ORCID Profile
0000-0002-1752-5431
Current Organisation
National Centre for Nuclear Research
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Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 24-10-2018
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 15-10-2020
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1679575
Abstract: To help inform strategies aimed at increasing muscular fitness levels, we examined factors associated with childhood muscular fitness (strength and power) that preceded the recently observed secular decline. Data were available from a nationally representative s le of Australian children aged 7-15 years in 1985 (n = 8469). Muscular fitness measures included strength (right and left grip, shoulder extension and flexion, and leg strength) and power (standing long jump distance). Anthropometric (adiposity, fat-free mass), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), flexibility, speed capability, physical activity (in idual and parental), dietary quality and intake (fruit, vegetable, protein) and sociodemographic (area-level socioeconomic status (SES), school type) data were available. Statistical analyses included sex-stratified linear regression. Of all examined factors, measures of adiposity, fat-free mass, CRF, flexibility and speed capability were associated with muscular fitness at levels that met Cohen's threshold for important effects (r-squared = 0.02 to 0.28). These findings highlight the multifactorial relationship between muscular fitness and its determinants. Collectively, these factors were powerful in explaining muscular strength (females: r-squared = 0.32 males: r-squared = 0.41) and muscular power (females: r-squared = 0.36 males: r-squared = 0.42). These findings highlight modifiable and environmental factors that could be targeted to increase childhood muscular fitness.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 05-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-08-2023
DOI: 10.1111/APA.16930
Abstract: Determine if asymmetric handgrip strength exists in childhood and adulthood and quantify the degree of tracking of handgrip strength asymmetry over time. Participants from the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study had their right and left handgrip strength measured using handgrip dynamometry in childhood (1985: 9–15 y), young adulthood (2004–06: 26–36 y) and/or mid‐adulthood (2014–19: 36–49 y). Handgrip strength asymmetry was calculated as: strongest handgrip strength/strongest handgrip strength on the other hand. Participants were categorised based on the degree of their asymmetry (0.0%–10.0%, 10.1%–20.0%, 20.1%–30.0%, .0%). Tracking was quantified using Spearman's correlations and log binomial regression. Handgrip strength asymmetry was present in childhood and adulthood ( .0% asymmetry: childhood = 6%, young adulthood = 3%, mid‐adulthood = 4%). Handgrip strength asymmetry did not track between childhood and young‐ ( r = 0.06, 95% CI = −0.02, 0.12) and mid‐adulthood ( r = 0.01, 95% CI = −0.09, 0.10). Tracking was more apparent between young‐ and mid‐adulthood ( r = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.09, 0.22). Participants with .0% asymmetry were at greater risk to maintain this status between childhood and young‐ (RR = 3.53, 95% CI = 1.15, 10.87) and mid‐adulthood (RR = 2.14, 95% CI = 0.45, 10.20). Although handgrip strength asymmetry tracked relatively poorly, asymmetric handgrip strength was apparent in children and adults. Handgrip strength asymmetry does not exclusively affect older adults and should be considered in protocols to better understand its role across the life course.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.SEMARTHRIT.2019.10.001
Abstract: To describe the associations of glucose homeostasis and metabolic syndrome (MetS) measures with knee cartilage defects and cartilage volume in young adults. Fasting blood biochemistry, waist circumference and blood pressure measures were collected 4-5 years prior to knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Blood measures included levels of glucose, insulin, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Homeostatic model assessment 2-insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), HOMA2-beta cell function (HOMA2-β), HOMA2-insulin sensitivity (HOMA-S) and MetS were calculated or defined. Knee cartilage defects and cartilage volume were measured from MRI scans. Data were analysed using log binomial or linear regressions. Among 328 participants (47.3% were females, aged 26-36 years at baseline), 40 (12.7%) had hyperglycaemia and 21 (6.7%) had MetS. Glucose homeostasis measures (except fasting glucose) were associated with tibiofemoral cartilage defects (fasting insulin: relative risk (RR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01 to 1.08 HOMA2-IR: 1.44, 1.08 to 1.92 HOMA2-β: 2.59, 1.33 to 5.07 HOMA2-S: 0.36, 0.18 to 0.72), but not patellar cartilage defects. There were no associations between glucose homeostasis measures and knee cartilage volume. High waist circumference (RR 2.32, 95% CI 1.18 to 4.54) and low HDL-C (RR 1.99, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.69) were associated with tibiofemoral cartilage defects, but no other associations were observed between MetS or its components and cartilage defects or volume. Insulin resistance, high waist circumference and low HDL-C were associated with higher risk of tibiofemoral cartilage defects, suggesting glucose homeostasis and some MetS components may affect early cartilage damage in young adults.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-08-2019
DOI: 10.1111/SMS.13529
