ORCID Profile
0000-0002-0125-0111
Current Organisation
James Cook University
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Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 26-05-2011
Abstract: This study examined the influence of cycle ergometer type and sex on assessment of 30-s anaerobic capacity and power. 41 healthy adults performed a 30-s anaerobic cycle test using a mechanically- (ME) and air-braked (AE) ergometer in a randomised order, approximately 7 days apart. Peak heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion were similar between tests with peak HR greater for females compared to males (187.0 ± 9.1 vs. 180.8 ± 9.9 bpm, p<0.05). Peak power (1 100 ± 330 vs. 802 ± 225 W), mean power (793 ± 223 vs. 587 ± 156 W) and total work (23.8 ± 6.7 vs. 17.6 ± 4.7 kJ) were greater for AE compared to ME (p<0.001) and greater for males compared to females (p 0.05). Peak lactate was greater for AE compared to ME (16.1 ± 3.4 vs. 14.8 ± 2.9 mmol·L (-1) p<0.05) and greater for males compared to females (16.2 ± 3.5 vs. 14.6 ± 2.7 mmol·L (-1) p<0.05). The current study demonstrated that anaerobic power and capacity were substantially greater when assessed using AE compared to the traditional ME with the difference between ergometer types unaffected by sex. Ergometer type should be considered when comparing anaerobic results across populations and/or studies.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2012
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2011.654270
Abstract: The current study explored the effects of short haul air travel within the same country on elite Australian rugby league (RL) players (n=12) during two away and two home games of elite competition. Physiological tests of handgrip strength and leg power were assessed along with psychological tests and perceptions of leg soreness and tiredness on the day before the game (Time 1 and Time 2) and on game day (Time 3). Game statistics of tackles and metres gained were assessed for the games analysed. Significant differences were found for daily analyses of life demands for athletes (DALDA) worse than normal responses at Time 2 (2.50 ± 3.23 vs. 3.50 ± 3.93 P=0.04), Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) at Time 2 (2.88 ± 1.51 vs. 3.71 ± 1.37 P=0.011) and leg tiredness at Time 3 (3.38 ± 1.66 vs. 2.35 ± 1.70 P=0.004) between home and away games. The analysis of game statistics identified that more metres were gained during home games (83.6 ± 49.1 vs. 63.0 ± 30.1 P=0.02) and more tackles made while playing away (18.4 ± 9.2 vs. 14.3 ± 6.7 P=0.016). The results suggest that short haul air travel without crossing time zones results in symptoms of travel fatigue but does not appear to negatively impact on elite RL players ability to perform strength and power tasks. Different game tactics (attacking vs. defensive) occurred between home and away games however, it is unclear whether travel fatigue or a home advantage (HA) is associated with this finding.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2007.05.010
Abstract: This study investigated the influence of protective clothing worn to prevent marine stinger envenomation on the thermoregulatory responses of pre-pubescent surf lifesavers exercising in situ under hot and humid conditions (27 degrees C, 78% relative humidity). Participants performed beach and water activities typically associated with junior surf lifesaving competition in a randomised cross-over design on two separate occasions 7 days apart: one wearing a full-length Lycra stinger suit (S) and one wearing normal swimwear (SW). Skin (T(SK)) and core (T(C)) body temperatures, skin blood flow (SKBF), heart rate (HR), body mass, thermal comfort and perceived effort were assessed pre-, mid- (following beach activities) and post-exercise (following water activities). Sweat rates were compared between S and SW. T(C) was greater following beach activities for S (37.78 degrees C+/-0.06) compared to SW (37.60 degrees C+/-0.07 p<0.05) and male participants experienced greater T(C) (37.97 degrees C+/-0.09) than their female counterparts (37.71 degrees C+/-0.07 degrees C). T(SK) following both the beach and water activities were lower than pre-exercise (p<0.05). SKBF was significantly increased for calf across time (p<0.01). Male participants experienced a higher HR for S compared to female participants (p<0.01) while the opposite applied to SW (p<0.01). There were no gender or between-condition differences for sweat rate or perceived effort. There was evidence of heat storage while stinger suits were worn during beach activities in the absence of any differences in exercise intensity or sweat rate. The results of the present study suggest that the stinger suits should be limited to water-based activities.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2017.04.009
Abstract: This study aimed to identify the physical and/or anthropometric qualities explanatory of adolescent surf lifesavers participating in paddling activities. Cross-sectional observational study. A total of 53 (14-18years) male participants were recruited and classified into two groups paddlers (n=30 actively participating in paddling), non-paddlers (n=23 not actively participating in paddling). All participants completed a testing battery that consisted of 16 physical (isometric strength and muscular endurance) and anthropometric (height, mass, segment lengths and breadths) assessments. Binary logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic curves were built to identify the physical and/or anthropometric qualities most explanatory of paddling status (two levels: 1=paddlers, 0=non-paddlers). Significant between group differences were noted for 14 of the 16 assessments (P<0.05 d=0.59-1.29). However, it was the combination of horizontal shoulder abduction isometric strength, body mass, and sitting height that provided the greatest association with paddling status (Akaike Information Criterion=47.13). This full model successfully detected 87% and 70% of the paddlers and non-paddlers, respectively, with an area under the curve of 84.2%. These results indicate that there are distinctive physical and anthropometric qualities that may be advantageous for prospective paddling athletes to possess. Practitioners should integrate assessments of horizontal shoulder abduction isometric strength, body mass, and sitting height, as well as their subsequent cut-off thresholds, into talent detection programs focused toward the recognition of performance potential in paddling-oriented sports.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 27-05-2023
