ORCID Profile
0000-0003-0547-710X
Current Organisations
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
,
Monash University
Does something not look right? The information on this page has been harvested from data sources that may not be up to date. We continue to work with information providers to improve coverage and quality. To report an issue, use the Feedback Form.
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Applied Sociology, Program Evaluation and Social Impact Assessment | Health Promotion | Criminology | Causes and Prevention of Crime
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAMDA.2017.02.005
Abstract: To determine the risk associated with mortality among nursing home residents within 6 months following an evacuation because of man-made or natural disasters. A systematic review conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Statement. All peer-reviewed studies published in English, French, German, or Spanish between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2015, examining mortality within 6 months of disaster evacuation from a nursing home. Extracted information included study and population characteristics, mortality measures, and risk factors. Studies were examined using the disaster management cycle that considers preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. The 10 included studies were published between 2010 and 2015 with one-half conducted in the United States. Only 3 studies detailed the preparedness stage, and 4 detailed the response stage of the disaster management cycle. Mortality was measured as an indicator of recovery and was found to be elevated at 1 month [from 0.03% (n = 1088) to 10.5% (n = 75)] 3 months [from 0.08% (n = 3091) to 15.2% (n = 197)], and 6 months [from 14.9% (n = 263) and 16.8% (n = 22)] postevacuation compared with pre-evacuation and sheltering-in-place. Studies identified vulnerable residents as being over 80 years of age, frail, dependent, male residents with multiple comorbidities and, made recommendations on disaster preparedness. There is little research on the effects of evacuation on nursing home residents, which is surprising considering the elevated risk of mortality postevacuation. Evacuation seems to have a negative effect on the survival of nursing home residents independent of the effect of the disaster. Standard evacuation procedures may be less applicable to this vulnerable population because of extra challenges they face in disasters.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.HEALTHPLACE.2012.08.002
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between the remoteness of locations in which deaths occur and coroners' decisions to hold inquests. We analysed 16,242 deaths investigated by coroners in three Australian states over 7.5 yrs. We used a choropleth map to show inquest rates in each remoteness locality (excluding deaths for which inquests were mandated by statute). We then used adjusted logistic regression to assess the association between the remoteness of a death's location and the odds coroners would select it for investigation by inquest. We found the remoteness of a death's location strongly and positively predicts the chance that an inquest will be held. Like analogous findings in the delivery of health services, this small-area variation in legal decision making raises questions of appropriateness.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2021
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 02-2010
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 27-01-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-03-2016
DOI: 10.1007/S00127-016-1212-9
Abstract: This study aims to simultaneously examine in idual- and community-level factors associated with railway suicide. We performed a case-control study in Victoria, Australia between 2001 and 2012. Data on cases of railway suicide were obtained from the National Coronial Information System (a database of coronial investigations). Controls were living in iduals randomly selected from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia study, matching to cases on age groups, sex and year of exposures. A conditional logistic regression model was used to assess the in idual-level and community-level influences on in idual odds of railway suicide, controlling for socioeconomic status. In idual-level diagnosed mental illness increased railway suicide odds by six times [95 % confidence interval (CI) 4.5, 9.2]. Community-level factors such as living in an area with a presence of railway tracks [odds ratio (OR) 1.8, 95 % CI 1.2, 2.8], within a city (OR 3.2, 95 % CI 1.9, 5.4), and with a higher overall suicide rate (OR 1.02, 95 % CI 1.01, 1.04) were independently associated with greater in idual odds of railway suicide compared to living in an area without a presence of railway tracks, outside a city, and with a relatively lower overall suicide rate. The effects of mental illness and high incidence of overall suicides are prominent, but not specific on railway suicide. The effects of presence of railway tracks and city residence suggest the importance of accessibility to the railways for in idual risk of railway suicide. Prevention efforts should focus on vulnerable people live in areas with easy access to the railways.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.DRUGPO.2017.12.020
Abstract: In the past two decades, rates of pharmaceutical opioid use and harms resulting from their use (including death) have risen. The present study identified a series of fatal opioid overdoses where there was evidence that witnesses had noted symptoms consistent with overdose, and examined associated contextual factors. A retrospective review was undertaken utilising the Coroners Court of Victoria's Overdose Deaths Register for pharmaceutical opioid overdose deaths between 2011 and 2013. Information on the source of pharmaceutical opioids, co-contributing drugs, history of drug dependence, and mental illness was extracted and coded. Pharmaceutical opioids were involved in 587 deaths, and within these, 125 cases (21%) were witnessed. The majority of these witnessed deaths (77.6%) occurred at the deceased's residence, with the witness being a partner or unrelated acquaintance who did not realise the significance of what they were witnessing. The most common contributing pharmaceutical opioids were methadone (49.6%), codeine (32.0%), and oxycodone (19.2%), with the source more often prescribed than erted. Co-contributing drugs were involved in 110 cases, with the most common being benzodiazepines. Evidence of current dependence and mental illness was found in 53.6% of cases. Most pharmaceutical opioid overdose deaths with a witness present occurred in the deceased's home, with symptoms of overdose being noted, but not acted upon. These findings support the trialling of education and/or naloxone to partners and family members of people who use pharmaceutical opioids in order to reduce overdose deaths.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 29-11-2013
DOI: 10.1136/INJURYPREV-2012-040488
Abstract: Forensic toxicological data provides valuable insight into the potential contribution of alcohol and drugs to external-cause deaths. There is a paucity of material that guides injury researchers on the principles that need to be considered when examining the presence and contribution of alcohol and drugs to these deaths. This paper aims to describe and discuss strengths and limitations of postmortem forensic toxicology s le selection, variations in analytical capabilities and data interpretation for injury prevention research. Issues to be considered by injury researchers include: the circumstances surrounding death (including the medical and drug use history of the deceased person) time and relevant historical factors postmortem changes (including redistribution and instability) laboratory practices specimens used drug concentration and attribution of contribution to death. This paper describes the range of considerations for testing and interpreting postmortem forensic toxicology, particularly when determining impairment or toxicity as possible causal factors in injury deaths. By describing these considerations, this paper has application to decisions about study design and case inclusion in injury prevention research, and to the interpretation of research findings.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1753-6405.2010.00497.X
