ORCID Profile
0000-0002-8562-3279
Current Organisations
Indiana University School of Public Health
,
University of Southampton
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Psychology | Psychology not elsewhere classified | Psychology and Cognitive Sciences not elsewhere classified | Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing not elsewhere classified | Criminology | Public Policy | Other Psychology and Cognitive Sciences | Police Administration, Procedures and Practice | Causes and Prevention of Crime |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Rail Safety | Road Public Transport | Road Safety | Emerging Defence Technologies | Crime Prevention | Air Safety | Workplace Safety
Related Links
Publications
Genotype and phenotype schemata as models of situation awareness in dynamic command and control teams
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
Distributed Decision Making in Multihelicopter Teams: Case Study of Mission Planning and Execution from a Noncombatant Evacuation Operation Training Scenario
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2010
DOI: 10.1177/155534341000400405
Abstract: This article presents a naturalistic case study of distributed decision making across military helicopter crews during mission planning and execution scenarios. The aim of the paper was to model the decision making strategies and examine the extent to which the environment supports the helicopter crews. This involved live observation of the crews of five Royal Air Force helicopters as they planned and executed a series of missions in a simulated operational setting as part of their predeployment training. The study revealed that there were differences in the decision-making strategies in colocated and distributed teams. It also showed that colocated teams were more able to resolve information conflicts than were the distributed teams. These findings suggest that the concept of the “death of distance” (i.e., that information and communications technology can overcome the negative effects of distributed teams) is somewhat overstated.
Using work domain analysis to evaluate the impact of technological change on the performance of complex socio-technical systems
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2011
Evolving epidemiology and transmission dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei province, China: a descriptive and modelling study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2020
Coordination during multi‐agency emergency response: issues and solutions
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 26-04-2011
DOI: 10.1108/09653561111126085
Abstract: Coordination between military and civilian agencies has previously been found to be a significant issue that affects the efficiency of multi‐agency system responses to large‐scale emergencies. The purpose of this article is to present the findings derived from a case study focussing on the problems that abound when the military attempts to work with civilian organisations. An integrated framework of human factors methods was used to analyse a Military Aid to the Civilian Authorities training exercise, involving the army and seven other responding agencies. A range of factors that hinder coordination between agencies during multi‐agency emergency responses were identified. Potential solutions for removing these barriers and augmenting coordination levels are proposed. This research suggests that much further work is required in training and designing multi‐agency response systems and procedures in order to optimise coordination between responding agencies. This article presents the first attempt to apply structured, theoretically underpinned human factors methods, to understand the problems that abound when the military works with civilian agencies during large‐scale emergency responses.
Communications and cohesion: a comparison between two command and control paradigms
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2012
Situation Awareness and Automated Shuttles: A Multi-road User Analysis
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2021
Social Contact Patterns and Implications for Infectious Disease Transmission: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Contact Surveys
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 16-06-2021
DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.10.21258720
Abstract: Transmission of respiratory pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 depends on patterns of contact and mixing across populations. Understanding this is crucial to predict pathogen spread and the effectiveness of control efforts. Most analyses of contact patterns to date have focussed on high-income settings. Here, we conduct a systematic review and in idual-participant meta-analysis of surveys carried out in low- and middle-income countries and compare patterns of contact in these settings to surveys previously carried out in high-income countries. Using in idual-level data from 28,503 participants and 413,069 contacts across 27 surveys we explored how contact characteristics (number, location, duration and whether physical) vary across income settings. Contact rates declined with age in high- and upper-middle-income settings, but not in low-income settings, where adults aged 65+ made similar numbers of contacts as younger in iduals and mixed with all age-groups. Across all settings, increasing household size was a key determinant of contact frequency and characteristics, but low-income settings were characterised by the largest, most intergenerational households. A higher proportion of contacts were made at home in low-income settings, and work/school contacts were more frequent in high-income strata. We also observed contrasting effects of gender across income-strata on the frequency, duration and type of contacts in iduals made. These differences in contact patterns between settings have material consequences for both spread of respiratory pathogens, as well as the effectiveness of different non-pharmaceutical interventions. This work is primarily being funded by joint Centre funding from the UK Medical Research Council and DFID (MR/R015600/1).
Using the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) broken-links approach to understand vulnerabilities to disruption in a darknet market.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-06-2019
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1621392
Abstract: Darknet markets provide an anonymous, online platform for users to trade illicit drugs, fraudulent identity data, and other commodities. Although law enforcement agencies have been successful in seising many markets, the Darknet is an agile and dynamic environment and market activities often persist and emerge in a new form. Given this constantly changing environment, new ways of disrupting darknet markets are required. This study used Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) to analyse market activity and understand vulnerabilities to disruption. This involved using the EAST broken-links approach to assess the effects of compromising the transmission of information between tasks and between agents. The analysis identified critical vulnerabilities in the system, which included information involved in registering, depositing funds, communicating listing details to buyers, and communicating dispute resolution messages. This study indicates that systems ergonomics methods-in particular, EAST-can provide insight into system vulnerabilities that might be targeted for disruption.
Complexity theory in accident causation: using AcciMap to identify the systems thinking tenets in 11 catastrophes
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2020
Using the decision ladder to understand road user decision making at actively controlled rail level crossings
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2016.02.013
Abstract: Rail level crossings (RLXs) represent a key strategic risk for railways worldwide. Despite enforcement and engineering countermeasures, user behaviour at RLXs can often confound expectations and erode safety. Research in this area is limited by a relative absence of insights into actual decision making processes and a focus on only a subset of road user types. One-hundred and sixty-six road users (drivers, motorcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians) completed a diary entry for each of 457 naturalistic encounters with RLXs when a train was approaching. The final eligible s le comprised 94 participants and 248 encounters at actively controlled crossings where a violation of the active warnings was possible. The diary incorporated Critical Decision Method probe questions, which enabled user responses to be mapped onto Rasmussen's decision ladder. Twelve percent of crossing events were non-compliant. The underlying decision making was compared to compliant events and a reference decision model to reveal important differences in the structure and type of decision making within and between road user groups. The findings show that engineering countermeasures intended to improve decision making (e.g. flashing lights), may have the opposite effect for some users because the system permits a high level of flexibility for circumvention. Non-motorised users were more likely to access information outside of the warning signals because of their ability to achieve greater proximity to the train tracks and the train itself. The major conundrum in resolving these issues is whether to restrict the amount of time and information available to users so that it cannot be used for circumventing the system or provide more information to help users make safe decisions.
A new approach for designing cognitive artefacts to support disaster management
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 27-04-2010
DOI: 10.1080/00140131003672007
Abstract: The public display of information is not a new phenomenon whiteboards (and blackboards before them) have commonly been used to share information. Once annotated, these collaborative information sources have clear benefits for cognition, reducing the burden on short-term memory and supporting parallel processing. This paper introduces a structured approach for considering the design and development of these cognitive artefacts with the aim of enhancing system performance. To illustrate this approach, a case study of military support to large-scale civilian emergencies is used. Using the introduced process, a number of displays are developed supporting in idual and shared understanding of the domain, enhancing the crisis planning and management process. The case study demonstrates how the proposed structured approach can inform the designer and lead to domain specific designs. A clear trail can be plotted between the analysis of the domain and the development of the cognitive artefacts. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: This paper presents a generic approach for the design of cognitive artefacts to enhance system performance. Illustrated by a case study, it is contended that the approach, and adaptations of it, are applicable to supporting the design of information aids for a wide range of complex domains.