Abstract: Military personnel are required to undertake rigorous physical training to meet the unique demands of combat, often leading to high levels of physiological stress. Inappropriate recovery periods with these high levels of physical stress may result in sub-optimal training and increased risk of injury in military personnel. However, no reviews have attempted to examine the magnitude of training-induced stress following military training activities. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the magnitude of physiological stress (physical, hormonal, and immunological) following task-specific training activities in military personnel. An extensive literature search was conducted within CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, SportDiscus, and Web of Science databases with 7,220 records extracted and a total of 14 studies eligible for inclusion and evaluation. Study appraisal was conducted using the Kmet scale. Meta-analysis was conducted via forest plots, with standard mean difference (SMD, effect size) and inter-trial heterogeneity (I2) calculated between before (preactivity) and after (12–96 hours postactivity) military-specific activities for biomarkers of physiological stress (muscle damage, inflammation, and hormonal) and physical performance (muscular strength and power). Military training activities resulted in significant levels of muscle damage (SMD = −1.28 P = .003) and significant impairments in strength and power (SMD = 0.91 P = .008) and testosterone levels (SMD = 1.48 P = .05) up to 96 hours postactivity. There were no significant differences in inflammation (SMD = −0.70 P = .11), cortisol (SMD = −0.18 P = .81), or insulin-like growth factor 1 (SMD = 0.65 P = .07) when compared to preactivity measures. These findings indicate that assessments of muscle damage, anabolic hormones like testosterone, strength, and power are effective for determining the level of acute stress following military-specific activities. With regular monitoring of these measures, appropriate recovery periods may be implemented to optimize training adaptations and occupational performance, with minimal adverse training responses in military personnel.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2015
Abstract: This study was designed to pilot a survey to explore players' perception of home advantage in a rugby league. Twenty-seven players from one team with an identified home advantage believed a home advantage existed as a result of their home crowd (52%), family and friends' support (41%), normal travel (45%) and sleeping arrangements (37%), home weather conditions (48%), and familiarity with playing amenities (37%). However, the players were less definite about influences while playing away from home. The current s le of players identified differing influences, highlighting in idual variations in perceived determinants. In idual interviews or focus groups will be required for further exploration.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2017.04.005
Abstract: To examine the extent at which match outcome and ladder position could be explained using team performance indicators in the National Rugby League (NRL). The dataset consisted of 13 performance indicators acquired from each NRL team across the 2016 season (n=376 observations). Data was sorted according to apriori match outcome (win/loss) and ladder position (one to 16). Given the binary and categorical nature of the response variables, two analysis approaches were used a conditional interference classification tree and ordinal regression. Five performance indicators ('try assists', 'all run meters', 'offloads', 'line breaks' and 'dummy half runs') were retained within the classification tree, detecting 66% of the losses and 91% of the wins. A significant negative relationship was noted between ladder position and 'kick metres' (β (SE)=-0.002 (<0.001) 95% CI=-0.003 to <-0.001) and 'dummy half runs' (β (SE)=-0.017 (<0.012) 95% CI=-0.041 to 0.006), while a significant positive relationship was noted for 'missed tackles' (β (SE)=0.019 (0.006) 95% CI=0.006-0.032). A unique combination of primarily attacking performance indicators provided the greatest explanation of match outcome and ladder position in the NRL. These results could be used by NRL coaches and analysts as a basis for the development of practice conditions and game strategies that may increase their teams' likelihood of success. Beyond rugby league, this study presents analytical techniques that could be applied to other sports when examining the relationships between performance indicators and match derivatives.
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 08-2008
Abstract: This study examined the relationships between body composition, peak oxygen consumption and 1000-m time trial performance of female outrigger canoeists. Female outrigger canoeists (n = 17) completed anthropometric profiling and a 1000-m outrigger ergometer time trial, during which expired air was measured continuously and analysed at 15-s intervals for determination of peak oxygen consumption. Heart rate, stroke rate and power output were also recorded at 15-s intervals. Blood lactate was measured immediately and at 3-, 5- and 7-min post-exercise. Mean power output, peak power output and progressive split times were highly correlated (r > 0.80) to 1000-m performance. Arm girths, humerus breadth, mesomorphy, peak oxygen consumption, ventilation, mean heart rate and peak lactate were moderately correlated (r > 0.50) to 1000-m performance. Stepwise multiple regression analysis verified that mean power output and to a lesser extent flexed arm girth, humerus breadth, waist girth and sitting height can predict 1000-m performance. Enhanced 1000-m performance of female outrigger canoeists appears to be achieved through a combination of greater power production and maintenance, a muscular stature and to a lesser extent, a higher aerobic capacity. These characteristics should be considered when selecting crews.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2017.06.014
Abstract: Analysing the dissimilarity of seasonal and team profiles within elite sport may reveal the evolutionary dynamics of game-play, while highlighting the similarity of in idual team profiles. This study analysed seasonal and team dissimilarity within the National Rugby League (NRL) between the 2005 to 2016 seasons. Longitudinal. Total seasonal values for 15 performance indicators were collected for every NRL team over the analysed period (n=190 observations). Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to reveal seasonal and team dissimilarity. Compared to the 2005 to 2011 seasons, the 2012 to 2016 seasons were in a state of flux, with a relative dissimilarity in the positioning of team profiles on the ordination surface. There was an abrupt change in performance indicator characteristics following the 2012 season, with the 2014 season reflecting a large increase in the total count of 'all run metres' (d=1.21 90% CI=0.56-1.83), 'kick return metres' (d=2.99 90% CI=2.12-3.84) and decrease in 'missed tackles' (d=-2.43 90% CI=-3.19 to -1.64) and 'tackle breaks' (d=-2.41 90% CI=-3.17 to -1.62). Interpretation of team ordination plots showed that certain teams evolved in (dis)similar ways over the analysed period. It appears that NRL match-types evolved following the 2012 season and are in a current state of flux. The modification of coaching tactics and rule changes may have contributed to these observations. Coaches could use these results when designing prospective game strategies in the NRL.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 18-04-2023