Abstract: This paper quantifies and describes the nature of coroners' recommendations and comments on fatal heavy vehicle crashes in Victoria, Australia. A retrospective, descriptive study was performed using coroners' findings. Fatal heavy vehicle crashes between January 2001 and December 2007 were identified through coronial databases. In idual findings were examined by incident type. Identified recommendations or preventative comments were reviewed and compared with national heavy vehicle safety objectives. Of 330 fatal crashes, which resulted in 376 deaths, recommendations were made in 21 incidents (6%). From these 21 incidents, 45 separate recommendations or comments were made by coroners. Ten (22%) called for specific remedial action, predominantly targeting road environment changes the remainder had a broader application for prevention. Of the 21 incidents from which these recommendations arose, 11 (52%) were from a public inquest. No recommendation was made following any of the 45 single heavy vehicle crashes. The frequency of coroners' recommendations varied by crash nature including vehicle type involved and number of resulting fatalities. Multiple factors are likely to influence their development, including the holding of a public inquest and the perceived level of preventability. Coroners' investigations serve an important public health and safety role. Recognition of the significance of recommendations for reducing the extent of injury from heavy vehicle crashes and monitoring of their uptake is vital.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-07-2018
DOI: 10.1111/IWJ.12950
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-10-2018
DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2017.1360492
Abstract: This study used medico-legal data to investigate fatal older road user (ORU, aged 65 years and older) crash circumstances and risk factors relating to 4 key components of the Safe System approach (e.g., roads and roadsides, vehicles, road users, and speeds) to identify areas of priority for targeted prevention activity. The Coroners' Court of Victoria's (CCOV) Surveillance Database was searched to identify and describe the frequency and rate per 100,000 population of fatal ORU crashes in the Australian state of Victoria for 2013-2014. Information relating to the deceased ORU, crash characteristics and circumstances, and risk factors was extracted and analyzed. One hundred and thirty-eight unintentional fatal ORU crashes were identified in the CCOV Surveillance Database. Of these fatal ORU crashes, most involved older drivers (44%), followed by older pedestrians (32%), older passengers (17%), older pedal cyclists (4%), older motorcyclists (1%), and older mobility scooter users (1%). The average annual rate of fatal ORU crashes per 100,000 population was 8.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.0-10.2). In terms of the crash characteristics and circumstances, most fatal ORU crashes involved a counterpart (98%), of which the majority were passenger cars (50%) or fixed/stationary objects (25%), including trees (46%) or embankments (23%). In addition, most fatal ORU crashes occurred close to home (73%), on-road (87%), on roads that were paved (94%), on roads with light traffic volume (37%), and during low-risk conditions: between 12 p.m. and 6 p.m. (44%), on weekdays (80%), during daylight (75%), and under dry/clear conditions (81%). Road user (RU) error was identified by the police and/or the coroner for the majority of fatal crashes (55%), with a significant proportion of deceased ORUs deemed to have failed to yield (54%) or misjudged (41%). RU error was the most significant factor identified in fatal ORU crashes, which suggests that there is a limited capacity of the road system to fully accommodate RU errors. Initiatives related to safer roads and roadsides, vehicles, speed zones, as well as behavioral approaches are key areas of priority for targeted activity to prevent fatal ORU crashes in the future.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 29-06-2010
Abstract: To describe the presence of alcohol, cannabis and hetamines in work-related injury deaths in Victoria, 2001-6, an observational study of work-related deaths reported to the State Coroner's Office, Victoria, Australia was conducted. Case and postmortem forensic toxicology data were obtained from the National Coroner's Information System for work-related injury deaths with positive toxicology screens. Over 6&emsp14 years there were 43 worker deaths in a total of 355 unintentional work-related injury deaths. The coroner mentioned the presence of alcohol/drugs in 22 of the 43 worker deaths with positive toxicology screens. Toxicology screens were positive for alcohol and/or drugs in 79 work-related deaths overall. Overall, alcohol was present in 26 (7%) work-related deaths and cannabis or hetamines in 20 (6%). Incidents were mainly transport related. Alcohol and/or drugs were present in a significant portion of work-related deaths. Research is needed to determine the relative contribution of alcohol and drugs compared with other contributing factors to work-related deaths.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 17-08-2022
DOI: 10.1177/08982643211039299
Abstract: This study aimed to quantify and describe the characteristics of emergency department (ED) injury presentations and subsequent hospital admissions among residents of residential aged-care facilities (RACFs) in Victoria, Australia between 2008 and 2018. This study comprised a single jurisdiction population-based study of consecutive injury-related ED presentations of RACFs residents using the Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset (VEMD). The rate of ED injury presentations per 100,000 population decreased by .8% per year over 10 years ( P = .03) however, the rate per 100,000 RACF bed days increased by .6% per year ( P = .05). The proportion of presentations subsequently admitted to hospital increased 4.0% per year ( P .0001). The majority of presentations were due to falls (82.5%), with fracture(s) being the most common injury type (34.0%). The increased rate of ED visits and hospital admissions in RACFs residents highlights the need to design specialized emergency care services and/or provide better direct access to hospital care for this vulnerable population.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-01-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S12024-016-9830-9
Abstract: There is a paucity of research examining the utility of forensic toxicology in the investigation of premature external cause deaths of residents in nursing homes. The aim of this study is to describe the frequency and characteristics of toxicological analysis conducted in external cause (injury-related) deaths amongst nursing home residents in Victoria, Australia. This study was a retrospective cohort study examining external cause deaths among nursing home residents during the period July 1, 2000 to December 31, 2012 in Victoria, Australia, using the National Coronial Information System (NCIS). The variables examined comprised: sex, age group, year-of-death, cause and manner of death. One-third of deaths among nursing home residents in Victoria resulted from external causes (n = 1296, 33.3%) of which just over one-quarter (361, 27.9%) underwent toxicological analysis as part of the medical death investigation. The use of toxicological analysis varied by cause of death with a relatively low proportion conducted in deaths from unintentional falls (n = 286, 24.9%) and choking (n = 36, 40.4%). The use of toxicological analysis decreased as the decedents age increased. Forensic toxicology has the potential to contribute to improving our understanding of premature deaths in nursing home residents however it remains under used and is possibly undervalued.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2018
Abstract: The Victorian Suicide Register (VSR) is a state-based suicide surveillance system that contains detailed information on people who die by suicide and the circumstances surrounding their death. In this paper, we provide an overview of the VSR and then describe the evaluation, which used the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for surveillance system evaluation as a framework. The evaluation drew on three data sources to assess whether the VSR: i) embodies the attributes of a good public health surveillance system and ii) can be used to inform community-based suicide prevention efforts. There was a high level of acceptability and enthusiasm for having an accessible data collection that can stimulate local action on suicide prevention planning. One of the key challenges identified was data quality, particularly around those data collected in the course of death investigations that are not designed for surveillance purposes. The VSR fills an important gap in the sustained and systematic collection of comprehensive information on suicide, with some key challenges identified. Implications for public health: Findings from the evaluation provide important strategic information for national and international jurisdictions seeking to establish their own suicide registers.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2018.11.013
Abstract: Mindfulness has been identified as a potentially effective intervention for reducing road trauma. In this paper, we report on the results of a systematic review which examined the evidence regarding the relationship between mindfulness and road safety. The review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO 2017: CRD42017075704). The primary outcomes measured were crash or near-crash rates and the secondary outcomes were driving violations (including speeding and texting while driving) and driving performance (i.e., errors in driving simulator, etc.). This review was registered with PROSPERO 2017: CRD42017075704. A systematic search of databases from the disciplines of public health, psychology and transport safety (Ovid Cochrane Library, Ovid PsycINFO, Ovid EMBASE, CINAHL PLUS, Ovid TRANSPORT and TRID: TRIS and ITRD database) was conducted on February 7