Challenging conventional rural rail level crossing design: Evaluating three new systems thinking-based designs in a driving simulator
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
Can’t Touch This: Hammer Time on Touchscreen Task Performance Variability under Simulated Turbulent Flight Conditions
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-03-2021
From telephones to iPhones: Applying systems thinking to networked, interoperable products
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2008.04.003
Abstract: An expanding array of consumer products have the facility to have things added in and plugged on, their firmware upgraded, and as yet un-thought of future capability supported. In short, more and more products can be connected to something and/or someone, and in doing so are slowly adapting to the current day state of modernity that is called 'the information age'. Inevitably, this brings with it changes in the way that products should be thought about and designed. The purpose of this paper is to try and help product designers and Ergonomists to get a grip on all the complexity and non-linearity that the information age brings with it, and help make themselves and their increasingly networked and interoperable products at home in it. Our case study, Apple's new iPhone, serves as a pertinent ex le.
Human Performance, Situation Awareness, and Automation
Publisher: Psychology Press
Date: 06-01-2005
Pilot error versus sociotechnical systems failure: a distributed situation awareness analysis of Air France 447
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 24-11-2015
An evolutionary approach to network enabled capability
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
From the 6 Ps of Planning to the 4 Ds of Digitization: Difficulties, Dilemmas, and Defective Decision Making
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-03-2010
Corrigendum to “Situation awareness measurement: A review of applicability for C4i environments”
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2007
Does advanced driver training improve situational awareness?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2008.06.002
Abstract: Over 70 years of experiential evidence suggests that a specific form of advanced driver training, one based on an explicit system of car control, improves driver situation awareness (SA). Five experimental hypotheses are developed. They propose that advanced driving should increase the number of information elements in the driver's working memory, increase the interconnection between those elements, increase the amount of 'new' information in memory as well as the prominence of existing information, and that finally, it should stimulate behaviours that help drivers evolve better situations to be aware of. An approach to SA based on Neisser's perceptual cycle theory is anchored to a network based methodology. This is applied within the context of a longitudinal on-road study involving three groups of 25 drivers, all of whom were measured pre- and post-intervention. One experimental group was subject to advanced driver training and two further groups provided control for time and for being accompanied whilst driving. Empirical support is found for all five hypotheses. Advanced driving does improve driver SA but not necessarily in the way that existing situation focused, closed loop models of the concept might predict.
The crash at Kerang: Investigating systemic and psychological factors leading to unintentional non-compliance at rail level crossings
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2012.09.029
Abstract: In 2007 a loaded semi-trailer truck struck a passenger train on a railway level crossing in Northern Victoria, Australia, killing eleven train passengers. Although the incident was formally investigated, why the truck driver proceeded through the crossing in the presence of a train remains unexplained. This article uses two juxtaposed Human Factors approaches to provide insight into the contributory factors underlying the incident. A systems analysis framework is used to examine the rail level crossing system in which the incident occurred and an in idual psychological schema theory account is used to examine the failures which led the truck driver to proceed through the crossing in the presence of a train. The findings suggest that the primary cause of the incident was a looked-but-failed-to-see error driven by a faulty activation of schema error, leading the truck driver to assume initially that the crossing was in fact in a non-activated state with no train present. Moreover, various system-wide factors that shaped the rail level crossing 'system' and thus the incident are identified.
Representing situation awareness in collaborative systems: A case study in the energy distribution domain
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2008
DOI: 10.1080/00140130701636512
Abstract: The concept of distributed situation awareness (DSA) is currently receiving increasing attention from the human factors community. This article investigates DSA in a collaborative real-world industrial setting by discussing the results derived from a recent naturalistic study undertaken within the UK energy distribution domain. The results describe the DSA-related information used by the networks of agents involved in the scenarios analysed, the sharing of this information between the agents and the salience of different information elements used. Thus, the structure, quality and content of each network's DSA is discussed, along with the implications for DSA theory. The findings reinforce the notion that when viewing situation awareness (SA) in collaborative systems, it is useful to focus on the coordinated behaviour of the system itself, rather than on the in idual as the unit of analysis and suggest that the findings from such assessments can potentially be used to inform system, procedure and training design. SA is a critical commodity for teams working in industrial systems and systems, procedures and training programmes should be designed to facilitate efficient system SA acquisition and maintenance. This article presents approaches for describing and understanding SA during real-world collaborative tasks, the outputs from which can potentially be used to inform system, training programmes and procedure design.
From ethnography to the EAST method: A tractable approach for representing distributed cognition in Air Traffic Control
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-01-2010
DOI: 10.1080/00140130903171672
Abstract: Command and control is a generic activity involving the exercise of authority over assigned resources, combined with planning, coordinating and controlling how those resources are used. The challenge for understanding this type of activity is that it is not often amenable to the conventional experimental/methodological approach. Command and control tends to be multi-faceted (so requires more than one method), is made up of interacting socio and technical elements (so requires a systemic approach) and exhibits aggregate behaviours that emerge from these interactions (so requires methods that go beyond reductionism). In these circumstances a distributed cognition approach is highly appropriate yet the existing ethnographic methods make it difficult to apply and, for non-specialist audiences, sometimes difficult to meaningfully interpret. The Event Analysis for Systemic Teamwork method is put forward as a means of working from a distributed cognition perspective but in a way that goes beyond ethnography. A worked ex le from Air Traffic Control is used to illustrate how the language of social science can be translated into the language of systems analysis. Statement of Relevance: Distributed cognition provides a highly appropriate conceptual response to complex work settings such as Air Traffic Control. This paper deals with how to realise those benefits in practice without recourse to problematic ethnographic techniques.
Walking the line: Understanding pedestrian behaviour and risk at rail level crossings with cognitive work analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2015.10.004
Abstract: Pedestrian fatalities at rail level crossings (RLXs) are a public safety concern for governments worldwide. There is little literature examining pedestrian behaviour at RLXs and no previous studies have adopted a formative approach to understanding behaviour in this context. In this article, cognitive work analysis is applied to understand the constraints that shape pedestrian behaviour at RLXs in Melbourne, Australia. The five phases of cognitive work analysis were developed using data gathered via document analysis, behavioural observation, walk-throughs and critical decision method interviews. The analysis demonstrates the complex nature of pedestrian decision making at RLXs and the findings are synthesised to provide a model illustrating the influences on pedestrian decision making in this context (i.e. time, effort and social pressures). Further, the CWA outputs are used to inform an analysis of the risks to safety associated with pedestrian behaviour at RLXs and the identification of potential interventions to reduce risk.
Predicting pilot error: Testing a new methodology and a multi-methods and analysts approach
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2008.10.005
Abstract: The Human Error Template (HET) is a recently developed methodology for predicting design-induced pilot error. This article describes a validation study undertaken to compare the performance of HET against three contemporary Human Error Identification (HEI) approaches when used to predict pilot errors for an approach and landing task and also to compare analyst error predictions to an approach to enhancing error prediction sensitivity: the multiple analysts and methods approach, whereby multiple analyst predictions using a range of HEI techniques are pooled. The findings indicate that, of the four methodologies used in isolation, analysts using the HET methodology offered the most accurate error predictions, and also that the multiple analysts and methods approach was more successful overall in terms of error prediction sensitivity than the three other methods but not the HET approach. The results suggest that when predicting design-induced error, it is appropriate to use a toolkit of different HEI approaches and multiple analysts in order to heighten error prediction sensitivity.