DOI: 10.1177/17479541221092525
Abstract: To examine the effects of match-related contextual variables on positional groups and success in the National Rugby League (NRL). Data relating to match location, match outcome, quality of opposition and match type (absolute score differential) from all matches across the 2015–2019 NRL seasons were collected, in addition to 14 previously identified Factors (technical performance indicators). A decision tree, grown using the Exhaustive Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) algorithm, was used to model the effect of each of these match-related contexts on positional contribution according to match outcome. The accuracy of the exhaustive CHAID model in explaining the influence of positional groups on match outcome was 66%. The model revealed four primary splits: interchange forwards, utility backs, adjustables and a group containing the remaining three positional groups (forwards, backs, and interchange). Results suggest that interchange forwards, utility backs and adjustables could have a definitive role within the team compared to the remaining positional groups in determining match outcome. In contrast to team-level research, there is a greater emphasis on the importance of defensive actions (e.g. try causes, tackles made) at a positional level than attacking performance indicators. The moderate classification accuracy justifies the use of this approach for examination of the interactions between match-related contextual variables, performance indicators and positional groups.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 24-10-2019
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1123/MC.2016-0034
Abstract: This study examined the anticipation and visual behavior of elite rugby league players during two different evasion maneuvers (side- and split-steps). Participants (N = 48) included elite rugby league players (n = 38) and controls (n = 10). Each participant watched videos consisting of side- and split-steps, and anticipation of movement and eye behavior were measured. No significant differences between the groups or evasion maneuvers were found. The split-step was significantly harder to predict. Elite players appeared to spend more time viewing the torso and mid-region of the body compared with the controls.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-10-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2017.10.003
Abstract: To compare game-play characteristics between elite youth and senior Australian National Rugby League (NRL) competitions. Longitudinal observational. The dataset consisted of 12 team performance indicators (e.g., 'all runs', 'offloads' and 'tackles') extracted from all 2016 national under 20 (U20) competition (elite youth n=372 observations) and National Rugby League (NRL) (elite senior n=378 observations) matches. Data was classified according to competition (Two levels: U20 and NRL) and modelled using two techniques. Firstly, non-metric multidimensional scaling resolved multivariate competition (dis)similarity, visualised using a two-dimensional ordination. Secondly, a conditional interference (CI) classification tree was grown to reveal the performance indicators most capable of explaining competition level. Non-metric multidimensional scaling revealed high competition dissimilarity, with U20 and NRL teams orienting distinctive positions on the first dimension of the ordination surface. Five team performance indicators were retained within the CI tree ('all runs', 'tackle breaks', 'tackles', 'missed tackles', and 'kicks'), which correctly classified 79% of the U20 observations and 93% of the NRL observations. Multivariate differences between elite youth and senior rugby league competitions were identified. Specifically, NRL game-play was classified by a greater number of 'all runs', and 'tackles' and a lower number of 'missed tackles' relative to the U20 competition. Given the national U20 competition is purported to assist with the development of prospective NRL players, junior coaches may consider training interventions that primarily aid the tackling capacities of players. This may subsequently assist with talent development and player progression in Australian rugby league.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 03-2020
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003029
Abstract: Heilbronn, BE, Doma, K, Gormann, D, Schumann, M, and Sinclair, WH. Effects of periodized vs. nonperiodized resistance training on army-specific fitness and skills performance. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 738–753, 2020—This study investigated the effects of periodized resistance training (PRD) and nonperiodized resistance training (NPRD) on army-specific fitness and skills performance measures. Forty-nine serving members of the Australian Army were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 training groups: PRD, NPRD, or no-resistance training (NRT). Resistance training (RT) was performed during PRD and NPRD twice a week for 9 weeks, over a 15-week period, as part of a structured strength and conditioning program. Baseline, mid- and post-testing measures included anthropometric, strength, and army-specific outcome measures. Results indicated that participants who undertook RT significantly improved in 3 repetition maximum (3RM) squat, deadlift, and floor press for both RT groups, at mid- and post-testing ( p 0.05), when compared with NRT. Significant improvements were also observed in 5-km weight load marching postintervention similarly for PRD ( p 0.05) and NPRD ( p 0.01) and simulated fire and movement for both RT groups at both time points ( p 0.01), compared with the NRT group ( p 0.05). Although little difference was observed between periodization models, the current findings suggest greater advantage in developing army-specific performances if a structured RT protocol is included in a generic physical training program compared with a NRT protocol. Therefore, a structured RT program should be considered for military personnel aiming to optimize army-specific fitness and skills performance.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2016.02.017
