Einar Eg Nielsen

Gut microbiota modulates the inflammatory response and cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 07-05-2021

DOI: 10.1038/S41380-021-01113-1

Abstract: Sleep deprivation (SD) is increasingly common in modern society, which can lead to the dysregulation of inflammatory responses and cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and development of inflammatory and psychiatric diseases, possibly via gut microbiota-brain interactions and neuroinflammation. The present study investigated the impact of SD on gut microbiota composition and explored whether alterations of the gut microbiota play a causal role in chronic inflammatory states and cognitive impairment that are induced by SD. We found that SD-induced gut dysbiosis, inflammatory responses, and cognitive impairment in humans. Moreover, the absence of the gut microbiota suppressed inflammatory response and cognitive impairment induced by SD in germ-free (GF) mice. Transplantation of the "SD microbiota" into GF mice activated the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway and impaired cognitive function in the recipient mice. Mice that harbored "SD microbiota" also exhibited increases in neuroinflammation and microglial activity in the hippoc us and medial prefrontal cortex. These findings indicate that gut dysbiosis contributes to both peripheral and central inflammatory processes and cognitive deficits that are induced by SD, which may open avenues for potential interventions that can relieve the detrimental consequences of sleep loss.

Fishing for DNA? Designing baits for population genetics in target enrichment experiments: Guidelines, considerations and the new tool supeRbaits

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 03-03-2022

DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13598

Abstract: Targeted sequencing is an increasingly popular next‐generation sequencing (NGS) approach for studying populations that involves focusing sequencing efforts on specific parts of the genome of a species of interest. Methodologies and tools for designing targeted baits are scarce but in high demand. Here, we present specific guidelines and considerations for designing capture sequencing experiments for population genetics for both neutral genomic regions and regions subject to selection. We describe the bait design process for three erse fish species: Atlantic salmon, Atlantic cod and tiger shark, which was carried out in our research group, and provide an evaluation of the performance of our approach across both historical and modern s les. The workflow used for designing these three bait sets has been implemented in the R‐package supeRbaits, which encompasses our considerations and guidelines for bait design for the benefit of researchers and practitioners. The supeRbaits R‐package is user‐friendly and versatile. It is written in C++ and implemented in R. supeRbaits and its manual are available from Github: github.com/BelenJM/supeRbaits

Epidemiological Characteristics and Risk Factors of Methamphetamine-Associated Psychotic Symptoms.

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Date: 12-10-2018

DOI: 10.3389/FPSYT.2018.00489

Come together: calibration of tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) microsatellite databases for investigating global population structure and assignment of historical specimens

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 16-03-2021

DOI: 10.1007/S12686-021-01197-5

Population structure and connectivity of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) across the indo-pacific ocean basin

Publisher: The Royal Society

Date: 07-2017

DOI: 10.1098/RSOS.170309

Abstract: Population genetic structure using nine polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci was assessed for the tiger shark ( Galeocerdo cuvier ) at seven locations across the Indo-Pacific, and one location in the southern Atlantic. Genetic analyses revealed considerable genetic structuring ( F ST 0.14, p 0.001) between all Indo-Pacific locations and Brazil. By contrast, no significant genetic differences were observed between locations from within the Pacific or Indian Oceans, identifying an apparent large, single Indo-Pacific population. A lack of differentiation between tiger sharks s led in Hawaii and other Indo-Pacific locations identified herein is in contrast to an earlier global tiger shark nDNA study. The results of our power analysis provide evidence to suggest that the larger s le sizes used here negated any weak population sub ision observed previously. These results further highlight the need for cross-jurisdictional efforts to manage the sustainable exploitation of large migratory sharks like G. cuvier .

Retrospective genomics highlights changes in genetic composition of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) and potential loss of a south-eastern Australia population

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 21-04-2022

DOI: 10.1038/S41598-022-10529-W

Abstract: Over the last century, many shark populations have declined, primarily due to overexploitation in commercial, artisanal and recreational fisheries. In addition, in some locations the use of shark control programs also has had an impact on shark numbers. Still, there is a general perception that populations of large ocean predators cover wide areas and therefore their ersity is less susceptible to local anthropogenic disturbance. Here we report on temporal genomic analyses of tiger shark ( Galeocerdo cuvier ) DNA s les that were collected from eastern Australia over the past century. Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) loci, we documented a significant change in genetic composition of tiger sharks born between ~1939 and 2015. The change was most likely due to a shift over time in the relative contribution of two well-differentiated, but hitherto cryptic populations. Our data strongly indicate a dramatic shift in the relative contribution of these two populations to the overall tiger shark abundance on the east coast of Australia, possibly associated with differences in direct or indirect exploitation rates.