Broken components versus broken systems: why it is systems not people that lose situation awareness
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-01-2015
Using cognitive work analysis and the strategies analysis diagram to understand variability in road user behaviour at intersections
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-2013
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2013.768707
Abstract: In this article, an application of cognitive work analysis (CWA), using the strategies analysis diagram (SAD) method, to model performance variability in road transport, is presented. Specifically, the method was used to describe performance variability across four road user groups (drivers, cyclists, motorcyclists and pedestrians) when turning right at an urban signalised intersection. The analysis demonstrated that the method was able to identify a comprehensive range of strategies that road users can potentially use while turning right at an intersection, thereby describing a range of performance variability within intersection systems. Furthermore, the method identified constraints, disturbances, changes in circumstances and other influences on road user performance variability. It is concluded that the CWA/SAD approach was able to describe both the different ways in which activities can be executed and disturbances, situations and constraints that create performance variability. The implications of these findings for road design and intersection safety are discussed along with the benefits and drawbacks of the methodology used. Recently, the strategies analysis diagram was proposed as a method to support the cognitive work analysis framework in modelling performance variability. This article evaluated this method within a complex sociotechnical system, namely road transport. The application provided insight into performance variability across road user groups when turning right at intersections.
Where do novice and experienced drivers direct their attention on approach to urban rail level crossings?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2015.01.017
Abstract: Crashes at rail level crossings (RLXs) remain a persistent but ill-defined safety issue. In urban areas, RLXs are typically located in areas of high workload and visual clutter, such as busy shopping strips. Despite this, the impact of such environments on driver behaviour and compliance with RLX controls is not well understood. This study sought to examine where drivers direct their attention on approach to urban RLXs located in busy shopping strip areas, and whether this differs between novice and experienced drivers. Participants drove an instrumented vehicle around a pre-defined urban route containing several active (flashing light with boom barriers) RLXs. Drivers' visual scanning behaviour and cognitive processes were examined on approach to RLXs. The results suggest that RLXs were not a key focus of drivers' attention. Further, rather than actively scanning, participants were over-reliant on RLX warning signals and the behaviour of surrounding vehicles to alert them to the presence of both trains and RLXs. This study provides important insights into drivers' visual and cognitive behaviour on approach to urban RLXs located in areas of high visual demand.
What the Death Star Can Tell Us About System Safety
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2015
The Elephant in the Room: Normal Performance and Accident Analysis
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2015
Investigating vaccine-induced immunity and its effect in mitigating SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in China
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-01-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S12916-022-02243-1
Abstract: To allow a return to a pre-COVID-19 lifestyle, virtually every country has initiated a vaccination program to mitigate severe disease burden and control transmission. However, it remains to be seen whether herd immunity will be within reach of these programs. We developed a compartmental model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission for China, a population with low prior immunity from natural infection. Two vaccination programs were tested and model-based estimates of the immunity level in the population were provided. We found that it is unlikely to reach herd immunity for the Delta variant given the relatively low efficacy of the vaccines used in China throughout 2021 and the lack of prior natural immunity. We estimated that, assuming a vaccine efficacy of 90% against the infection, vaccine-induced herd immunity would require a coverage of 93% or higher of the Chinese population. However, even when vaccine-induced herd immunity is not reached, we estimated that vaccination programs can reduce SARS-CoV-2 infections by 50–62% in case of an all-or-nothing vaccine model and an epidemic starts to unfold on December 1, 2021. Efforts should be taken to increase population’s confidence and willingness to be vaccinated and to develop highly efficacious vaccines for a wide age range.
Situation awareness measurement: A review of applicability for C4i environments
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2005.02.001
Abstract: The construct of situation awareness (SA) has become a core theme within the human factors (HF) research community. Consequently, there have been numerous attempts to develop reliable and valid measures of SA but there is a lack of techniques developed specifically for the assessment of SA in command, control, communication, computers and intelligence (C4i) environments. During the design, development and evaluation of novel systems, technology and procedures, valid and reliable situation awareness measurement techniques are required for the assessment of in idual and team SA, in order to determine the improvements (or in some cases decrements) resulting from proposed design and technological interventions. The paper presents a review of existing situation awareness measurement techniques for their suitability for use in the assessment of SA in C4i environments. Seventeen SA measures were evaluated against a set of HF methods criteria. It was concluded that current SA measurement techniques are inadequate by themselves for use in the assessment of SA in C4i environments, and a multiple-measure approach utilising different approaches is recommended.
Cognitive compatibility of motorcyclists and car drivers
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2010.11.008
Abstract: Incompatibility between different types of road user is a problem that previous research has shown to be resistant to a range of interventions. Cars and motorcycles are particularly prone to this. Insight is provided in this paper by a naturalistic method using concurrent verbal protocols and an automatic, highly reliable semantic network creation tool. The method shows how the same road situation is interpreted differently by car drivers and motorcyclists in ways congruent with wider accident rates. Analysis of the structure and content of the semantic networks reveals a greater degree of cognitive compatibility on faster roads such as motorways, but evidence of more critical incompatibilities on country roads and junctions. Both of these road types are implicated in helping to activate cognitive schema which in turn generate stereotypical behaviors unfavourable to the anticipation of motorcyclists by car drivers. The results are discussed in terms of practical measures such as road signs which warn of events behind as well as in front, cross-mode training and the concept of route driveability.
Generating Design Requirements for Flight Deck Applications: Applying the Perceptual Cycle Model to Engine Failures on Take-off
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-03-2021
Fitting methods to paradigms: are ergonomics methods fit for systems thinking?
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-01-2016
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1103385
Abstract: The issues being tackled within ergonomics problem spaces are shifting. Although existing paradigms appear relevant for modern day systems, it is worth questioning whether our methods are. This paper asks whether the complexities of systems thinking, a currently ubiquitous ergonomics paradigm, are outpacing the capabilities of our methodological toolkit. This is achieved through examining the contemporary ergonomics problem space and the extent to which ergonomics methods can meet the challenges posed. Specifically, five key areas within the ergonomics paradigm of systems thinking are focused on: normal performance as a cause of accidents, accident prediction, system migration, systems concepts and ergonomics in design. The methods available for pursuing each line of inquiry are discussed, along with their ability to respond to key requirements. In doing so, a series of new methodological requirements and capabilities are identified. It is argued that further methodological development is required to provide researchers and practitioners with appropriate tools to explore both contemporary and future problems. Practitioner Summary: Ergonomics methods are the cornerstone of our discipline. This paper examines whether our current methodological toolkit is fit for purpose given the changing nature of ergonomics problems. The findings provide key research and practice requirements for methodological development.
