Peter Howe

Nut consumption for vascular health and cognitive function

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 27-05-2014

DOI: 10.1017/S0954422414000079

Abstract: Nuts are rich in many nutrients that can benefit multiple cardiometabolic functions, including arterial compliance, blood pressure, inflammation, glucoregulation and endothelial vasodilatation. Impaired vasodilatation may contribute to impaired cognitive performance due to poor cerebral perfusion. The present narrative review examines associations between nut consumption, vascular health and cognitive function. It includes a systematic search which identified seventy-one epidemiological or intervention studies in which effects of chronic nut consumption on blood pressure, glucoregulation, endothelial vasodilator function, arterial compliance, inflammatory biomarkers and cognitive performance were evaluated. Weighted mean changes were estimated where data were available they indicate that nut consumption reduces blood pressure and improves glucoregulation, endothelial vasodilator function and inflammation, whilst a limited number of studies suggest that nut consumption may also improve cognitive performance. Further clinical trials are warranted to explore relationships between nut consumption, endothelial function and cognitive function.

Edible nuts and metabolic health

Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Date: 02-2007

DOI: 10.1097/MOL.0B013E3280123A47

Resveratrol Counteracts Insulin Resistance—Potential Role of the Circulation

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 24-08-2018

DOI: 10.3390/NU10091160

Abstract: Pre-clinical data and human trials indicate that resveratrol supplementation may help to counteract diabetes. Several mechanisms of action have been proposed to explain its metabolic benefits, including activation of sirtuins and estrogen receptors (ER) to promote glucose transporter type-4 (GLUT4) translocation and increase glucose uptake. Resveratrol can also enhance vasodilator function, yet the possibility that this action might help to alleviate insulin resistance in type-2 diabetes mellitus has received little attention. In this brief review we propose that, by restoring impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in insulin resistant in iduals resveratrol increases blood perfusion of skeletal muscle, thereby facilitating glucose delivery and utilization with resultant improvement of insulin sensitivity. Thus, circulatory improvements by vasoactive nutrients such as resveratrol may play a role in preventing or alleviating insulin resistance.

Visualisation of catecholamine-fluorescent nerve cell bodies in the rat brain after colchicine treatment

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-1984

DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(84)90176-9

Abstract: Central administration of colchicine causes accumulation of catecholamines in nerve cell bodies and enhances their visualisation in the rat brain by the formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde (FAGLU) histofluorescence method. The detection of catecholamine-containing nerve cells by the FAGLU method was considerably improved in rats pretreated with colchicine, and adrenaline-synthesising nerve cells, which are not normally detected by the FAGLU method, could be readily localized after colchicine. The identity of the FAGLU-fluorescent nerve cells was confirmed by simultaneous immunofluorescent detection of catecholamine-synthesising enzymes in sections of the medulla oblongata. The FAGLU method applied to colchicine-treated animals could provide a simple means of detecting central adrenaline nerve cells in other species.

Dose-dependent increases in heart rate variability and arterial compliance in overweight and obese adults with DHA-rich fish oil supplementation

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 07-08-2009

DOI: 10.1017/S000711450999153X

Abstract: Heart rate (HR) variability and large arterial compliance can be improved using fish oils. DHA, a component of fish oil, has cardiovascular health benefits, but its effect on HR variability (HRV) and arterial compliance is yet to be quantified. Sixty-seven overweight or obese adults (thirty-six males and thirty-one females 53 ( sem 2) year BMI 31·7 ( sem 1·1) kg/m 2 ) were randomly allocated to consume either 6 g/d sunola oil (control n 17), fish oil (260 mg DHA+60 mg EPA per g) at doses of 2 g/d ( n 16), 4 g/d ( n 17) or 6 g/d ( n 17). Blood pressure, HR and compliance of large and small arteries were measured while supine at baseline and after 12 weeks in all participants, and HRV was assessed in a subgroup of forty-six participants. There was no effect of fish oil on blood pressure, small artery compliance or HR. However, the low frequency:high frequency ratio of HRV decreased with increasing doses of fish oil ( r − 0·34, P = 0·02), while large artery compliance increased ( r 0·34, P = 0·006). Moreover, the changes in these biomarkers were significantly correlated ( r − 0·31, P = 0·04) and may reflect fish oil-induced improvements in arterial function and cardiac autonomic regulation.

Maximal rate of increase in heart rate during the rest-exercise transition tracks reductions in exercise performance when training load is increased

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2013.02.016

Abstract: Heart rate kinetics are faster in well-trained athletes at exercise onset, indicating sensitivity to training status, but whether they track performance changes due to changes in training load is unknown. Randomised, counterbalanced, cross-over. 17 cyclists completed two weeks of light and two weeks of heavy training. The day after each training period heart rate was recorded during 5 min cycling at 100 W to determine the maximal rate of heart rate increase. Participants then performed a 5 min cycle time-trial after which heart rate recovery was determined. Work during 5 min cycle time-trial decreased 3.5% (P<0.04) in participants (n=8) who increased training load (completed light training then heavy training) and, although maximal rate of heart rate increase did not change (P=0.27), within-in idual changes in work were correlated with changes in maximal rate of heart rate increase (r=0.87, P=0.005). Work during 5 min cycle time-trial increased 6.5% (P<0.001) in 9 participants who decreased training load (completed heavy training then light training) and maximal rate of heart rate increase increased 28% (P=0.002) but the changes in maximal work were not related to changes in rate of heart rate increase (r=0.32, P=0.40). Heart rate recovery tended to track changes in 5 min cycle time-trial work following increases and decreases in training load (r=0.65-0.75, P=0.03-0.08). Maximal rate of heart rate increases during cycling at 100 W tracks reductions in exercise performance when training load is increased, but not performance improvements when training loads are reduced. Maximal rate of heart rate increase may be a useful adjunct to heart rate recovery for tracking changes in exercise performance.

Dose-Dependent Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation on Blood Lipids in Statin-Treated Hyperlipidaemic Subjects

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 08-02-2007

DOI: 10.1007/S11745-006-3014-4

Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate potential benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) rich fish oil supplementation as an adjunct to statin therapy for hyperlipidaemia. A total of 45 hyperlipidaemic patients on stable statin therapy with persistent elevation of plasma triglycerides (averaging 2.2 mmol/L) were randomised to take 4 g/day (n = 15) or 8 g/day (n = 15) of tuna oil or olive oil (placebo, n = 15) for 6 months. Plasma lipids, blood pressure and arterial compliance were assessed initially and after 3 and 6 months in 40 subjects who completed the trial. Plasma triglycerides were reduced 27% by 8 g/day DHA-rich fish oil (P < 0.05) but not by 4 g/day when compared with the placebo and this reduction was achieved by 3 months and was sustained at 6 months. Even though total cholesterol was already well controlled by the statin treatment (mean initial level 4.5 mmol/L), there was a further dose-dependent reduction with fish oil supplementation (r = -0.344, P < 0.05). The extent of total cholesterol reduction correlated (r = -0.44) with the initial total cholesterol levels (P < 0.005). In the subset with initial plasma cholesterol above 3.8 mmol/L, plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were isolated and assayed for cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB) at the commencement of the trial and at 3 months of intervention. Fish oil tended to lower cholesterol and apoB in VLDL and raise both in LDL. There were no changes in IDL cholesterol, IDL apoB and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The results demonstrate that DHA-rich fish oil supplementation (2.16 g DHA/day) can improve plasma lipids in a dose-dependent manner in patients taking statins and these changes were achieved by 3 months. Fish oil in addition to statin therapy may be preferable to drug combinations for the treatment of combined hyperlipidaemia.

ALTERED CARDIAC NORADRENALINE STORES IN DOCA-SALT HYPERTENSIVE RATS

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 02-1981

DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1681.1981.TB00137.X

Abstract: 1. The storage of noradrenaline (NA) in hearts of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats was examined after in vivo administration of labelled NA. 2. The cardiac NA concentration and the neuronal NA storage capacity were reduced in these rats compared with normotensive controls. The extent of reduction was dependent on the duration of hypertension. 3. These findings are similar to observations on spontaneously hypertensive rats and support the hypothesis that storage of the cardiac sympathetic transmitter is impaired in DOCA-salt hypertension.

Benefits of fish oil supplementation in hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2009

DOI: 10.1016/J.IJCARD.2008.03.092

Abstract: Fish oils have been widely reported as a useful supplement to reduce fasting blood triglyceride levels in in iduals with hyperlipidemia. We performed an updated meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate all the randomized trials of fish oils in hyperlipidemic subjects. We conducted a systematic literature search using several electronic databases supplemented by manual searches of published reference lists, review articles and conference abstracts. We included all placebo-controlled randomized trials of parallel design that evaluated any of the main blood lipid outcomes: total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or triglycerides (TG). Data were pooled using DerSimonian-Laird's random effects model. The final analysis comprised of 47 studies in otherwise untreated subjects showed that taking fish oils (weighted average daily intake of 3.25 g of EPA and/or DHA) produced a clinically significant reduction of TG (-0.34 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.41 to -0.27), no change in total cholesterol (-0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.03 to 0.01) and very slight increases in HDL (0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.02) and LDL cholesterol (0.06 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.09). The reduction of TG correlated with both EPA+DHA intake and initial TG level. Fish oil supplementation produces a clinically significant dose-dependent reduction of fasting blood TG but not total, HDL or LDL cholesterol in hyperlipidemic subjects.

Anti‐obesity effects of long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 28-10-2009

DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-789X.2009.00584.X

Impact of foods enriched withn-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on erythrocyten-3 levels and cardiovascular risk factors

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 09-03-2007

DOI: 10.1017/S000711450747252X

Abstract: Consumption of fish or fish oils rich in the n -3 long chain PUFA EPA and DHA may improve multiple risk factors for CVD. The objective of this study was to determine whether regular consumption of foods enriched with n -3 long-chain PUFA can improve n -3 long-chain PUFA status (erythrocytes) and cardiovascular health. Overweight volunteers with high levels of triacylglycerols (TG ·6 mmol/l) were enrolled in a 6-month dietary intervention trial conducted in Adelaide ( n 47) and Perth ( n 39), and randomised to consume control foods or n -3-enriched foods to achieve an EPA + DHA intake of 1 g/d. Test foods were substituted for equivalent foods in their regular diet. Erythrocyte fatty acids, plasma TG and other CVD risk factors were monitored at 0, 3 and 6 months. There were no significant differences between groups for blood pressure, arterial compliance, glucose, insulin, lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP) or urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane B 2 (TXB 2 ) over 6 months, even though regular consumption of n -3-enriched foods increased EPA + DHA intake from 0·2 to 1·0 g/d. However, the n -3 long-chain PUFA content of erythrocytes increased by 35 and 53 % at 3 and 6 months, respectively, in subjects consuming the n -3-enriched foods. These increases were positively associated with measures of arterial compliance and negatively associated with serum CRP and urinary 11-dehydro-TXB 2 excretion. Sustainable increases in dietary intakes and erythrocyte levels of n -3 long-chain PUFA can be achieved through regular consumption of suitably enriched processed foods. Such increases may be associated with reduced CV risk.

Dietary Fish Oil Protects Against Stretch‐Induced Vulnerability to Atrial Fibrillation in a Rabbit Model

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 14-09-2005

DOI: 10.1111/J.1540-8167.2005.50007.X

Abstract: Dietary fish oil is thought to reduce sudden cardiac death by suppressing ventricular arrhythmias but little is known about its impact on atrial arrhythmias. We examined the effect of dietary fish oil on the rabbit model of stretch-induced vulnerability to atrial fibrillation (AF). Six-week-old rabbits were fed standard rabbit pellets supplemented with 5% tuna fish oil (n = 6) or supplemented with 5% sunflower oil (n = 6) for 12 weeks. Six rabbits raised on the standard diet were used as controls. In Langendorff-perfused hearts intraatrial pressures were increased in a stepwise manner and rapid burst pacing applied to induce AF at increasing intraatrial pressures until AF was sustained (>1 minute). Atrial refractory periods were recorded at each pressure. Increased atrial pressure resulted in a reduction in atrial refractory period and a propensity for induction of sustained AF. Higher pressures were needed to induce and sustain AF in the fish oil group compared with the sunflower oil and control groups. The stretch-induced drop in refractory period was also less marked in the fish oil group. Red blood cell, atrial, and ventricular omega-3 fatty acid levels were significantly higher in the fish oil group. The ratio of atrial n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was 13 +/- 0.9 with sunflower oil and 1.5 +/- 0.01 with fish oil (P < 0.001). Incorporation of dietary omega-3 fatty acids into atrial tissue reduces stretch-induced susceptibility to AF.

RESIDUAL CATECHOLAMINES IN EXTRINSICALLY DENERVATED GUINEA-PIG ILEUM

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 07-1981

DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1681.1981.TB00736.X

Abstract: 1. Concentrations of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine were measured in the submucosa and myenteric plexus of innervated and extrinsically denervated guinea-pig ileum using a sensitive radioisotope enzymatic assay for catecholamines. 2. Subcellular fractionation studies indicated that the microsomal fraction obtained from both layers of the normal ileum was greatly enriched with noradrenaline compared to the total homogenate. Low levels of adrenaline and dopamine were also detected in both layers of the ileum. 3. After extrinsic denervation or pretreatment with reserpine, noradrenaline was reduced to less than 3% and could no longer be visualized histochemically. Small proportions of the adrenaline and dopamine also disappeared after extrinsic denervation. 4. The residual amounts of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine present after extrinsic denervation were not sensitive to reserpine and were not concentrated in microsomal fractions suggesting that these amines are not stored as neurotransmitters in intrinsic neurons of the intestine.

