal Cord Injury (EM-SCI). One hundred and five patients completed the program. Significant gains in lower-limb motor function and gait were observed for both types of electromechanical device systems, to a similar degree. The greatest rate of improvement was shown in the motor incomplete SCI patients, and for patients <6 months postinjury. The positive response associated with training was not affected by injury etiology, age, sex, or lesion level. The trajectory of improvement was significantly enhanced relative to patients receiving the conventional standard of care without electromechanical systems (EM-SCI). The use of electromechanical systems for intensive gait training in SCI is associated with a marked improvement in lower-limb motor function and gait across a erse range of patients and is most evident in motor incomplete patients, and for patients who begin the regimen early in the recovery process.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2004
DOI: 10.1016/J.HUMOV.2004.08.013
Abstract: We have previously shown that during rhythmic passive movement of the index finger, the litude of the motor evoke potential (MEP) of the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) as the index finger moved through mid-range adduction, is significantly reduced compared to rest [Edwards, D. J., Thickbroom, G. W., Byrnes, M. L., Ghosh, S., & Mastaglia, F. L. (2002). Reduced corticomotor excitability with passive movement: A study using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Human Movement Science 21, 533-540]. In the present study we have investigated the time-course of this phenomenon. We found that MEP litude was significantly reduced at the mid-range position in the first cycle of movement (50+/-6% of resting baseline values), and did not vary across subsequent cycles (10 cycles in 50 s), but that MEP litude returned to baseline values within 1s of cessation of movement. The results suggest that the pattern of afferent discharge set up by the kinematics of the movement acting at spinal or supraspinal levels underlies the inhibition observed, rather than an effect of central origin or a cumulative effect of ongoing cyclic movement.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 18-11-2014
Abstract: The cerebellum is critical for both motor and cognitive control. Dysfunction of the cerebellum is a component of multiple neurological disorders. In recent years, interventions have been developed that aim to excite or inhibit the activity and function of the human cerebellum. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the cerebellum (ctDCS) promises to be a powerful tool for the modulation of cerebellar excitability. This technique has gained popularity in recent years as it can be used to investigate human cerebellar function, is easily delivered, is well tolerated, and has not shown serious adverse effects. Importantly, the ability of ctDCS to modify behavior makes it an interesting approach with a potential therapeutic role for neurological patients. Through both electrical and non-electrical effects (vascular, metabolic) ctDCS is thought to modify the activity of the cerebellum and alter the output from cerebellar nuclei. Physiological studies have shown a polarity-specific effect on the modulation of cerebellar–motor cortex connectivity, likely via cerebellar–thalamocortical pathways. Modeling studies that have assessed commonly used electrode montages have shown that the ctDCS-generated electric field reaches the human cerebellum with little diffusion to neighboring structures. The posterior and inferior parts of the cerebellum (i.e., lobules VI-VIII) seem particularly susceptible to modulation by ctDCS. Numerous studies have shown to date that ctDCS can modulate motor learning, and affect cognitive and emotional processes. Importantly, this intervention has a good safety profile similar to when applied over cerebral areas. Thus, investigations have begun exploring ctDCS as a viable intervention for patients with neurological conditions.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 15-06-2014
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 25-10-2022
Abstract: Paired associative stimulation (PAS) is a widely used noninvasive brain stimulation protocol to assess neural plasticity. Its reproducibility, however, has been rarely tested and with mixed results. With two consecutive studies, we aimed to provide further tests and a more systematic assessment of PAS reproducibility. We measured intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs)—a widely used tool to assess whether groups of measurements resemble each other—in two PAS studies on healthy volunteers. The first study included five PAS sessions recording 10 MEPS every 10 min for an hour post-PAS. The second study included two PAS sessions recording 50 MEPS at 20 and 50 min post-PAS, based on analyses from the first study. In both studies PAS sessions were spaced one week apart. Within sessions ICC was fair to excellent for both studies, yet between sessions ICC was poor for both studies. We suggest that long term meta-plasticity effects (longer than one week) may interfere with between sessions reproducibility.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 17-07-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-07-2013
DOI: 10.1038/SC.2013.74
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1038/501167B
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 05-06-2008
Abstract: Surfing is a balance-reliant, open skill performed in a dynamic environment rich in visual, somatosensory and vestibular information. To evaluate adaptations to the postural control system by surfing experience. Postural control was assessed in an upright bipedal stance in 60 male volunteers (21 elite surfers, 20 intermediate level surfers, and 19 controls) using various closed-stance positions. Six tasks were performed with two trials including a cognitive task, in the following order: eyes open, head in a neutral position (EO1) eyes closed, head in a neutral position (EC) eyes closed, head back (ECHB) eyes open, head in a neutral position, cognitive task 1 (EOC1) eyes open head in a neutral position, cognitive task 2 (EOC2) eyes open head in a neutral position (EO2). Dependent variables were area of 95th centile ellipse (AoE) and sway path length (SPL). All participants showed systematic increases in SPL and AoE in EC and ECHB trials. Expert surfers displayed significantly (p<0.05) increased SPL but not AoE when sharing attention with both concurrent mental tasks compared with controls. Controls showed a slight, non-significant change in postural control (reduced SPL and AoE) when attending to concurrent mental tasks. The findings indicate that standard postural sway indices are not able to elucidate whether expertise in surfing facilitates adaptations to the postural control system. However, concurrent mental task findings illustrate that systematic differences in balance abilities between expert surfers and controls may exist.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 25-03-2022
DOI: 10.1177/15459683211065448
Abstract: Contralesional 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the right pars triangularis combined with speech-language therapy (SLT) has shown positive results on the recovery of naming in subacute (5–45 days) post-stroke aphasia. NORTHSTAR-CA is an extension of the previously reported NORTHSTAR trial to chronic aphasia ( months post-stroke) designed to compare the effectiveness of the same rTMS protocol in both phases. Sixty-seven patients with left middle cerebral artery infarcts (28 chronic, 39 subacute) were recruited (01-2014 to 07-2019) and randomized to receive rTMS (N = 34) or sham stimulation (N = 33) with SLT for 10 days. Primary outcome variables were Z-score changes in naming, semantic fluency and comprehension tests and adverse event frequency. Intention-to-treat analyses tested between-group effects at days 1 and 30 post-treatment. Chronic and subacute results were compared. Adverse events were rare, mild, and did not differ between groups. Language outcomes improved significantly in all groups irrespective of treatment and recovery phase. At 30-day follow-up, there was a significant interaction of stimulation and recovery phase on naming recovery ( P .001). Naming recovery with rTMS was larger in subacute (Mdn = 1.91/IQR = .77) than chronic patients (Mdn = .15/IQR = 1.68/ P = .015). There was no significant rTMS effect in the chronic aphasia group. The addition of rTMS to SLT led to significant supplemental gains in naming recovery in the subacute phase only. While this needs confirmation in larger studies, our results clarify neuromodulatory vs training-induced effects and indicate a possible window of opportunity for contralesional inhibitory stimulation interventions in post-stroke aphasia. t2/show/NCT02020421 .