Abstract: This study aimed to assess whether the longitudinal association between childhood muscular fitness and adult measures of glucose homeostasis persist despite changes in muscular fitness across the life course. This prospective longitudinal study included 586 participants who had their muscular power (standing long jump distance), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and waist circumference measured as children (aged 9, 12, 15 years) and again 20 years later as adults. In adulthood, these participants also provided a fasting blood s le which was tested for glucose and insulin. Glucose homeostasis measures including insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) and beta cell function (HOMA2-β) were estimated. Child and adult muscular power levels were separated into thirds, and tracking groups (persistently low, decreasing, persistently moderate, increasing, and persistently high) were created. Sex-stratified multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the association between muscular power tracking groups and adult measures of glucose homeostasis. Compared with males with persistently high muscular power, males with increasing and persistently low muscular power had higher fasting insulin (increasing: β = 1.12 mU/L, P = .04 persistently low: β = 2.12 mU/L, P = .001) and HOMA2-β (increasing: β = 8.50%, P = .03 persistently low: β = 11.27%, P = .01) independent of CRF and males with persistently low muscular power had greater fasting insulin (β = 1.22 mU/L, P = .02) and HOMA2-IR (β = 0.14, P = .02) independent of waist circumference. Non-significant associations were present for females. For males, maintaining persistently high muscular power between childhood and adulthood could lead to a healthier adult glucose homeostasis profile.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-08-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-021-01524-8
Abstract: Musculoskeletal fitness is an excellent functional measure that is significantly related to health among youth. Our objective was to identify health-related criterion-referenced cut-points for musculoskeletal fitness (MSF) among youth. A systematic search of two electronic databases (MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus) was conducted in September 2020. Only peer-reviewed studies that developed health-related criterion-referenced cut-points for MSF among youth were eligible provided they included (1) youth aged 5-17 years from the general population, (2) at least one quantitative assessment of MSF (e.g., muscular strength), (3) at least one quantitative assessment of health (e.g., cardiometabolic risk), (4) a criterion for health, and (5) a quantitative analysis [e.g., receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve] of at least one health-related cut-point for MSF. A narrative synthesis was used to describe the results of included studies. Collectively, 13 studies that developed health-related criterion-referenced cut-points for MSF among 14,476 youth from 15 countries were included. Muscular strength demonstrated high discriminatory ability [median area under the curve (AUC) ≥ 0.71] for cardiometabolic risk/metabolic syndrome, sarcopenic obesity risk and bone health, and moderate discriminatory ability (median AUC 0.64-0.70) for asthma. Muscular power also demonstrated high discriminatory ability for bone health but only moderate discriminatory ability for cardiometabolic risk/metabolic syndrome and low discriminatory ability (median AUC 0.56-0.63) for cognition/academic performance. Both muscular endurance and flexibility demonstrated low discriminatory ability for musculoskeletal pain. Health-related cut-points for MSF that demonstrated significant discriminatory ability were generally higher for boys than for girls (for muscular strength and power) and generally increased with age for muscular strength and power but remained stable for flexibility. Data remain insufficient to establish universal health-related cut-points for MSF among youth. Despite variations in the health-related discriminatory ability of different MSF tests, handgrip strength and standing broad jump emerged as the two tests with the highest discriminatory ability. More research, using standardized testing protocols and health-risk definitions, is required to better triangulate universal health-related cut-points for MSF among youth. CRD42020207458.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2018.02.002
Abstract: To assess whether childhood cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscular fitness phenotypes (strength, power, endurance) predict adult glucose homeostasis measures. Prospective longitudinal study. Study examining participants who had physical fitness measured in childhood (aged 7-15 years) and who attended follow-up clinics approximately 20 years later and provided a fasting blood s le which was tested for glucose and insulin. Physical fitness measurements included muscular strength (right and left grip, shoulder flexion, shoulder and leg extension), power (standing long jump distance) and endurance (number of push-ups in 30s), and CRF (1.6km run duration). In adulthood, fasting glucose and insulin levels were used to derive glucose homeostasis measures of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) and beta cell function (HOMA2-β). A standard deviation increase in childhood CRF or muscular strength (males) was associated with fasting glucose (CRF: β=-0.06mmol/L), fasting insulin (CRF: β=-0.73mU/L strength: β=-0.40mU/L), HOMA2-IR (CRF: β=-0.06 strength: β=-0.05) and HOMA2-β (CRF: β=-3.06% strength: β=-2.62%) in adulthood, independent of the alternative fitness phenotype (all p 0.06). CRF and muscular fitness in childhood were inversely associated with measures of fasting insulin, insulin resistance and beta cell function in adulthood. Childhood CRF and muscular fitness could both be potential independent targets for strategies to help reduce the development of adverse glucose homeostasis.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-08-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-020-01328-2