Proceedings of the 2013 Meeting of the Australasian Section of the American Oil Chemists Society (AAOCS)

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 12-12-2013

DOI: 10.3390/NU5125065

Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in red meat

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-2007

DOI: 10.1111/J.1747-0080.2007.00201.X

A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial of Resveratrol Supplementation for Prophylaxis of Hormonal Migraine

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 22-04-2022

DOI: 10.3390/NU14091763

Abstract: Resveratrol, a vasoactive phytoestrogen, has beneficial effects on cerebrovascular function. Previous research has shown that hormonal migraineurs have poorer cerebrovascular function than non-migraineur women. We aimed to investigate if resveratrol supplementation for three months could reduce the hormonal migraine burden index (HMBI: the number of days with menstrual migraine per month), reduce migraine-related disability and improve migraine-related quality of life. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, intervention trial was conducted in 62 hormonal migraineurs (mean age: 37.5 ± 0.8 years). Participants consumed 75 mg of resveratrol or matching placebo capsules twice daily for three months before crossing over to the other treatment arm. Participants completed a daily diary and the Headache Impact Test-6™, Migraine Disability Assessment and Migraine-Specific Quality of Life questionnaires at months 0, 3 and 6. The HMBI was the primary outcome and was calculated using data extracted from the participant’s diary. No differences in the HMBI (p = 0.895), the Headache Impact Test-6™, the Migraine Disability Assessment and Migraine-Specific Quality of Life were found between the resveratrol and placebo treatments. Resveratrol supplementation for three months did not affect the HMBI, the migraine-related disability or quality of life measures in our cohort of hormonal migraineurs.

Long-term effects of resveratrol on cognition, cerebrovascular function and cardio-metabolic markers in postmenopausal women: A 24-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2021

DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2020.08.025

Health-related quality of life in obese children and adolescents

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 03-03-2009

DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2009.42

Abstract: This review addresses the effect of overweight and obese weight status on pediatric health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, AMED and PubMed were searched for peer-reviewed studies in English reporting HRQOL and weight status in youth (<21 years), published before March 2008. Twenty-eight articles were identified. Regression of HRQOL against body mass index (BMI) using pooled data from 13 studies utilizing the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory identified an inverse relationship between BMI and pediatric HRQOL (r=-0.7, P=0.008), with impairments in physical and social functioning consistently reported. HRQOL seemed to improve with weight loss, but randomized controlled trials were few and lacked long-term follow-up. Little is known about the factors associated with reduced HRQOL among overweight or obese youth, although gender, age and obesity-related co-morbidities may play a role. Few studies have examined the differences in HRQOL between community and treatment-seeking s les. Pooled regressions suggest pediatric self-reported HRQOL can be predicted from parent proxy reports, although parents of obese youths tend to perceive worse HRQOL than children do about themselves. Thus, future research should include both pediatric and parent proxy perspectives.

Supplementation with a whey protein hydrolysate enhances recovery of muscle force-generating capacity following eccentric exercise

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2008.06.007

Abstract: There is evidence that protein hydrolysates can speed tissue repair following damage and may therefore be useful for accelerating recovery from exercise induced muscle damage. The potential for a hydrolysate (WPI(HD)) of whey protein isolate (WPI) to speed recovery following eccentric exercise was evaluated by assessing effects on recovery of peak isometric torque (PIT). In a double-blind randomised parallel trial, 28 sedentary males had muscle soreness (MS), serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, plasma TNFalpha, and PIT assessed at baseline and after 100 maximal eccentric contractions (ECC) of their knee extensors. Participants then consumed 250 ml of flavoured water (FW n=11), or FW containing 25 g WPI (n=11) or 25 g WPI(HD) (n=6) and the assessments were repeated 1, 2, 6 and 24h later. PIT decreased approximately 23% following ECC, remained suppressed in FW and WPI, but recovered fully in WPI(HD) by 6h (P=0.006, treatment x time interaction). MS increased following ECC (P 0.45). WPI(HD) may be a useful supplement for assisting athletes to recover from fatiguing eccentric exercise.

Increased Erythrocyte Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Are Associated With Improved Attention and Behavior in Children With ADHD in a Randomized Controlled Three-Way Crossover Trial

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 08-11-2013

DOI: 10.1177/1087054713510562

Abstract: Objective: To investigate effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on attention, literacy, and behavior in children with ADHD. Method: Ninety children were randomized to consume supplements high in EPA, DHA, or linoleic acid (control) for 4 months each in a crossover design. Erythrocyte fatty acids, attention, cognition, literacy, and Conners’ Parent Rating Scales (CPRS) were measured at 0, 4, 8, 12 months. Results: Fifty-three children completed the treatment. Outcome measures showed no significant differences between the three treatments. However, in children with blood s les ( n = 76-46), increased erythrocyte EPA + DHA was associated with improved spelling ( r = .365, p .001) and attention ( r = −.540, p .001) and reduced oppositional behavior ( r = −.301, p .003), hyperactivity ( r = −.310, p .001), cognitive problems ( r = −.326, p .001), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. DSM-IV) hyperactivity ( r = −.270, p = .002) and DSM-IV inattention ( r = −.343, p .001). Conclusion: Increasing erythrocyte DHA and EPA via dietary supplementation may improve behavior, attention, and literacy in children with ADHD.

An Update from the Editorial Board of Nutrients

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 08-07-2015

DOI: 10.3390/NU7075236

Increases in Plasma Lutein through Supplementation Are Correlated with Increases in Physical Activity and Reductions in Sedentary Time in Older Adults

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 03-03-2014

DOI: 10.3390/NU6030974

Soya isoflavone supplementation enhances spatial working memory in men

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 06-2009

DOI: 10.1017/S0007114509990201

Abstract: Females perform better in certain memory-related tasks than males. Sex differences in cognitive performance may be attributable to differences in circulating oestrogen acting on oestrogen β receptors (ERβ) which are prevalent in brain regions such as the hippoc us, frontal lobe and cortex that mediate cognitive functions. Since soya isoflavones are known to activate ERβ, chronic isoflavone supplementation in males may improve cognitive performance in memory-related tasks. A 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial was conducted in thirty-four healthy men to investigate the effect of isoflavone supplementation on cognitive function. Volunteers were randomised to take four capsules/d containing soya isoflavones (116 mg isoflavone equivalents/d: 68 mg daidzein, 12 mg genistein, 36 mg glycitin) or placebo for 6 weeks, and the alternate treatment during the following 6 weeks. Assessments of memory (verbal episodic, auditory and working), executive function (planning, attention, mental flexibility) and visual-spatial processing were performed at baseline and after each treatment period. Isoflavone supplementation significantly improved spatial working memory ( P = 0·01), a test in which females consistently perform better than males. Compared with placebo supplementation, there were 18 % fewer attempts ( P = 0·01), 23 % fewer errors ( P = 0·02) and 17 % less time ( P = 0·03) required to correctly identify the requisite information. Isoflavones did not affect auditory and episodic memory (Paired Associate Learning, Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Task, Backward Digit Span and Letter-Number Sequencing), executive function (Trail Making and Initial Letter Fluency Task) or visual-spatial processing (Mental Rotation Task). Isoflavone supplementation in healthy males may enhance cognitive processes which appear dependent on oestrogen activation.

Effects of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Endothelial Vasodilator Function and Cognition—Are They Interrelated?

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 12-05-2017

DOI: 10.3390/NU9050487

Abstract: Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3 PUFA) may improve brain functions by acting on endothelial cells in the cerebrovasculature to facilitate vasodilatation and perfusion. The aim of this review is to explore this hypothesis by analyzing the effect of LCn-3 PUFA supplementation on systemic vasodilator and cognitive function and finding evidence to link LCn-3 PUFA intake, vasodilator function and cognition. Forty randomized controlled trials examining the effect of LCn-3 PUFA supplementation in humans on either endothelial vasodilator function or cognition were identified and pooled effects measured with a weighted analysis. Compared to placebo, LCn-3 PUFA tended to increase flow-mediated dilatation and significantly improved cognitive function. Emerging evidence links vasodilator dysfunction to cognitive impairment, but evidence that LCn-3 PUFA can improve cognition through enhancements of vasodilator function is still lacking. Further research is needed to determine: (1) whether LCn-3 PUFA can enhance dilatation of cerebral vessels (2) if improvements in cerebrovascular responsiveness by LCn-3 PUFA are accompanied by cognitive benefits and (3) the target population groups.

Dietary Fish Oil Administration Retards Blood Pressure Development and Influences Vascular Properties in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) but not in the Stroke Prone-Spontaneously Hypertensive

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 1994

DOI: 10.3109/08037059409101531

Abstract: In the present study, we compared the blood pressure in the SHR-SP and in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) after dietary administration of fish oil from 4 to 17 weeks of age. The retarding influence of dietary fish oils on the development of hypertension was prominent in the SHR (26 mmHg) and not evident in the SHR-SP (8 mmHg). The enhanced development of blood pressure in both the SHR and the SHR-SP is characterised by an elevated maximum contraction in the mesenteric vascular bed to sympathetic nerve stimulation and to injected noradrenaline. In SHR, but not SHR-SP, this maximum contraction was significantly attenuated by dietary fish oil. Likewise, acetylcholine mediated relaxation of the isolated aorta was enhanced in preparations from the SHR but not the SHR-SP. These physiological changes were also associated with a change in the total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content in vascular tissue, which were inversely proportional to the prevailing blood pressure values seen in all three strains of rat receiving dietary fish oils. Platelet activated thromboxane production was equally depressed in WKY (Wistar Kyoto), SHR and SHR-SP rats. The results indicate that the blood pressure lowering effect of fish oil when administered during the period of development of hypertension is much greater in the SHR than it is in the SHR-SP. Furthermore the lowering of blood pressure by fish oil administration is related to a restoration of normal vascular contraction and normal vascular relaxation, but not related to a suppression of serum thromboxane production.

Relationship between Erythrocyte Omega-3 Content and Obesity Is Gender Dependent

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 05-05-2014

DOI: 10.3390/NU6051850

Effect of 12 Weeks High Oleic Peanut Consumption on Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors and Body Composition

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 02-09-2015

DOI: 10.3390/NU7095343

Regular Supplementation With Resveratrol Improves Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 14-07-2020

DOI: 10.1002/JBMR.4115

Knee extensor strength differences in obese and healthy-weight 10-to 13-year-olds

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 12-12-2013

DOI: 10.1007/S00421-012-2561-Z

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate if obese children have reduced knee extensor (KE) strength and to explore the relationship between adiposity and KE strength. An observational case-control study was conducted in three Australian states, recruiting obese [N = 107 (51 female, 56 male)] and healthy-weight [N = 132 (56 female, 76 male)] 10- to 13-year-old children. Body mass index, body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), isokinetic/isometric peak KE torques (dynamometry) and physical activity (accelerometry) were assessed. Results revealed that compared with their healthy-weight peers, obese children had higher absolute KE torques (P ≤ 0.005), equivocal KE torques when allometrically normalized for fat-free mass (FFM) (P ≥ 0.448) but lower relative KE torques when allometrically normalized for body mass (P ≤ 0.008). Adjustments for maternal education, income and accelerometry had little impact on group differences, except for isometric KE torques relative to body mass which were no longer significantly lower in obese children (P ≥ 0.013, not significant after controlling for multiple comparisons). Percent body fat was inversely related to KE torques relative to body mass (r = -0.22 to -0.35, P ≤ 0.002), irrespective of maternal education, income or accelerometry. In conclusion, while obese children have higher absolute KE strength and FFM, they have less functional KE strength (relative to mass) available for weight-bearing activities than healthy-weight children. The finding that FFM-normalized KE torques did not differ suggests that the intrinsic contractile properties of the KE muscles are unaffected by obesity. Future research is needed to see if deficits in KE strength relative to mass translate into functional limitations in weight-bearing activities.

Monitoring athletic training status using the maximal rate of heart rate increase

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2015.07.006

Abstract: Reductions in maximal rate of heart rate increase (rHRI) correlate with performance reductions when training load is increased. This study evaluated whether rHRI tracked performance changes across a range of training states. Prospective intervention. rHRI was assessed during five min of cycling at 100W (rHRIcyc) and running at 8km/h (rHRIrun) in 13 male triathletes following two weeks of light-training (LT), two weeks of heavy-training (HT) and a two-day recovery period (RP). A five min cycling time-trial assessed performance and peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2peak). Performance likely decreased following HT (Effect size±90% confidence interval=-0.18±0.09), then very likely increased following RP (0.32±0.14). rHRIcyc very likely decreased (-0.48±0.24), and rHRIrun possibly decreased (-0.33±0.48), following HT. Changes in both measures were unclear following RP. Steady-state HR was almost certainly lower (-0.81±0.31) during rHRIcyc than rHRIrun. A large correlation was found between reductions in performance and rHRIrun (r±90% CI=0.65±0.34) from LT to HT, but was unclear for rHRIcyc. Trivial within-subject correlations were found between rHRI and performance, but the strength of relationship between rHRIrun and performance was largely associated with V˙O2peak following LT (r=-0.58±0.38). Performance reductions were most sensitively tracked by rHRIrun following HT. This may be due to rHRIrun being assessed at a higher intensity than rHRIcyc, inferred from a higher steady-state HR and supported by a stronger within-subject relationship between rHRIrun and performance in in iduals with a lower V˙O2peak, in whom the same exercise intensity would represent a greater physiological stress. rHRI assessed at relatively high exercise intensities may better track performance changes.