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-02-2021
DOI: 10.1111/AJAG.12910
Abstract: To evaluate aged care staff's ‘ willingness to help an older person with risk‐taking activities’ that improve quality of life (‘dignity of risk’). Opportunity‐based cross‐sectional anonymous electronic survey in four Australian jurisdictions, conducted immediately after screening a short animated narrative film describing ‘dignity of risk’. Survey comprised nine questions including respondent demographics, professional role, risk‐taking and outcome. From 24 separate screenings, there were 929 respondents. Agreement to ‘ help an older person with risk‐taking activities ’ was associated with respondent prediction of the least severe harm occurring (OR = 2.22 [1.20, 4.12], P = .001). Conversely, respondents in non‐executive, non‐managerial roles—that is, nurses and care workers—were unlikely to agree to help with risk‐taking activities (OR 0.36‐0.49, P ≤ .03). There was not an association with respondent's age grouping ( P = .6). Staff self‐reported attitudes towards dignity of risk are important to understand to enhance in an older person's quality of life.
Managing risk for aging patients in long-term care: a narrative review of practices to support communication, documentation, and safe patient care practices
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2019
DOI: 10.2147/RMHP.S159073
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 09-07-2019
DOI: 10.1136/INJURYPREV-2017-042689
Abstract: To examine the impact of changes to the reporting requirements in coronial legislation on the nature and frequency of nursing home resident deaths reported to Coroners. National retrospective study of a population cohort of nursing home resident deaths. Accredited Australian nursing homes between July 2000 and June 2013. Residents who died in nursing homes accredited by the Aged Care Standards and Accreditation Agency reported to Coroners. We explored three death-reporting models in the nursing home setting: comprehensive model, selective ‘mechanism of death’ model and selective ‘age of death’ model. These models were examined by manner of death subgroups: natural, falls-related and other external causes using the outcome measure of deaths notified to the Coroner per 1000 residents. We used an interrupted time series analysis using generalised linear regression with a negative binomial probability distribution and a log link function. The comprehensive model showed the proportion of reportable deaths due to natural causes far exceeded those from falls and other external cause. In contrast, the selective notification models reduced the total number of reportable deaths. Similarly, the selective ‘age of death’ model showed a decline in the reportable external cause deaths. Variation in the causes, locations and ages of persons whose deaths are legally required to be notified to Coroners impacts the frequency and nature of deaths of nursing home residents investigated by Coroners. This demonstrates that legislation needs to be carefully framed and applied to ensure that the prevention mandate of Coroners in Australia is to be achieved.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-01-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S10995-017-2424-7
Abstract: Background As the evidence continues to emerge about the relationship between sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) and the way an infant sleeps, providing consistent and evidence-informed recommendations on how best to sleep infants is an ongoing challenge. A recent case series study in the state of Victoria, Australia, identified 45.8% of sleep-related infant deaths occurred whilst bed-sharing. This study prompted the need for further exploration of infant sleeping practices, including bed-sharing, in this population. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 2745 mothers attending the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Service across Victoria, Australia was conducted. Data included the prevalence and circumstances of bed-sharing, family demographics, and SUDI risk and protective factors. Associations between bed-sharing and SUDI risk and protective factors were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Bed-sharing prevalence was found to be 44.7%, with 21.5% reporting that this was intended. Multivariate analyses showed bed-sharing was less likely amongst those with an annual household income above $AUS104, 000 (OR 0.72 95% CI 0.54-0.96) and more likely amongst mothers who breastfed (OR 1.71 95% CI 1.23-2.37). Conclusions Bed-sharing prevalence in this population compares closely with the Victorian case series study and a previous cross-sectional study in the state of Queensland, Australia, in 2002. Noted gaps in how families are implementing current recommendations about reducing the risk of SUDI were identified for sleep position, sleep location and the sleep environment. Further consideration needs to be given to addressing these gaps and applying these findings of current bed-sharing practices to the development of infant safe sleeping policy and programs.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 17-11-2020
DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2018.1507855
Abstract: The objective of the study was to determine whether people who died by suicide form groups based on demographic, psychosocial, mental and physical health factors and exposure to stressors. A retrospective case series review of 2,839 in iduals who died by suicide in Victoria, Australia over the period 2009-2013 was conducted. A two-stage cluster analysis was performed. Diagnosis of mental illness was present in 52% of cases and initial cluster analysis determined two groups with the main predictor of group membership being the presence of diagnosed mental illness. Further analysis identified four subgroups within the mental illness group and two within the non-mental illness group. The study demonstrates that suicide does not always occur in the context of mental illness people who die by suicide cannot be considered a homogenous group.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2023
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 18-11-2016
DOI: 10.1136/INJURYPREV-2016-042029
Abstract: A growing number of studies have sought to detect clusters of all suicides, but few have sought to identify clusters of method-specific suicides. Data on railway suicides occurring in Victoria, Australia, between 2001 and 2012 were obtained from the National Coronial Information System. We used the Poisson discrete scan statistic to identify railway suicides that occurred close together in space and/or time. We then used a case-control design to compare clustered railway suicides with non-clustered railway suicides on a range of in idual and neighbourhood factors. We detected four spatial clusters that accounted for 35% of all railway suicides. Railway suicides by in iduals who were hospitalised for mental illness had nearly double the odds of being in a cluster compared with those in iduals who had never been hospitalised (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.02 to 3.18). Higher frequency train services were associated with increased odds of being in a cluster (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.19). No other predictors were associated with being in a cluster. Railway suicides that occur in clusters warrant particular attention because of the ripple effect they can have for communities and the risk that they may lead to copycat acts. Railway suicide prevention strategies should consider the fact that these suicides can occur in clusters, particularly among in iduals who had previous hospitalisations for mental illness or live in areas with high-frequency train services.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-11-2017
DOI: 10.1111/JGS.15051