Evaluating genetic traceability methods for captive‑bred marine fish and their applications in fisheries management and wildlife forensics

Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center

Date: 25-02-2016

DOI: 10.3354/AEI00164

Extracting DNA from ‘jaws’: high yield and quality from archived tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) skeletal material

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 29-08-2017

DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12580

Abstract: Archived specimens are highly valuable sources of DNA for retrospective genetic/genomic analysis. However, often limited effort has been made to evaluate and optimize extraction methods, which may be crucial for downstream applications. Here, we assessed and optimized the usefulness of abundant archived skeletal material from sharks as a source of DNA for temporal genomic studies. Six different methods for DNA extraction, encompassing two different commercial kits and three different protocols, were applied to material, so-called bio-swarf, from contemporary and archived jaws and vertebrae of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier). Protocols were compared for DNA yield and quality using a qPCR approach. For jaw swarf, all methods provided relatively high DNA yield and quality, while large differences in yield between protocols were observed for vertebrae. Similar results were obtained from s les of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). Application of the optimized methods to 38 museum and private angler trophy specimens dating back to 1912 yielded sufficient DNA for downstream genomic analysis for 68% of the s les. No clear relationships between age of s les, DNA quality and quantity were observed, likely reflecting different preparation and storage methods for the trophies. Trial sequencing of DNA capture genomic libraries using 20 000 baits revealed that a significant proportion of captured sequences were derived from tiger sharks. This study demonstrates that archived shark jaws and vertebrae are potential high-yield sources of DNA for genomic-scale analysis. It also highlights that even for similar tissue types, a careful evaluation of extraction protocols can vastly improve DNA yield.

The efficacy and safety of omega-3 fatty acids on depressive symptoms in perinatal women: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 17-06-2020

DOI: 10.1038/S41398-020-00886-3

Abstract: Omega-3 fatty acids (FA), as a nutrient, has been proven effective in major depressive disorder (MDD), however, the results of monotherapy in perinatal depression (PND) remain unclear. To examine the efficacy and safety of omega-3 fatty acids (FA) monotherapy for perinatal depression (PND) compared with placebo. PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL were searched from inception up to November 2019. The reference lists of relevant review articles and included studies were also reviewed. Randomized placebo-controlled trials examining the efficacy and safety of omega-3 FA monotherapy in perinatal women with depressive symptoms were included. Pooled standard mean differences (SMD) were calculated and random-effects models were adopted for all analyses. Subgroups analyses and meta-regression were performed to quantify characteristics of the subjects and trials influencing the omega-3 response. In addition, meta-regression was conducted to identify the source of heterogeneity. The study protocol was registered at PROSPERO, CRD42020159542. Eight eligible randomized placebo-controlled trials were included involving 638 participants. There was a significant effect of omega-3 FA on perinatal depression. Omega-3 with higher ratio of EPA/DHA (≥1.5) had significant efficacy both in mild-to-moderate pregnant and postpartum depression with low incidence of side effects. Among the included trials reporting adverse effects, there was no significant difference in incidence of gastrointestinal and neurologic events between the omega-3 and placebo groups. There was no evidence of publication bias. Our findings suggested that omega-3 FA significantly improved depressive symptoms in perinatal women regardless of pregnant or postpartum and well-tolerated. Furthermore, the omega-3 response was linked to higher EPA proportion in omega-3 formula and mild- to-moderate depression.

Relationship between the duration of methamphetamine use and psychotic symptoms: A two-year prospective cohort study

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2018.03.023

Abstract: Psychosis is a key harm associated with meth hetamine (MA) use. This study examined the relationship between the duration of MA use and risk of psychotic symptoms. A cohort of 528 in iduals with chronic MA use was followed for two years after leaving treatment center in Guangdong, China. Psychotic symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale at baseline and four follow-up visits (6, 12, 18 and 24 months after baseline). MA use during the past six months was investigated at each assessment. Generalized Estimating Equations for longitudinal panel data were developed to examine the risk of MA-associated psychotic symptoms among in iduals with different durations of MA use. 340 MA users who completed at least one follow-up were included in the analysis. During 6-month intervals, participants who reported MA use showed a two-fold increase in the risk of psychotic symptoms compared to those with no MA use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.33-3.49). A dose-response effect was found between the duration of MA use and the risk of psychotic symptoms (continued 12-month MA use vs. no use: OR = 2.84, 95% CI = 1.39-5.77 continued 18-month MA use vs. no use: OR = 9.93, 95% CI = 3.58-27.57). There was no assessment for 24-month intervals due to a small s le size of the continuous use group. Longer periods of MA use predicted a higher risk of experiencing psychotic symptoms. Early prevention of MA use could help reduce the risk of psychosis in MA users.

Environmental selection on transcriptome‐derived SNPs in a high gene flow marine fish, the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 13-06-2012

DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-294X.2012.05639.X

Sichuan University

Location: China

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Technical University Of Denmark

Location: Denmark

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Sichuan University

Location: No location found

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Peking University

Location: No location found

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Peking University

Location: China

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Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP170102043

Start Date: 02-2017

End Date: 12-2020

Amount: $332,500.00

Funder: Australian Research Council