Infectivity, susceptibility, and risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission under intensive contact tracing in Hunan, China
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-03-2021
DOI: 10.1038/S41467-021-21710-6
Abstract: Several mechanisms driving SARS-CoV-2 transmission remain unclear. Based on in idual records of 1178 potential SARS-CoV-2 infectors and their 15,648 contacts in Hunan, China, we estimated key transmission parameters. The mean generation time was estimated to be 5.7 (median: 5.5, IQR: 4.5, 6.8) days, with infectiousness peaking 1.8 days before symptom onset, with 95% of transmission events occurring between 8.8 days before and 9.5 days after symptom onset. Most transmission events occurred during the pre-symptomatic phase (59.2%). SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility to infection increases with age, while transmissibility is not significantly different between age groups and between symptomatic and asymptomatic in iduals. Contacts in households and exposure to first-generation cases are associated with higher odds of transmission. Our findings support the hypothesis that children can effectively transmit SARS-CoV-2 and highlight how pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission can hinder control efforts.
Quantum ergonomics: shifting the paradigm of the systems agenda
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 26-10-2016
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2016.1231840
Abstract: A paradigm is an accepted world view. If we do not continually question our paradigm then wider trends and movements will overtake the discipline leaving it ill adapted to future challenges. This Special Issue is an opportunity to keep systems thinking at the forefront of ergonomics theory and practice. Systems thinking prompts us to ask whether ergonomics, as a discipline, has been too timid? Too preoccupied with the resolution of immediate problems with industrial-age methods when, approaching fast, are developments which could render these operating assumptions an irrelevance. Practical case studies are presented to show how abstract systems problems can be tackled head-on to deliver highly innovative and cost-effective insights. The strategic direction of the discipline foregrounds high-quality systems problems. These are something the discipline is well able to respond to provided that the appropriate operating paradigms are selected. Practitioner Summary: High-quality systems problems are the future of the discipline. How do we convert obtuse sounding systems concepts into practical interventions? In this paper, the essence of systems thinking is distilled and practical case studies used to demonstrate the benefits of this new paradigm.
Exploring schema-driven differences in situation awareness between road users: An on-road study of driver, cyclist and motorcyclist situation awareness
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-01-2014
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2013.867077
Abstract: Collisions between different road users make a substantial contribution to road trauma. Although evidence suggests that different road users interpret the same road situations differently, it is not clear how road users' situation awareness differs, nor is it clear which differences might lead to conflicts. This article presents the findings from an on-road study conducted to examine driver, motorcyclist and cyclist situation awareness in different road environments. The findings suggest that, in addition to minor differences in the structure of different road users' situation awareness (i.e. amount of information and how it is integrated), the actual content of situation awareness in terms of road user schemata, the resulting interaction with the world and the information underpinning situation awareness is markedly different. Further examination indicates that the differences are likely to be compatible along arterial roads, shopping strips and at roundabouts, but that they may create conflicts between different road users at intersections. Interventions designed to support compatible situation awareness and behaviour between different road users are discussed.
Managing the risks associated with technological disruption in the road transport system: a control structure modelling approach
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-07-2023
Serological evidence of human infection with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2021
Applying cognitive work analysis to the design of rapidly reconfigurable interfaces in complex networks
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2008
State-of-science: situation awareness in individuals, teams and systems
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-02-2017
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1278796
Abstract: Our review addresses one of the most used, but debated, topics in Ergonomics: Situation Awareness (SA). We examine and elaborate upon key SA models. These models are ided into in idual SA, team SA and systems SA categories. Despite, or perhaps because of, the debates surrounding SA it remains an enduring theme for research and practice in the domain of Ergonomics, now for over two decades. A contingent approach, which seeks to match different models of SA to different types of ergonomics problem, enables the differences between positions to be revealed and reconciled, and the practitioner guided towards optimum methodological solutions. Practitioner Summary: Measuring SA in in iduals, teams and systems has become a key objective in Ergonomics. One single approach to SA does not fit all problems encountered. This review shows the importance of considering all three types of models and achieving a match between them and the problem at hand.
Distributed situation awareness in dynamic systems: theoretical development and application of an ergonomics methodology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-10-2006
DOI: 10.1080/00140130600612762
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to propose foundations for a theory of situation awareness based on the analysis of interactions between agents (i.e. both human and non-human) in subsystems. This approach may help to promote a better understanding of technology-mediated interaction in systems, as well as helping in the formulation of hypotheses and predictions concerning distributed situation awareness. It is proposed that agents within a system each hold their own situation awareness, which may be very different from (although compatible with) that of other agents. It is argued that we should not always hope for, or indeed want, sharing of this awareness, as different system agents have different purposes. This view marks situation awareness as a dynamic and collaborative process binding agents together on tasks on a moment-by-moment basis. Implications of this viewpoint for the development of a new theory of, and accompanying methodology for, distributed situation awareness are offered.
Designing sociotechnical systems with cognitive work analysis: putting theory back into practice
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 19-11-2014
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.980335
Abstract: Cognitive work analysis (CWA) is a framework of methods for analysing complex sociotechnical systems. However, the translation from the outputs of CWA to design is not straightforward. Sociotechnical systems theory provides values and principles for the design of sociotechnical systems which may offer a theoretically consistent basis for a design approach for use with CWA. This article explores the extent to which CWA and sociotechnical systems theory offer complementary perspectives and presents an abstraction hierarchy (AH), based on a review of literature, that describes an 'optimal' CWA and sociotechnical systems theory design system. The optimal AH is used to assess the extent to which current CWA-based design practices, uncovered through a survey of CWA practitioners, aligns with sociotechnical systems theory. Recommendations for a design approach that would support the integration of CWA and sociotechnical systems theory design values and principles are also derived.
Situation awareness on the road: Review, theoretical and methodological issues, and future directions
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2012
Digitising Command and Control
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 18-09-2017
Using the abstraction hierarchy to identify how the purpose and structure of road transport systems contributes to road trauma
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
What could they have been thinking? How sociotechnical system design influences cognition: a case study of the Stockwell shooting.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2011
Models and methods for collision analysis: A comparison study based on the Uber collision with a pedestrian
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
The big picture on accident causation: A review, synthesis and meta-analysis of AcciMap studies
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2020
Situation awareness and safety: Contribution or confusion? Situation awareness and safety editorial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2013
Hierarchical task analysis vs. cognitive work analysis: comparison of theory, methodology and contribution to system design
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2010
Testing the reliability of accident analysis methods: a comparison of AcciMap, STAMP-CAST and AcciNet
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 15-06-2823
Planes, trains and automobiles: Contemporary ergonomics research in transportation safety
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
Distributed situation awareness in an Airborne Warning and Control System: application of novel ergonomics methodology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-08-2007
Applying ecological interface design principles to the design of rural highway-rail grade crossing infrastructure
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2017
Abstract: Countries such as Australia and USA have many rail level crossings (a.k.a. highway-rail grade crossings) with limited protection (e.g., static signs only or flashing lights but no physical barriers). Lower cost design solutions are required as upgrading crossings using current infrastructure treatments is cost-prohibitive. Here we applied Ecological Interface Design (EID) principles to develop a novel rail level crossing design for high-speed rural roads, and then evaluated the design via two driving simulator studies. Experiment 1 provided an initial concept evaluation of the crossing, then Experiment 2 evaluated the crossing in safetycritical situations, including when a distractor was present and when crossing infrastructure was damaged through vandalism. Driving performance, subjective workload, and usability were compared against existing rural crossing designs. Findings suggest the EID crossing provides a feasible alternative to existing designs, with the potential to encourage safer decision-making by road users and thus reduce collisions.