Abstract: To describe the frequency and nature of deaths from resident-to-resident aggression (RRA) in nursing homes in Australia. National population-based retrospective cohort study. Accredited nursing homes in Australia. Residents whose deaths resulted from RRA and were reported to the coroner between July 1, 2000, and December 31, 2013. Cases were identified using the National Coronial Information System, and data on in idual, interpersonal, organizational, and societal factors were collected through review of the paper-based coroners' files. This research identified 28 deaths from RRA over a 14-year study period (0.004 per 100,000 bed days). Most exhibitors of aggression were male (n = 24, 85.7%), and risk of death from RRA was twice as high for male as for female nursing home residents (relative risk (RR) = 2.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.93-4.80, P = .05). Almost 90% of residents involved in RRA had a diagnosis of dementia, and three-quarters had a history of behavioral problems, including wandering and aggression. Dyad analysis showed that exhibitors of aggression were often younger and more recently admitted to the nursing home than targets. RRA incidents commonly occurred in communal areas and during the afternoon and involved a "push and fall." Seven (25%) RRA deaths had a coronial inquest criminal charges were rarely filed. This is the first national study in Australia, and the largest internationally, to examine RRA deaths using medicolegal data. This generates hypotheses for future research on the effect of environmental and organizational factors on the frequency and preventability of RRA.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-09-2005
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1584.2005.00721.X
Abstract: To examine drowning deaths of young children in Victorian dams to identify common contributing factors in order to develop strategies for future prevention. Case records of children aged zero to five years from the State Coroner's Office Victoria were reviewed for the 13-year period 1989-2001. Cases where the child drowned in a dam were extracted for analysis. During the 13-year period there were 27 deaths 11 occurred on farms, five on hobby farms and 11 on properties where it was not specified whether the property was a farm. Almost three quarters of the children were male and the majority were aged between one year and three years. Half of the incidents occurred on the weekend and nearly half occurred during the summer months. Five major factors were common among incidents: stage of the child's development absence of carer supervision child playing outside the house dam within 300 metres of where the child was playing and lack of effective barriers between the dam and the child. The coronial information examined identified patterns of behaviour by both carers and young children that contributed to these deaths. The results support the implementation of strategies such as the promotion of child safe play areas and targeted public awareness c aigns for rural and regional aquatic environments.
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.5694/MJA13.10246
Abstract: To better understand the non-reporting of reportable deaths by determining the frequency and nature of reportable deaths referred to the Coroners Court of Victoria (CCOV) by the Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages (BDM). Review of referrals from BDM to the CCOV between 2003 and 2011 where an external cause of death was recorded on the death certificate, with detailed review for the period 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011. Frequency and nature of deaths referred, accuracy of cause of death recorded on death certificate, and degree of change made to cause of death after investigation. Over 9 years, there were 4283 referrals (annual mean, 476). Of 656 deaths referred between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2011, 320 (48.8%) were found to be reportable. Most causes of death related to injuries less common were choking, deaths after medical procedures, poisoning and transport-related deaths. Most of the deceased were women (55.9%), were aged ≥ 80 years (80.0%), and died in hospital (68.4%). In 309 cases (96.6%), the coroner changed the cause of death after investigation, with a major change in 146 (45.6%), minor change in 160 (50.0%), and deletion of comorbidities in three (0.9%). Twenty-one cases (6.6%) were investigated further, with one proceeding to an inquest. Deaths referred by BDM represent a proportion of the unquantified pool of non-reported deaths. Non-reporting of potentially reportable deaths and inaccurate completion of death certificates have significant implications for the health system and community. Further education of medical practitioners about reportable deaths and death certificates is required. Doctors should report any death about which they have doubt.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2017.03.057
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with the choice of trains over other means of suicide. We performed a case-control study using data on all suicides in Victoria, Australia between 2009 and 2012. Cases were those who died by rail suicide and controls were those who died by suicide by any other means. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between the choice of trains and a range of in idual-level and neighbourhood-level factors. In iduals who were never married had double odds of using trains compared to in iduals who were married. Those from areas with a higher proportion of people who travel to work by train also had greater odds of dying by railway suicide compared to those from areas with a relatively lower proportion of people who travel to work by train. Prevention efforts should consider limiting access to the railways and other evidence-based suicide prevention activities.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-06-2018
DOI: 10.1111/IWJ.12940
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-05-2016
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 31-12-2015
Abstract: Domestic/Family Violence Death Reviews (D/FVDRs) have been established in a number of high-income countries since 1990 as a mechanism to inform prevention-focused interventions to reduce domestic/family violence. D/FVDRs differ in their structure, governance, case identification processes and inclusion criteria, review measures, and outputs. Outside of the United States, the extent of heterogeneity across and within countries has not been explored. This study comprised an international comparison of D/FVDRs and their core elements to inform the establishment of D/FVDRs in other developed countries, and potentially low- and middle-income countries where violence is a leading cause of death. Such a review is also a necessary foundation for any future evaluation D/FVDRs. The review identified 71 jurisdictions where a D/FVDRs had been established in the past two decades, 25 of which met the inclusion criteria. All D/FVDRs examined stated a reduction in deaths as a goal of the review process however, none reported an actual reduction. The focus of the D/FVDRs examined was on intimate partner homicides however, more recently established D/FVDRs include other familial relationships. Almost one third of the D/FVDRs examined reported changes to the domestic/family system that occurred as a result of recommendations made from the review process. While similar in many ways, D/FVDRs differ along a number of important dimensions that make it difficult to identify best practices for jurisdictions considering the establishment of such an initiative. To share knowledge, existing networks should be expanded nationally and internationally to include jurisdictions that may be considering this initiative.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-09-2013
DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2012.717086
Abstract: This population-based retrospective case series study examined the frequency and distribution of protective stratagems (legislatively compliant safety barrier, adequate caregiver supervision, water familiarisation and early administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR]) amongst drowning deaths of young children (0-4 years) in private swimming pools or spas in Victoria, Australia. In 65.0% (52/80) of deaths, none of the four protective stratagems were known to be present and there was only one case where all four were known to be present. This indicates that if the presence of all four stratagems is increased, this may reduce drowning in this age group and setting. While these results are positive, further examination of the presence and interaction of these stratagems for effectiveness is required. Further research is also warranted to explore the impact of enforcement of pool fencing legislation and potential associations between water familiarisation and drowning risk. In addition, a consensus on the definition of adequate supervision in needed.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-03-2020
DOI: 10.1111/AJAG.12787
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 07-05-2018
Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the published research to examine the extent, nature, and risk factors of mortality due to physical restraint use. Method: In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement, this review examined all peer-reviewed studies published in English describing mortality due to physical restraint in nursing home residents. Results: The combined searches yielded 2,016 records of which eight articles were eligible for inclusion. There were 174 deaths due to physical restraint in nursing home residents across the eight studies. Neck compression ( n = 8) was the most common mechanism of harm resulting in death due to mechanical asphyxia. Conclusions: Physical restraint is associated with deaths in nursing home residents. Further research is needed to investigate alternative interventions to restraint use.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-02-2022