A randomised trial comparing low-fat diets differing in carbohydrate and protein ratio, combined with regular moderate intensity exercise, on glycaemic control, cardiometabolic risk factors, food crav

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.CCT.2015.11.001

Abstract: Hypocaloric low-fat diets, high in protein with moderate carbohydrate (HP) can enhance weight loss, improve glycaemic control and improve cardiometabolic health risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is unclear whether the metabolic benefits observed during weight loss are sustained during energy-balance and weight maintenance. Furthermore, there is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of HP diets on food cravings, cognitive function and psychological wellbeing in T2DM, despite carbohydrate food cravings, cognitive impairment and depression being associated with hyperglycaemia. Overweight/obese adults with T2DM were randomised to consume either a HP diet (n=32, ~32% protein, 33% carbohydrate, 30% fat) or a higher-carbohydrate diet (HC, n=29, ~22% protein, 51% carbohydrate, 22% fat) for 24 weeks with 30 min of moderate intensity exercise five days/week for the study duration. There were 2 phases: a 12 week weight loss phase followed by a 12 week weight maintenance phase. Primary outcome was glycaemic control (glycosylated haemoglobin HbA1c). Secondary outcomes were cardiometabolic risk factors (body composition, fasting blood pressure, blood lipids, glucose, insulin and C-reactive protein), food cravings, cognitive function (memory psychomotor and executive function and psychological well-being. Outcomes were measured at baseline and the end of each 12-week intervention phase. Data will be analysed as intention-to-treat using linear mixed effects models. This study will examine the effects of two dietary interventions on health outcomes in T2DM during weight loss and notably following weight maintenance where there is a paucity of evidence.

Effect of dietary omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on experimental periodontitis in the mouse

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 20-02-2009

DOI: 10.1111/J.1600-0765.2008.01108.X

Abstract: Periodontitis is an infective disease caused predominantly by gram-negative anerobes. The host inflammatory response to these bacteria causes alveolar bone loss, which characterizes periodontitis. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have recognized anti-inflammatory effects their oxygenated derivatives are key mediators in reducing inflammation. In this study we tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with tuna fish oil rich in the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, would reduce alveolar bone loss in mice inoculated with periodontopathic bacteria. Adult mice were fed experimental diets containing either 10% tuna oil or Sunola oil for 57 d. After 14 d, 35 mice on each diet were inoculated orally with Porphyromonas gingivalis, with a mixture of P. gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, with carboxymethylcellulose or remained untreated. The mice were killed, and soft tissue biopsies from the oral cavity of treated mice were used to determine the polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations. The maxilla was removed, stained and digitally imaged to assess bone loss around the upper molars. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels were significantly higher in oral soft tissues of mice fed tuna oil compared with the control group. Mice fed tuna oil and inoculated with P. gingivalis or with the combination of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis exhibited 72% and 54% less alveolar bone loss respectively, compared with the treatment control group. Alveolar bone loss was inversely related to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid tissue levels. In conclusion, fish oil dietary supplementation may have potential benefits as a host modulatory agent in the prevention and/or adjunctive management of periodontitis.

Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil improves heart rate variability and heart rate responses to exercise in overweight adults

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 11-2008

DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508959225

Abstract: Dietary fish oil supplementation and regular physical activity can improve outcomes in patients with established CVD. Exercise has been shown to improve heart rate variability (HRV), a predictor of cardiac death, but whether fish oil benefits HRV is controversial. Obese adults at risk of future coronary disease have impaired HRV and may benefit from these interventions. We evaluated the effect of DHA-rich tuna fish oil supplementation with and without regular exercise on HRV in sedentary, overweight adults with risk factors for coronary disease. In a randomised, double-blind, parallel comparison, sixty-five volunteers consumed 6 g fish oil/d (DHA 1·56 g/d, EPA 0·36 g/d) or sunflower-seed oil (placebo) for 12 weeks. Half of each oil group also undertook regular moderate physical activity (3 d/week for 45 min, at 75 % of age-predicted maximal heart rate (HR)). Resting HR and the HR response to submaximal exercise were measured at weeks 0, 6 and 12. In forty-six subjects, HRV was also assessed by power spectrum analysis of 20 min electrocardiogram recordings taken supine at baseline and 12 weeks. Fish oil supplementation improved HRV by increasing high-frequency power, representing parasympathetic activity, compared with placebo ( P = 0·01 oil × time interaction). It also reduced HR at rest and during submaximal exercise ( P = 0·008 oil × time interaction). There were no significant fish oil × exercise interactions. Dietary supplementation with DHA-rich fish oil reduced HR and modulated HRV in keeping with an improved parasympathetic–sympathetic balance in overweight adults with risk factors for future coronary disease.

Distribution of substance P‐like immunoreactive neurons in the human medulla oblongata: Co‐localization with monoamine‐synthesizing neurons

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 1988

DOI: 10.1002/SYN.890020403

Abstract: The raphe nuclei also contained SP-like immunoreactivity (up to 30%) while few monoamine-synthesizing neurons in the lateral and dorsomedial medulla contained SP-like immunoreactivity (approximately 5% of presumed serotonin-, noradrenaline-, and adren- the adult human. The majority of SP-like immunoreactive neurons were found in four main regions: the lateral medulla, the dorsomedial medulla, the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and the raphe nuclei. The morphology of immunoreactive cells varied according to the region in which they were found. In contrast to previous studies, we found large numbers (90,000) of SP-like immunoreactive neurons throughout the adult human medulla oblongata. The distribution of these SP-like immunoreactive neurons appears to be significantly different from those described in the rat and cat. These results were compared to the distributions of monoamine-synthesizing and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactive neurons in the human medulla previously reported (Halliday et al.: Neuroscience, in press, 1988a J. Comp. Neurol., in press, 1988b). Colocalization studies revealed that many presumed serotonin-synthesizing neurons in the raphe nuclei also contained SP-like immunoreactivity (up to 30%) while few monoamine-synthesizing neurons in the lateral and dorsomedial medulla contained SP-like immunoreactivity (approximately 5% of presumed serotonin-, noradrenaline-, and adrenaline-synthesizing neurons). The distributions of SP- and NPY-like immunoreactive neurons were similar, although SP-like immunoreactive neurons were concentrated in the lateral regions of the same structures. We have found that the distributions of monoamine-synthesizing, NPY-, and SP-like immunoreactive neurons significantly overlap, particularly in the lateral medulla of the adult human. There is a large increase in the number of these cells in this region compared to other species, emphasizing the neuroanatomical differences between humans and other species.

Dairy consumption and cardiometabolic health: outcomes of a 12-month crossover trial

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 2012

DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-19

Simultaneous demonstration of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase immunofluorescent and catecholamine fluorescent nerve cell bodies in the rat medulla oblongata

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-1980

DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(80)90139-6

Abstract: Holmium-166 radioembolization is a palliative treatment option for patients with unresectable hepatic malignancies. Its influence on quality of life has not been evaluated yet. Since quality of life is very important in the final stages of disease, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of holmium-166 radioembolization on quality of life. Patients with hepatic malignancies were treated with holmium-166 radioembolization in the HEPAR I and II studies. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 and LMC21 questionnaires were used to evaluate quality of life at baseline, 1 week, 6 weeks and at 6, 9 and 12 months after treatment. The course of the global health status and symptom and functioning scales were analyzed using a linear mixed model. Quality of life was studied in a total of 53 patients with a compliance of 94%. Role functioning was the most affected functioning scale. Fatigue and pain were the most affected symptom scales. Changes in almost all categories were most notable at 1 week after treatment. A higher WHO performance score at baseline decreased global health status, physical functioning, role functioning and social functioning and it increased symptoms of fatigue, dyspnea and diarrhea. Quality of life in salvage patients with liver metastases treated with holmium-166 radioembolization was not significantly affected over time, although a striking decline was seen during the first week post-treatment. A WHO performance score > 0 at baseline significantly influenced quality of life.

Adiposity is related to decrements in cardiorespiratory fitness in obese and normal-weight children

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 06-05-2016

DOI: 10.1111/IJPO.12037

Abstract: Obese children are typically less physically active than their normal-weight peers and are often assumed to be 'unfit'. Investigate the relationships between adiposity, physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in obese and normal-weight children. A secondary aim was to examine obese/normal-weight differences in CRF. Obese (N = 107) and normal-weight (N = 132) 10-13-year-olds participated. Fat-free mass (FFM), percent fat, physical activity and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ) were assessed. Analyses were adjusted for socioeconomic status (SES). Higher percent fat was inversely associated with VO2peak normalized for mass (r = -0.780, P < 0.001) even after controlling for physical activity (r = -0.673, P < 0.001). While higher percent fat was also inversely associated with VO2peak normalized for FFM, this was only significant in males (r = -0.247, P = 0.004) and did not persist after controlling for physical activity (r = -0.059 P = 0.526). Compared with normal-weight children, obese children had higher absolute VO2peak , lower VO2peak corrected for mass (P ≤ 0.009) and lower VO2peak corrected for FFM (P = 0.041) that did not persist after controlling for SES (P = 0.086). Obesity-related inefficiencies in CRF were evident. Higher adiposity was associated with poorer CRF relative to mass, irrespective of physical activity levels. However, low physical activity levels may be responsible for associations between adiposity and CRF relative to FFM seen in boys, indicating the importance of encouraging physical activity.

Evaluation of an Omega‐3 Fatty Acid Supplement in Diabetics with Microalbuminuria

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-1997

DOI: 10.1111/J.1749-6632.1997.TB51848.X

Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids May Be Beneficial for Reducing Obesity—A Review

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 09-12-2010

DOI: 10.3390/NU2121212

Prevalence and Interrelationships between Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Abdominally Obese Individuals

Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc

Date: 02-2009

DOI: 10.1089/MET.2008.0047

Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and identify relationships between clustering and severity of cardio-metabolic risk factors in abdominally obese adults. Cardio-metabolic risk factors were assessed in a s le of 300 abdominally obese volunteers (233 females, 67 males, mean age 43.7 years) who were not being treated for diabetes, hypertension or dyslipidemia. Waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, fasting lipids, and glucose were measured and prevalence of metabolic syndrome was determined according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Correlation analysis and Poisson regression were used to examine associations between the presence of a particular risk factor and the propensity for clustering and derangement of other risk factors, using continuous data for risk factors and categorical data for number of metabolic syndrome components. In all, 53% had metabolic syndrome and only 16% were free of cardio-metabolic abnormalities. In order of importance, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and triglycerides (TGs) were most strongly associated with greater clustering of risk factors, with a one standard deviation difference being associated with a respective difference of 9.65, 1.23, and 0.12 in the number of risk factors present. A greater number of risk factors was associated with an increased derangement for any given risk factor, with this effect being greatest for dyslipidemia, as represented by the TG:HDL ratio. In abdominally obese in iduals, DBP was strongly associated with metabolic syndrome component clustering, which may reflect the pathogenic progression of metabolic syndrome, as DBP is likely to be elevated following establishment of other risk factors. Also, dyslipidemia was strongly related to the magnitude of derangement of cardio-metabolic risk factors which may indicate that increases in dyslipidemia may drive the pathogenic progression of metabolic syndrome once acquired.

Brainstem PNMT Neurons and Experimental Hypertension in the Rat

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 1984

DOI: 10.3109/10641968409062563

Abstract: The number of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) cells visualised with immunohistochemical techniques in the medulla oblongata is increased by 20% in 4 week old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP). This is associated with a 50% increase in the activity of PNMT and a significant rise in the amount of PNMT enzyme protein present in the medulla and spinal cord of both 4 weeks old and 4 months old SHR and SHR-SP. Since previous experiments had demonstrated that sinoaortic denervation also increased spinal cord PNMT activity we subjected normotensive Wistar Kyoto control rats (WKY) and hypertensive SHR and SHR-SP to denervation and measured the changes in blood pressure and in PNMT activity. Mean arterial pressure rose immediately after denervation in all 3 strains of rats, with much greater rises in the SHR and SHR-SP than in WKY, but the increase in pressure was only sustained in the normotensive WKY, in which it remained elevated throughout the one week observation period. In a similar way, denervation of the arterial baroreceptors increased the activity of PNMT in the medulla and spinal cord of normotensive WKY controls, confirming the results of previous studies but was not able to increase the already elevated PNMT levels in the SHR and SHR-SP any further in these two tissues. We suggest that there is good evidence that PNMT neurons contribute to the maintenance and elevation of arterial pressure in both the neurogenic and genetic models of hypertension. It also seems likely that the activity of descending spinal PNMT neurons is more important in the maintenance of a sustained increase in pressure than in the induction of a transient rise.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids, cognition and literacy in children with ADHD with and without learning difficulties

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Date: 09-08-2011

DOI: 10.1177/1367493511403953

Abstract: Suboptimal omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) levels may contribute to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and related developmental problems. Associations between n-3 and omega-6 (n-6) PUFA levels in red blood cells (erythrocytes) and learning and behaviour were investigated in 75 children aged 7-12 with ADHD. Children provided blood s les and underwent cognitive assessments. Parents completed questionnaires and Conners' Rating Scales. Controlling for covariates, higher n-3 PUFA predicted lower anxiety/shyness (β = -.27), higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) better word reading (β = .22), and higher n-6 PUFA poorer reading (β = -.34), vocabulary (β = .-.26), spelling (β = -.30) and attention (β = -.30). Thirty-six per cent of the s le with learning difficulties had lower DHA than those without (M = 3.26 ± 0.54 vs M = 3.68 ± 0.76, p = .02). This study is the first to compare erythrocyte PUFAs (a measure of PUFA status) in children who have ADHD with and without learning difficulties, and supports emerging indications that the former may be more likely responders to n-3 PUFAs.

EFFECTS OF CENTRAL SEROTONIN NERVE LESIONS ON BLOOD PRESSURE IN NORMOTENSIVE AND HYPERTENSIVE RATS

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 06-1982

DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1681.1982.TB00817.X

Abstract: To qualitatively evaluate the implementation of Capacity Coaching, an intervention to address the work patients must undertake to manage their conditions, implemented as a quality improvement pilot in 1 of 2 implementing US Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers. Two Veterans Affairs medical centers in the Midwest sought to implement Capacity Coaching as a quality improvement pilot in their Patient-Aligned Care Teams for 6 months (April 1, 2017, through October 31, 2017). Following the pilot, we conducted a focused ethnographic evaluation (on-site data collection, January 2-4, 2018), including interviews, a focus group, and observations with staff at one site to assess the implementation of capacity coaching. Data were analyzed inductively and findings were cross-referenced with implementation theory. We found that implementation was feasible and achieved changes that were aligned with reducing patient work and increasing capacity. We found that the key facilitators for the implementation of this program were in participants making sense of the intervention (coherence) and working collectively to enact the program (collective action). The main challenges for the program were in planning the work of implementation and enrolling a erse coalition of staff to expand referrals to the program (cognitive participation) and in evaluating the impact of the program on outcomes that upper leadership was interested in (reflexive monitoring). Implementation of Capacity Coaching is feasible in clinical practice and may be a promising intervention for the care of chronic conditions. Further research should focus on testing capacity coaching using these lessons learned.