Abstract: This study examined the post-activation potentiation effects of maximal dynamic contractions and gender on rowing sprint ability. Repeated measures. Thirty-four male (n=17) and female (n=17) university students with experience in rowing took part in this study conducted across three weeks. Following familiarisation of the 10-second maximal rowing performance test on a rowing ergometer during Week 1, participants were randomly allocated to either complete a control or experimental session during Week 2 and 3. One rowing performance test was conducted during the control session whilst two rowing performance tests were conducted during the experimental session separated by 6-min. The first rowing performance test during the experimental session was used to: (1) compare measures with the control session to assess day-to-day repeatability and (2) induce post-activation potentiation effects for the second rowing performance test. Based on effect size calculations, results showed moderate-large increases for average power output (+2.5%), peak power output (+1.5%) and power output during first stroke (+0.79%). Maximal dynamic contractions on a rowing ergometer improved subsequent rowing sprint ability in recreationally experienced male and female rowers. Accordingly, dynamic conditioning contractions on a rowing ergometer may enhance subsequent sprint-start for rowing competition success.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 07-2017
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001682
Abstract: Gaudion, SL, Doma, K, Sinclair, W, Banyard, HG, and Woods, CT. Identifying the physical fitness, anthropometric and athletic movement qualities discriminant of developmental level in elite junior Australian football: implications for the development of talent. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1830–1839, 2017—This study aimed to identify the physical fitness, anthropometric and athletic movement qualities discriminant of developmental level in elite junior Australian football (AF). From a total of 77 players, 2 groups were defined according to their developmental level under 16 (U16) ( n = 40, 15.6 to 15.9 years), and U18 ( n = 37, 17.1 to 17.9 years). Players performed a test battery consisting of 7 physical fitness assessments, 2 anthropometric measurements, and a fundamental athletic movement assessment. A multivariate analysis of variance tested the main effect of developmental level (2 levels: U16 and U18) on the assessment criterions, whilst binary logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were built to identify the qualities most discriminant of developmental level. A significant effect of developmental level was evident on 9 of the assessments ( d = 0.27–0.88 p ≤ 0.05). However, it was a combination of body mass, dynamic vertical jump height (nondominant leg), repeat sprint time, and the score on the 20-m multistage fitness test that provided the greatest association with developmental level (Akaike's information criterion = 80.84). The ROC curve was maximized with a combined score of 180.7, successfully discriminating 89 and 60% of the U18 and U16 players, respectively (area under the curve = 79.3%). These results indicate that there are distinctive physical fitness and anthropometric qualities discriminant of developmental level within the junior AF talent pathway. Coaches should consider these differences when designing training interventions at the U16 level to assist with the development of prospective U18 AF players.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2010
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-2018
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002350
Abstract: Pearce, LA, Sinclair, WH, Leicht, AS, and Woods, CT. Physical, anthropometric, and athletic movement qualities discriminate development level in a rugby league talent pathway. J Strength Cond Res 32(11): 3169–3176, 2018—This study compared the physical, anthropometric, and athletic movement qualities of talent-identified rugby league (RL) players within a development pathway. From a total of 174 players, 3 developmental levels were defined: under 18 (U18 n = 52), under 20 (U20 n = 53), and state league (SL n = 69). All players performed a test battery that consisted of 5 physical assessments, 2 anthropometric measurements, and an athletic movement assessment. A multivariate analysis of variance modeled the main effect of developmental level (3 levels: U18, U20, and SL) on test criterion variables. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were then built for the criterion variables that showed a significant developmental level effect. A significant effect was noted ( V = 0.775, F = 5.43, p ≤ 0.05), with the SL players outperforming their U18 and U20 counterparts for measures of body mass, peak and average lower limb power, double lunge (left side), single-leg Romanian deadlift (left and right sides), the push-up, and total athletic ability assessment score ( p ≤ 0.05 d = 0.35–1.21). The ROC curves generated an area under the curve of greater than 65% for each test criterion, indicating greater than chance discrimination. These results highlight the physical, anthropometric, and athletic movement qualities discriminant of development level within a RL talent pathway. Practitioners are encouraged to consider the thresholds from the ROC curves as an objective guide to assist with the development of physical performance qualities that may augment player progression in Australian RL.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 11-2009
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 03-2023
Abstract: Purpose: This crossover trial compared the effects of varying feedback approaches on sprint performance, motivation, and affective mood states in female athletes. Methods : Eligibility criteria were being competitive female athletes, where participants completed sprint tests in 4 randomized feedback conditions on grass, including augmented feedback (sprint time AUG-FB), technical feedback (cues TECH-FB), a competition-driven drill (CDD) sprinting against an opponent, and a control condition (no feedback CON). Participants completed a 20-m sprint (maximum sprint), 30-m curved agility sprint, and a repeated sprint ability test, with sprint times, motivation level, and mood states recorded. The participants were blinded from the number of trials during the repeated sprint ability test. Results : About 12 rugby league players completed all feedback conditions. The maximum sprint times were faster for AUG-FB (3.54 [0.16] s) and CDD (3.54 [0.16] s) compared with TECH-FB (3.64 [0.16] s), while there were no differences compared with CON (3.58 [0.17] s). The curved agility sprint times were faster for AUG-FB (5.42 [0.20] s) compared with TECH-FB (5.61 [0.21] s) and CON (5.57 [0.24] s), although CDD (5.38 [0.26] s) produced faster sprint times than TECH-FB. Effort and value were higher with AUG-FB (6.31 [0.68] 6.53 [0.05]) compared with CON (5.99 [0.60] 4.75 [2.07]), while CON exhibited lower enjoyment ratings (4.68 [0.95]) compared with other feedback conditions (AUG-FB: 5.54 [0.72] CDD: 5.56 [0.67] TECH-FB: 5.60 [0.56]). Conclusions : Providing AUG-FB prior to sprint tasks enhances more immediate performance outcomes than TECH-FB. AUG-FB also benefited athlete enjoyment, task effort, and coaching value. Female athletes should receive AUG-FB in testing and training environments, to improve immediate physical performance and motivation.