DOI: 10.1007/S12024-022-00460-X
Abstract: Emerging evidence suggests that an onset or escalation of interpersonal violence has been occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among persons in intimate or familial relationships. Strangulation (or neck compression) is a common form of interpersonal violence and can result in serious adverse health outcomes, including death. The identification and attribution of injuries from non-fatal strangulation are complex, as there may be an absence of external signs of injury and their appearance may be delayed by many days. There is a heavy reliance on clinician identification of ‘red flag’ symptoms and signs, the presence of which necessitates urgent further assessment. Additional challenges arise when acute non-fatal strangulation symptoms and signs are shared with other clinical conditions. In such cases, differentiating between the conditions based on the symptoms and signs alone is problematic. We present the diagnostic challenges faced when conducting forensic assessments of COVID-19-positive and suspected COVID-19 (S/COVID) patients following allegations of non-fatal strangulation in the setting of physical and sexual assaults. The implications of shared symptoms and signs, for forensic clinicians, primary healthcare, and emergency practitioners, as well as other frontline service providers, are discussed.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 23-06-2014
DOI: 10.1136/INJURYPREV-2014-041169
Abstract: To investigate whether the Victorian mandatory personal flotation device wearing regulations that came into effect on 1 December 2005 reduced drowning deaths among recreational boaters in Victoria, Australia. A retrospective population-based 'before and after' study using Victorian coronial data on drowning deaths of occupants of recreational vessels operating in Victorian waters. The annual numbers of deaths in the 5 years after the transition year of the regulations (2005) was compared with the annual numbers of deaths in the 6 years prior to the transition year, using the Mann-Whitney U test. There were 59 recreational boating drowning deaths in the 6-year preintervention period (1 December 1998 to 30 November 2004) compared with 16 in the 5-year postintervention period (1 December 2005 to 30 November 2010). The analysis showed a significant decrease in drowning deaths among all recreational boaters (U=30.0, p=0.01) and among these strata: vessel occupants aged 0-29 years (U=28.0, p=0.02) and 30-59 years (U=27.5, p=0.02), vessel occupants engaged in pleasure cruising (U=29.0, p=0.01) and in 'other' boating activities (U=25.0, p=0.04), boaters on small powerboats ≤4.8 m in length (U=29.5 p=0.01), boaters on motorised (U=29.5 p=0.01) and sail-powered vessels (U=26.0 p=0.04), and occupants of vessels operating in inland waterways (U=30.0 p=0.01). These findings provide further support for the adoption of a regulatory approach to personal flotation device wearing to reduce drowning among recreational boaters.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-10-2018
DOI: 10.1111/AJAG.12586
Abstract: To examine fatal road transport crashes of residential aged care facility (RACF) residents to determine crash characteristics and risk factors. A cross-sectional study of a retrospective national cohort of RACF resident deaths notified to Australian coroners. death occurred between 1 July 2000 and 30 June 2013 mechanism classified as 'transport injury event' and completed coronial investigation. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted on crash characteristics and risk factors. Thirty-eight deaths met the inclusion criteria. Median age of deceased RACF residents was 84 years, and gender was equally distributed. Men were most frequently pedestrians (n = 14, 37%), and women were most frequently motor vehicle passengers (n = 14, 37%). Road user factors contributed to two-thirds of crashes (n = 25, 66%), with 'failure to yield' (n = 17, 45%) most frequent. Reducing fatal crashes of RACF residents requires effective road safety strategies and public awareness of risks for this increasing and vulnerable population.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-01-2017
Abstract: this paper aims to investigate the nature and extent of physical restraint deaths reported to Coroners in Australia over a 13-year period. the study comprised a retrospective cohort study of residents dwelling in accredited nursing homes in Australia whose deaths were reported to the Coroners between 1 July 2000 and 30 June 2013 and was attributed to physical restraint. five deaths in nursing home residents due to physical restraint were reported in Australia over a 13-year period. The median age of residents was 83 years all residents had impaired mobility and had restraints applied for falls prevention. Neck compression and entrapment by the restraints was the mechanism of harm in all cases, resulting in restraint asphyxia and mechanical asphyxia, respectively. this national study confirms that the use of physical restraint does cause fatalities, although rare. Further research is still needed to identify which alternatives strategies to restraint are most effective, and to examine the reporting system for physical restraint-related deaths.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.LEGALMED.2018.11.006
Abstract: Sexual assault is the least acknowledged, detected, and reported type of assault against nursing home residents. Nursing home staff are responsible for reporting suspected allegations to the police, who will contact a clinical forensic examiner to conduct a forensic medical examination. This study examined the epidemiology of sexual assaults of older women (aged 65 years and older) residing in nursing homes in Victoria, Australia, between 2000 and 2015, whose alleged incidents were referred to a clinical forensic examiner for a forensic medical examination. A retrospective analysis of alleged sexual assaults reported to the Clinical Forensic Medicine Unit at the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2015 was conducted. The study identified 28 forensic medical examinations performed for alleged sexual assault. The alleged victims frequently had cognitive impairments injuries were infrequent and alleged victims were cooperative. The forensic medical examiner responded within 72 h of reporting and frequently noted limitations to physical examinations of the alleged victim. The actual number of sexual assaults during this period may be masked by under-reporting and, lack of identification by nursing home staff. There are many unresolved issues including: incidence, levels of reporting, nature of investigations, responses required to assist the victim, and the interventions needed to prevent sexual assault. Better data is vital. This data should be standardized, validated, reliable, and gathered prospectively across Australia and internationally.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-05-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S00414-023-03022-0
Abstract: Older adult homicide is unique and under-researched, requiring immediate attention due to the rapidly ageing population. The current study aims to contribute to the description of homicide at the in idual, interpersonal, incident and community levels. This research comprised a whole of state jurisdiction population-based retrospective analysis of homicide deaths of older adults aged 65 years and older reported to the Coroner between 2001 and 2015. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted to compare older adult homicides by sex and the deceased-offender relationship. There were 59 homicide incidents involving 23 female and 36 male deceased (median age=72 years) and 16 female and 41 male offenders (median age=41 years). In idual factors included the following: Deceased frequently had a recorded physical illness (66%), and over one-third were born overseas (37%) or had recent contact with general practitioners and human services (36%). Offenders frequently had a history of illicit drug or alcohol use (63%), diagnosed mental illness (63%) and historical exposure to violence (61%). Interpersonal factors included the following: The deceased-offender relationship tended to be intimate or familial (63%). Incidents factors included the following: incident predominantly occurred in the victim’s home (73%), involving the use of a sharp object (36%), bodily force (31%) or blunt force (20%). The older adult homicide is characterised by poor health in the victim, mental illness, substance abuse or a history of conflict in the either the victim or the offender, familial deceased-offender relationship and the home as the incident location. The results identify future prevention opportunities in clinical and human services settings.