Assessing Premorbid Cognitive Ability in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—a Review With Implications for Future Intervention Studies

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 02-10-2014

DOI: 10.1007/S11892-014-0547-4

Abstract: Associations between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and accelerated cognitive decline are well established. However, the sensitivity of neuropsychological tests to detect early deficits in cognitively normal adults with T2DM is unknown. This review examined cognitive domains and specific neuropsychological tests that are impaired in T2DM, based on clinically significant differences (effect sizes >0.5) between T2DM and groups without T2DM. Nine cross-sectional studies were identified which reported means and standard deviations for in idual tests. Tests of executive function, working memory and psychomotor and attentional functions were found to be impaired in T2DM. Impairments of executive function and choice reaction time may have consequences for everyday functioning, in particular the risk of falls in older adults. More research on cognitive deficits in dual-task situations and how they impact everyday functioning is needed the Trail Making Task, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Verbal Fluency Task and tests of reaction time and processing speed could be included as core components of test batteries in future intervention studies. They could also be assessed in newly diagnosed T2DM and used to monitor progressive deterioration of cognitive function and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions on cognitive function.

Mental health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids may be mediated by improvements in cerebral vascular function

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2008

DOI: 10.1016/J.BIHY.2008.02.003

The distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive neurons in the human medulla oblongata

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-1988

DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90136-4

Abstract: We have described the distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive neurons in the medulla oblongata of the adult human. The majority of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive cells were found in four regions of the medulla: the ventrolateral reticular formation, the dorsomedial medulla, the secondary sensory nuclei and the rostral raphe nuclei. The morphology of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive cells varied in each of these regions. In the ventrolateral reticular formation, the labelled neurons were round and pigmented caudal to the obex but elongated and non-pigmented rostral to the obex in the dorsomedial medulla, they were triangular and pigmented caudal to but not rostral to the obex in the secondary sensory nuclei, they were multipolar, non-pigmented and significantly smaller than in the other areas in the rostral raphe nuclei, they were bipolar and non-pigmented. Colocalization studies revealed that many neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive cells also synthesize monoamines, consistent with conclusions based on a quantitative comparison of their distributions. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity was present in about 25% of presumed noradrenaline-synthesizing cells in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (corresponding to the A1 region) about 50% of adrenaline- and 70% of presumed serotonin-synthesizing cells in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (C1 and B2-3 regions) 90-100% of presumed noradrenaline-synthesizing cells in the dorsomedial medulla at and above the obex (A2 region) about 50% of adrenaline-synthesizing cells in the rostral dorsomedial medulla (C2 region) about 5% of presumed serotonin-synthesizing cells in the rostral raphe nuclei (B2-3 region). The largest of these groups was the presumed serotonin-synthesizing cells that contained neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. This is the first report of such a cell group in the medulla of any mammal, and emphasizes the neuroanatomical differences between humans and other species.

Regular consumption ofn-3 fatty acid-enriched pork modifies cardiovascular risk factors

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 07-2008

DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508025063

Abstract: The long-chain (LC) n -3 PUFA content of pork, particularly DHA, can be increased by including 15 % PorcOmega ® (a fortified tuna fishmeal product) in pig finisher diets. The aim of the present study was to see whether this enriched pork could deliver cardiovascular health benefits to consumers. In a double-blind intervention trial, thirty-three healthy adult volunteers (sixteen female and seventeen male) were randomised to consume either n -3-enriched or regular (control) pork (a selection of five fresh cuts totalling 1000 g/week) for 12 weeks. Fasting blood s les were collected every 4 weeks and analysed for serum lipids, maximally stimulated thromboxane production and erythrocyte fatty acid composition. The n -3-enriched pork provided subjects with 1·3 g LC n -3 PUFA per week. Erythrocyte DHA levels rose 15 % in the n -3 group and fell 5 % in the control group over 12 weeks ( P = 0·001). Compared with the control group, serum TAG decreased to a greater extent in the n -3 group ( P = 0·02) and serum thromboxane production increased to a lesser extent ( P = 0·004). Changes in the latter were inversely associated with changes in incorporation of DHA into erythrocytes ( r − 0·54 P 0·05). Thus the modest increases in LC n -3 PUFA intake resulting from regular consumption of enriched pork can improve cardiovascular risk factors.

Dose-Dependent Inhibition of the Post-Prandial Glycaemic Response to a Standard Carbohydrate Meal following Incorporation of Alpha-Cyclodextrin

Publisher: S. Karger AG

Date: 2006

DOI: 10.1159/000090498

Abstract: i Background: /i This study evaluated the dose-response effects of α-cyclodextrin, a cyclic oligosaccharide, on the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to the consumption of a standard carbohydrate meal. i Methods: /i In a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design, 10 healthy subjects consumed boiled white rice containing 50 g of digestible carbohydrate to which 0 (control), 2, 5 or 10 g of α-cyclodextrin was added. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were determined prior to and for 2 h after consumption of each meal. i Results: /i The area under the plasma glucose curve was negatively related to the dose of α-cyclodextrin (r sup /sup = 0.97, p = 0.02), with the areas being significantly reduced at the 5- and 10-gram doses compared with the control (p 0.05). α-Cyclodextrin did not affect the area under the plasma insulin curve (p = 0.39). Higher doses of α-cyclodextrin resulted in greater satiety, but were associated with reduced palatability and an increased incidence of minor gastrointestinal complaints (stomach ache, nausea, bloating). i Conclusion: /i α-Cyclodextrin reduces the glycaemic response to a standard carbohydrate meal in a dose-dependent manner and may be useful as an ingredient for reducing the glycaemic impact of such foods.

The Use of Novel Foods Enriched with Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acids to Increase Dietary Intake: A Comparison of Methodologies Assessing Nutrient Intake

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2005

DOI: 10.1016/J.JADA.2005.09.001

Abstract: To evaluate the effect of consuming a variety of foods enriched in long-chain n-3 fatty acids in low fish eaters. Evaluation of reported dietary intakes in a 6-month, double-blind, randomized, controlled parallel design trial. Eighty-five men and women with overweight and mildly elevated triglyceride levels who have a low habitual intake of fish. Subjects were randomized to consume foods either enriched in long-chain n-3 fats or control foods (not enriched). Subjects were asked to consume eight portions per day (equivalent to approximately 1 g/day long-chain n-3 fatty acid if randomized to the intervention). Reported energy, macronutrient, and fatty acid intakes were measured by diet history, 3-day food records, and body weight. Repeated measures analysis of variance, Kruskall-Wallis test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman plots were conducted. The two groups did not differ in mean dietary intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake at baseline (258 mg and 313 mg for the intervention and control groups, respectively). At 6 months the intervention group members increased their intake of long-chain n-3 fats 4.5-fold compared with baseline and with the control group (P<.001). The data from the diet histories correlated well with the food records for all reported macronutrient and fatty acid values. Food pattern analysis showed that milk (13.8%), cereal (12.1%), and bread (11.3%) contributed the most to the overall long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake in the intervention group. This long-term study in free-living subjects indicates that population intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids could be substantially increased through the availability of a variety of n-3 fatty acid-enriched processed foods.

Supplementation with Fish Oil and Genistein, Individually or in Combination, Protects Bone against the Adverse Effects of Methotrexate Chemotherapy in Rats

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 12-08-2013

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0071592

Health benefits of a 4-month group-based diet and lifestyle modification program for individuals with metabolic syndrome

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2009

DOI: 10.1016/J.ORCP.2009.06.002

Abstract: In idualised highly prescriptive lifestyle programs for obesity management tend to be limited by resource constraints and difficulty with uptake. To evaluate the health benefits of a minimally prescriptive group-based lifestyle intervention in participants with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). 153 obese adults with MetS were randomised to intervention (INT) or control (CON) for 16 weeks. INT was provided with education, practical strategies and group-based support to achieve diet and physical activity (PA) modifications based on Australian national guidelines. Anthropometric, cardio-metabolic, physical fitness and diet assessments were undertaken at baseline and 16 weeks. Compared with CON, INT demonstrated greater improvements in weight, BMI, body fat mass and percent, abdominal fat mass (AbdoFat) and waist circumference systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol physical work capacity (PWC) and handgrip strength (p < 0.01, group × time for all). Energy intake and % energy from saturated fat (%Sfat) decreased in both groups (p < 0.05 for time). Dietary glycemic index (GI) decreased more in INT (p < 0.01, group × time). Reductions in weight, waist and AbdoFat were associated with reductions in %Sfat (r = 0.379, 0.306, 0.319, respectively p < 0.01) and GI (r = 0.308, 0.411, 0.296, respectively p < 0.01). Reductions in AbdoFat were inversely related to increased PWC (r = -0.385 p < 0.001). Withdrawals were similar in INT (6%) and CON (14%) (p = 0.48). A group-based minimally prescriptive lifestyle modification program with a high retention rate achieved significant improvements in body composition, physical and cardio-metabolic fitness. Group-based programs may provide an achievable and effective, but less resource intensive, method for obesity and MetS management than in idualised approaches.

Fish oil in comparison to folinic acid for protection against adverse effects of methotrexate chemotherapy on bone

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 17-12-2013

DOI: 10.1002/JOR.22565

Abstract: Methotrexate (MTX) chemotherapy is known to cause bone loss which lacks specific preventative treatments, although clinically folinic acid is often used to reduce MTX toxicity in soft tissues. This study investigated damaging effects of MTX injections (0.75 mg/kg/day for 5 days) in rats and potential protective benefits of fish oil (0.25, 0.5, or 0.75 ml/100 g/day) in comparison to folinic acid (0.75 mg/kg) in the tibial metaphysis. MTX treatment significantly reduced height of primary spongiosa and volume of trabecular bone while reducing density of osteoblasts. Consistently, MTX reduced osteogenic differentiation but increased adipogenesis of bone marrow stromal cells, accompanied by lower mRNA expression of osteogenic transcription factors Runx2 and Osx, but an up-regulation of adipogenesis-related genes FABP4 and PPAR-γ. MTX also increased osteoclast density, bone marrow osteoclast formation, and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and RANKL/OPG ratio in bone. Fish oil (0.5 or 0.75 ml/100 g) or folinic acid supplementation preserved bone volume, osteoblast density, and osteogenic differentiation, and suppressed MTX-induced cytokine expression, osteoclastogenesis, and adipogenesis. Thus, fish oil at 0.5 ml/100 g or above is as effective as folinic acid in counteracting MTX-induced bone damage, conserving bone formation, suppressing resorption and marrow adiposity, suggesting its therapeutic potential in preventing bone loss during MTX chemotherapy.

Lower energy intake following consumption of Hi-oleic and regular peanuts compared with iso-energetic consumption of potato crisps

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2014.07.015

Abstract: Snack foods can contribute a high proportion of energy intake to the diet. Peanuts are a snack food rich in unsaturated fatty acids, protein and fibre which have demonstrated satiety effects and may reduce total energy intake, despite their high energy density. This study examined the effects of consuming Hi-oleic (oleic acid ~75% of total fatty acids) peanuts and regular peanuts (oleic acid ~50% and higher in polyunsaturated fatty acids) compared with a high carbohydrate snack (potato crisps) on satiety and subsequent energy intake. Using a triple crossover study design, 24 participants (61 ± 1 years) consumed iso-energetic amounts (56-84 g) of Hi-oleic or regular peanuts or (60-90 g) potato crisps after an overnight fast. Hunger and satiety were assessed at baseline, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes following snack consumption using visual analogue scales, after which a cold buffet meal was freely consumed and energy intake measured. The same snack was consumed on 3 subsequent days with energy intake assessed from dietary records. This protocol was repeated weekly with each snack food. Total energy intake was lower following consumption of Hi-oleic and regular peanuts compared with crisps, both acutely during the buffet meal (-21% p<.001 and -17% p< .01) and over the 4 days (-11% p< .001 and -9% p< .01). Despite these reductions in energy intake, no differences in perceived satiety were observed. The findings suggest peanuts may be a preferred snack food to include in the diet for maintaining a healthy weight.

Leukocyte numbers and function in subjects eating n-3 enriched foods: selective depression of natural killer cell levels

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 2008

DOI: 10.1186/AR2426

Combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, epirubicin and 5-fluorouracil causes trabecular bone loss, bone marrow cell depletion and marrow adiposity in female rats

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 09-06-2015

DOI: 10.1007/S00774-015-0679-X

Abstract: The introduction of anthracyclines to adjuvant chemotherapy has increased survival rates among breast cancer patients. Cyclophosphamide, epirubicin and 5-fluorouracil (CEF) combination therapy is now one of the preferred regimens for treating node-positive breast cancer due to better survival with less toxicity involved. Despite the increasing use of CEF, its potential in causing adverse skeletal effects remains unclear. Using a mature female rat model mimicking the clinical setting, this study examined the effects of CEF treatment on bone and bone marrow in long bones. Following six cycles of CEF treatment (weekly intravenous injections of cyclophosphamide at 10 mg/kg, epirubicin at 2.5 mg/kg and 5-flurouracil at 10 mg/kg), a significant reduction in trabecular bone volume was observed at the metaphysis, which was associated with a reduced serum level of bone formation marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP), increased trends of osteoclast density and osteoclast area at the metaphysis, as well as an increased size of osteoclasts being formed from the bone marrow cells ex vivo. Moreover, a severe reduction of bone marrow cellularity was observed following CEF treatment, which was accompanied by an increase in marrow adipose tissue volume. This increase in marrow adiposity was associated with an expansion in adipocyte size but not in marrow adipocyte density. Overall, this study indicates that six cycles of CEF chemotherapy may induce some bone loss and severe bone marrow damage. Mechanisms for CEF-induced bone/bone marrow pathologies and potential preventive strategies warrant further investigation.