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 08-2017
Abstract: This study investigated the effect of the officiating role on physical activity profiles of rugby league match officials during match-play. Physical performance indicators were collated from 23 match officials, resulting in 78 observations. Match officials were categorised into two groups: referees and touch judges. Microtechnology facilitated the quantification of total distance (m), relative distance (m⋅min -1 ), maximum velocity (m⋅s -1 ), the percentage of high intensity running distance (% total 3.01 m⋅s -1 ), walking distance ( m⋅s -1 ), jogging distance (1.01 – 3 m⋅s -1 ), fast jogging distance (3.01 - 5 m⋅s -1 ), and sprinting distance ( m⋅s-1). Multivariate analysis modelled the main effect of the officiating role with follow up univariate analyses identifying significant differences. A significant effect was noted (V = 750 F(8, 66) = 24.71 p 0.05) with referees covering a greater total distance (7767 ± 585 vs. 7022 ± 759 m), relative distance (90 ± 6 vs. 82 ± 8 m⋅min -1 ), jogging distance (3772 ± 752 vs. 3110 ± 553 m), and fast jogging distance (2565 ± 631 vs. 1816 ± 440 m) compared to touch judges. Touch judges covered greater distances while sprinting (1012 ± 385 vs. 654 ± 241 m). Results provide important guidance in the development of training programs for match officials.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-09-2019
DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1645268
Abstract: Match activity demands of basketball players have been well reported but little exists in terms of quantifying the demands encountered by referees during match-play. Potential differences between referees and players may identify different fitness capacities and subsequent need for different training regimes.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-06-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-021-01486-X
Abstract: The relationship between exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) indicators and acute training loads (TL) is yet to be reviewed extensively in semi-elite and elite athlete populations. The objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis were threefold: (1) to evaluate studies of EIMD following the initial period of the preseason in semi-elite and elite athletes: (2) to examine acute physiological and performance responses across two periods of the season with similar TL and (3) to examine acute physiological and performance responses to acute changes in TL during the season. The CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for studies that investigated: (1) semi-elite or elite athletes in team or in idual sports following a periodised training programme and (2) measured acute responses to training. Studies were excluded if: (1) conducted in animals (2) non-English language or (3) a conference abstract, review or case report. The Kmet Quality Scoring of Quantitative Studies tool was used for study appraisal. Data were quantitatively analysed by generating forest plots to report test statistics for statistical significance and inter-trial heterogeneity. Of the included studies (n = 32), athletes experienced greater creatine kinase (CK) concentrations (Z = 4.99, p < 0.00001, I This review included varying age, sex, sports and competition levels. The group level meta-analysis failed to identify within-athlete or position-specific differences across time. Blood biomarkers of EIMD may not differ across periods of similar TL, however can be considered a sensitive monitoring tool for assessing responses following acute TL changes in semi-elite and elite athletes.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2008
DOI: 10.1080/02640410802056484
Abstract: Graded exercise tests are commonly used to assess peak physiological capacities of athletes. However, unlike time trials, these tests do not provide performance information. The aim of this study was to examine the peak physiological responses of female outrigger canoeists to a 1000-m ergometer time trial and compare the time-trial performance to two graded exercise tests performed at increments of 7.5 W each minute and 15 W each two minutes respectively. 17 trained female outrigger canoeists completed the time trial on an outrigger canoe ergometer with heart rate (HR), stroke rate, power output, and oxygen consumption (VO2) determined every 15 s. The mean (+/- s) time-trial time was 359 +/- 33 s, with a mean power output of 65 +/- 16 W and mean stroke rate of 56 +/- 4 strokes min(-1). Mean values for peak VO2, peak heart rate, and mean heart rate were 3.17 +/- 0.67 litres min(-1), 177 +/- 11 beats min(-1), and 164 +/- 12 beats min(-1) respectively. Compared with the graded exercise tests, the time-trial elicited similar values for peak heart rate, peak power output, peak blood lactate concentration, and peak VO2. As a time trial is sport-specific and can simultaneously quantify sprint performance and peak physiological responses in outrigger canoeing, it is suggested that a time trial be used by coaches for crew selection as it doubles as a reliable performance measure and a protocol for monitoring peak aerobic capacity of female outrigger canoeists.
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 19-05-2009
Abstract: This study examined the reliability of an incremental arm ergometry (AE) protocol during peak aerobic power (VO2(peak)) determination in healthy females. Fifteen females completed two incremental AE tests to exhaustion, seven to eleven days apart, using a mechanically braked arm ergometer. The initial work rate was 16W and increased by 16W every two minutes until exhaustion. Significant differences between tests were determined by repeated measures ANOVA, and paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, where appropriate. Reliability was determined by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), typical error, coefficient of variation (CV) and measurement bias/ratio and 95% limits of agreement (LOA). Peak cardio-respiratory responses were similar between tests, except for tidal volume (1.95 +/-0.47 vs. 1.81 +/- 0.41 L, P<0.05). Reliability for peak variables was moderate to high (ICC=0.659-0.941 CV< or =10%) while LOA were considerable for most variables including VO2(peak) (LOA=0.57 L.min(-1)). Similar peak cardio-respiratory responses, low CV and moderate-high ICC confirmed the reliability of the current incremental AE protocol to be similar to that of prior reported protocols for VO2(peak) determination. Substantial within-participant variability (LOA) for respiratory rate and tidal volume was common during the AE protocol and possibly reflects the influence of respiratory entrainment on reliability that requires further investigation.