Evaluation of novel urban rail level crossing designs using driving simulation
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2016
Abstract: Rail level crossings (RLXs) are a public safety concern internationally. The design of the RLX environment has been implicated in many recent crashes. In this study we evaluated three novel RLX design concepts using a driving simulator. Participants completed four drives, each incorporating one of the RLX designs (one baseline and three novel designs) in both train coming and train not coming mode. Measures of speed and braking on approach were analyzed, along with subjective measures of workload and usability. Superior driving behavior and subjective ratings were achieved for a design that incorporated an in-vehicle device while the lowest subjective ratings were given in relation to a shared space design that incorporated a simplified crossing environment and sharing of the road environment between motorized and non-motorized users. The implications for RLX safety are discussed.
Using cognitive work analysis to explore system flexibility
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2025
What do applications of systems thinking accident analysis methods tell us about accident causation? A systematic review of applications between 1990 and 2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2019
Road transport in drift? Applying contemporary systems thinking to road safety
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2012
Assessing the ‘system’ in safe systems-based road designs: Using cognitive work analysis to evaluate intersection designs
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2013.10.002
Abstract: While a safe systems approach has long been acknowledged as the underlying philosophy of contemporary road safety strategies, systemic applications are sparse. This article argues that systems-based methods from the discipline of Ergonomics have a key role to play in road transport design and evaluation. To demonstrate, the Cognitive Work Analysis framework was used to evaluate two road designs - a traditional Melbourne intersection and a cut-through design for future intersections based on road safety safe systems principles. The results demonstrate that, although the cut-through intersection appears different in layout from the traditional intersection, system constraints are not markedly different. Furthermore, the analyses demonstrated that redistribution of constraints in the cut-through intersection resulted in emergent behaviour, which was not anticipated and could prove problematic. Further, based on the lack of understanding of emergent behaviour, similar design induced problems are apparent across both intersections. Specifically, incompatibilities between infrastructure, vehicles and different road users were not dealt with by the proposed design changes. The importance of applying systems methods in the design and evaluation of road transport systems is discussed.
To stop or not to stop: Contrasting compliant and non-compliant driver behaviour at rural rail level crossings
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2017.09.004
Abstract: Many rail level crossings (RLXs) have only passive protection, such as static signs instructing road users to stop, yield, or look for trains. Stop signs have been suggested as a low-cost option to improve safety at passive RLXs, as requiring drivers to stop should encourage safe behaviour. However, field observations have noted high rates of non-compliance at stop-controlled RLXs. To explore this further, we conducted an on-road study to identify factors that influence compliance at stop-controlled RLXs. Twenty-two drivers drove a 30.5km route in rural Australia, encompassing three stop-controlled RLXs. In over half of all cases (59%) drivers stopped completely at the RLX on 27% of crossings drivers executed a rolling stop, and on 14% of crossings drivers violated the stop controls. Rolling stops were defined as a continuous deceleration to 10km/h. Behavioural patterns, including visual checks and decision-making, were similar when comparing drivers who made complete versus rolling stops. Non-compliant drivers did not differ from compliant drivers in approach speeds, but spent less time visually checking for trains. Post-drive interviews revealed some drivers wilfully disregarded the stop sign, whereas others did not notice the stop sign. Those who intentionally violated noted trains were infrequent and suggested sight distance was good enough (even though all crossings had been formally assessed as having inadequate sight distance). Overall the results suggest most drivers exhibit safe behaviour at passive RLXs, but a notable minority disregard or fail to notice signs. Potential avenues for redesigning passive RLXs to improve safety are discussed.
Translating concepts of complexity to the field of ergonomics
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-09-2010
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2010.513453
Abstract: Since 1958 more than 80 journal papers from the mainstream ergonomics literature have used either the words 'complex' or 'complexity' in their titles. Of those, more than 90% have been published in only the past 20 years. This observation communicates something interesting about the way in which contemporary ergonomics problems are being understood. The study of complexity itself derives from non-linear mathematics but many of its core concepts have found analogies in numerous non-mathematical domains. Set against this cross-disciplinary background, the current paper aims to provide a similar initial mapping to the field of ergonomics. In it, the ergonomics problem space, complexity metrics and powerful concepts such as emergence raise complexity to the status of an important contingency factor in achieving a match between ergonomics problems and ergonomics methods. The concept of relative predictive efficiency is used to illustrate how this match could be achieved in practice. What is clear overall is that a major source of, and solution to, complexity are the humans in systems. Understanding complexity on its own terms offers the potential to leverage disproportionate effects from ergonomics interventions and to tighten up the often loose usage of the term in the titles of ergonomics papers. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: This paper reviews and discusses concepts from the study of complexity and maps them to ergonomics problems and methods. It concludes that humans are a major source of and solution to complexity in systems and that complexity is a powerful contingency factor, which should be considered to ensure that ergonomics approaches match the true nature of ergonomics problems.
Editorial New paradigms in ergonomics
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-11-2016
The Binary-Based Model (BBM) for Improved Human Factors Method Selection
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 18-06-2020
Abstract: This paper presents the Binary-Based Model (BBM), a new approach to Human Factors (HF) method selection. The BBM helps practitioners select the most appropriate HF methodology in relation to the complexity within the target system. There are over 200 HF methods available to the practitioner and little guidance to help choose between them. The BBM defines a HF “problem space” comprising three complexity attributes. HF problems can be rated against these attributes and located in the “problem space.” In addition, a similar HF “approach space” in which 66 predictive methods are rated according to their ability to confront those attributes is defined. These spaces are combined into a “utility space” in which problems and methods coexist. In the utility space, the match between HF problems and methods can be formally assessed. The method space is split into octants to establish broad groupings of methods distributed throughout the space. About 77% of the methods reside in Octant 1 which corresponds to problems with low levels of complexity. This demonstrates that most HF methods are suited to problems in low-complexity systems. The location of 77% of the rated methods in Octant 1 indicates that HF practitioners are underserved with methods for analysis of HF problems exhibiting high complexity. The BBM can be used by multidisciplinary teams to select the most appropriate HF methodology for the problem under analysis. All the materials and analysis are placed in the public domain for modification and consensus building by the wider HF community.
Using cognitive work analysis to explore activity allocation within military domains
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-05-2008
DOI: 10.1080/00140130801915246
Abstract: Cognitive work analysis (CWA) is frequently advocated as an approach for the analysis of complex socio-technical systems. Much of the current CWA literature within the military domain pays particular attention to its initial phases work domain analysis and contextual task analysis. Comparably, the analysis of the social and organisational constraints receives much less attention. Through the study of a helicopter mission planning system software tool, this paper describes an approach for investigating the constraints affecting the distribution of work. The paper uses this model to evaluate the potential benefits of the social and organisational analysis phase within a military context. The analysis shows that, through its focus on constraints, the approach provides a unique description of the factors influencing the social organisation within a complex domain. This approach appears to be compatible with existing approaches and serves as a validation of more established social analysis techniques. As part of the ergonomic design of mission planning systems, the social organisation and cooperation analysis phase of CWA provides a constraint-based description informing allocation of function between key actor groups. This approach is useful because it poses questions related to the transfer of information and optimum working practices.