Abstract: Although low child and adult grip strength is associated with adverse cardiometabolic health, how grip strength across the life course associates with type 2 diabetes is unknown. This study identified the relative contribution of grip strength measured at specific life stages (childhood, young adulthood, mid-adulthood) with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes in mid-adulthood. Between 1985 and 2019, 263 participants had their grip strength measured using an isometric dynamometer in childhood (9–15 years), young adulthood (28–36 years) and mid-adulthood (38–49 years). In mid-adulthood, a fasting blood s le was collected and tested for glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Participants were categorized as having prediabetes or type 2 diabetes if fasting glucose levels were ≥ 5.6 mmol or if HbA1c levels were ≥ 5.7% (≥ 39 mmol/mol). A Bayesian relevant life course exposure model examined the association between lifelong grip strength and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. Grip strength at each time point was equally associated with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes in mid-adulthood (childhood: 37%, young adulthood: 36%, mid-adulthood: 28%). A one standard deviation increase in cumulative grip strength was associated with 34% reduced odds of prediabetes or type 2 diabetes in mid-adulthood (OR 0.66, 95% credible interval 0.40, 0.98). Greater grip strength across the life course could protect against the development of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Strategies aimed at increasing muscular strength in childhood and maintaining behaviours to improve strength into adulthood could improve future cardiometabolic health.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-02-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S40279-021-01537-3
Abstract: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), which reflects the overall aerobic capacity of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems, is significantly related to health among youth. The aim of this systematic review was to identify health-related criterion-referenced cut-points for CRF among youth aged 5-17 years. A systematic search of two electronic databases (MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus) was conducted in September 2020. Only peer-reviewed studies that developed health-related criterion-referenced cut-points for CRF among youth were eligible provided they included (1) youth aged 5-17 years from the general population (2) at least one quantitative assessment of CRF (e.g., peak oxygen uptake [[Formula: see text]O Collectively, 29 included studies developed health-related criterion-referenced cut-points for CRF among 193,311 youth from 23 countries. CRF cut-points, expressed as [Formula: see text]O Currently, there is too wide a range of health-related criterion-referenced cut-points for CRF among youth to suggest universal age- and sex-specific thresholds. To further inform the development of universal cut-points, there is a need for additional research, using standardized testing protocols and health-risk definitions, that examines health-related criterion-referenced cut-points for CRF that are age, sex, and culturally erse. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020207458.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 30-07-2020
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002108
Abstract: Child and adult muscular power have been shown to associate with contemporary cardiometabolic health. Muscular power typically persists (tracks) between childhood and adulthood. Few studies span childhood to adulthood, so we aimed to identify modifiable and environmental factors associated with the persistence or change in muscular power across the life course. Prospective study examining 1938 participants who had their muscular power (standing long jump distance) measured in 1985 as children 7–15 yr old and again 20 yr later in adulthood (26–36 yr old). A selection of objectively measured anthropometric characteristics (adiposity and fat-free mass), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), self-reported physical activity, dietary (quality and fruit, vegetable, and protein intake), and sociodemographic data were available at both time points. Muscular power was separated into thirds, and participants were reported as having persistently low, decreasing, persistently moderate, increasing, or persistently high muscular power. Higher adiposity, lower physical activity, diet quality and socioeconomic status (SES) across the life course, and lower adult CRF were associated with persistently low muscular power. Lower adult protein intake and an increase in adiposity over time were associated with decreasing muscular power. An increase in fat-free mass was associated with a reduced probability of decreasing or persistently high muscular power and an increased probability of increasing muscular power. Higher adult fruit intake was associated with increasing muscular power. Lower adiposity across the life course, higher adult CRF and SES, and higher child protein intake were associated with persistently high muscular power. Healthy weight, good CRF, greater protein intake, and high SES are important correlates of high muscular power maintained from childhood to adulthood.