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK
Date: 2017
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 11-2014
DOI: 10.5694/MJA14.00165
Abstract: The Coroners Prevention Unit at the Coroners Court of Victoria (CCV) is a multidisciplinary team that investigates deaths referred by the state's coroners, with a view to identifying prevention opportunities. The death of a woman from acute aortic dissection (AAD) after an emergency department attendance prompted the coroner to request a roundtable meeting with emergency physicians (EPs) from Melbourne. The round table was attended by 17 EPs from Melbourne hospitals, along with representatives from the CCV. The meeting identified important clinical, system and cultural features of AAD presentation and management that might be useful in improving case detection and management, and hence outcomes. A key recommendation was that EPs teach junior staff that AAD is the "subarachnoid haemorrhage of chest pain", to change the way patients with chest pain are assessed, with an emphasis on red flags for AAD being considered at the beginning of any discussion. This innovative collaboration between the CCV and EPs may serve as a model for future interactions between the CCV and the medical profession.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-11-2017
DOI: 10.1111/OPN.12180
Abstract: To examine whether residential respite care increases the risk of harm to older people and suggest directions for future research and policy. Respite care is a vital part of the aged care system that supports dependent older people and their caregivers to continue residing in the community. There is little research determining whether an older person experiences harm from residential respite. This commentary considered conceptual research and existing empirical evidence to determine whether the risk of death was greater during residential respite care for older people. Evidence on the mortality in contemporary respite care is extremely limited with the majority of studies published almost 20 years ago and focussing on planned respite admissions. The evidence available has limitations in design and lacks comparison groups and key variables relevant to outcome and risk stratification. Nonetheless, it provides a theoretical basis supporting that the potential for harm and mortality may be increased during a residential respite care admission. The question of whether residential respite care presents significant risks to older people remains unanswered. Substantial changes in practice since the last century make the existing empirical evidence redundant. However, there is much to learn by reflecting on omissions of important details from these studies. A full and objective understanding of the harm associated with residential respite care for older people requires reopening and re-examining this area with robust research. Informed professional nursing practice and policy requires an empirical evidence basis to residential respite care.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-07-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JGS.12929
Abstract: To systematically review published research characterizing the nature and circumstances surrounding the death of older people in nursing homes specifically using information generated for medicolegal death investigations. Systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement using the key words death, nursing homes, and medicolegal death investigation. Cross-sectional data from original, peer-reviewed articles published in English between 2000 and 2013 describing deaths of nursing home residents. Information was extracted for analysis about study and population characteristics, number and type of deaths, study design, findings, and limitations. Thirteen studies were identified. The studies examined external causes of deaths from suicide, choking, restraint or bed-related injuries, falls, and pressure injuries. Deaths were more frequent in women with existing comorbidities. Suicide was predominant in men. Identified risk factors and opportunities to reduce harm were identified at in idual, organizational, and structural levels. Overall, the quality of the studies limited the aggregation and comparability of findings. This systematic review informs researchers, clinicians and policy-makers about how to reduce external causes of death in nursing homes.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-11-2020
DOI: 10.1111/JGS.16944
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-05-2015
DOI: 10.1002/GPS.4299
Abstract: The aim of this study is to systematically review published research describing the frequency, nature, and contributing factors of completed suicides among nursing home residents. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement, this review examined all original, peer-reviewed literature published in English between 1 January 1949 and 31 December 2013 describing completed suicides among nursing home residents. Information extracted for analysis included: study and population characteristics, method of suicide, potential risk factors, and interventions. Eight studies were identified the majority (n = 5) conducted in the United States of America. There were 113 suicides in nursing homes reported in the literature, 101 with detailed information available for aggregate analysis. The majority were male (n = 62, 61.4%), aged between 61 and 93 years. Suicide was most commonly by hanging (n = 27, 38.0%) or falling from a height (n = 27, 38.0%). Risk factors were considered in a proportion of studies. Depression was examined in 27 cases and present in 18 (67%). Duration of residence was examined in 25 cases, 13 (52%) of which had resided in the nursing home less than 12 months. Physical health was examined in 22 cases, 11 (50%) of whom were experiencing physical decline. Prior suicidal behaviour, cognitive function, and personal loss were also examined. Organizational risk factors and intervention strategies were rarely considered. There is a paucity of research describing completed suicide among nursing home residents. More large-scale research is required using standardized methods for reporting information to better understand and prevent completed suicides in this setting.