Transmission heterogeneities, kinetics, and controllability of SARS-CoV-2
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 15-01-2021
Abstract: A minority of people infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmit most infections. How does this happen? Sun et al. reconstructed transmission in Hunan, China, up to April 2020. Such detailed data can be used to separate out the relative contribution of transmission control measures aimed at isolating in iduals relative to population-level distancing measures. The authors found that most of the secondary transmissions could be traced back to a minority of infected in iduals, and well over half of transmission occurred in the presymptomatic phase. Furthermore, the duration of exposure to an infected person combined with closeness and number of household contacts constituted the greatest risks for transmission, particularly when lockdown conditions prevailed. These findings could help in the design of infection control policies that have the potential to minimize both virus transmission and economic strain. Science , this issue p. eabe2424
Using an integrated methods approach to analyse the emergent properties of military command and control
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2008.05.003
Abstract: This paper applies the event analysis for systemic teamwork (EAST) method to an ex le of military command and control. EAST offers a way to describe system level emergent properties that arise from the complex interactions of system components (human and technical). These are described using an integrated methods approach and modelled using Task, Social and Propositional networks. The current article is ided into three parts: a brief description of the military command and control context, a brief description of the EAST method, and a more in depth presentation of the analysis outcomes. The emergent properties of the military scenario relate to the degree of system reconfigurability, systems level situational awareness and the role of mediating technology. The findings are compared with similar analyses undertaken in civilian domains, in which the latest developments in command and control, under the aegis of Network Enabled Capability (NEC), are already in place.
Changing drivers' minds: the evaluation of an advanced driver coaching system
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2007
DOI: 10.1080/00140130701322592
Abstract: This paper reports on the study of an advanced driver coaching system. The study distinguishes between different types of post-licensure programmes in order to explore a system based on a model of identifying and responding to hazards, called 'information, position, speed, gear and acceleration' (IPSGA). Previous literature has been sceptical about the benefits of advanced driver education thus, the current study was designed to control for the effects of coaching drivers in the 'IPSGA' system (the treatment group) against the effects of being accompanied (control group 1), as well as the mere effects of time (control group 2). Measures were taken before the driver coaching began (as a baseline measure) and again after 8 weeks (to see if any changes had occurred). These measures included driver knowledge via a post-drive interview, observations of driving skill and driver attitude using a locus of control scale. The results suggest that advanced driver coaching using the IPSGA system had a beneficial effect on all of these measures. Drivers in the coaching condition improved their situation awareness, driving skills and reduced attributions of external locus of control. The study lends support to the case for one-to-one in idualized driver coaching using a systematic model of driving.
Beyond the Crossing: A Cognitive Work Analysis of Rail Level Crossing Systems
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
Conflicts of interest: The implications of roadside advertising for driver attention
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2009
Is it really better to share? Distributed situation awareness and its implications for collaborative system design
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2010
Decisions, Decisions … and Even More Decisions: Evaluation of a Digitized Mission Support System in the Land Warfare Domain
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-03-2010
Using the Decision-Ladder to Add a Formative Element to Naturalistic Decision-Making Research
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-03-2010
What are they doing: testing a structured cognitive work analysis-based approach for identifying different road user strategies
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2012
Abstract: Cognitive Work Analysis has been widely applied within Human Factors to develop and evaluate complex sociotechnical systems. To date, however research has focused primarily on the first two phases of the framework – Work Domain Analysis and Control Task Analysis. Recently, a new approach, the Strategies Analysis Diagram, has been proposed as a structured approach to the third phase - Strategies Analysis. This paper evaluates the Strategies Analysis Diagram with a complex sociotechnical system, road transport. The results suggest the Strategies Analysis Diagram is capable of describing the range of potential strategies employed when different road users (e.g. drivers, motorcycle riders, cyclists and pedestrians) execute a right hand turn at an intersection. The strategies identified provide what appears to be a comprehensive overview of those employed by different road users. The analysis also identified differences in strategies for a particular function as well as differences in strategies between road user groups.
STAMP goes EAST: Integrating systems ergonomics methods for the analysis of railway level crossing safety management
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
Managing error on the open road: The contribution of human error models and methods
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2010
Measuring situation awareness in command and control
Publisher: ACM
Date: 28-08-2007
Increasing connectivity: Using operator event sequence diagrams to assess the integration of new technology within the flight deck
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-08-2023
DOI: 10.1002/HFM.21010
Abstract: Growing interest in “connected services” is set to revolutionize the design of future transport systems. In aviation, connected portable Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs) would enable some of the traditional and more arduous preflight activities (e.g., route planning) to be conducted away from the flight deck. While this offers the opportunity to improve efficiency, any potential changes to the performance of the system need to be considered alongside the possible negative outcomes. The impact of EFBs on flight operations is assessed using Operator Event Sequence Diagrams (OESDs), which allow the operator interactions with technological systems to be mapped across different scenarios. This paper presents two OESDs: one focusing on current practise and one representing a “future” scenario whereby connected EFBs are commonplace. Our analysis predicts a 44% reduction in flight‐crew operational loading due to increased connectivity in the flight deck. Not only does the analysis highlight the reduction in operations but it also presents the utility of OESDs in the development of the connected EFBs of the future as well as their broader use in understanding the impact of new technologies on performance.
Applying the prompt questions from the Cognitive Work Analysis Design Toolkit: a demonstration in rail level crossing design
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-03-2016
What the Death Star can tell us about ergonomics methods
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-03-2016
Using the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) to explore conflicts between different road user groups when making right hand turns at urban intersections
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-09-2014
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.945491
Abstract: Collisions between different types of road users at intersections form a substantial component of the road toll. This paper presents an analysis of driver, cyclist, motorcyclist and pedestrian behaviour at intersections that involved the application of an integrated suite of ergonomics methods, the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) framework, to on-road study data. EAST was used to analyse behaviour at three intersections using data derived from an on-road study of driver, cyclist, motorcyclist and pedestrian behaviour. The analysis shows the differences in behaviour and cognition across the different road user groups and pinpoints instances where this may be creating conflicts between different road users. The role of intersection design in creating these differences in behaviour and resulting conflicts is discussed. It is concluded that currently intersections are not designed in a way that supports behaviour across the four forms of road user studied. Interventions designed to improve intersection safety are discussed. Practitioner Summary: Intersection safety currently represents a key road safety issue worldwide. This paper presents a novel application of a framework of ergonomics methods for studying differences in road user behaviour at intersections. The findings support development of interventions that consider all road users as opposed to one group in isolation.
Towards a unified model of accident causation: refining and validating the systems thinking safety tenets
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-08-2022
Perspectives on safety culture
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2000
Variability in decision-making and critical cue use by different road users at rail level crossings
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-11-2016
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1095356
Abstract: Collisions at rail level crossings (RLXs) are typically high-severity and high-cost, often involving serious injuries, fatalities and major disruptions to the transport network. Most research examining behaviour at RLXs has focused exclusively on drivers and consequently there is little knowledge on how other road users make decisions at RLXs. We collected drivers', motorcyclists', bicyclists' and pedestrians' self-reported daily experiences at RLXs for two weeks, focusing on behaviour, decision-making and information use in the presence of a train and/or activated RLX signals. Both information use and behaviour differed between road users. Visual information (e.g. flashing lights) was more influential for motorists, whereas pedestrians and cyclists relied more on auditory information (e.g. bells). Pedestrians were also more likely to violate active RLX warnings and/or cross before an approaching train. These results emphasise the importance of adopting holistic RLX design approaches that support cognition and behaviour across for all road users. Practitioner Summary: This study explores how information use and decision-making at rail level crossings (RLXs) differ between road user groups, using a two-week self-report study. Most users make safe decisions, but pedestrians are most likely to violate RLX warnings. Information use (visual vs. auditory) also differs substantially between road user groups.