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Date: 07-2018
Abstract: Short- to medium-term (i.e., 4–14 days) heating protocols induce physiological adaptations including improved cardiac autonomic modulations, as assessed using heart rate variability, which may contribute to greater exercise performance. Whether similar cardiac autonomic changes occur during an intense heating protocol (sauna) reported to increase plasma volume in athletes remains to be confirmed. This study examined changes in heart rate and its variability during a single extreme heat (sauna) exposure and repeated exposures in athletes. Six well-trained male cyclists undertook sauna bathing (30 min, 87 °C, 11% relative humidity) immediately after normal training over 10 consecutive days. Heart rate recordings were obtained during each sauna bout. Heart rate and its variability (natural logarithm of root mean square of successive differences, lnRMSSD) were analysed during 10-min periods within the first bout, and changes in heart rate and lnRMSSD were analysed during each bout via magnitude-based inferences. During the first sauna bout, heart rate was almost certainly increased (∼32%, effect size 1.68) and lnRMSSD was almost certainly reduced (∼62%, effect size –5.21) from the first to the last 10-min period, indicating reduced parasympathetic and (or) enhanced sympathetic modulations. Acute exposure to extreme heat stress via sauna produced alterations in heart rate and cardiac autonomic modulations with successive postexercise heat exposures producing unclear changes over a 10-day period. The physiological benefits of intense heating via sauna on cardiac control in athletes remain to be elucidated.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2007.10.008
Abstract: A paucity of empirical research exists into surf lifesaving competition from which coaches and athletes may formulate training and recovery strategies. Seventeen (male=9 female=8) high-performance surf lifesavers (21.2+/-3.9 years) contested multiple rounds of team and in idual events at a 2-day surf lifesaving competition. In idual events consisted of the multi-discipline ironman (IRON), paddle board (BOARD) and surf swim (SWIM). Blood lactate (BLa), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR) were determined following heats, semi-finals and final. IRON HR and RPE following semi-finals (153.0+/-21.6beatsmin(-1) and 14.4+/-1.5) and final (171.0+/-9.1beatsmin(-1) and 19.1+/-0.2) were greater than heats (141.8+/-17.2beatsmin(-1) and 12.0+/-1.9 p<0.05) and final BLa (10.5+/-2.8mmolL(-1)) was greater than heats (5.8+/-3.6mmolL(-1) p<0.05). BOARD BLa and HR were greater after the final (9.0+/-2.8mmolL(-1) and 159.0+/-19.9beatsmin(-1)) compared to heats (4.7+/-2.4mmolL(-1) and 133.0+/-17.1beatsmin(-1) p<0.05). No significant differences were identified for SWIM. RPE-HR relationships were identified for pooled IRON and BOARD results following semi-finals (0.668 p<0.05) and finals (r=0.741 p<0.05). In conclusion, high-performance surf lifesavers employ race strategies with all-out maximal exercise limited to semi-finals and finals.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2013
Abstract: To compare the thermoregulatory demands of outdoor workers wearing long or knee-length pants while working in situ in a tropical environment. Fifteen male (35.8 ± 10.5 yr) outdoor Council workers completed their daily occupational duties (construction or gardening) in trials conducted six days apart: once wearing knee-length shorts (SHORTS) and once wearing full-length pants (PANTS). Body mass and hydration were assessed prior to and following each trial with core body (T(C) ) and mean skin temperature (MST weighted from sites: chest, arm, thigh and calf) assessed at 30-minute intervals throughout each trial. No significant differences between SHORTS and PANTS for T(C) , maximum T(C) , heart rate, MST or body mass changes. Skin temperature at the calf was greater for PANTS (33.8 ± 0.4°C) compared to SHORTS (32.9 ± 0.4°C p<0.05). Hydration assessments identified 36.7% of participants commenced work hypohydrated while the average body mass lost throughout the workday was 2.5 ± 1.5%. Main effects of time were observed for heart rate and MST but no other assessed variable. The additional exposed surface area available for heat exchange when wearing shorts is insufficient to elicit differences in thermoregulatory demands of outdoor employees under the assessed conditions. These results suggest the use of SHORTS or PANTS can be determined by occupational duty requirements rather than risk of heat-related illness during very-light to moderate workloads completed under warm and humid environmental conditions.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-11-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-10-2008
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-007-0574-9
Abstract: This study examined the effect of exercise mode on geometrical, and time and frequency domain measures of heart rate variability (HRV) during steady-state, moderate intensity exercise of the same HR. Seventeen healthy, active male participants volunteered for this study and completed a treadmill VO2max determination. One week later, cardiorespiratory, perceptual and HRV measures were recorded during seated rest (15 min) and consecutive bouts (15 min) of steady-state exercise at 50 and 65% of maximal HR. Exercise was performed using either upper body (arm ergometer), lower body (cycle) or whole body (treadmill) modes. Separated by 1 week and in a random order, participants undertook the same procedures with the remaining exercise modes. Cardiorespiratory, perceptual and HRV responses were determined during rest and steady-state exercise and analysed by two-way (mode vs. stage) repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc pairwise comparisons. Apart from a reduced respiratory rate during lower body exercise, whole and lower body exercise resulted in similar cardiorespiratory, perceptual and HRV responses. Compared to whole or lower body exercise, upper body exercise resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) greater measures of HRV particularly those within the very low (0-0.04 Hz) and low (0.04-0.15 Hz) frequency bands, greater rating of perceived exertion and less oxygen consumption. Upper body, moderate intensity exercise resulted in greater HRV compared to whole or lower body exercise with further studies necessary to elucidate the mechanisms and clinical implications for this greater HRV.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 24-01-2023
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0280799
Abstract: Professional coaches commonly rely on performance analysis and metrics to help make decisions regarding their practices, selection and tactics. However, few studies to date have explored coaches’ perspectives of performance analysts successful integration into the high-performance environment. The aim of this study was to investigate coaches’ philosophies surrounding performance analysis and how they perceived analysts could support and implement these approaches into coaching practices and match preparation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five professional elite level Rugby Union coaches to investigate their perceptions of performance analysis, and the contribution of performance analysts to the high-performance environment. Results revealed three main dimensions, including the role, purpose, and desired attributes of a performance analyst. Firstly, the role of the analyst was described in terms of being an information specialist , who collects, filters, and delivers information to stakeholders, and a generalist , who helps coaches utilise technology. Secondly, the purpose of the analyst was described in terms of providing both accountability and support for coaches and players. Finally, the attributes needed of an analyst included the ability to form a close relationship with coaches, communicate complex information in meaningful ways, and who was proactive, innovative, and creative when tasked with delivering information. The findings highlighted the crucial roles, purposes, and attributes of a performance analyst within high-performance Rugby Union identified by coaches and the importance of the coach-analyst relationship to support these dimensions.