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Date: 06-2021
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-08-2018
DOI: 10.1038/S41366-018-0177-Z
Abstract: Childhood body mass index (BMI) predicts adult glucose homeostasis measures and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but little is known about the predictive utility of other anthropometric measures in childhood. We aimed to identify the anthropometric measure in childhood that best predicts adult glucose homeostasis measures and examine if the combination of additional anthropometric measures further improves predictive utility. A 20-year follow-up of children participating in the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study (n = 2345, aged 7-15 years at baseline). Baseline anthropometric measures were waist circumference (WC), WC adjusted for height, weight adjusted for height, hip circumference, waist-hip-ratio, waist-height-ratio, BMI, conicity index, abdominal volume index (AVI), body adiposity index, and a body shape index. Fasting glucose and insulin levels measured at follow-up were used to define insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), low beta-cell function (HOMA2-β), high fasting insulin, and impaired fasting glucose (IFG). All child anthropometric measures were significantly associated with HOMA2-IR, HOMA2-β, and high fasting insulin (relative risk = 1.12-1.55), but not IFG. AVI had the largest area under receiver-operating curve (AUC) in predicting adult HOMA2-IR (AUC, 95% confidence interval: 0.610, 0.584-0.637), HOMA2-β (0.615, 0.588-0.642) and high fasting insulin (0.613, 0.587-0.639). Combining each additional anthropometric measure with AVI did not appreciably increase predictive utility (an increase of 0.001-0.002 in AUC, p > 0.05 for all). Anthropometric measures from a single time-point in childhood are associated with insulin-related outcomes 20-year later in adulthood. However, overall predictive utility was low and was not substantially enhanced by combining multiple different child anthropometric measures.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.NUMECD.2022.01.018
Abstract: Low muscular strength associates with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, how muscular strength measured at different life stages contribute to the development of MetS is unknown. This study compared the contribution of muscular strength measured in youth, young- and mid-adulthood with MetS in midlife. Prospective longitudinal study of 267 Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study participants who between 1985 and 2019 had measures of muscular strength (dominant grip strength) at three life stages (youth = 9-15 years, young adulthood = 26-36 years, mid-adulthood = 36-49 years) and had their MetS status assessed in mid-adulthood. Bayesian relevant life-course exposure models quantified associations between muscular strength at each life stage with MetS and estimated the maximum accumulated effect of lifelong muscular strength. The contribution of muscular strength at each life stage with MetS was equal (youth = 38%, young adulthood = 28%, mid-adulthood = 34%). A one standard deviation increase in cumulative muscular strength was associated with 46% reduced odds of MetS. Of all MetS components, muscular strength was most strongly negatively associated with high waist circumference. A life-course approach demonstrated reduced odds of MetS in midlife was associated with cumulatively high muscular strength since youth. This supports efforts to promote physical fitness throughout life.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-10-2019
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1523672
Abstract: Previous data have indicated relative stability over time of paediatric jumping performance, but few data exist since the early 2000s. This study quantified the 30-year secular changes in jumping performance of Australian children aged 11-12-years using data from the Australian Schools Health and Fitness Survey (1985, n = 1967) and Growing Up in Australia's Child Health CheckPoint (2015, n = 1765). Both cohorts measured jumping performance (standing long jump distance), anthropometric and demographic data. Secular changes in jumping performance means and quantiles were examined using multivariable linear and quantile regression. Between 1985 and 2015, jumping performance declined by 16.4 cm or by 11.2% (standardised change 0.66 SD, 95%CI 0.60 to 0.73). Adjustment for body mass reduced the effect by 32%, although the decline remained (absolute change - 11.1 cm, 95%CI -12.5 to -9.7 percent change 7.7%, 95%CI 6.7 to 8.6 standardised change 0.51 SD, 95%CI 0.44 to 0.57). This decline was evident across all quantiles. The jumping performance of Australian children aged 11-12-years has declined between 1985 and 2015, with body mass changes accounting for only part of the decline. Efforts should continue to promote paediatric muscular fitness, reduce adiposity, and aim to reverse this decline in jumping performance.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2017.03.021
Abstract: Low muscular fitness levels have previously been reported as an independent risk factor for chronic disease outcomes. Muscular fitness tracking, the ability to maintain levels measured at one point in time to another point in time, was assessed from youth to adulthood to provide insight into whether early identification of low muscular fitness in youth is possible. Prospective longitudinal study. Study including 623 participants who had muscular fitness measures in 1985 (aged 9, 12 or 15 years) and again 20 years later in young adulthood. Measures of muscular fitness were strength (right and left grip, leg, shoulder extension and flexion measured by dynamometer, and a combined strength score) and power (standing long jump distance). Strength and power were relatively stable between youth and adulthood the strongest tracking correlations were observed for the combined strength score (r=0.47, p≤0.001), right grip strength (r=0.43, p≤0.001) and standing long jump (r=0.43, p≤0.001). Youth in the lowest third of muscular fitness had an increased risk of remaining in the lowest third of muscular fitness in adulthood (strength: relative risk (RR)=4.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) (3.19, 6.92) power: RR=4.06 (2.79, 5.90)). Youth with low muscular fitness are at increased risk of maintaining a low muscular fitness level into adulthood. These findings warrant investigation into the long term effects of early interventions that focus on improving low muscular fitness levels in youth which could potentially improve adult muscular fitness and reduce future chronic disease outcomes.
No related grants have been discovered for Brooklyn Fraser.