Fish oil supplementation in the treatment of major depression: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2007

DOI: 10.1016/J.PNPBP.2007.06.004

Abstract: Dietary deficiencies in essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from fish are associated with depression and some fish oils may have therapeutic benefits. We aimed to determine whether taking tuna fish oil confers any additional benefit to conventional outpatient treatment for major depression. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled four-month trial comparing tuna fish oil versus placebo was conducted on 83 outpatients with major depression. Despite large reductions in depression there were no significant differences at any assessment time point between patients receiving fish oil compared to placebo. Red blood cell incorporation of fatty acids indicated good compliance with oil supplementation, although this s le was not initially deficient in omega-3s. This particular dose and type of fish oil conferred no additional benefit to conventional treatment of depression in this s le. Future studies could target participants with pre-existing omega-3 deficiency and appraise alternate enriched types and higher doses of omega-3 supplementation.

Effects of Eating Fresh Lean Pork on Cardiometabolic Health Parameters

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 05-07-2012

DOI: 10.3390/NU4070711

Distribution of monoamine‐synthesizing neurons in the human medulla oblongata

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 15-07-1988

DOI: 10.1002/CNE.902730303

Abstract: We have employed immunohistochemical and morphometric procedures to study the distribution of monoamine-synthesizing neurons in the medulla oblongata of the adult human, utilizing antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), and phenylalanine hydroxylase (PH8). In the human brain, the antigen with which PH8 reacts occurs within neurons that presumably synthesize serotonin (Haan et al., '87). Neurons containing these antigens were mapped and counted in successive coronal sections with the aid of a computer-assisted procedure. The results indicate that monoamine-synthesizing neurons are distributed in the human brain in patterns broadly similar to those described for other species. TH-immunoreactive cells extended caudorostrally for approximately 32 mm commencing at the spinomedullary junction and ending 8 mm caudal to the pontomedullary junction. In coronal sections these TH-immunoreactive neurons were seen in the lateral medulla dorsal to the inferior olive extending in a continuous band to the dorsomedial medulla. Above the obex the majority of these cells apparently synthesize adrenaline since many PNMT-immunoreactive cells were also found in this region. There were few or no PNMT-immunoreactive cells caudal to the obex, indicating that the TH-immunoreactive cells in this region synthesize either noradrenaline or dopamine. Approximately 65% of these TH-immunoreactive neurons contained melanin pigment, whereas few or no PNMT-immunoreactive cells contained melanin pigment. PH8-immunoreactive cells extended throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the medulla oblongata (approximately 40 mm). In coronal sections the majority were found in the medullary raphe nuclei. However, many cells throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the medulla were found laterally intermingled with catecholamine-synthesizing neurons. Occasional neurons in the lateral medulla appeared to contain both PH8- and TH-immunoreactivity.

Cerebrovascular and cognitive benefits of high-oleic peanut consumption in healthy overweight middle-aged adults

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 07-07-2016

DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2016.1204744

DHA-rich fish oil lowers heart rate during submaximal exercise in elite Australian Rules footballers

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2009

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2008.01.011

Abstract: Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3) can improve cardiovascular (CV) function. This study examined the effects of n-3 on endurance performance, recovery and CV risk factors in elite Australian Rules football players. 25 players were randomised, double-blind, to 6 g/day of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich fish oil (FO n=12) or sunflower oil (SO n=13) during 5 weeks of training. At baseline erythrocyte n-3 content, resting blood pressure (BP), fasting serum triglycerides (TG) and heart rate (HR) during treadmill running at 10 km/h were assessed. Two treadmill runs (T1 and T2) to exhaustion, separated by 5 min, were then performed at the average speed for a recent 2200 m time-trial. After 5 weeks, erythrocyte n-3 increased (FO 3.8+/-0.6%, SO 0.6+/-0.3% P<0.001) while TG (FO -0.32+/-0.09 mmol l(-1), SO 0.08+/-0.05 mmol l(-1) P<0.001), diastolic BP (FO 1.3+/-1.3 mmHg, SO 6.8+/-1.7 mmHg P=0.04) and HR during submaximal exercise (FO -7.8+/-2.3 beats min(-1), SO -1.9+/-1.9 beats min(-1) P=0.03) decreased in FO compared with SO. Time to exhaustion (TTE) during T1 increased by Week 5 (FO 10.2+/-2.2%, SO 17.3+/-4.3% P<0.001 for time). Recovery (TTE for T2 as % T1) decreased in both groups (FO, -3.4+/-4.5%, SO -8.8+/-3.9% P=0.05 for time). We conclude that 5 weeks of supplementation with FO improved CV function and reduced CV risk factors, but did not improve endurance performance or recovery in elite Australian Rules footballers.

Treatment of adolescent overweight and obesity

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 11-2008

DOI: 10.1007/S00431-007-0575-Z

Abstract: Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the development of obesity, and adolescent weight tracks strongly into adulthood. Previous reviews of treatment strategies have failed to discriminate between adolescents and children, thereby, disregarding the uniqueness of this population. Hence, this review aims to summarise the evidence for treatment approaches for adolescent obesity. Pubmed, OVID, EBSCOhost and Google Scholar were searched for randomised controlled trials, meta-analyses and systematic reviews testing treatments for overweight/obese adolescents (aged 12-19 years), published from 1982-2006 in English. Eligible studies had to assess either weight, percentage overweight, body mass index (BMI) or body fat. Thirty-four randomised controlled trials were eligible. The results of this review indicate that the safety and efficacy of surgical and pharmacotherapy treatments for adolescent obesity is uncertain. Diet and physical activity approaches may improve obese status in the short term. However, obesity interventions appear more effective when strategies are combined, rather than when used in isolation. Psychological interventions, such as behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapy, show promise in achieving the necessary lifestyle changes for obesity reduction however, long-term follow-up studies are needed. There were multiple limitations in appraising the literature. Inconsistent definitions of overweight/obesity make comparisons between studies difficult. Many studies have not used direct adiposity measures, have failed to assess pubertal status or have not used an exclusive adolescent s le. We conclude that, despite these limitations, current evidence indicates that behavioural and cognitive behavioural strategies combined with diet and physical activity approaches may assist in reducing adolescent obesity,although long-term follow-up studies are needed.

Depressed Cheek Cell Sodium Transport in Human Hypertension

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 1994

DOI: 10.3109/08037059409102282

Abstract: Na+ transport activity was measured in cheek cells from untreated hypertensive subjects and age-matched normotensive controls identified from a blood pressure screening program. Cheek cells were isolated by a simple mouth wash procedure and Na+ transport activity was measured as the proton-dependent uptake of 22Na+ using a rapid filtration assay. The rate of Na+ uptake was about 45% lower in hypertensive subjects and this difference persisted in a follow up study 2 years later involving those subjects who remained untreated for their hypertension. The proton independent Na+ uptake was also reduced by about 46% in the hypertensive group. The increase in the rate of cheek cell Na+ transport with increasing transcellular proton gradient values was also significantly lower in hypertensive subjects. The reduced cheek cell Na+ transport observed in hypertensive subjects may indicate decreased activity of the Na+/H+ antiporter and/or changes in the ion permeability properties of the cheek cell plasma membrane in the hypertensive state. This novel assay provides a biochemically based method for discriminating between normotensive and hypertensive subjects and makes use of tissue which can be obtained in a relatively non-invasive manner.

Effect of acute exercise-induced fatigue on maximal rate of heart rate increase during submaximal cycling

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 20-08-2015

DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2015.1076414

Abstract: Different mathematical models were used to evaluate if the maximal rate of heart rate (HR) increase (rHRI) was related to reductions in exercise performance resulting from acute fatigue. Fourteen triathletes completed testing before and after a 2-h run. rHRI was assessed during 5 min of 100-W cycling and a sigmoidal (rHRIsig) and exponential (rHRIexp) model were applied. Exercise performance was assessed using a 5-min cycling time-trial. The run elicited reductions in time-trial performance (1.34 ± 0.19 to 1.25 ± 0.18 kJ · kg(-1), P < 0.001), rHRIsig (2.25 ± 1.0 to 1.14 ± 0.7 beats · min(-1) · s(-1), P < 0.001) and rHRIexp (3.79 ± 2.07 to 1.98 ± 1.05 beats · min(-1) · s(-1), P = 0.001), and increased pre-exercise HR (73.0 ± 8.4 to 90.5 ± 11.4 beats · min(-1), P < 0.001). Pre-post run difference in time-trial performance was related to difference in rHRIsig (r = 0.58, P = 0.04 and r = 0.75, P = 0.003) but not rHRIexp (r = -0.04, P = 0.9 and r = 0.27, P = 0.4) when controlling for differences in pre-exercise and steady-state HR. rHRIsig was reduced following acute exercise-induced fatigue, and correlated with difference in performance.

Acute effects of a dietary non-starch polysaccharide supplement on cognitive performance in healthy middle-aged adults

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 03-01-2014

DOI: 10.1179/1476830513Y.0000000101

Distribution of catecholamine-containing cell bodies in the rabbit central nervous system

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 15-05-1978

DOI: 10.1002/CNE.901790210

Obesity: The new childhood disability?

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 24-12-2011

DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-789X.2009.00706.X

Dietary fish oil administration retards the development of hypertension and influences vascular neuroeffector function in the stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP)

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-1991

DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(91)90194-A

Abstract: An influence of fish oils (rich in eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) in modulating (a) the development of hypertension in the stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) and (b) vascular neuroeffector mechanisms in the SHRSP was explored. Rats (SHRSP) were placed on a series of diets for a period of 13 weeks from 4 weeks of age. The fatty acid composition of the diets was derived from fish oil, olive oil, safflower oil or beef fat. After 13 weeks, rats fed diets containing fish oil (at a total dietary fat level of either 5% or 15%) had mean blood pressures approximately 20-25 mmHg lower than other SHRSP rats maintained on diets containing either olive oil, safflower oil or beef fat. The dietary schedules providing fish oil depressed the contractile responses mediated by sympathetic nerve stimulation in the mesenteric vascular bed preparation. The results suggest that the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids retard the development of hypertension in the SHRSP rat and modulate the contractile responses of blood vessels mediated by sympathetic nerves in the isolated perfused mesenteric vascular bed preparation.

Sustained Cerebrovascular and Cognitive Benefits of Resveratrol in Postmenopausal Women

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 20-03-2020

DOI: 10.3390/NU12030828

Abstract: Deficits in the cerebral microcirculation contribute to age-related cognitive decline. In a pilot study of postmenopausal women, we found that supplementation with a low dose of resveratrol, a phytoestrogen, for 14 weeks improved cerebrovascular and cognitive functions. We have since undertaken a larger, longer term study to confirm these benefits. Postmenopausal women aged 45–85 years (n = 129) were randomized to take placebo or 75 mg trans-resveratrol twice daily for 12 months. Effects on cognition, cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular responsiveness (CVR) and cardiometabolic markers (blood pressure, diabetes markers and fasting lipids) were assessed. Compared to placebo, resveratrol improved overall cognitive performance (P 0.001) and attenuated the decline in CVR to cognitive stimuli (P = 0.038). The latter effect was associated with reduction of fasting blood glucose (r = −0.339, P = 0.023). This long-term study confirms that regular consumption of resveratrol can enhance cognitive and cerebrovascular functions in postmenopausal women, with the potential to slow cognitive decline due to ageing and menopause.

Fish oil supplementation reduces osteoarthritis-specific pain in older adults with overweight/obesity

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 2020

DOI: 10.1093/RAP/RKAA036

Abstract: OA is a leading cause of chronic pain and disability. Next to inflammation, vascular pathology has been hypothesized to play a role in its aetiology and progression. Owing to side effects and the low efficacy of pharmacological treatments, dietary supplements are popular as alternative treatments, but evidence of efficacy is limited. We tested whether fish oil and curcumin supplementation can reduce chronic pain and OA burden in older adults. A 16-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial design supplementation trial with fish oil (2000 mg/day docosahexaenoic acid + 400 mg/day eicosapentaenoic acid), curcumin (160 mg/day) or a combination of both was undertaken in sedentary overweight/obese older adults. Secondary outcomes included treatment-induced changes in self-reported chronic pain and OA burden and whether changes were related to changes in small artery elasticity (surrogate marker for microvascular function), CRP (inflammatory marker) and well-being. The majority of participants (131 of 152) reported chronic pain, which was predominantly OA specific. Fish oil significantly reduced OA-specific pain (P = 0.002, Cohen’s d = 0.56) and burden (P = 0.015, Cohen’s d = 0.45) compared with no fish oil treatment reductions were correlated with improvements in microvascular function and well-being. Curcumin, alone or in combination with fish oil, did not reduce pain measures. Our findings indicate potential for fish oil to alleviate OA pain and burden in overweight/obese older adults. Further investigations should be undertaken in patients with clinically diagnosed OA to evaluate fish oil alone and as an adjunct to conventional pharmacotherapy and to investigate underlying mechanisms. Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register, www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=370788, ACTRN12616000732482p.

Vibration Therapy Is No More Effective Than the Standard Practice of Massage and Stretching for Promoting Recovery From Muscle Damage After Eccentric Exercise

Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Date: 07-2015

DOI: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000149

Definition of ambulatory blood pressure targets for diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in relation to clinic blood pressure: Prospective cohort study

Publisher: BMJ

Date: 14-04-2010

DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.C1104

Correction: Howe et al. “Effects of Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Brain Function in Mildly Hypertensive Older Adults” Nutrients 2018, 10, 1413

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 10-05-2019

DOI: 10.3390/NU11051043

Abstract: The authors wish to make a correction to the published version of their paper [...]