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Date: 05-06-2013
Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of weekly training including a competitive game on heart rate (HR) variability (HRV). Youth players (n=9, age 17-20 years) were monitored during daily supine rest (10 min) and standing (8 min), 5 times over 8 days. Heart rate recordings were analysed for time domain, frequency (e. g. low frequency [LF], high frequency [HF]) domain and non-linear measures of HRV and compared using ANOVA or Friedman's tests. Relationships between HRV and training workloads were examined via Spearman rank rho (ρ) correlation coefficients. Prior to a game, mean HR was significantly increased and remained elevated until 2 days post-game while parasympathetic modulations (HF) were significantly reduced (p<0.05). The supine to standing change in HRV was significantly reduced for up to 4 days post-game (LF/HF ratio, - 1.0±2.9 vs. - 3.0±1.9, p<0.05). These results confirm that prior to a game, players exhibited reduced parasympathetic and/or predominant sympathetic modulation with the game significantly reducing autonomic responses to standing for up to the following 4 days. Identification of day to day fluctuations in HRV may provide a helpful tool for monitoring player workload to maximise training and game performance.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2009.02.007
Abstract: This study examined the pacing strategies utilised and the performance reproducibility during repeated outrigger canoeing ergometer time trials. Trained female outrigger canoeists (N=11) completed four 1000m outrigger canoe ergometer time trials. There was a significant 1.5% improvement in 1000m time in trial four compared to trial one. A fast start strategy was adopted in 36 of the 44 trials (82%) followed by a deceleration during the mid stages. As trials progressed there was an increased adoption of negative pacing (fast finish) between the last two splits, indicating a learning effect of pacing strategy across repeated trials. These results demonstrate that although some performance improvement was evident between the first and fourth time trials, the 1000m outrigger ergometer time trial is a reliable test that may be used as a tool to assist with crew selection and performance monitoring. Further, on account of the variation in pacing strategy noted in the fourth trial, the authors recommend utilising one familiarisation session and one test session when assessing performance such that learning or training adaptations resulting from multiple trials do not impact on results.
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 30-03-2010
DOI: 10.1108/17538351011031920
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to identify health and physical activity status and prevalence of chronic diseases risk factors in a s le of Government office employees. Quantitative assessment of various health and physical activity measures including blood pressure, BMI, waist‐to‐hip ratio, cholesterol, blood glucose and physical activity in adult male ( n =66 age=42 ±9 years) and female ( n =262 age=40 ±10 years) Government office employees located in metropolitan, rural and remote areas of central and northern Queensland. It was found that 54 per cent of females and 77 per cent of males were classified as overweight or obese, while 38 per cent of all participants did not participate in sufficient weekly physical activity. Metropolitan females reported significantly higher blood glucose levels and diastolic blood pressure but significantly lower waist‐to‐hip ratio than rural and remote females. There was uneven s ling across geographical locations, however the s le size of each group was largely indicative of the workforce in each location. There is a large prevalence of chronic disease risk factors in male and female Government office employees working throughout metropolitan, rural and remote areas of central and northern Queensland. Workplace personnel should work to improve the health and physical activity status of employees, as this may have positive effects on workplace participation and productivity. This study provides insight into the prevalence of chronic disease risk factors in Government office workers undertaking similar work duties across a variety of geographical locations, and provides suggestions for workplace interventions.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S40798-022-00535-7
Abstract: In professional team sports, like Rugby League, performance analysis has become an integral part of operational practices. This has helped practitioners gain deeper insight into phenomena like team and athlete behaviour and understanding how such behaviour may be influenced by various contextual factors. This information can then be used by coaches to design representative practice tasks, inform game principles and opposition strategies, and even support team recruitment practices. At the elite level, the constant evolution of sports technology (both hardware and software) has enabled greater access to information, making the role of the performance analyst even more valuable. However, this increase in information can create challenges regarding which variables to use to help guide decision-making, and how to present it in ways that can be utilised by coaches and other support staff. While there are published works exploring aspects of performance analysis in team sports like Rugby League, there is yet to be a perspective that explores the various operational uses of performance analysis in Rugby League, the addition of which could help guide the practices of emerging performance analysts in elite organisations like the Australian National Rugby League and the European Super League. Thus, this narrative review—with accompanying case ex les—explores the various ways performance analysis can help address pertinent operational questions commonly encountered when working in high-performance sport.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-2008
DOI: 10.1080/02640410701791306