Cognitive Compatibility of Motorcyclists and Drivers
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2011
The impact of texting on driver behaviour at rail level crossings
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2018.05.002
Abstract: A driver text messaging in the vicinity of a rail level crossing represents the merging of a high-risk, high-workload driving environment with a highly distracting secondary task. In this simulator study, we examined how texting impacts driver behaviour on approach to actively controlled urban rail level crossings. Twenty-eight participants drove a series of simulated urban routes containing rail level crossings, while sending text messages and while driving without performing a secondary task. At half of the crossings, drivers were required to respond to the crossing warnings as a train approached. Results revealed that texting on approach to rail level crossings had a detrimental impact on a range of driver behaviour measures. Specifically, texting more than doubled the amount of time spent with eyes off the forward roadway, resulting in drivers spending more than half of their approach time to rail level crossings looking away from the road. This lack of visual attention to the roadway was associated with a range of decrements in driving that may be indicative of a loss of situation awareness, including increased brake reaction time to the crossing warnings and a reduction in lateral position control. The findings have safety implications, not only for urban level crossings, but also for passive level crossings where no warnings are present to re-orient the distracted driver's attention toward an approaching train.
Advances in Human Aspects of Road and Rail Transportation
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 17-07-2012
DOI: 10.1201/B12320
Out of control? Using STAMP to model the control and feedback mechanisms surrounding identity crime in darknet marketplaces
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
A formative approach to developing synthetic environment fidelity requirements for decision-making training
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2010.12.003
Abstract: This paper describes a new approach for developing design specifications for synthetic environments that support decisions making training. The approach starts by modelling the constraints governing decision-making activity in the real world. A focus is placed on what could happen in the decision-making process, rather than what does or what should. Importantly, the developed model is independent of specific actors and events, providing a robust description of the domain that remains applicable in almost all perceivable situations. By modelling the relationship between information elements, and the way decision-makers develop an understanding of their environment, the approach identifies the information that may be pertinent to the decision-maker. It is contended that the approach has utility in the design of first-of-a-kind synthetic environments, as well as the evaluation of existing simulators for the specific role of decision-making training.
A Synthesis of Sociotechnical Principles for System Design
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 04-06-2019
Event analysis of systemic teamwork (EAST): a novel integration of ergonomics methods to analyse C4i activity
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-10-2006
DOI: 10.1080/00140130600612846
Abstract: C4i is defined as the management infrastructure needed for the execution of a common goal supported by multiple agents in multiple locations and technology. In order to extract data from complex and erse C4i scenarios a descriptive methodology called Event Analysis for Systemic Teamwork (EAST) has been developed. With over 90 existing ergonomics methodologies already available, the approach taken was to integrate a hierarchical task analysis, a coordination demand analysis, a communications usage diagram, a social network analysis, and the critical decision method. The outputs of these methods provide two summary representations in the form of an enhanced operation sequence diagram and a propositional network. These offer multiple overlapping perspectives on key descriptive constructs including who the agents are in a scenario, when tasks occur, where agents are located, how agents collaborate and communicate, what information is used, and what knowledge is shared. The application of these methods to live data drawn from the UK rail industry demonstrates how alternative scenarios can be compared on key metrics, how multiple perspectives on the same data can be taken, and what further detailed insights can be extracted. The ultimate aim of EAST is, by applying it across a number of scenarios in different civil and military domains, to provide data to develop generic models of C4i activity and to improve the design of systems aimed at enhancing this management infrastructure.
Using wireless technology to develop a virtual reality command and control centre
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-05-0088
Same or different? Generalising from novices to experts in military command and control studies
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2010
Human error taxonomies applied to driving: A generic driver error taxonomy and its implications for intelligent transport systems
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2009
Genotype and phenotype schemata and their role in distributed situation awareness in collaborative systems
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2009
Global, regional, and national estimates of target population sizes for covid-19 vaccination: descriptive study
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 15-12-2020
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.M4704
Abstract: To provide global, regional, and national estimates of target population sizes for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) vaccination to inform country specific immunisation strategies on a global scale. Descriptive study. 194 member states of the World Health Organization. Target populations for covid-19 vaccination based on country specific characteristics and vaccine objectives (maintaining essential core societal services reducing severe covid-19 reducing symptomatic infections and stopping virus transmission). Size of target populations for covid-19 vaccination. Estimates use country specific data on population sizes stratified by occupation, age, risk factors for covid-19 severity, vaccine acceptance, and global vaccine production. These data were derived from a multipronged search of official websites, media sources, and academic journal articles. Target population sizes for covid-19 vaccination vary markedly by vaccination goal and geographical region. Differences in demographic structure, presence of underlying conditions, and number of essential workers lead to highly variable estimates of target populations at regional and country levels. In particular, Europe has the highest share of essential workers (63.0 million, 8.9%) and people with underlying conditions (265.9 million, 37.4%) these two categories are essential in maintaining societal functions and reducing severe covid-19, respectively. In contrast, South East Asia has the highest share of healthy adults (777.5 million, 58.9%), a key target for reducing community transmission. Vaccine hesitancy will probably impact future covid-19 vaccination programmes based on a literature review, 68.4% (95% confidence interval 64.2% to 72.6%) of the global population is willing to receive covid-19 vaccination. Therefore, the adult population willing to be vaccinated is estimated at 3.7 billion (95% confidence interval 3.2 to 4.1 billion). The distribution of target groups at country and regional levels highlights the importance of designing an equitable and efficient plan for vaccine prioritisation and allocation. Each country should evaluate different strategies and allocation schemes based on local epidemiology, underlying population health, projections of available vaccine doses, and preference for vaccination strategies that favour direct or indirect benefits.
If you can't beat them, join them: Using road transport methods to communicate ergonomics methods' outcomes to aid road design
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 19-09-2016
A review of sociotechnical systems theory: a classic concept for new command and control paradigms
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2008
Let the Reader Decide
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-10-2014
Abstract: In science and engineering, there is a natural rise and fall of paradigms as progress is made. In this way a new paradigm becomes more established until it gives way to new developments. We think it is legitimate to raise concerns over the status quo and propose new paradigms. This is how science moves forward, but we do recognize that paradigm owners tend to resist change. We contend that distributed situation awareness presents a new paradigm for analyzing and explaining situation awareness in systems, and there is a groundswell of studies that are tipping the balance of evidence in that direction.
Is situation awareness all in the mind?