Dietary intakes and food sources of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 04-2003

DOI: 10.1007/S11745-003-1074-0

Abstract: Both n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are recognized as essential nutrients in the human diet, yet reliable data on population intakes are limited. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the dietary intakes and food sources of in idual n-6 and n-3 PUFA in the Australian population. An existing database with fatty acid composition data on 1690 foods was updated with newly validated data on 150 foods to estimate the fatty acid content of foods recorded as eaten by 10,851 adults in the 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey. Average daily intakes of linoleic (LA), arachidonic (AA), alpha-linolenic (LNA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids were 10.8, 0.052, 1.17, 0.056, 0.026, and 0.106 g, respectively, with long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFA (addition of EPA, DPA, and DHA) totaling 0.189 g median intakes were considerably lower (9.0 g LA, 0.024 g AA, 0.95 g LNA, 0.008 g EPA, 0.006 g DPA, 0.015 g DHA, and 0.029 g LC n-3 PUFA). Fats and oils, meat and poultry, cereal-based products and cereals, vegetables, and nuts and seeds were important sources of n-6 PUFA, while cereal-based products, fats and oils, meat and poultry, cereals, milk products, and vegetable products were sources of LNA. As expected, seafood was the main source of LC n-3 PUFA, contributing 71%, while meat and eggs contributed 20 and 6%, respectively. The results indicate that the majority of Australians are failing to meet intake recommendations for LC n-3 PUFA (> 0.2 g per day) and emphasize the need for strategies to increase the availability and consumption of n-3-containing foods.

Fatty acids and β-carotene in Australian purslane (Portulaca oleracea) varieties

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2000

DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00747-0

Abstract: The fatty acid profile and beta-carotene content of a number of Australian varieties of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) were determined by GC and HPLC. The total fatty acid content ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 mg/g of fresh mass in leaves, 0.6 to 0.9 mg/g in stems and 80 to 170 mg/g in seeds. alpha-Linolenic acid (C18:3omega3) accounted for around 60% and 40% of the total fatty acid content in leaves and seeds, respectively. Longer-chain omega-3 fatty acids were not detected. The beta-carotene content ranged from 22 to 30 mg/g fresh mass in leaves. These results indicate that Australian purslane varieties are a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid and beta-carotene.

Feasibility of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation as an adjunct therapy for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 24-04-2013

DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-107

Abstract: There is evidence to support the use of supplementation with long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) from oily fish or fish oil for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive, terminal disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation, lung and systemic inflammation. To date, one randomized controlled trial has been published that assessed the efficacy of LCn-3PUFA in people with this condition. The aim of this article is to discuss the feasibility of conducting a trial to evaluate fish oil supplementation as adjunct therapy in people with COPD. A 16-week parallel, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled dietary supplementation trial will be evaluated. Forty participants meeting spirometric and clinical criteria for COPD will be recruited from metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. Participants will be randomized by minimization, based on a score derived from the modified Medical Research Council Scale for breathlessness, to receive 6 g/day of fish oil (approximately 3.6 g/day of LCn-3PUFA), or placebo (6 g/day of corn oil) capsules. Feasibility outcomes (recruitment, retention, supplement adherence, and time lost to exacerbation) and scientific outcomes (effect size and estimates of variance for inflammatory biomarkers, incorporation of LCn-3PUFA into erythrocytes, small airways function, dyspnea and functional exercise capacity) will be assessed pre- and post-intervention. Key feasibility criteria include recruitment of 40 participants in 52 weeks, 75% participant retention rate, 2% increase in the proportion of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in erythrocytes, and a positive moderate effect size in at least three efficacy measures. There are a number of challenges in designing supplementation intervention studies with this population. These include the lack of prior data from which to select appropriate primary outcomes or to estimate effect sizes, and the feasibility of continuous supplementation in a population characterized by multiple comorbidities and a high likelihood of exacerbations, potentially requiring hospitalization or change in medication. Upon completion of this protocol, feasibility outcomes will guide the direction of future multicentre dietary interventions in this population. Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR): ACTRN12612000158864

Musculoskeletal pain in obese compared with healthy-weight children

Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Date: 07-2013

DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000017

Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, cognition, and behavior in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized controlled trial

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2012

DOI: 10.1016/J.NUT.2011.12.009

Abstract: To determine the effects of an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-rich oil and a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich oil versus an ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich safflower oil (control) on literacy and behavior in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a randomized controlled trial. Supplements rich in EPA, DHA, or safflower oil were randomly allocated for 4 mo to 90 Australian children 7 to 12 y old with ADHD symptoms higher than the 90th percentile on the Conners Rating Scales. The effect of supplementation on cognition, literacy, and parent-rated behavior was assessed by linear mixed modeling. Pearson correlations determined associations between the changes in outcome measurements and the erythrocyte fatty acid content (percentage of total) from baseline to 4 mo. There were no significant differences between the supplement groups in the primary outcomes after 4 mo. However, the erythrocyte fatty acid profiles indicated that an increased proportion of DHA was associated with improved word reading (r = 0.394) and lower parent ratings of oppositional behavior (r = 0.392). These effects were more evident in a subgroup of 17 children with learning difficulties: an increased erythrocyte DHA was associated with improved word reading (r = 0.683), improved spelling (r = 0.556), an improved ability to ide attention (r = 0.676), and lower parent ratings of oppositional behavior (r = 0.777), hyperactivity (r = 0.702), restlessness (r = 0.705), and overall ADHD symptoms (r = 0.665). Increases in erythrocyte ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically DHA, may improve literacy and behavior in children with ADHD. The greatest benefit may be observed in children who have comorbid learning difficulties.

Dairy consumption and working memory performance in overweight and obese adults

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2012

DOI: 10.1016/J.APPET.2012.03.019

Abstract: All in iduals will experience some degree of cognitive impairment in their later years. Diet is one readily modifiable factor that may influence cognitive function and psychological well-being. Very little research has considered the potential role of dairy foods in modulating cognitive and psychological functions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a high intake of reduced fat dairy food on cognitive performance. Overweight adults with habitually low dairy intakes (< two serves/day) were recruited for a 12 month crossover dietary intervention trial and randomised to a high (four serves/day) or low (one serve/day) intake of reduced fat dairy, crossing over to the alternate diet after 6 months. Participants were tested at the end of each 6 month diet period on multiple measures of cognitive performance, including memory, information processing speed, executive function, attention and abstract reasoning. In 38 participants who completed the trial (average age=52±2 years BMI=31.5±0.8 kg/m(2)), spatial working memory performance was marginally better following 6 months of the high dairy diet compared with the low dairy diet. Increasing the dairy intake of habitually low dairy consumers may have the potential to improve working memory.

Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation on  Methotrexate Chemotherapy‐Induced Bone Loss

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 09-03-2017

DOI: 10.3390/NU9030255

Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation on Bone Growth in Young Rats and Microarchitecture and Remodeling in Ageing Rats

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 16-12-2014

DOI: 10.3390/NU6125871

Estimating Abdominal Adipose Tissue with DXA and Anthropometry

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 02-2007

DOI: 10.1038/OBY.2007.629

Abstract: To identify an anatomically defined region of interest (ROI) from DXA assessment of body composition that when combined with anthropometry can be used to accurately predict intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) in overweight/obese in iduals. Forty-one postmenopausal women (age, 49 to 66 years BMI, 26 to 37 kg/m(2)) underwent anthropometric and body composition assessments. ROI were defined as quadrilateral boxes extending 5 or 10 cm above the iliac crest and laterally to the edges of the abdominal soft tissue. A single-slice computed tomography (CT) scan was measured at the L3 to L4 intervertebral space, and abdominal skinfolds were taken. Forward step-wise regression revealed the best predictor model of IAAT area measured by CT (r(2) = 0.68, standard error of estimate = 17%) to be: IAAT area (centimeters squared) = 51.844 + DXA 10-cm ROI (grams) (0.031) + abdominal skinfold (millimeters) (1.342). Interobserver reliability for fat mass (r = 0.994 coefficient of variation, 2.60%) and lean mass (r = 0.986, coefficient of variation, 2.67%) in the DXA 10-cm ROI was excellent. This study has identified a DXA ROI that can be reliably measured using prominent anatomical landmarks, in this case, the iliac crest. Using this ROI, combined with an abdominal skinfold measurement, we have derived an equation to predict IAAT in overweight/obese postmenopausal women. This approach offers a simpler, safer, and more cost-effective method than CT for assessing the efficacy of lifestyle interventions aimed at reducing IAAT. However, this warrants further investigation and validation with an independent cohort.

Importance of new Catecholamine Pathways in Control of Blood Pressure

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 1981

DOI: 10.3109/10641968109033673

Abstract: The first comprehensive maps of central catecholamine pathways referred to both noradrenaline and dopamine neurons. They described the catecholamine neurons as having their cell bodies in the brainstem with spinal axons descending mainly from two medullary cell groups (A1 and A2) and with ascending axons arising mainly from more rostral groups (A3-A13). More recent work utilising immunohistochemistry has established the presence of adrenaline neurons in the brain, in two medullary cell groups (C1 and C2). While these were originally thought to lie within the rostral part of the A1 and A2 cell groups, work from this laboratory has now established that the adrenaline neurons are topographically distinct from the A1 and A2 cells, do not fluoresce with standard methods, and are collected into three groups, the third group (C3) lying in the midline of the rostral medulla. Work in this laboratory using a combination of histochemical fluorescence and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase has demonstrated that existence of a descending dopaminergic projection from the hypothalamus to the spinal cord, indicating that descending pathways can arise well above the medulla. Recent studies on the A1 neurons have established the presence of projections from the A1 cells to the median eminence of the hypothalamus and towards the nucleus tractus solitarius in the medulla. Other experiments have demonstrated that most of the descending catecholamine axons do not arise from the A1 and A2 cell groups in the caudal medulla, but higher up in the brainstem especially from the A5 and A7 cell groups. These new descriptions of central catecholamine neurons will necessarily modify the interpretation of many experiments on the central regulation of arterial pressure.

Distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y–like immunoreactive neurons in rabbit medulla oblongata, with attention to colocalization studies, presumptive adrenaline‐synthesizing perikarya

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 08-06-1986

DOI: 10.1002/CNE.902480211

Abstract: We studied the distribution, within the rabbit medulla oblongata, of neuronal cell bodies containing either tyrosine hydroxylase or neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity. Both avidin-biotin and immunofluorescence procedures were used. Because the two primary antibodies were raised in different species it was possible to perform simultaneous colocalization studies with the immunofluorescence procedure. Tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in the rostral medulla were demonstrated to contain a catecholamine by the colchicine-enhanced FAGLU (formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde) fluorescence histochemical procedure. These neurons are presumably adrenergic, corresponding to the C1 and C2 groups described in the rat. No C3 group was found in the rabbit. The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in the caudal medulla was in accordance with previous descriptions of the A1 and A2 groups based on the unenhanced FAGLU procedure. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity was observed in cell groups corresponding to those already described in the rat, but additional groups were discovered in the rabbit. Some neurons containing neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity were observed in nucleus raphe pallidus and these also contained serotonin (5-HT). In the nearby nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis there were occasional neurons that contained neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity without any colocalized 5-HT. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity was also observed in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, rostral to the obex, and these neurons were demonstrated to be true vagal preganglionic cells by colocalization of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity and Fast Blue retrogradely transported from the cervical vagus. We found that neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity was colocalized in approximately 75% of the tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in the rostral medulla (C1 and C2 cells). A smaller proportion of the A1 cells also contained this peptide but it was absent from both the most caudal A1 cells and from the A2 cells. Some tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons occur in direct apposition to vagal preganglionic cells in both the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the nucleus ambiguous. However, colocalization studies revealed that none of these neurons contained Fast Blue when this dye was retrogradely transported from the cervical vagus. Medullary catecholamine-synthesizing neurons apparently do not contribute axons to the vagus nerve. This finding is consistent with our own studies in the rat but is in contrast to studies in this species published by other workers.

Dose-dependent effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil on erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid and blood lipid levels

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 05-2008

DOI: 10.1017/S000711450785344X

Abstract: Consumption of long-chain n -3 PUFA, particularly DHA, has been shown to improve cardiovascular risk factors but the intake required to achieve benefits is unclear. We sought to determine the relationship between DHA intake, increases in erythrocyte DHA content and changes in blood lipids. A total of sixty-seven subjects (thirty-six male, thirty-one female, mean age 53 years) with fasting serum TAG ≥ 1·1 mmol/l and BMI kg/m 2 completed a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel intervention. Subjects consumed 2, 4 or 6 g/d of DHA-rich fish oil (26 % DHA, 6 % EPA) or a placebo (Sunola oil). Fasting blood lipid concentrations and fatty acid profiles in erythrocyte membranes were assessed at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks. For every 1 g/d increase in DHA intake, there was a 23 % reduction in TAG (mean baseline concentration 1·9 ( sem 0·1) mmol/l), 4·4 % increase in HDL-cholesterol and 7·1 % increase in LDL-cholesterol. Erythrocyte DHA content increased in proportion to the dose of DHA consumed ( r 0·72, P 0·001) and the increase after 12 weeks was linearly related to reductions in TAG ( r − 0·38, P 0·01) and increases in total cholesterol ( r 0·39, P 0·01), LDL-cholesterol ( r 0·33, P 0·01) and HDL-cholesterol ( r 0·30, P = 0·02). The close association between incorporation of DHA in erythrocytes and its effects on serum lipids highlights the importance of erythrocyte DHA as an indicator of cardiovascular health status.