Abstract: The aim of this study was to establish a graded exercise test protocol for determining the peak physiological responses of female outrigger canoeists. Seventeen trained female outrigger canoeists completed two outrigger ergometer graded exercise test protocols in random order: (1) 25 W power output for 2 min increasing by 7.5 W every minute until exhaustion and (2) 25 W power output for 2 min increasing by 15 W every 2 min to exhaustion. Heart rate and power output were recorded every 15 s. Expired air was collected continuously and s led for analysis at 15-s intervals, while blood lactate concentration was measured immediately after and 3, 5, and 7 min after exercise. The peak physiological and performance variables examined included peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), minute ventilation, tidal volume, ventilatory thresholds 1 and 2, respiratory rate, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, power output, performance time, and time to VO2peak. There were no significant differences in peak physiological responses, ventilatory thresholds or performance variables between the two graded exercise test protocols. Despite no significant differences between protocols, due to the large limits of agreement evident between protocols for the peak physiological responses, it is recommended that the same protocol be used for all comparison testing to minimize intra-in idual variability of results.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S00421-015-3159-Z
Abstract: This study examined the effects of two typical strength training sessions performed 1 week apart (i.e. repeated bout effect) on sub-maximal running performance and hormonal. Fourteen resistance-untrained men (age 24.0 ± 3.9 years height 1.83 ± 0.11 m body mass 77.4 ± 14.0 kg VOpeak 48.1 ± 6.1 M kg(-1) min(-1)) undertook two bouts of high-intensity strength training sessions (i.e. six-repetition maximum). Creatine kinase (CK), delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), counter-movement jump (CMJ) as well as concentrations of serum testosterone, cortisol and testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C) were examined prior to and immediately post, 24 (T24) and 48 (T48) h post each strength training bout. Sub-maximal running performance was also conducted at T24 and T48 of each bout. When measures were compared between bouts at T48, the degree of elevation in CK (-58.4 ± 55.6 %) and DOMS (-31.43 ± 42.9 %) and acute reduction in CMJ measures (4.1 ± 5.4 %) were attenuated (p < 0.05) following the second bout. Cortisol was increased until T24 (p 0.05). Sub-maximal running performance was impaired until T24, although changes were not attenuated following the second bout. The initial bout appeared to provide protection against a number of muscle damage indicators suggesting a greater need for recovery following the initial session of typical lower body resistance exercises in resistance-untrained men although sub-maximal running should be avoided following the first two sessions.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 23-02-2021
Abstract: This study examined the effect of match location, score-line, team quality and match outcome on the expression of team playing styles in the National Rugby League (NRL) across the 2015–2019 seasons. Thirty-eight performance indicators (e.g. offloads, runs) from all NRL games (n = 2010) were collected. Match-related factors examined were location (home/away/neutral), match type (absolute score differential), team quality (end of season ladder position) and outcome (win/draw/loss). Factor analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) were run to identify team playing styles, which were inferred from the clustered dimensions (Factors) of team performance indicators. Discriminant analysis was then used to determine the effect of the match factors on team playing styles. PCA revealed nine Factors accounting for ∼54% of team performance variance. Discriminant analysis did not meaningfully resolve team playing styles for match type, team quality or location (∼34%, ∼46% and ∼58% classification accuracy, respectively). One discriminant function correctly classified ∼81% of matches based on outcome, including four team playing styles defined as ‘attacking play’, ‘linebreaks’, ‘handling errors’ and ‘conceded linebreaks’. Team playing styles characterised by ‘attacking play’ and ‘linebreaks’, coupled with relative defensive efficiency showed the greatest association with winning regardless of team quality, match location or match type. Using similar sport analytical techniques, additional insight into the importance of various team playing styles over the time-course of a match may allow teams to further extrapolate the likelihood of success in real-time.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-06-2019
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-05-2009
DOI: 10.1113/EXPPHYSIOL.2009.046714
Abstract: The reduction of core body temperature (T(C)) is vitally important in the treatment of hyperthermia however, little is known regarding the impact of cooling treatments on the autonomic control of heart rate (HR). The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of three field-based hyperthermia treatments on the neural control of HR via heart rate variability (HRV). Following exercise-induced hyperthermia (T(C) approximately 40.0 degrees C) in a warm environment (34.2 +/- 0.5 degrees C), nine healthy, active men were treated during recovery, in a randomized order, with intravenous cold saline infusion (IV) or ice packs (ICE) or fan cooling with intermittent water spray (FAN) for 40 min. During each treatment, HR dynamics via power spectral (VLF, LF, HF), Poincare plot (SD1, SD2), approximate entropy (ApEn) and short- (alpha(1)) and long-term (alpha(2)) fractal scaling analyses were determined every 10 min. At recovery onset, HR and T(C) were similar between treatments and were significantly reduced over the 40 min recovery period. During recovery, HR and alpha(2) were significantly reduced from initial levels but were significantly greater for IV compared with ICE and FAN. In contrast, VLF, LF, HF, SD1, SD2 and ApEn increased during recovery, with all being significantly lower for IV compared with ICE and/or FAN. The present results demonstrated that IV, compared with ICE and FAN, resulted in significantly greater HR, reduced spectral and geometrical HRV, lower HR complexity and reduced long-term HR control, indicative of reduced vagal and/or increased sympathetic modulation. Specific treatments for exercise-induced hyperthermia may result in an altered sympathovagal balance that requires further examination.
No related grants have been discovered for Wade Sinclair.