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2013
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 02-2011
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 31-03-2016
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 09-08-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-11-2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.BRS.2014.10.009
Abstract: The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, 0.1016/j.brs.2014.10.005. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at ocate/withdrawalpolicy.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 06-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2011
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 15-11-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-12-2016
DOI: 10.1038/SC.2016.161
Abstract: A cross-sectional study in chronic spinal cord injury with cervical lesions (cSCI). To determine the corticomotor projection and motor cortex organization of paralyzed forearm muscles that presented only liminal voluntary activation. Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA. We identified ten people with chronic SCI who had a wrist flexor or extensor muscle with a motor power (MP) of 1 over 5. We recorded motor evoked potentials (MEPs) to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex of the hemisphere contralateral to the target muscle. We measured resting motor threshold (RMT), corticomotor latency (LTY), MEP litude (AMP) and performed cortical motor mapping to determine the optimal site (OPT) and map area (AREA). Results were compared with the data from 18 controls. A MEP in the target muscle was observed for all cSCI cases. LTY was normal, while corticomotor excitability (as determined by RMT and AMP) was reduced in about half of the group. The OPT site of the motor maps was within control range for all cSCI cases, while AREA was reduced in three cases. Corticomotor conduction and cortical topography were appreciably normal despite only liminal activation of the target muscle with voluntary effort. Muscles with these characteristics may benefit from a targeted rehabilitation program even in the chronic phase after SCI.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 23-12-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-03-2006
DOI: 10.1002/MDS.20830
Abstract: Primary orthostatic tremor (OT) is a rare but disabling condition characterized by leg tremor and feelings of instability during stance. Previous studies have reported a reduction in OT symptoms with gabapentin treatment. In this study, we report on the benefits of gabapentin treatment in a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of 6 OT patients. First, the maximally effective gabapentin dosage (600-2,700 mg/day) for each patient was determined during an initial dose-titration phase. Patients were then studied 7 days after drug withdrawal and again after two 2-week periods of treatment with either gabapentin or placebo, using force platform posturography to quantify postural sway and tremor. Other medications for OT were continued unchanged. Symptomatic response was assessed by a patient-rated severity scale and quality of life (QOL) questionnaire. All patients reported an increase in symptoms during the washout phase and symptom reduction (50%-75%) during gabapentin treatment. Tremor litude was reduced to 79% +/- 11% and sway area to 71% +/- 11% of the placebo state. QOL improved in all patients, no adverse drug effects were noted, and symptomatic benefit was maintained at follow-up (mean = 19 months). The findings confirm that gabapentin is an effective treatment for OT, reducing both tremor and postural instability and improving quality of life, and support its use as add-on or first-line therapy for OT.
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-07-2014
DOI: 10.1038/SC.2014.117
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-2013
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 06-2007
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 10-2009
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 06-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S0167-9457(02)00169-0
Abstract: Human voluntary movement involves the integration of kinaesthetic information with efferent motor activity during the planning and execution stages of movement. While much is known of the inhibitory and excitatory effects resulting from activation of specific kinaesthetic sensory receptors, in the present study we employed cyclic passive movement of the index finger in order to activate a range of kinaesthetic receptors in a manner that was intended to correspond to how these receptors might be active during a comparable voluntary movement. We intended to identify how this passive movement protocol might affect the excitability of the corticomotor pathway. During 1 Hz cyclic passive movement of the index finger there was an approximately 60% reduction in the litude of the motor evoked response from the first dorsal interosseous muscle. The results of the present study demonstrate that passive movement can have a profound effect on the excitability of the corticomotor pathway.
Location: United States of America
Start Date: 2014
End Date: 2016
Funder: Brain and Behavior Research Foundation
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2013
End Date: 2015
Funder: Skirball Foundation
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2005
End Date: 2007
Funder: Edith Cowan University
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2016
End Date: 2017
Funder: New York State
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2015
End Date: 2018
Funder: Canadian Institutes of Health Research
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2020
End Date: 2025
Funder: National Institutes of Health
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2019
End Date: 2021
Funder: Neurotrauma Research Program Department of Health, Government of Western Australia
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2018
End Date: 2023
Funder: National Institutes of Health/ NINDS
View Funded Activity