Peter Lacy

A review on the economics of artificial intelligence

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 25-04-2021

DOI: 10.1111/JOES.12422

Abstract: The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) not only represents a scientific breakthrough but also has impacts on human society and economies, as well as on the development of economics. This paper focuses on the macroeconomic perspective, reviewing recent literature in order to answer three key questions. First, what approaches are being used to represent AI in economic models? Second, will AI technology have an impact on the economy different from that of previous new technologies? Third, in which aspects will AI have an impact, and what is the empirical evidence for these effects of AI? On the first question, our review reveals that the incorporation of AI into economic models raises fundamental questions on economics and economic models. On the second question, while most empirical studies cannot deny the existence of the Solow Paradox for AI technology, some studies find that AI would have a different and broader impact than previous technologies. On the third question, studies on the labor market seem to suggest a stylized fact regarding the impact of AI on employment on different levels, and income inequality across skill levels and between developing and developed countries. The impacts of AI on international trade and education have been largely neglected and are worth further research in the future. It is also important for both theoretical and empirical studies to have a clear and accurate definition of AI so that the results are not misinterpreted.

US–China rivalry: The macro policy choices

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 18-08-2020

DOI: 10.1111/TWEC.12992

Identifying Isolated Systolic Hypertension From Upper-Arm Cuff Blood Pressure Compared With Invasive Measurements

Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Date: 02-2021

DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16109

Abstract: Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) is the most common form of hypertension and is highly prevalent in older people. We recently showed differences between upper-arm cuff and invasive blood pressure (BP) become greater with increasing age, which could influence correct identification of ISH. This study sought to determine the difference between identification of ISH by cuff BP compared with invasive BP. Cuff BP and invasive aortic BP were measured in 1695 subjects (median 64 years, interquartile range [55–72], 68% male) from the INSPECT (Invasive Blood Pressure Consortium) database. Data were recorded during coronary angiography among 29 studies, using 21 different cuff BP devices. ISH was defined as ≥130/ mm Hg using cuff BP compared with invasive aortic BP as the reference. The prevalence of ISH was 24% (n=407) according to cuff BP but 38% (n=642) according to invasive aortic BP. There was fair agreement (Cohen κ, 0.36) and 72% concordance between cuff and invasive aortic BP for identifying ISH. Among the 28% of subjects (n=471) with misclassification of ISH status by cuff BP, 20% (n=96) of the difference was due to lower cuff systolic BP compared with invasive aortic systolic BP (mean, −16.4 mm Hg [95% CI, −18.7 to −14.1]), whereas 49% (n=231) was from higher cuff diastolic BP compared with invasive aortic diastolic BP (+14.2 mm Hg [95% CI, 11.5−16.9]). In conclusion, compared with invasive BP, cuff BP fails to identify ISH in a sizeable portion of older people and demonstrates the need to improve cuff BP measurements.

Role of Institutional Quality in Determining the R&D Investment of Chinese Firms

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 07-2014

DOI: 10.1111/J.1749-124X.2014.12075.X

International Trade and R&D Investment: Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Firms

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 2016

DOI: 10.1111/CWE.12144

Human capital, institutional quality and industrial upgrading: global insights from industrial data

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 16-09-2016

DOI: 10.1007/S10644-016-9194-X

Income inequality in China: causes and policy responses

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 03-05-2016

DOI: 10.1080/17538963.2016.1168203

Sex Differences in Blood Pressure and Potential Implications for Cardiovascular Risk Management

Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Date: 02-2023

DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19693

Abstract: Accurate blood pressure (BP) measurement is critical for optimal cardiovascular risk management. Age-related trajectories for cuff-measured BP accelerate faster in women compared with men, but whether cuff BP represents the intraarterial (invasive) aortic BP is unknown. This study aimed to determine the sex differences between cuff BP, invasive aortic BP, and the difference between the 2 measurements. Upper-arm cuff BP and invasive aortic BP were measured during coronary angiography in 1615 subjects from the Invasive Blood Pressure Consortium Database. This analysis comprised 22 different cuff BP devices from 28 studies. Subjects were 64±11 years (range 40–89) and 32% women. For the same cuff systolic BP (SBP), invasive aortic SBP was 4.4 mm Hg higher in women compared with men. Cuff and invasive aortic SBP were higher in women compared with men, but the sex difference was more pronounced from invasive aortic SBP, was the lowest in younger ages, and the highest in older ages. Cuff diastolic blood pressure overestimated invasive diastolic blood pressure in both sexes. For cuff and invasive diastolic blood pressure separately, there were sex*age interactions in which diastolic blood pressure was higher in younger men and lower in older men, compared with women. Cuff pulse pressure underestimated invasive aortic pulse pressure in excess of 10 mm Hg for both sexes in older age. For the same cuff SBP, invasive aortic SBP was higher in women compared with men. How this translates to cardiovascular risk prediction needs to be determined, but women may be at higher BP-related risk than estimated by cuff measurements.

Accuracy of Cuff-Measured Blood Pressure

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.JACC.2017.05.064

Abstract: Hypertension (HTN) is the single greatest cardiovascular risk factor worldwide. HTN management is usually guided by brachial cuff blood pressure (BP), but questions have been raised regarding accuracy. This comprehensive analysis determined the accuracy of cuff BP and the consequent effect on BP classification compared with intra-arterial BP reference standards. Three in idual participant data meta-analyses were conducted among studies (from the 1950s to 2016) that measured intra-arterial aortic BP, intra-arterial brachial BP, and cuff BP. A total of 74 studies with 3,073 participants were included. Intra-arterial brachial systolic blood pressure (SBP) was higher than aortic values (8.0 mm Hg 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.9 to 10.1 mm Hg p < 0.0001) and intra-arterial brachial diastolic BP was lower than aortic values (-1.0 mm Hg 95% CI: -2.0 to -0.1 mm Hg p = 0.038). Cuff BP underestimated intra-arterial brachial SBP (-5.7 mm Hg 95% CI: -8.0 to -3.5 mm Hg p < 0.0001) but overestimated intra-arterial diastolic BP (5.5 mm Hg 95% CI: 3.5 to 7.5 mm Hg p < 0.0001). Cuff and intra-arterial aortic SBP showed a small mean difference (0.3 mm Hg 95% CI: -1.5 to 2.1 mm Hg p = 0.77) but poor agreement (mean absolute difference 8.0 mm Hg 95% CI: 7.1 to 8.9 mm Hg). Concordance between BP classification using the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure cuff BP (normal, pre-HTN, and HTN stages 1 and 2) compared with intra-arterial brachial BP was 60%, 50%, 53%, and 80%, and using intra-arterial aortic BP was 79%, 57%, 52%, and 76%, respectively. Using revised intra-arterial thresholds based on cuff BP percentile rank, concordance between BP classification using cuff BP compared with intra-arterial brachial BP was 71%, 66%, 52%, and 76%, and using intra-arterial aortic BP was 74%, 61%, 56%, and 65%, respectively. Cuff BP has variable accuracy for measuring either brachial or aortic intra-arterial BP, and this adversely influences correct BP classification. These findings indicate that stronger accuracy standards for BP devices may improve cardiovascular risk management.

Australian National University

Location: Australia

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Australian National University

Location: No location found

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Peking University

Location: China

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University Of Nottingham

Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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University Of Bath

Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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University College London

Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP200102979

Start Date: 02-2020

End Date: 12-2024

Amount: $500,853.00

Funder: Australian Research Council