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 03-2014
DOI: 10.5694/MJA13.00149
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 28-01-2015
Abstract: resident-to-resident aggression (RRA) is an understudied form of elder abuse in nursing homes. the purpose of this systematic review was to examine the published research on the frequency, nature, contributing factors and outcomes of RRA in nursing homes. in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement, this review examined all original, peer-reviewed research published in English, French, German, Italian or Spanish between 1st January 1949 and 31st December 2013 describing incidents of RRA in nursing homes. The following information was extracted for analysis: study and population characteristics main findings (including prevalence, predisposing factors, triggers, nature of incidents, outcomes and interventions). eighteen studies were identified, 12 quantitative and 6 qualitative. The frequency of RRA ranged from 1 to 122 incidents, with insufficient information across the studies to calculate prevalence. RRA commonly occurred between exhibitors with higher levels of cognitive awareness and physical functionality and a history of aggressive behaviours, and female targets who were cognitively impaired with a history of behavioural issues including wandering. RRA most commonly took place in the afternoon in communal settings, was often triggered by communication issues and invasion of space, or was unprovoked. Limited information exists on organisational factors contributing to RRA and the outcomes for targets of aggression. we must continue to grow our knowledge base on the nature and circumstances of RRA to prevent harm to an increasing vulnerable population of nursing home residents and ensure a safe working environment for staff.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JGS.13377
Abstract: To describe the nature and extent of external-cause deaths of residents of nursing homes in Victoria, Australia. A retrospective cohort study of all decedents using routinely collected data contained within the National Coronial Information System. Accredited nursing homes in Victoria. Nursing home residents who had died from external causes and whose deaths were reported to the Coroners Court between July 1, 2000, and December 31, 2012. Basic descriptive analysis was conducted to measure frequencies and proportion of exposures within each outcome group, and rates were calculated using population data. One thousand two hundred ninety-six external cause deaths of nursing home residents were identified. Deaths were due to falls (n=1,155, 89.1%), choking (n=89, 6.9%), suicide (n=17, 1.3%), complications of clinical care (n=8, 0.6%) and resident-on-resident assault (n=7, 0.5%). Deaths occurred more frequently in women (n=814, 62.8%), in keeping with the sex distribution in nursing homes, and residents aged 85 and older (n=923, 71.2%). The number of inquests held to investigate a death as a matter of public interest was small (n=24, 1.9%). A significant proportion of nursing home resident deaths are from external causes and are potentially preventable. A shift in community attitudes is required toward an understanding that premature death of a resident from injury is not a natural part of life.
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 02-2018
DOI: 10.5694/MJA17.00695
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-04-2018
Abstract: The dramatic growth in the older adults (65 years+) has created an equivalent increase in the number of nursing home (NH) residents. NH residents often lack physical and cognitive abilities, making them particularly vulnerable to assault. Although sexual assault is among one of the most shocking types of assault, it is also the least acknowledged, detected, and reported type of assault against NH residents. This systematic review examines victim erpetrator sociodemographic and relationship characteristics as well as the forensic characteristics of sexual assaults occurring in NH. A 7 database systematic search of studies published between January 1, 1949 and October 26, 2015 was conducted that examined sexual assaults in NH. Articles reporting on sexual assault in NH and other institutional settings were eligible. Community-dwelling populations and studies not describing sexual assault or physical aspects of sexual assault were excluded. Sexual assault was not restricted to a single definition, study method, or country. Fifteen studies met inclusion criteria. Sexual assault was the least reported type of assault in NH. Victims of sexual assault were likely to be females with cognitive or physical impairments. Perpetrators were likely to be male residents, although staff members were also substantiated. Forensic characteristics and investigative data were limited. Study limitation included inconsistencies between study purposes and small s le sizes. This review highlights a gap in knowledge regarding sexual assaults in NH and demonstrates a need for better staff training in detecting, examining, and managing sexual assaults in NH.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-07-2017
DOI: 10.1093/AJE/KWX052
Abstract: Scholarly debate on the use of deceased controls in epidemiologic research continues. This systematic review examined published epidemiologic research using deceased persons as a control group. A systematic search of 5 major biomedical literature databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, and EMBASE) was conducted, using variations of the search terms "deceased" and "controls" to identify relevant peer-reviewed journal articles. Information was sought on study design, rationale for using deceased controls, application of theoretical principles of control selection, and discussion of the use of deceased controls. The review identified 134 studies using deceased controls published in English between 1978 and 2015. Common health outcomes under investigation included cancer (n = 31 23.1%), nervous system diseases (n = 26 19.4%), and injury and other external causes (n = 22 16.4%). The majority of studies used deceased controls for comparison with deceased cases (n = 95 70.9%). Investigators rarely presented their rationale for control selection (n = 25/134 18.7%) however, common reasons included comparability of information on exposures, lack of appropriate controls from other sources, and counteracting bias associated with living controls. Comparable accuracy was the most frequently observed principle of control selection (n = 92 68.7%). This review highlights the breadth of research using deceased controls and indicates their appropriateness in studies using deceased cases.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 05-02-2018
Abstract: Objective: This study examines the impact of the transition process on the mortality of elderly in iduals following their first admission to nursing home from the community at 1, 3, and 6 months postadmission, and causes and risk factors for death. Method: A systematic review of relevant studies published between 2000 and 2015 was conducted using key search terms: first admission, death, and nursing homes. Results: Eleven cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. Mortality within the first 6 month postadmission varied from 0% to 34% (median = 20.2). Causes of deaths were not reported. Heightened mortality was not wholly explained by intrinsic resident factors. Only two studies investigated the influence of facility factors, and found an increased risk in facilities with high antipsychotics use. Discussion: Mortality in the immediate period following admission may not simply be due to an in idual’s health status. Transition processes and facility characteristics are potentially independent and modifiable risk factors.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-03-2019
DOI: 10.1111/AJAG.12650
Abstract: This commentary aimed to determine whether nursing home (NH) providers have a responsibility for the safe mobility of residents outside the facility. The Safe System approach was applied to NH resident road safety, and fatality crash data involving NH residents were reviewed, to identify potential countermeasures to prevent injurious road crashes for older people living in a NH. Viewing NH resident road safety through the Safe System approach identified actions that NH providers can take to actively contribute to: safe roads/roadsides for residents by better land use, infrastructure and design improvements ensuring vehicles purchased and used for transporting residents have safety features safe speed zones within and on nearby streets to NH and safer road user behaviour through ensuring travel care plans for each resident. Applying the Safe System approach has provided new and innovative insights into how road safety can be improved for NH residents.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 19-05-2016
DOI: 10.1017/S0144686X16000428