Correction: Watson, N.; et al. Effects of Low-Fat Diets Differing in Protein and Carbohydrate Content on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors during Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance in Obese Adults with Typ

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 24-11-2017

DOI: 10.3390/NU9121283

Double-blind trial comparing guanfacine and methyldopa in patients with essential hypertension

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 1981

DOI: 10.1007/BF00544579

The cardiovascular protective role of docosahexaenoic acid

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-1996

DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(95)00861-6

Abstract: Dietary fish oils rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can modulate a erse range of factors contributing to cardiovascular disease. This study examined the relative roles of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3 EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3 DHA) which are the principal n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids regarded as candidates for cardioprotective actions. At low dietary intakes (0.4-1.1% of energy (%en)), docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid inhibited ischaemia-induced cardiac arrhythmias. At intakes of 3.9-10.0%en, docosahexaenoic acid was more effective than eicosapentaenoic acid at retarding hypertension development in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and inhibiting thromboxane-like vasoconstrictor responses in aortas from SHR. In stroke-prone SHR with established hypertension, docosahexaenoic acid (3.9-10.0%en) retarded the development of salt-loading induced proteinuria but eicosapentaenoic acid alone was ineffective. The results demonstrate that purified n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids mimic the cardiovascular actions of fish oils and imply that docosahexaenoic acid may be the principal active component conferring cardiovascular protection.

Increased number of PNMT-immunofluorescent nerve cell bodies in the medulla oblongata of stroke-prone hypertensive rats

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 1981

DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90724-1

Abstract: An antiserum to bovine adrenal PNMT was used to identify PNMT-containing nerve cell bodies in the medulla oblongata of 4-week-old normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. The regional distribution of PNMT cells and the total number of PNMT cell profiles in tranverse sections of the medulla were examined in each of the two strains. While there was no significant difference in the pattern of distribution of the cells, both the number of PNMT cell profiles per section and the total number seen in all sections of the medulla were significantly higher in the hypertensive rats. The increase in counts of PNMT cell profiles in the medulla suggests that there is a genetic difference in the number of central adrenaline neurons in these hypertensive rats. This is supported by the finding of similar increases of PNMT enzyme activity in the medulla of both stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats compared with Wistar-Kyoto rats.

Effects of Resveratrol on Cognitive Performance, Mood and Cerebrovascular Function in Post-Menopausal Women; A 14-Week Randomised Placebo-Controlled Intervention Trial

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 03-01-2017

DOI: 10.3390/NU9010027

Lack of Effect of Sugar Cane and Sunflower Seed Policosanols on Plasma Cholesterol in Rabbits

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 08-2008

DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2008.10719728

Abstract: To evaluate the potential for a mixture of policosanol extracted from sunflower oil (SFP) to lower blood cholesterol levels in comparison to sugar cane policosanol (SCP) in rabbits. Twenty three Semi-lop rabbits were blocked into three groups matched on fasting plasma cholesterol levels then randomly assigned to one of three parallel treatment arms: Control (Vehicle 28.6% sunflower oil/70% water/1.4% emulsifier) n = 7 SFP, 100 mg/kg in vehicle, n = 8 SCP, 100 mg/kg in vehicle, n = 8. Rabbits were gavaged once every two days for four weeks. Blood was collected and analysed for plasma lipids. Total cholesterol, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol increased significantly following SCP supplementation relative to the control. SFP supplementation had no effect. Triglyceride levels decreased significantly following all dietary treatments (P < 0.05), possibly due to the emulsifier. Dietary supplementation of normocholesterolemic rabbits with policosanol from sunflower oil does not appear to have any cholesterol lowering effect. A similar lack of efficacy observed with the commercial SCP product which we evaluated raises doubts about the purported cholesterol-lowering efficacy of these products, as reflected in the current literature.

A Comparison of Regular Consumption of Fresh Lean Pork, Beef and Chicken on Body Composition: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 14-02-2014

DOI: 10.3390/NU6020682

An Exploratory Analysis of Changes in Mental Wellbeing Following Curcumin and Fish Oil Supplementation in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 23-09-2020

DOI: 10.3390/NU12102902

Abstract: Curcumin has previously been shown to enhance mood in non-depressed older adults. However, observed benefits were limited to short-term supplementation (4 weeks). In a 16 week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial design trial, we supplemented overweight or obese non-depressed adults (50–80 years) with curcumin (160 mg/day), fish oil (2000 mg docosahexaenoic acid +400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid/day), or a combination of both. Secondary outcomes included mental wellbeing measures (mood states and subjective memory complaints (SMCs)) and quality of life (QoL). Furthermore, plasma apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) was measured to determine whether APOE4 status influences responses to fish oil. Curcumin improved vigour (p = 0.044) compared to placebo and reduced SMCs compared to no curcumin treatment (p = 0.038). Fish oil did not affect any mood states, SMCs or QoL however, responses to fish oil were affected by APOE4 status. In APOE4 non-carriers, fish oil increased vigour (p = 0.030) and reduced total mood disturbances (p = 0.048) compared to placebo. Improvements in mental wellbeing were correlated with increased QoL. Combining curcumin with fish oil did not result in additive effects. This exploratory analysis indicates that regular supplementation with either curcumin or fish oil (limited to APOE4 non-carriers) has the potential to improve some aspects of mental wellbeing in association with better QoL.

Fish Oil Reduces Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption During Exercise

Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Date: 12-2008

DOI: 10.1097/FJC.0B013E3181911913

Dietary intake of long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: contribution of meat sources

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2006

DOI: 10.1016/J.NUT.2005.05.009

Abstract: We examined the relative contributions of meat and fish to the dietary intakes of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3PUFAs). A database detailing 4550 foods and 4298 recipes recorded in the 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey (NNS95) was updated with new fatty acid compositional data then used to determine intakes from 24-h dietary recalls of 13858 in iduals. This approach was validated with food frequency questionnaires from 8321 of these in iduals. Fatty acid intakes were comparable to our previous estimates from NNS95 except for LCn3PUFAs, which were considerably higher. Mean intakes in adults estimated from the 24-h recalls were 75, 71, and 100 mg/d for eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively, giving a total of 246 mg/d. This is 30% greater than our previously published estimate of LCn3PUFA intake, the difference being attributable to inaccuracies in pre-existing data on the fatty acid composition of certain foods, particularly the DPA content of meats. We estimate that 43% of the LCn3PUFAs consumed by adults in the NNS95 survey originated from meat, poultry, and game compared with 48% from fish and seafood. Steak and kidney pies and other meat-containing cereal-based products accounted for an additional 4%. Beef and lamb contributed 28% of the total LCn3PUFA intake, whereas pork and poultry contributed 4% and 10%, respectively. Food frequency questionnaires produced similar results. Meat is a major source of LCn3PUFA, particularly DPA, for most Australians. When DPA is included in the definition of LCn3PUFAs, almost half the average adult intake of LCn3PUFA appears to originate from meat sources.

Effect of cocoa flavanols and exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese subjects

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 27-05-2008

DOI: 10.1038/IJO.2008.66

Abstract: Impaired endothelial function in obesity may reduce blood flow to sites of metabolism, contributing to impaired fat oxidation and insulin resistance. This study investigated the effects of cocoa flavanols and regular exercise, interventions known to improve endothelial function, on cardiometabolic function and body composition in obese in iduals. Overweight and obese adults were randomly assigned to high-flavanol cocoa (HF, 902 mg flavanols), HF and exercise, low-flavanol cocoa (LF, 36 mg flavanols), or LF and exercise for 12 weeks (exercise duration was 3 x 45 min per week at 75% of age-predicted maximum heart rate). Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 0 and 12 weeks. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), supine blood pressure (BP) and fasting plasma insulin, and glucose levels were assessed at 0, 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. Insulin sensitivity/resistance was determined using the modified homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2). A total of 49 subjects (M=18 F=31) completed the intervention. Baseline averages were as follows: body mass index=33.5 kg/m(2) BP=123/76 mm Hg HOMA2=2.4 FMD=4.3% rate of fat oxidation during exercise=0.34 g min(-1) abdominal fat=45.7% of total abdominal mass. Compared to LF, HF increased FMD acutely (2 h post-dose) by 2.4% (P<0.01) and chronically (over 12 weeks P<0.01) by 1.6% and reduced insulin resistance by 0.31% (P<0.05), diastolic BP by 1.6 mm Hg and mean arterial BP by 1.2 mm Hg (P<0.05), independent of exercise. Regular exercise increased fat oxidation during exercise by 0.10 g min(-1) (P<0.01) and reduced abdominal fat by 0.92% (P<0.05). Although HF consumption was shown to improve endothelial function, it did not enhance the effects of exercise on body fat and fat metabolism in obese subjects. However, it may be useful for reducing cardiometabolic risk factors in this population.

Improvement of Major Depression is Associated with Increased Erythrocyte DHA

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 04-06-2013

DOI: 10.1007/S11745-013-3801-7

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine if changes in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status following tuna oil supplementation correlated with changes in scores of depression. A total of 95 volunteers receiving treatment for major depression were randomised to consume 8 × 1 g capsules per day of HiDHA (2 g DHA, 0.6 g EPA and 10 mg Vitamin E) or olive oil (placebo) for 16 weeks, whilst undergoing weekly counseling sessions by trained clinical psychologists using a standard empirically validated psychotherapy. Depression status was assessed using the 17 item Hamilton rating scale for depression and the Beck Depression Inventory by a psychodiagnostician who was blind to the treatment. Blood was taken at baseline and 16 weeks (n = 48) for measurement of erythrocyte fatty acids. With HiDHA supplementation, erythrocyte DHA content rose from 4.1 ± 0.2 to 7.9 ± 0.4 % (mean ± SEM, p < 0.001) of total fatty acids but did not change (4.0 ± 0.2 to 4.1 ± 0.2 %) in the olive oil group. The mean changes in scores of depression did not differ significantly between the two groups (-12.2 ± 2.1 for tuna oil and -14.4 ± 2.3 for olive oil). However, analysis of covariance showed that in the fish oil group there was a significant correlation (r = -0.51) between the change in erythrocyte DHA and the change in scores of depression (p < 0.05). Further study of the relationship between DHA and depression is warranted.

Self-management for obesity and cardio-metabolic fitness: Description and evaluation of the lifestyle modification program of a randomised controlled trial

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 2008

DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-5-53

n-3 Fatty acid supplementation and regular moderate exercise: differential effects of a combined intervention on neutrophil function

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 08-2007

DOI: 10.1017/S0007114507707286

Abstract: CVD is associated with a cellular inflammatory/immune response. n -3 PUFA and moderate aerobic exercise independently alter cytokine production and leucocyte function. There is limited evidence for the combined effect of these treatments on immune function, particularly in patients with risk factors for CVD. We hypothesised that exercise would enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of n -3 PUFA. In a randomised, placebo-controlled study, fifty volunteers were allocated double-blind to consume either sunflower oil (6 g/d, placebo) or DHA-rich fish oil (6 g/d about 2 g n -3 PUFA 1·6 g DHA /d) for 12 weeks. Volunteers were further randomised to undertake regular exercise (walking 3 d/week for 45 min at 75 % of maximum heart rate) or maintain their usual physical activity for 12 weeks. Immune functions were assessed in blood taken initially and after 12 weeks. There was no effect on cytokine production by T cells and monocytes. Superoxide anion production from stimulated blood neutrophils was decreased by fish oil (19·5 ( sem 8·5) %, P = 0·016) but not by exercise, and this change was negatively correlated with the incorporation of DHA into erythrocytes ( r –0·385, P = 0·047). Participation in regular exercise maintained neutrophil bactericidal activity, which decreased in non-exercising subjects (2·9 ( sem 0·7) %, P = 0·013). Neutrophil chemotaxis and adherence were not significantly affected by exercise, oil, or the combination of the two. Thus the combination of moderate exercise and fish-oil supplementation, which reduces cardiovascular risk, may also help to counteract inflammation.

Content and turnover of noradrenaline in spinal cord and cerebellum of spontaneously hypertensive and stroke-prone rats

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-1981

DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(81)90083-2

Abstract: The concentration of noradrenaline was measured in various regions of the brain and spinal cord of spontaneously hypertensive rats, stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive Wistar/Kyoto controls. Elevated noradrenaline levels were consistently found in the pons, cerebellum and spinal cord of the two hypertensive strains. These changes occurred both in young rats, during the early development of hypertension, and in mature rats, after establishment of the hypertension. The increases of cerebellar and spinal noradrenaline in mature stroke-prone rats could not be reversed by lowering blood pressure with hydralazine. The increased noradrenaline concentrations were not accompanied by increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the hypertensive rats. However, comparisons of noradrenaline turnover made using the catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, alpha-methyltyrosine, indicate an increased turnover of spinal noradrenaline in both hypertensive strains after establishment of hypertension. The results suggest that the activity of spinal noradrenergic nerves is augmented in genetically hypertensive animals.

Limited lipid-lowering effects of regular consumption of whole soybean foods

Publisher: S. Karger AG

Date: 2004

DOI: 10.1159/000075592

Abstract: i Aim: /i To examine cardiovascular health benefits of foods containing a whole soybean extract. i Methods: /i The study design was a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial of consuming soy-based milk and yoghurt (treatment) or equivalent dairy products (control) for 5 weeks each. Twenty-six mildly hypercholesterolaemic and/or hypertensive volunteers were recruited from the community as study volunteers, of which 23 completed. Main outcome measures included clinic and ambulatory blood pressure, arterial compliance, lipids, fatty acids and isoflavones in fasted blood and 24-hour urinary isoflavone excretion. Nutrient intakes were assessed initially and after each 5-week period. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine predictor variables in statistical models order effects were tested by repeated measures ANOVA. Changes in Lp(a) were determined by Wilcoxon signed ranks tests other differences between treatment and control were assessed by t tests. i Results: /i Plasma and urinary isoflavones were markedly increased by whole soy supplementation but there were no overall differences in plasma lipids, blood pressure or arterial compliance between the soy and dairy diets. However, in 8 equol-positive subjects (equol detected in either plasma or urine), retrospective analysis revealed significant reductions in total cholesterol (8.5%), LDL cholesterol (10%), LDL:HDL ratio (13.5%), plasma triglycerides (21%) and lipoprotein(a) (11%) with the soy diet. These reductions were independent of changes in polyunsaturated fat and other macronutrient intakes. i Conclusions: /i Regular consumption of whole soybean milk and yogurt products had no effect on plasma lipids, blood pressure or arterial compliance in at-risk subjects, despite substantially increasing isoflavone levels in blood and urine. Retrospective analysis suggests that improvement of plasma lipids may have been limited to equol-positive subjects.

Long-term dietary intervention trials: critical issues and challenges

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 20-07-2012

DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-13-111

Antihypertensive Potential of Combined Extracts of Olive Leaf, Green Coffee Bean and Beetroot: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 05-11-2014

DOI: 10.3390/NU6114881

Relationships between Obesity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Cardiovascular Function

Publisher: Hindawi Limited

Date: 2010

DOI: 10.1155/2010/191253

Abstract: Background . Obesity and low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) have been shown to independently increase the risk of CVD mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between CRF, body fatness and markers of arterial function. Method and Results . Obese (9 male, 18 female BMI 35.3 ± 0.9 kg·m -2 ) and lean (8 male, 18 female BMI 22.5 ± 0.3 kg·m -2 ) volunteers were assessed for body composition (DXA), cardiorespiratory fitness (predicted max), blood pressure (BP), endothelial vasodilatator function (FMD), and arterial compliance (AC) (via radial artery tonometry). The obese group had more whole body fat and abdominal fat (43.5 ± 1.2% versus 27.2 ± 1.6% and 48.6 ± 0.9% versus 28.9 ± 1.8% resp.), and lower FMD (3.2 ± 0.4% versus 5.7 ± 0.7% ) than the lean subjects, but there was no difference in AC. AC in large arteries was positively associated with CRF ( ) but not with fatness. Conclusion . These results indicate distinct influences of obesity and CRF on blood vessel health. FMD was impaired with obesity, which may contribute to arterial and metabolic dysfunction. Low CRF was associated with reduced elasticity in large arteries, which could result in augmentation of aortic afterload.

Metabolic Health Benefits of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 11-2014

DOI: 10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00154

N ‐3 enrichment of pork with fishmeal: Effects on production and consumer acceptability

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 29-07-2008

DOI: 10.1002/EJLT.200700253

ADRENALINE SYNTHESIZING NERVE CELLS IN THE MEDULLA OF NORMOTENSIVE AND HYPERTENSIVE RATS

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 09-1981

DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1681.1981.TB00749.X

Abstract: 1. We have studied the number and distribution of adrenaline synthesizing nerve cells in the medulla oblongata of the rat, using a combination of immunofluorescence to visualize the enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and catecholamine fluorescence to detect central catecholamines. 2. The distribution of adrenaline synthesizing nerve cells was similar in normotensive (Wistar Kyoto) rats, spontaneous hypertensive rats, and stroke-prone rats. Few of the cells visualized by PNMT immunofluorescence were detected by the Faglu fluorescence method for catecholamines. The C1 (ventrolateral) and C2 (dorsomedial) groups of PNMT cells were anatomically distinct from the A1 and A2 groups of catecholamine fluorescent cells and lay rostral to these cells within the medulla. There was a third group of adrenaline synthesizing cells close to the midline in the rostral medulla, and we have called this the C3 group. 3. There was a 32% increase in the number of PNMT cells in the medulla of 4-week-old stroke-prone rats. 4. PNMT enzyme activity in a cross-segment of the medulla containing the adrenaline synthesizing cells was also increased by 30% in both spontaneous hypertensive rats and stroke-prone rats.

Evidence for a bulbospinal serotonergic pressor pathway in the rat brain

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-1983

DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90788-6

Abstract: The cardiovascular role of spinal serotonin (5-HT) neurones descending from 5-HT cells near the ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongata was investigated by stimulating these cells in normal animals and in animals with selective chemical ablation of 5-HT nerves. These laterally placed 5-HT nerves fall within the B1 and B3 groups in the medulla and were identified using immunohistochemistry. 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle (i.c.v.) to produce a generalized destruction of central 5-HT pathways, with preliminary intraperitoneal administration of desipramine to prevent depletion of noradrenaline stores. In other experiments, 5,7-DHT was injected directly into the cervical spinal cord, after preliminary treatment with desipramine, to produce selective destruction of spinal 5-HT nerves, confirmed both biochemically and immunohistochemically. Electrical stimulation near the lateral 5-HT cells in the B1 and B3 cell groups elicited pressor responses in control (vehicle-injected) rats the increase in mean arterial pressure was proportional to the intensity and to the frequency of stimulation. Microinjections of kainic acid or L-glutamate at the same sites also produced an increase in mean arterial pressure. Selective destruction of 5-HT nerves, whether produced by i.c.v. or intra-spinal administration of 5,7-DHT, reduced the magnitude of the pressor response to electrical stimulation by over 50%. These experiments suggest the activity of 5-HT nerve cells adjacent to the ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongata and projecting to the intermediolateral cell column serves to elevate arterial pressure and maintain vasomotor tone.

Polyunsaturated fatty acid status in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, and Alzheimer's disease: towards an omega-3 index for mental health?

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 10-2009

DOI: 10.1111/J.1753-4887.2009.00229.X

Abstract: Interest in the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly long-chain (LC) omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs, in mental health is increasing. This review investigates whether n-3 PUFA levels are abnormal in people with three prevalent mental health problems - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, and dementia. Data sources included PubMed, Web of Science, and bibliographies of papers published in English that describe PUFA levels in the circulation of in iduals who have these mental health conditions. Although abnormal blood PUFA levels were reported in a number of studies, weighted comparisons of PUFA status showed no significant differences overall between people with mental health problems and controls. Whether those with low n-3 PUFA status are likely to be more responsive to n-3 PUFA supplementation is not yet resolved. Further studies assessing PUFA levels and mental status with greater uniformity are required in order to clarify the relationship between LC n-3 PUFA status and mental health.

Improved heart rate recovery despite reduced exercise performance following heavy training: A within-subject analysis

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.JSAMS.2015.02.010

Abstract: The recovery of heart rate (HRR) after exercise is a potential indicator of fitness which has been shown to respond to changes in training. This study investigated the within-in idual association between HRR and exercise performance following three different training loads. 11 male cyclists/triathletes were tested after two weeks of light training, two weeks of heavy training and two days of rest. Exercise performance was measured using a 5-min maximal cycling time-trial. HRR was measured over 60s during supine recovery. Exercise performance decreased 2.2±2.5% following heavy training compared with post-light training (p=0.01), and then increased 4.0±4.2% following rest (p=0.004). Most HRR indices indicated a more rapid recovery of heart rate (HR) following heavy training, and reverted to post light training levels following two days of rest. HRR indices did not differ between post-light training and after the rest period (p>0.6). There were inverse within-subject relationships between indices of HRR and performance (r=-0.6, p≤0.004). Peak HR decreased 3.2±5.1bpm following heavy training (p=0.06) and significantly increased 4.9±4.3bpm following recovery (p=0.004). There was a moderate within-subject relationship between peak HR and exercise performance (r=0.7, p≤0.001). Controlling for peak HR reduced the relationships between HRR and performance (r=-0.4-0.5, p<0.05). This study demonstrated that HRR tracks short-term changes in exercise performance within-in iduals, such that increases in HRR are associated with poorer exercise performance following heavy training. Peak HR can be compromised under conditions of fatigue, and needs to be taken into account in HRR analyses.

Food groups and fatty acids associated with self-reported depression: An analysis from the Australian National Nutrition and Health Surveys

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2013

DOI: 10.1016/J.NUT.2013.02.006

Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore the associations between incidence of depression and dietary intakes of foods and fatty acids in adult Australians. Data from the 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey (NNS), the 1995 Australian National Health Survey (NHS) and an updated fatty acid database were merged and the 24-h fatty acid intakes were calculated for the 10 986 adult participants ages 18 to 79 y in the 1995 NNS. The merged data set was used to run a logistic regression with depression as the response variable and the food groups and calculated fatty acid values, age, and sex as predictors. The regression model indicated that increased intakes per kilojoule of meat, poultry, and game vegetables and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are associated with lower odds of having depression, whereas increased intakes of non-alcoholic beverages, milk products and dishes, and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) are associated with an increase in the odds of having depression. The results confirm a collective effect of diet on mood. Although other studies have shown that fish consumption is associated with lower odds of depression, this study showed lower odds of depression with high meat consumption, possibly reflecting the fact that Australians consume six times more meat than fish. Significant associations between food and mood identified in this study warrant further research to determine causality.

Telomere shortening in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment may be attenuated with ω-3 fatty acid supplementation: A randomized controlled pilot study

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.NUT.2013.09.013

Abstract: Excessive shortening of the telomeric ends of chromosomes is a marker of accelerated aging. Oxidative stress and nutritional deficiency may influence this process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) supplementation on telomeric shortening in elderly in iduals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Thirty-three adults ages > 65 y with MCI were randomized to receive a supplement rich in the long-chain ω-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA 1.67 g EPA + 0.16 g docosahexaenoic acid DHA/d n = 12) or DHA (1.55 g DHA + 0.40 g EPA/d n = 12), versus ω-6 PUFA linoleic acid (LA 2.2 g/d n = 9) for 6 mo. The intervention did not show an increase in telomere length with treatment and there was a trend toward telomere shortening during the intervention period. Linear mixed modeling produced a robust model although statistically underpowered. Telomere shortening was greatest in the LA group (d = 0.21) than in the DHA (d = 0.12) and EPA groups (d = 0.06). Increased erythrocyte DHA levels were associated with reduced telomere shortening (r = -0.67 P = 0.02) in the DHA group. Telomeric shortening may be attenuated by ω-3 PUFA supplementation, requiring further investigation in larger s les.

Effect of vibration on muscle perfusion: a systematic review

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 02-08-2012

DOI: 10.1111/J.1475-097X.2012.01161.X

Potential Implications of Dose and Diet for the Effects of Cocoa Flavanols on Cardiometabolic Function

Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Date: 28-07-2015

DOI: 10.1021/ACS.JAFC.5B01492

Abstract: The metabolic syndrome is a pathological state whereby cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction coexist and typically progress in a mutual feed-forward manner to further dysfunction and ultimately disease. The health and function of the vascular endothelium is integral in this phenomenon and thus represents a logical target for intervention. Consumption of foods high in cocoa flavanols has demonstrated a capacity to markedly improve endothelial function and key markers of the metabolic syndrome including blood pressure and insulin sensitivity. The typically high energy content of foods containing sufficient doses of cocoa flavanols has caused some reservations around its therapeutic use, but this is dependent upon the particulars of the food matrix used. Further to this, the food matrix appears to influence the dose response curve of cocoa flavanols, particularly on blood pressure, with dark chocolate appearing to be 8 times more effective in systolic blood pressure reduction than a cocoa powder drink for the equivalent dose of flavanol. Cocoa flavanol consumption conclusively demonstrates a positive impact on cardiometabolic function however, more research is needed to understand how best to consume it to maximize the benefit while avoiding excessive fat and sugar consumption.

Oiling the Brain: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychopathology across the Lifespan

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 09-02-2010

DOI: 10.3390/NU2020128

Evidence for circulatory benefits of resveratrol in humans

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 07-2013

DOI: 10.1111/NYAS.12155

Abstract: Impairments of endothelial function, which can be assessed noninvasively by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. Associations between FMD and cognition suggest a vascular component in the loss of cognitive function. Certain vasoactive nutrients that have been shown to improve FMD may also have the potential to enhance cerebral perfusion and cognition. Preclinical studies show that trans-resveratrol can enhance nitric oxide bioavailability, thereby increasing endothelium-dependent vasodilation. We have now shown that acute administration of resveratrol elicits dose-dependent increases of FMD with greater potency than other vasoactive nutrients and that this benefit is sustained following regular consumption. We describe the potential implications of this vasodilator benefit of resveratrol and its role in enhancing cerebrovascular and cognitive functions.

Does substance P coexist with adrenaline in neurones of the rostral ventrolateral medulla in the rat?

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 11-1986

DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90636-1

Abstract: Spinally projecting substance P- (SP) and adrenaline-containing neurones of the rostral ventrolateral medulla are believed to be important in the tonic and reflex control of blood pressure. In this paper we used dual immunofluorescence staining to investigate the degree of co-localisation of these two putative neurotransmitters in this region. In contrast to a recent report that SP and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) are extensively co-localised, we report here that only a small number of neurones were found to be immunoreactive for both SP and PNMT.

Evidence that adrenaline neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla have a vasopressor function

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-1984

DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(84)90237-4

Abstract: Focal electrical or chemical stimulation in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of the rat and rabbit evoked large increases in arterial pressure when the stimulus sites were in the region containing a high density of adrenaline synthesizing neurons, but much smaller or no responses when the sites were outside this region. The adrenaline neurons were identified in the rat by an immunohistochemical procedure, and in the rabbit by a modification of the FAGLU catecholamine fluorescence method. By combining the fluorescence procedure with the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, many of the adrenaline synthesizing neurons in the rabbit were shown to project to the spinal cord.

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0349193

Start Date: 11-2003

End Date: 11-2006

Amount: $183,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0220843

Start Date: 06-2002

End Date: 06-2005

Amount: $269,433.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0347447

Start Date: 2002

End Date: 12-2003

Amount: $180,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0561211

Start Date: 2005

End Date: 12-2007

Amount: $151,096.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP100200597

Start Date: 07-2010

End Date: 12-2014

Amount: $80,007.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0776922

Start Date: 10-2007

End Date: 06-2010

Amount: $231,147.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP100100863

Start Date: 2010

End Date: 12-2012

Amount: $200,395.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0220726

Start Date: 06-2002

End Date: 12-2004

Amount: $114,331.00

Funder: Australian Research Council