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2010
Actualising a Safe Transport System through a Human Factors Systems Approach
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2013
Measuring Situation Awareness in complex systems: Comparison of measures study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
Using SHERPA to predict design-induced error on the flight deck
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2005
More than meets the eye: Using cognitive work analysis to identify design requirements for future rail level crossing systems
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2015.06.021
Abstract: An increasing intensity of operations means that the longstanding safety issue of rail level crossings is likely to become worse in the transport systems of the future. It has been suggested that the failure to prevent collisions may be, in part, due to a lack of systems thinking during design, crash analysis, and countermeasure development. This paper presents a systems analysis of current active rail level crossing systems in Victoria, Australia that was undertaken to identify design requirements to improve safety in future rail level crossing environments. Cognitive work analysis was used to analyse rail level crossing systems using data derived from a range of activities. Overall the analysis identified a range of instances where modification or redesign in line with systems thinking could potentially improve behaviour and safety. A notable finding is that there are opportunities for redesign outside of the physical rail level crossing infrastructure, including improved data systems, in-vehicle warnings and modifications to design processes, standards and guidelines. The implications for future rail level crossing systems are discussed.
Walking the talk: Comparing pedestrian ‘activity as imagined’ with ‘activity as done’
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2018.01.016
Abstract: The safety of vulnerable road users, including pedestrians, is an important issue worldwide. In line with the shift towards systems thinking in transport safety, the aim of this study was to compare the normal performance of pedestrians as they navigate the road system with that imagined by road system managers to gain insights into how safety management can be improved for this vulnerable road user group. The Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork framework was used to compare pedestrian activity 'as imagined' and 'as done' at signalised road intersections and railway level crossings. Data regarding 'activity as imagined' was derived from documentation review, and data on 'activity as done' was derived from a semi-naturalistic study of ten participants. It is concluded that in both environments pedestrians exhibited more ersity and variability than anticipated by system managers. Insights for improving the design of the road environment for pedestrians are provided. Further, it is argued that wider changes to the processes used in the design and management of road systems are needed.
How can we support the commander's involvement in the planning process? An exploratory study into remote and co-located command planning
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
From interfaces to infrastructure: extending ecological interface design to re-design rail level crossings
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2019
Trust in vehicle technology
Publisher: Inderscience Publishers
Date: 2016
Work domain analysis and intelligent transport systems: Implications for vehicle design
Publisher: Inderscience Publishers
Date: 2007
State of science: models and methods for understanding and enhancing teams and teamwork in complex sociotechnical systems
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-12-2021
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.2000043
Abstract: This state of the science review brings together the disparate literature of effective strategies for enhancing and accelerating team performance. The review evaluates and synthesises models and proposes recommended avenues for future research. The two major models of the Input-Mediator-Output-Input (IMOI) framework and the Big Five dimensions of teamwork were reviewed and both will need significant development for application to future teams comprising non-human agents. Research suggests that a multi-method approach is appropriate for team measurements, such as the integration of methods from self-report, observer ratings, event-based measurement and automated recordings. Simulations are recommended as the most effective team-based training interventions. The impact of new technology and autonomous agents is discussed with respect to the changing nature of teamwork. In particular, whether existing teamwork models and measures are suitable to support the design, operation and evaluation of human-nonhuman teams of the future.
Testing the reliability and validity of risk assessment methods in Human Factors and Ergonomics
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-08-2021
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1962969
Abstract: There is growing interest in the use of systems-based risk assessment methods in Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE). The purpose of this study was to test the intra-rater reliability and criterion-referenced concurrent validity of three systems-based risk assessment approaches: (i) the Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) method (ii) the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork Broken Links (EAST-BL) method and, (iii) the Network Hazard Analysis and Risk Management System (Net-HARMS) method. Reliability and validity measures were obtained using the Signal Detection Theory (SDT) paradigm. Whilst STPA identified the highest number of risks, the findings indicate a weak to moderate level of reliability and validity for STPA, EAST-BL and Net-HARMS. There were no statistically significant differences between the methods across analyses. The results suggest that there is merit to the continued use of systems-based risk assessment methods following a series of methodological extensions that aim to enhance the reliability and validity of future applications.
Riding the emotional roller-coaster: Using the circumplex model of affect to model motorcycle riders’ emotional state-changes at intersections
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
Validating the Strategies Analysis Diagram: Assessing the reliability and validity of a formative method
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2014.04.010
Abstract: The Strategies Analysis Diagram (SAD) is a recently developed method to model the range of possible strategies available for activities in complex sociotechnical systems. Previous applications of the new method have shown that it can effectively identify a comprehensive range of strategies available to humans performing activity within a particular system. A recurring criticism of Ergonomics methods is however, that substantive evidence regarding their performance is lacking. For a method to be widely used by other practitioners such evaluations are necessary. This article presents an evaluation of criterion-referenced validity and test-retest reliability of the SAD method when used by novice analysts. The findings show that in idual analyst performance was average. However, pooling the in idual analyst outputs into a group model increased the reliability and validity of the method. It is concluded that the SAD method's reliability and validity can be assured through the use of a structured process in which analysts first construct an in idual model, followed by either another analyst pooling the in idual results or a group process pooling in idual models into an agreed group model.
What really is going on? Review of situation awareness models for individuals and teams
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2008
Human performance under two different command and control paradigms
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2013.09.011
Abstract: The paradoxical behaviour of a new command and control concept called Network Enabled Capability (NEC) provides the motivation for this paper. In it, a traditional hierarchical command and control organisation was pitted against a network centric alternative on a common task, played thirty times, by two teams. Multiple regression was used to undertake a simple form of time series analysis. It revealed that whilst the NEC condition ended up being slightly slower than its hierarchical counterpart, it was able to balance and optimise all three of the performance variables measured (task time, enemies neutralised and attrition). From this it is argued that a useful conceptual response is not to consider NEC as an end product comprised of networked computers and standard operating procedures, nor to regard the human system interaction as inherently stable, but rather to view it as a set of initial conditions from which the most adaptable component of all can be harnessed: the human.
A systemic approach to accident analysis: A case study of the Stockwell shooting
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1080/00140130903311625
Abstract: This paper uses a systemic approach to accident investigation, based upon AcciMaps, to model the events leading up to the shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes at Stockwell Underground station in July 2005. The model captures many of the findings of the Independent Police Complaints Commission's report in a single representation, modelling their interdependencies and the causal flow. Furthermore, by taking a systemic approach, the analysis identifies further considerations related to the suitability of the Metropolitan Police Service's organisational structure to support rapid-paced operations, where reliable identification of a suspect is not possible. Based upon the analysis, the paper questions the ision of functions between teams and the suitability of an organisational structure that relies upon the complex flow of information between separate teams for surveillance and for controlling the suspect. A dynamic organisational structure is proposed that changes in response to operation type and unfolding events. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: This paper provides much needed and called for validation for a systemic approach to accident analysis. A widely reported case study is used to illustrate the process. The paper shows how such an approach can consolidate the key findings of much larger reports as well as draw out additional recommendations.
Related Organisations
Indiana University School Of Public Health
Location: United States of America
University Of Southampton
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Aston University
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Related Funding Activities
Discovery Projects - Grant ID: DP200100399
Start Date: 12-2020
End Date: 12-2023
Amount: $460,522.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Projects - Grant ID: LP160100277
Start Date: 06-2017
End Date: 06-2021
Amount: $426,600.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Projects - Grant ID: LP100200387
Start Date: 07-2011
End Date: 12-2015
Amount: $560,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP180100806
Start Date: 05-2018
End Date: 05-2021
Amount: $387,756.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
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