Abstract: The concept and potential implications of a premature death of an older person are under-recognised and misunderstood by society. Clinical, forensic and public health practitioners need to redress this gap to prepare society better for a future where an increasing proportion of the population are vulnerable older people. Reliable and valid information is paramount for understanding how many older people have premature, preventable deaths, with implications for aged care services, health-care expenditure, quality and safety, and human rights. Our aim is to: (a) provide discourse on the limitations and challenges to the use of the concepts ‘premature’ and ‘preventable’ deaths, examining the situation for nursing home residents and (b) propose the use of a novel classification system of ‘treated’, ‘un-treated’ and ‘untreatable’ causes of death that is more sophisticated and reflects the demographic reality of our ageing population. Accepting that preventable, premature deaths may happen to older people and adopting a new classification is a novel approach that has considerable benefits for health and life care of older persons. Improved assessment of the quality of care provided, including identification of health or life care practices that are unsafe or deleterious, can be identified and addressed.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 10-02-2017
Abstract: Prevention efforts, especially in high-income countries, have reduced work-related death and injury. Despite this, the global incidence of workplace fatalities remains unacceptably high with approximately 317 million incidents occurring on the job annually. Of particular concern is the occurrence and re-occurrence of incidents with a similar cause and circumstance, such as fatalities occurring in agriculture and transport industries. Efforts to reduce workplace fatalities include surveillance and reporting, investigation, and regulation. Challenges remain in all three domains, limiting the prevention of work-related injuries and deaths. In this commentary, the nature of these challenges and recommendations on how to overcome them are described. Ex les of incidents of workplace injury and death, as well as injury prevention efforts are provided to ensure contextual understanding. Reflecting on the present enhances key stakeholders, policy and decision-makers’ understanding of the opportunities to reducing harm and the associated human, and economic and legal costs.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-07-2013
Abstract: In Australia, a significant proportion of homicides occur in a domestic context, many following an identifiable history of domestic violence. For this reason, many domestic violence homicides are considered to be preventable. Sector advocacy and policy reform has reframed domestic violence as a serious social issue. In keeping with international trends, domestic violence death review teams have been introduced in Australia. These review teams examine domestic violence homicides to identify systemic gaps in service responses to prevent future deaths. This article describes the operational Australian domestic violence death review teams and the Australian Domestic and Family Violence Death Review Network.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2023
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-02-2018
DOI: 10.1111/IWJ.12885
Publisher: AMPCo
Date: 06-2017
DOI: 10.5694/MJA16.00873
Abstract: To conduct a descriptive epidemiological analysis of external cause deaths (premature, usually injury-related, and potentially preventable) of nursing home residents in Australia. Retrospective study of a cohort of nursing home residents, using coronial data routinely recorded by the National Coronial Information System. Residents of accredited Australian nursing homes, whose deaths were reported to coroners between 1 July 2000 and 30 June 2013, and determined to have resulted from external causes. Causes of death, analysed by sex and age group, and by location of incidents leading to death and location of death. Rates of death were estimated on the basis of Australian Bureau of Statistics population and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare nursing home data. Of 21672 deaths of nursing home residents, 3289 (15.2%) resulted from external causes. The most frequent mechanisms of death were falls (2679 cases, 81.5%), choking (261 cases, 7.9%) and suicide (146 cases, 4.4%). The incidents leading to death usually occurred in the nursing home (95.8%), but the deaths more frequently occurred outside the nursing home (67.1%). The annual number of external cause deaths in nursing homes increased during the study period (from 1.2 per 1000 admissions in 2001-02 to 5.3 per 1000 admissions in 2011-12). The incidence of premature and potentially preventable deaths of nursing home residents has increased over the past decade. A national policy framework is needed to reduce the incidence of premature deaths among Australians living in nursing homes.
Publisher: CMA Joule Inc.
Date: 30-01-2012
DOI: 10.1503/CMAJ.110865
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-12-2015
DOI: 10.1007/S10995-015-1888-6
Abstract: There is general agreement that in some circumstances, sharing a sleep surface of any kind with an infant increases the risk of sudden unexpected death in infancy. There is a paucity of research conducted in Australia examining this issue. This study examines the frequency and distribution of sleep-related infant deaths in a defined population, and reports the proportion that occurred in the context of bed-sharing. A retrospective population-based case series study was conducted of infants (≤365 days) who died in a sleeping context during the period 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2010 in the state of Victoria, Australia. Information about the infant, caregiver, sleeping environment and bed-sharing was collected from a review of the coroner's death investigation record. During the 3-year study period, 72 infant deaths occurred in a sleeping context. Of these, 33 (45.8 %) occurred in the context of bed-sharing: n = 7 in 2008 n = 11 in 2009 and n = 15 in 2010. Further analysis of the 33 deaths occurring in the context of bed-sharing showed that in this group, bed-sharing was largely intentional, habitual and most often involved the mother as one of the parties. Given the case series nature of the study design, a causal relationship between bed-sharing and infant death could not be inferred. However the fact that nearly half of all sleep-related deaths occurred in the context of bed-sharing, provides strong support for the need to undertake definitive analytic studies in Australia so that evidence-based advice can be provided to families regarding the safety of bed-sharing practices.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 28-02-2018
DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2018.1426911
Abstract: This study used medicolegal data to investigate fatal older road user (ORU) crash circumstances and risk factors relating to four key components of the Safe System approach (e.g., roads and roadsides, vehicles, road users, and speeds) to identify areas of priority for targeted prevention activity. The Coroners Court of Victoria's Surveillance Database was searched to identify coronial records with at least one deceased ORU in the state of Victoria, Australia, for 2013-2014. Information relating to the ORU, crash characteristics and circumstances, and risk factors was extracted and analyzed. The average rate of fatal ORU crashes per 100,000 population was 8.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.0-10.2), which was more than double the average rate of fatal middle-aged road user crashes (3.6, 95% CI 2.5-4.6). There was a significant relationship between age group and deceased road user type (χ Road user error was the most significant risk factor identified in fatal ORU crashes, which suggests that there is a limited capacity of the Victorian road system to fully accommodate road user errors. Initiatives related to safer roads and roadsides, vehicles, and speed zones, as well as behavioral approaches, are key areas of priority for targeted activity to prevent fatal older road user crashes in the future.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-07-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S00414-023-03059-1
Abstract: Hanging is a common type of death, and the role of the medical investigation of such deaths by a forensic pathologist not only requires the determination of the cause of death but providing information to assist in the determination of the manner of death. The forensic pathologist should be well versed in the spectrum of injuries known to be associated with neck compression, to document injuries known to be associated with hanging, but also to identify those that are inconsistent with self-inflicted hanging or that may suggest the involvement of a third party in the death. Comprehensive identification and correct interpretation of external and internal injury are crucial for the appropriate degree of police and coroner/medical examiner investigation. We present two cases of deaths believed to be caused by self-inflicted hanging that were observed to have unexpected unilateral dislocation of the temporomandibular joint identified on routine post-mortem computed tomography, without any evidence of involvement of a third party. This injury was unexplained and had not been previously observed at our Forensic Institute nor was it identified after a review of the published biomedical research literature. Issues regarding the cause of this abnormality, possible mechanisms, and the medicolegal significance of this finding will be discussed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
Start Date: 05-2019
End Date: 12-2022
Amount: $326,150.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity