ORCID Profile
0000-0001-8051-0040
Current Organisations
University of Manchester
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Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Ecology | Population, Ecological and Evolutionary Genetics | Marine and Estuarine Ecology (incl. Marine Ichthyology) | Biochemistry And Cell Biology Not Elsewhere Classified | Environmental Science and Management | Physiology | Biomaterials | Ecology And Evolution Not Elsewhere Classified | Zoology | Animal structure and function | Biomechanics | Physical Oceanography | Zoology | Population Ecology | Ecological Impacts of Climate Change | Conservation and Biodiversity | Animal Physiology—Cell | Animal Anatomy And Histology | Comparative Physiology | Natural Resource Management | Biological adaptation | Behavioural Ecology |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Biological sciences | Expanding Knowledge in the Biological Sciences | Marine Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity | Ecosystem Adaptation to Climate Change | Effects of Climate Change and Variability on Australia (excl. Social Impacts) | Estuarine and lagoon areas | Living resources (flora and fauna) | Fisheries - Wild Caught not elsewhere classified | Tourism not elsewhere classified | Ecosystem Assessment and Management of Marine Environments
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Publications
A new tetraphyllidean genus and species, Caulopatera pagei n. g., n. sp. (Tetraphyllidea: Phyllobothriidae), from the grey carpetshark Chiloscyllium punctatum Müller & Henle (Orectolobiformes: Hem
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-08-2010
DOI: 10.1007/S11230-010-9252-0
Abstract: A new genus and species of tetraphyllidean cestode, Caulopatera pagei n. g., n. sp., is described from the grey carpetshark Chiloscyllium punctatum Müller & Henle in Moreton Bay, Australia. The new genus is placed in the Phyllobothriidae, subfamily Phyllobothriinae. Caulopatera n. g. is distinct from all other phyllobothriine genera in having stalked, circular, non-loculate bothridia that lack an apical sucker, testes that are restricted to the region anterior to the cirrus-sac and circum-medullary vitelline follicles. The new genus most closely resembles Carpobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906, with which it shares non-loculate, stalked, unhooked bothridia without an accessory sucker and testes that are entirely anterior to the cirrus-sac, but differs from it in that it lacks a slit-like opening in each bothridium and flaps surrounding the opening. The possession of bothridial stalks is consistent with two cestode orders, the Tetraphyllidea and the Rhinebothriidea. The morphology of the bothridial stalks is consistent with other tetraphyllidean genera, in that Caulopatera possesses triangular bothridial stalks surrounding the back of the bothridia, indicating that it belongs in the Tetraphyllidea senso stricto, rather than in the recently recognised Rhinebothriidea.
Insights into the reproductive biology and fisheries of two commercially exploited species, shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) and blue shark (Prionace glauca), in the south-east Pacific Ocean
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2013
Biomechanical properties of raw meshes used in pelvic floor reconstruction
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-09-2008
DOI: 10.1007/S00192-008-0711-Y
Abstract: Female urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse are common conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the biomechanical properties of raw meshes commonly used in pelvic floor surgery, particularly the effects of cyclical loading on these meshes. The material properties of nine different types of surgical meshes were examined using uniaxial tensile tests. The strength and extensibility of the mesh designs differed considerably. Most mesh types exhibited curvilinear loading curves. Cyclical loading of mesh s les produced significant permanent deformation in all mesh designs. This non-recoverable extension ranged from about 8.5% to 19% strain. Hysteresis also varied considerably between materials from 30% to 85%. All mesh groups tested for their biomechanical properties displayed differences in results for failure load, stiffness, non-recoverable extension and hysteresis.
Population structure and connectivity of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) across the indo-pacific ocean basin
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 07-2017
DOI: 10.1098/RSOS.170309
Abstract: Population genetic structure using nine polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci was assessed for the tiger shark ( Galeocerdo cuvier ) at seven locations across the Indo-Pacific, and one location in the southern Atlantic. Genetic analyses revealed considerable genetic structuring ( F ST 0.14, p 0.001) between all Indo-Pacific locations and Brazil. By contrast, no significant genetic differences were observed between locations from within the Pacific or Indian Oceans, identifying an apparent large, single Indo-Pacific population. A lack of differentiation between tiger sharks s led in Hawaii and other Indo-Pacific locations identified herein is in contrast to an earlier global tiger shark nDNA study. The results of our power analysis provide evidence to suggest that the larger s le sizes used here negated any weak population sub ision observed previously. These results further highlight the need for cross-jurisdictional efforts to manage the sustainable exploitation of large migratory sharks like G. cuvier .
Reproductive biology of Zearaja chilensis (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae) in the south‐east Pacific Ocean
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1095-8649.2011.03164.X
Abstract: Between 2000 and 2002, three artisanal landing sites were s led in southern Chile, with data on population structure and reproductive development collected from 5477 yellownose skates Zearaja chilensis. Total length (L(T) ) ranged from 33 to 158 cm for females and 34 to 155 cm for males. No sexual dimorphism was evident in disc size (length or width) or in L(T)-mass relationships. The smallest mature female was 95 cm L(T) and the size at which 50% were mature (L(T50) ) was 109 cm. Males matured between 80 and 90 cm L(T) with a L(T50) of 88 cm. Although the largest Z. chilensis captured by the artisanal fishery was 155 cm L(T) , 89% of landings comprised relatively small, immature fish. This situation may compromise the stock integrity if intrinsic vulnerability and probable long-life span of Z. chilensis are considered. Consequences for the survival of the species and possible signs of a fishery collapse must be reviewed by management authorities by consideration of both artisanal and industrial landings in Chile.
Variation in occupancy and habitat use of Mobula alfredi at a major aggregation site
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 12-07-2018
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS12610
Infection of the epaulette shark, Hemiscyllium ocellatum (Bonnaterre), by the nematode parasite Proleptus australis Bayliss (Spirurida: Physalopteridae)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-1998
Tetraphyllidean and onchoproteocephalidean cestodes of elasmobranchs from Moreton Bay, Australia: description of two new species and new records for seven described species
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-08-2018
DOI: 10.1007/S11230-018-9817-X
Abstract: Parasitological examination of elasmobranchs of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, resulted in the discovery of cestodes belonging to several armed genera of the Tetraphyllidea and Onchoproteocephalidea. Two new tetraphyllideans, Yorkeria moretonensis n. sp. and Yorkeria williamsi n. sp., are described from Chiloscyllium cf. punctatum (Hemiscylliidae). Yorkeria moretonensis n. sp. differs from its congeners in the possession of vitelline follicles that are discontinuous in the region of the ovary and in the length of its pedicels. Yorkeria williamsi n. sp. is most similar to Y. parva Southwell, 1927, but has larger, oval bothridia, longer pedicels and differences in the sizes of the scolex hooks. Yorkeria longstaffae Caira, Jensen & Rajan, 2007 is reported from Moreton Bay for the first time, and Spiniloculus mavensis Southwell, 1925 is re-reported from the type-locality and likely type-host (Moreton Bay and Chiloscyllium cf. punctatum, respectively), over 90 years after its original description. Six known onchoproteocephalideans, Acanthobothrium cannoni C bell & Beveridge, 2002, A. chisholmae C bell & Beveridge, 2002, A. ocallaghani C bell & Beveridge, 2002, A. margieae Fyler, 2011, Megalonchos shawae Caira, Reyda & Mega, 2007 and M. sumansinghai Caira, Reyda & Mega, 2007, are reported from Moreton Bay for the first time, representing significant range extensions for all species.
Living on the edge: latitudinal variations in the reproductive biology of two coastal species of sharks
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-09-2016
DOI: 10.1111/JFB.13126
Abstract: Differences in the reproductive biology of both the Australian weasel shark Hemigaleus australiensis and the Australian sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon taylori were apparent between in iduals from the southern-most extent of their range in eastern Australia (Moreton Bay) and those from northern Australia. For H. australiensis from Moreton Bay the total length (L
Spatial gradient in the distribution of whaler sharks (Carcharhinidae) in Moreton Bay, southeastern Queensland
Publisher: Queensland Museum
Date: 2015
Branchial vascular pathways in two species of Tetraodontiformes and the concept of secondary vessels and nutrient arteries
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-03-2005
Comparative morphology of the egg cases of Asymbolus analis, Asymbolus rubiginosus and Figaro boardmani (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae) from southern Queensland, Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2013
DOI: 10.1111/JFB.12155
Abstract: Descriptions of the egg cases of three catsharks, Asymbolus analis, Asymbolus rubiginosus and Figaro boardmani, are provided from 65 egg cases obtained from fishing surveys carried out on the continental shelf of southern Queensland, Australia. Egg cases of A. analis, A. rubiginosus and F. boardmani have the same basic morphology they are typically vase-shaped, dorso-ventrally flattened and yellow and brown-tan in colour. The shape of the posterior border in terms of horn length and tendril thickness is the specific characteristic discriminating these three catsharks: enclosed horns in F. boardmani, short horns and tendrils in A. rubiginosus and long, coiled tendrils in A. analis. A non-parametric statistical approach was used as an exploratory tool for egg case identification in which six proportional measurements were sufficient to discriminate between species. Three egg cases of F. boardmani were recovered from the stomachs of three A. rubiginosus, which provided the first evidence of catshark-catshark predator-prey interaction.
Development and characterization of ten microsatellite loci for the reef manta ray Manta alfredi
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-07-2012
Can estimates of genetic effective population size contribute to fisheries stock assessments?
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-10-2016
DOI: 10.1111/JFB.13129
Abstract: Sustainable exploitation of fisheries populations is challenging to achieve when the size of the population prior to exploitation and the actual numbers removed over time and across fishing zones are not clearly known. Quantitative fisheries' modeling is able to address this problem, but accurate and reliable model outcomes depend on high quality input data. Much of this information is obtained through the operation of the fishery under consideration, but while this seems appropriate, biases may occur. For ex le, poorly quantified changes in fishing methods that increase catch rates can erroneously suggest that the overall population size is increasing. Hence, the incorporation of estimates of abundance derived from independent data sources is preferable. We review and evaluate a fisheries-independent method of indexing population size inferring adult abundance from estimates of the genetic effective size of a population (N
Morphology of the ampullae of Lorenzini in juvenile freshwaterCarcharhinus leucas
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-12-2014
DOI: 10.1002/JMOR.20355
Abstract: Ampullae of Lorenzini were examined from juvenile Carcharhinus leucas (831-1,045 mm total length) captured from freshwater regions of the Brisbane River. The ullary organ structure differs from all other previously described ullae in the canal wall structure, the general shape of the ullary canal, and the apically nucleated supportive cells. Ampullary pores of 140-205 µm in diameter are distributed over the surface of the head region with 2,681 and 2,913 pores present in two sharks that were studied in detail. The primary variation of the ullary organs appears in the canal epithelial cells which occur as either flattened squamous epithelial cells or a second form of pseudostratified contour-ridged epithelial cells both cell types appear to release material into the ullary lumen. Secondarily, this ullary canal varies due to involuted walls that form a clover-like canal wall structure. At the proximal end of the canal, contour-ridged cells abut a narrow region of cuboidal epithelial cells that verge on the constant, six alveolar sacs of the ulla. The alveolar sacs contain numerous receptor and supportive cells bound by tight junctions and desmosomes. Pear-shaped receptor cells that possess a single apical kinocilium are connected basally by unmyelinated neural boutons. Opposed to previously described ullae of Lorenzini, the supportive cells have an apical nucleus, possess a low number of microvilli, and form a unique, jagged alveolar wall. A centrally positioned centrum cap of cuboidal epithelial cells overlies a primary afferent lateral line nerve.
The phylogenetic position of the roughskin skate Dipturus trachyderma (Krefft & Stehmann, 1975) (Rajiformes, Rajidae) inferred from the mitochondrial genome
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 30-06-2016
DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1060462
Abstract: The complete mitochondrial genome of the roughskin skate Dipturus trachyderma is described from 1 455 724 sequences obtained using Illumina NGS technology. Total length of the mitogenome was 16 909 base pairs, comprising 2 rRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs and 2 non-coding regions. Phylogenetic analysis based on mtDNA revealed low genetic ergence among longnose skates, in particular, those dwelling the continental shelf and slope off the coasts of Chile and Argentina.
Development and characterization of 17 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the reef manta ray (Mobula alfredi)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-04-2019
Morphometric and ultrastructural comparison of the olfactory system in elasmobranchs: The significance of structure-function relationships based on phylogeny and ecology
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2008
DOI: 10.1002/JMOR.10661
Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between olfactory morphology, habitat occupancy, and lifestyle in 21 elasmobranch species in a phylogenetic context. Four measures of olfactory capability, that is, the number of olfactory lamellae, the surface area of the olfactory epithelium, the mass of the olfactory bulb, and the mass of the olfactory rosette were compared between in idual species and groups, comprised of species with similar habitat and/or lifestyle. Statistical analyses using generalized least squares phylogenetic regression revealed that bentho-pelagic sharks and rays possess significantly more olfactory lamellae and larger sensory epithelial surface areas than benthic species. There was no significant correlation between either olfactory bulb or rosette mass and habitat type. There was also no significant difference between the number of lamellae or the size of the sensory surface area in groups comprised of species with similar diets, that is, groups preying predominantly on crustaceans, cephalopods, echinoderms, polychaetes, molluscs, or teleosts. However, some groups had significantly larger olfactory bulb or rosette masses than others. There was little evidence to support a correlation between phylogeny and morphology, indicating that differences in olfactory capabilities are the result of functional rather than phylogenetic adaptations. All olfactory epithelia exhibited microvilli and cilia, with microvilli in both nonsensory and sensory areas, and cilia only in sensory areas. Cilia over the sensory epithelia originated from supporting cells. In contrast to teleosts, which possess ciliated and microvillous olfactory receptor types, no ciliated olfactory receptor cells were observed. This is the first comprehensive study comparing olfactory morphology to several aspects of elasmobranch ecology in a phylogenetic context.
First record of Mobula japanica (Rajiformes: Myliobatidae) from the south-eastern Pacific Ocean
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 05-2012
Assessment of kinematic and kinetic patterns following limb salvage procedures for bone sarcoma
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.GAITPOST.2009.08.234
Abstract: Bone sarcomas are the fourth most common cancer in in iduals under 25 years. Limb salvage procedures have become increasingly popular for the treatment of osteosarcomas as they have functional and psychological benefits over traditional utative procedures. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate kinematic and kinetic characteristics of patient's post-limb salvage and examine key predictive factors of gait dysfunction. A retrospective outcome study was undertaken on 20 limb salvage patients (10 females, 10 males) recruited from the Queensland Bone Tumour Registry. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using a 3D motional analysis system and three force platforms. Loading response knee flexion in the affected lower limb was reduced compared to the unaffected lower limb (P<0.001) and the control group (P<0.001), although, closer examination of results showed two contrasting patterns of knee flexion during loading. Multiple regression analysis showed that muscular integrity (i.e. strength, ROM and residual mass) was the most predictive factor of function following limb salvage surgery. ANOVA showed that patients treated with the Stanmore SIMLES prostheses exhibited superior torque and power production at the ankle during late stance compared to those treated with the Stryker HMRS. In summary, the results showed that limb salvage patients adopted a gait pattern that reduced the moment demand at the knee and hip, suggesting a compensation for pain, reduced stability and/or muscle weakness.
Local-scale resource partitioning by stingrays on an intertidal flat
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 06-08-2015
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS11358
Morphological comparison of the ampullae of Lorenzini of three sympatric benthic rays
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2018
DOI: 10.1111/JFB.13531
Abstract: This study investigated and compared the morphology of the electrosensory system of three species of benthic rays. Neotrygon trigonoides, Hemitrygon fluviorum and Maculabatis toshi inhabit similar habitats within Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Like all elasmobranchs, they possess the ability to detect weak electrical fields using their ullae of Lorenzini. Macroscopically, the ullary organs of all three species are aggregated in three bilaterally paired clusters: the mandibular, hyoid and superficial ophthalmic clusters. The hyoid and superficial ophthalmic clusters of ullae arise from both dorsal and ventral ullary pores. The dorsal pores are typically larger than the ventral pores in all three species, except for the posterior ventral pores of the hyoid grouping. Ampullary canals arising from the hyoid cluster possessed a quasi-sinusoidal shape, but otherwise appeared similar to the canals described for other elasmobranchs. Ultrastructure of the ullae of Lorenzini of the three species was studied using a combination of light, confocal and electron microscopy. All possess ullae of the alveolar type. In N. trigonoides and M. toshi, each ullary canal terminates in three to five sensory chambers, each comprising several alveoli lined with receptor and supportive cells and eight to 11 sensory chambers in H. fluviorum. Receptor cells of all three species possess a similar organization to those of other elasmobranchs and were enveloped by large, apically nucleated supportive cells protruding well into the alveolar sacs. The luminally extended chassis of supportive cells protruding dramatically into the ullary lumen had not previously been documented for any elasmobranch species.
Comparative morphology of the electrosensory system of the epaulette shark Hemiscyllium ocellatum and brown‐banded bamboo shark Chiloscyllium punctatum
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-01-2019
DOI: 10.1111/JFB.13893
Abstract: We compared the electrosensory system of two benthic elasmobranchs Hemiscyllium ocellatum and Chiloscyllium punctatum. The distribution of the ullary pores on the head was similar for both species, with a higher density of pores anteriorly and a lower density posteriorly, although C. punctatum generally possessed larger pores. Ampullary canals of the mandibular cluster were quasi-sinusoidal in H. ocellatum, a shape previously found in benthic rays only, whereas ullary canals in C. punctatum were of a linear morphology as reported for many shark and ray species previously. The ullae proper were of the lobular type, as occurs in most galean sharks. Chiloscyllium punctatum had six sensory chambers compared with the five per ulla in H. ocellatum, which were generally smaller than those of C. punctatum. The sensory epithelium comprised flattened receptor cells, compared with the usual pear-shaped receptor cells encountered in other elasmobranchs and their apically nucleated supportive cells did not protrude markedly into the ullary lumen, unlike those in benthic rays.
Taxonomic status, biological notes, and conservation of the longhorned pygmy devil ray Mobula eregoodoo (Cantor, 1849)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-11-2019
DOI: 10.1002/AQC.3230
Tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) movement patterns and habitat use determined by satellite tagging in eastern Australian waters
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-09-2014
Analysis of whole mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of istiophorid billfishes
Publisher: Bulletin of Marine Science
Date: 2018
Extracting DNA from ‘jaws’: high yield and quality from archived tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) skeletal material
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-08-2017
Abstract: Archived specimens are highly valuable sources of DNA for retrospective genetic/genomic analysis. However, often limited effort has been made to evaluate and optimize extraction methods, which may be crucial for downstream applications. Here, we assessed and optimized the usefulness of abundant archived skeletal material from sharks as a source of DNA for temporal genomic studies. Six different methods for DNA extraction, encompassing two different commercial kits and three different protocols, were applied to material, so-called bio-swarf, from contemporary and archived jaws and vertebrae of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier). Protocols were compared for DNA yield and quality using a qPCR approach. For jaw swarf, all methods provided relatively high DNA yield and quality, while large differences in yield between protocols were observed for vertebrae. Similar results were obtained from s les of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). Application of the optimized methods to 38 museum and private angler trophy specimens dating back to 1912 yielded sufficient DNA for downstream genomic analysis for 68% of the s les. No clear relationships between age of s les, DNA quality and quantity were observed, likely reflecting different preparation and storage methods for the trophies. Trial sequencing of DNA capture genomic libraries using 20 000 baits revealed that a significant proportion of captured sequences were derived from tiger sharks. This study demonstrates that archived shark jaws and vertebrae are potential high-yield sources of DNA for genomic-scale analysis. It also highlights that even for similar tissue types, a careful evaluation of extraction protocols can vastly improve DNA yield.
The genetic signature of recent speciation in manta rays (Manta alfredi and M. birostris)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.YMPEV.2012.03.020
Abstract: Manta rays have been taxonomically revised as two species, Manta alfredi and M. birostris, on the basis of morphological and meristic data, yet the two species occur in extensive mosaic sympatry. We analysed the genetic signatures of the species boundary using a portion of the nuclear RAG1 (681 base pairs), mitochondrial CO1 (574 bp) and ND5 genes (1188 bp). The assay with CO1 sequences, widely used in DNA barcoding, failed to distinguish the two species. The two species were clearly distinguishable, however, with no shared RAG1 or ND5 haplotypes. The species were reciprocally monophyletic for RAG1, but paraphyletic for ND5 sequences. Qualitative evidence and statistical inferences using the 'Isolation-with-Migration models' indicated that these results were better explained with post- ergence gene flow in the recent past rather than incomplete lineage sorting with zero gene flow since speciation. An estimate of ergence time was less than 0.5 Ma with an upper confidence limit of within 1 Ma. Recent speciation of highly mobile species in the marine environment is of great interest, as it suggests that speciation may have occurred in the absence of long-term physical barriers to gene flow. We propose that the ecologically driven forces such as habitat choice played a significant role in speciation in manta rays.
Habitat segregation and mosaic sympatry of the two species of manta ray in the Indian and Pacific Oceans: Manta alfredi and M. birostris
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 10-06-2011
Partitioning of Respiration between the Gills and Air‐Breathing Organ in Response to Aquatic Hypoxia and Exercise in the Pacific Tarpon,Megalops cyprinoides
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Date: 09-2004
DOI: 10.1086/422056
Abstract: The evolution of air-breathing organs (ABOs) is associated not only with hypoxic environments but also with activity. This investigation examines the effects of hypoxia and exercise on the partitioning of aquatic and aerial oxygen uptake in the Pacific tarpon. The two-species cosmopolitan genus Megalops is unique among teleosts in using swim bladder ABOs in the pelagic marine environment. Small fish (58-620 g) were swum at two sustainable speeds in a circulating flume respirometer in which dissolved oxygen was controlled. For fish swimming at 0.11 m s(-1) in normoxia (Po2 = 21 kPa), there was practically no air breathing, and gill oxygen uptake was 1.53 mL kg(-0.67) min(-1). Air breathing occurred at 0.5 breaths min(-1) in hypoxia (8 kPa) at this speed, when the gills and ABOs accounted for 0.71 and 0.57 mL kg(-0.67) min(-1), respectively. At 0.22 m s(-1) in normoxia, breathing occurred at 0.1 breaths min(-1), and gill and ABO oxygen uptake were 2.08 and 0.08 mL kg(-0.67) min(-1), respectively. In hypoxia and 0.22 m s(-1), breathing increased to 0.6 breaths min(-1), and gill and ABO oxygen uptake were 1.39 and 1.28 mL kg(-0.67) min(-1), respectively. Aquatic hypoxia was therefore the primary stimulus for air breathing under the limited conditions of this study, but exercise augmented oxygen uptake by the ABOs, particularly in hypoxic water.
Lack of multiple paternity in the oceanodromous tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier)
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1098/RSOS.171385
Abstract: Multiple paternity has been documented as a reproductive strategy in both viviparous and ovoviviparous elasmobranchs, leading to the assumption that multiple mating may be ubiquitous in these fishes. However, with the majority of studies conducted on coastal and nearshore elasmobranchs that often form mating aggregations, parallel studies on pelagic, semi-solitary species are lacking. The tiger shark ( Galeocerdo cuvier ) is a large pelagic shark that has an aplacental viviparous reproductive mode which is unique among the carcharhinids. A total of 112 pups from four pregnant sharks were genotyped at nine microsatellite loci to assess the possibility of multiple paternity or polyandrous behaviour by female tiger sharks. Only a single pup provided evidence of possible multiple paternity, but with only seven of the nine loci lifying for this in idual, results were inconclusive. In summary, it appears that the tiger sharks s led in this study were genetically monogamous. These findings may have implications for the genetic ersity and future sustainability of this population.
The Origin and Evolution of the Surfactant System in Fish: Insights into the Evolution of Lungs and Swim Bladders
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Date: 09-2004
DOI: 10.1086/422058
Abstract: Several times throughout their radiation fish have evolved either lungs or swim bladders as gas-holding structures. Lungs and swim bladders have different ontogenetic origins and can be used either for buoyancy or as an accessory respiratory organ. Therefore, the presence of air-filled bladders or lungs in different groups of fishes is an ex le of convergent evolution. We propose that air breathing could not occur without the presence of a surfactant system and suggest that this system may have originated in epithelial cells lining the pharynx. Here we present new data on the surfactant system in swim bladders of three teleost fish (the air-breathing pirarucu Arapaima gigas and tarpon Megalops cyprinoides and the non-air-breathing New Zealand snapper Pagrus auratus). We determined the presence of surfactant using biochemical, biophysical, and morphological analyses and determined homology using immunohistochemical analysis of the surfactant proteins (SPs). We relate the presence and structure of the surfactant system to those previously described in the swim bladders of another teleost, the goldfish, and those of the air-breathing organs of the other members of the Osteichthyes, the more primitive air-breathing Actinopterygii and the Sarcopterygii. Snapper and tarpon swim bladders are lined with squamous and cuboidal epithelial cells, respectively, containing membrane-bound lamellar bodies. Phosphatidylcholine dominates the phospholipid (PL) profile of lavage material from all fish analyzed to date. The presence of the characteristic surfactant lipids in pirarucu and tarpon, lamellar bodies in tarpon and snapper, SP-B in tarpon and pirarucu lavage, and SPs (A, B, and D) in swim bladder tissue of the tarpon provide strong evidence that the surfactant system of teleosts is homologous with that of other fish and of tetrapods. This study is the first demonstration of the presence of SP-D in the air-breathing organs of nonmammalian species and SP-B in actinopterygian fishes. The extremely high cholesterol/disaturated PL and cholesterol/PL ratios of surfactant extracted from tarpon and pirarucu bladders and the poor surface activity of tarpon surfactant are characteristics of the surfactant system in other fishes. Despite the paraphyletic phylogeny of the Osteichthyes, their surfactant is uniform in composition and may represent the vertebrate protosurfactant.
Spatial genetic subdivision among populations of the highly migratory black marlin Istiompax indica within the central Indo-Pacific
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1071/MF14370
Abstract: The black marlin Istiompax indica is a highly migratory species and as a result is expected to show little genetic population structure throughout its broad geographic range. Tissue s les from 183 I. indica were collected from three geographic regions within the central Indo-Pacific and analysed using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers. Nuclear genetic heterogeneity was found among populations in the south-western Pacific Ocean, eastern Indian Ocean and South China Sea (significant FST values of 0.013–0.037). Combining information from nuclear markers with published movement and reproductive data suggests that reproductive philopatry plays a role in maintaining contemporary I. indica population structure. Analyses of the mitochondrial control region did not reflect this pattern however, it identified historical population structure. Differing patterns of genetic population structure revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear markers demonstrated that a transition must have occurred between historical and contemporary population structures. This restructuring presumably reflects a species whose populations have become genetically isolated before experiencing a period of secondary contact. The spatial sub ision evident among populations indicates that I. indica in this central Indo-Pacific region should be managed as three independent stocks, to guide the sustainability of this fisheries resource.
Staphylorchis cymatodes (Gorgoderidae: Anaporrhutinae) from carcharhiniform, orectolobiform and myliobatiform elasmobranchs of Australasia: Low host specificity, wide distribution and morphological pl
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.PARINT.2010.08.003
Abstract: Anaporrhutine gorgoderids (Digenea: Gorgoderidae: Anaporrhutinae) found in the body cavity of six species of elasmobranchs from the orders Carcharhiniformes, Myliobatiformes and Orectolobiformes from Australian waters were found to belong to the genus Staphylorchis. Although these specimens were morphologically variable, sequences of ITS2 and 28S ribosomal DNA from specimens from three host families and two host orders were identical. Based on morphological and molecular data these specimens were identified as the type-species of the genus, Staphylorchis cymatodes. New measurements are provided for S. cymatodes, and for the first time genetic data are presented for this species. In addition to providing new morphological and molecular data for S. cymatodes, the previously described species S. gigas, S. parisi and S. scoliodonii, are here synonymised with S. cymatodes. This implies that S. cymatodes, as conceived here, has remarkably low host-specificity, being recorded from eight elasmobranch species from four families and three orders, has a wide geographical distribution in the Indo-west Pacific from off India, in the Bay of Bengal, to Moreton Bay in the Coral Sea, and is morphologically plastic, with body size, size of specific organs and body shape differing dramatically between specimens from different host species. The genus Staphylorchis now contains only two valid species, S. cymatodes and S. pacifica.
Erratum: Habitat segregation and mosaic sympatry of the two species of manta ray in the Indian and Pacific Oceans: Manta alfredi and M. birostris(Marine Biodiversity Records (2011) 4 (e53) DOI: 10.1017/S1755267211000479)
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 11-2011
Reproductive parameters of rhinobatid and urolophid batoids taken as by‐catch in the Queensland (Australia) east coast otter‐trawl fishery
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-05-2016
DOI: 10.1111/JFB.13020
Abstract: Reproductive variables are provided for batoids regularly taken as by‐catch in the east coast otter‐trawl fishery on the inner‐mid continental shelf off the south‐east and central coasts of Queensland, Australia. Total length at maturity ( L T50 and 95% c.i .) for the eastern shovelnose ray Aptychotrema rostrata was 639·5 mm (617·6–663·4 mm) for females and 597·3 mm (551·4–648·6 mm) for males. Litter size ( n = 9) ranged from nine to 20 (mean ± s.e. = 15·1 ± 1·2). This species exhibited a positive litter size–maternal size relationship. Disc width at maturity ( W D50 and 95% c.i .) for the common stingaree Trygonoptera testacea was 162·7 mm (155·8–168·5 mm) for females and 145·9 mm (140·2–150·2 mm) for males. Gravid T. testacea ( n = 6) each carried a single egg in the one functional (left) uterus. Disc width at maturity ( W D50 and 95% c.i .) for the Kapala stingaree Urolophus kapalensis was 153·7 mm (145·1–160·4 mm) for females and 155·2 mm (149·1–159·1 mm) for males. Gravid U. kapalensis ( n = 16) each carried a single egg or embryo in the one functional (left) uterus. A single female yellowback stingaree Urolophus sufflavus carried an embryo in each uterus. A global review of the litter sizes of shovelnose rays (Rhinobatidae) and stingarees (Urolophidae) is provided.
The secondary vascular system of Actinopterygii: Interspecific variation in origins and investment
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-2003
Reducing the radiation sterilization dose improves mechanical and biological quality while retaining sterility assurance levels of bone allografts
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.BONE.2013.07.036
Abstract: Bone allografts carry a risk of infection, so terminal sterilization by gamma irradiation at 25kGy is recommended but is deleterious to bone quality. Contemporary bone banking significantly reduces initial allograft bioburden, questioning the need to sterilize at 25kGy. We inoculated allograft bone with Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus pumilus, then exposed them to gamma irradiation at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25kGy. Mechanical and biological properties of allografts were also assessed. Our aim was to determine an optimal dose that achieves sterility assurance while minimizing deleterious effects on allograft tissue. 20-25kGy eliminated both organisms at concentrations from 10(1) to 10(3)CFU, while 10-15kGy sterilized bone s les to a bioburden concentration of 10(2)CFU. Irradiation did not generate pro-inflammatory bone surfaces, as evidenced by macrophage activation, nor did it affect attachment or proliferation of osteoblasts. At doses ≥10kGy, the toughness of cortical bone was reduced (P<0.05), and attachment and fusion of osteoclasts onto irradiated bone declined at 20 and 25kGy (P<0.05). There was no change in collagen cross-links, but a significant dose-response increase in denatured collagen (P<0.05). Our mechanical and cell biological data converge on 15kGy as a threshold for radiation sterilization of bone allografts. Between 5 and 15kGy, bone banks can undertake validation that provides allografts with an acceptable sterility assurance level, improving their strength and biocompatibility significantly. The application of radiation sterilization doses between 5 and 15kGy will improve bone allograft mechanical performance and promote integration, while retaining sterility assurance levels. Improved quality of allograft bone will promote superior clinical outcomes.
Modification of the in vivo four-point loading model for studying mechanically induced bone adaptation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1998
DOI: 10.1016/S8756-3282(98)00090-8
Abstract: We modified the noninvasive, in vivo technique for strain application in the tibiae of rats (Turner et al., Bone 12:73-79, 1991). The original model applies four-point bending to right tibiae via an open-loop, stepper-motor-driven spring linkage. Depending on the magnitude of applied load, the model produces new bone formation at periosteal (Ps) or endocortical surfaces (Ec.S). Due to the spring linkage, however, the range of frequencies at which loads can be applied is limited. The modified system replaces this design with an electromagnetic vibrator. A load transducer in series with the loading points allows calibration, the loaders' position to be adjusted, and cyclic loading completed under load control as a closed servo-loop. Two experiments were conducted to validate the modified system: (1) a strain gauge was applied to the lateral surface of the right tibia of 5 adult female rats and strains measured at applied loads from 10 to 60 N and (2) the bone formation response was determined in 28 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Loading was applied as a haversine wave with a frequency of 2 Hz for 18 sec, every second day for 10 days. Peak bending loads were applied at 33, 40, 52, and 64 N, and a sham-loading group was included at 64 N. Strains in the tibiae were linear between 10 and 60 N, and the average peak strain at the Ps.S at 60 N was 2664 +/- 250 microstrain, consistent with the results of Turner's group. Lamellar bone formation was stimulated at the Ec.S by applied bending, but not by sham loading. Bending strains above a loading threshold of 40 N increased Ec lamellar bone formation rate, bone forming surface, and mineral apposition rate with a dose response similar to that reported by Turner et al. (J Bone Miner Res 9:87-97, 1994). We conclude that the modified loading system offers precision for applied loads of between 0 and 70 N, versatility in the selection of loading rates up to 20 Hz, and a reproducible bone formation response in the rat tibia. Adjustment of the loader also enables study of mechanical usage in murine tibia, an advantage with respect to the increasing variety of transgenic strains available in bone and mineral research.
Powering Ocean Giants: The Energetics of Shark and Ray Megafauna
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.TREE.2019.07.001
Abstract: Shark and ray megafauna have crucial roles as top predators in many marine ecosystems, but are currently among the most threatened vertebrates and, based on historical extinctions, may be highly susceptible to future environmental perturbations. However, our understanding of their energetics lags behind that of other taxa. Such knowledge is required to answer important ecological questions and predict their responses to ocean warming, which may be limited by expanding ocean deoxygenation and declining prey availability. To develop bioenergetics models for shark and ray megafauna, incremental improvements in respirometry systems are useful but unlikely to accommodate the largest species. Advances in biologging tools and modelling could help answer the most pressing ecological questions about these iconic species.
Age and growth of the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier off the east coast of Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.1111/JFB.12732
Abstract: Total lengths (L(T)) at age and growth rates for south-west Pacific Galeocerdo cuvier were estimated from vertebral growth-band counts of 202 sagitally sectioned centra from 112 females (71-430 cm L(T)), 79 males (72-351 cm L(T)) and 11 of unknown sex. Captive growth data were also examined to complement vertebral age estimations. The sexes combined modelled growth coefficient (k = 0.08) was smaller than previously reported for G. cuvier populations elsewhere. Split-band and narrow banding patterns were identified as potential sources of age underestimation in this species.
Electromyographic assessment of Gait function following limb salvage procedures for bone sarcoma
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.JELEKIN.2009.06.001
Abstract: Bone sarcomas are the fourth most common cancer in in iduals under 25 years of age. Limb salvage procedures have become increasingly popular for the treatment of osteosarcomas as they have functional and physiological benefits over traditional utative procedures. The purpose of this study was to assess locomotor patterns post lower limb salvage surgery via electromyographic and energetic measurement techniques on a group of intra-articular knee osteosarcoma patients greater than one year post surgery. A retrospective outcome study was undertaken on 20 limb salvage patients (10 female, 10 male) recruited from the Queensland Bone Tumour Registry. Results showed prolonged activation of rectus femoris and prolonged co-contraction of the rectus femoris and hamstring muscles (p>0.05) in the affected limb of the limb salvage group compared to a control group. Prolonged rectus femoris activation and co-contraction was also evident in the unaffected lower limb suggesting alterations in gait programming within higher neuronal centres. The results are important for the development of rehabilitation programs as they suggest an overall reprogramming of the gait pattern, thereby limiting the impact of conventional strength and stretching interventions.
Genetype and phylogenomic position of the frilled shark Chlamydoselachus anguineus inferred from the mitochondrial genome
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2016
When Giants Turn Up: Sighting Trends, Environmental Influences and Habitat Use of the Manta Ray Manta alfredi at a Coral Reef
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 03-10-2012
Structural basis for control of secondary vessels in the long-finned eel Anguilla reinhardtii
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 09-2004
DOI: 10.1242/JEB.01164
Abstract: Histological sections of primary segmental arteries and associated interarterial anastomoses and secondary vessels from the long-finned eel Anguilla reinhardtii were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Interarterial anastomoses were found to originate from the primary vasculature as depressions through the tunica intima and media, from where they ran perpendicularly to the adventitial layer, before coiling extensively. From here the anastomoses travelled a relatively linear path in the outer margin of the adventitia to anastomose with a secondary vessel running in parallel with the primary counterpart. In contrast to findings from other species, secondary vessels had a structure quite similar to that of primary vessels they were lined by endothelial cells on a continuous basement membrane, with a single layer of smooth muscle cells surrounding the vessel. Smooth muscle cells were also found in the vicinity of interarterial anastomoses in the adventitia, but these appeared more longitudinally orientated. The presence of smooth muscle cells on all aspects of the secondary circulation suggests that this vascular system is regulated in a similar manner as the primary vascular system. Because interarterial anastomoses are structurally integrated with the primary vessel from which they originate, it is anticipated that flow through secondary vessels to some extent is affected by the vascular tone of the primary vessel. Immunohistochemical studies showed that primary segmental arteries displayed moderate immunoreactivity to antibodies against 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P, while interarterial anastomoses and secondary vessels showed dense immunoreactivity. No immunoreactivity was observed on primary or secondary arteries against neuropeptide Y or calcitonin gene-related peptide.
Satellite tagging highlights the importance of productive Mozambican coastal waters to the ecology and conservation of whale sharks
Publisher: PeerJ
Date: 02-01-2018
DOI: 10.7717/PEERJ.4161
Abstract: The whale shark Rhincodon typus is an endangered, highly migratory species with a wide, albeit patchy, distribution through tropical oceans. Ten aerial survey flights along the southern Mozambican coast, conducted between 2004–2008, documented a relatively high density of whale sharks along a 200 km stretch of the Inhambane Province, with a pronounced hotspot adjacent to Praia do Tofo. To examine the residency and movement of whale sharks in coastal areas around Praia do Tofo, where they may be more susceptible to gill net entanglement, we tagged 15 juveniles with SPOT5 satellite tags and tracked them for 2–88 days (mean = 27 days) as they dispersed from this area. Sharks travelled between 10 and 2,737 km (mean = 738 km) at a mean horizontal speed of 28 ± 17.1 SD km day −1 . While several in iduals left shelf waters and travelled across international boundaries, most sharks stayed in Mozambican coastal waters over the tracking period. We tested for whale shark habitat preferences, using sea surface temperature, chlorophyll- a concentration and water depth as variables, by computing 100 random model tracks for each real shark based on their empirical movement characteristics. Whale sharks spent significantly more time in cooler, shallower water with higher chlorophyll- a concentrations than model sharks, suggesting that feeding in productive coastal waters is an important driver of their movements. To investigate what this coastal habitat choice means for their conservation in Mozambique, we mapped gill nets during two dedicated aerial surveys along the Inhambane coast and counted gill nets in 1,323 boat-based surveys near Praia do Tofo. Our results show that, while whale sharks are capable of long-distance oceanic movements, they can spend a disproportionate amount of time in specific areas, such as along the southern Mozambique coast. The increasing use of drifting gill nets in this coastal hotspot for whale sharks is likely to be a threat to regional populations of this iconic species.
Manta birostris , predator of the deep? Insight into the diet of the giant manta ray through stable isotope analysis
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 11-2016
DOI: 10.1098/RSOS.160717
Abstract: The characterization of diet for the giant manta ray Manta birostris has been problematic given their large-scale movement patterns and the difficulty in obtaining stomach contents from this species. The large majority of existing information is based on observational data limited to feeding events at the sea surface during daylight. Recently discovered aggregation sites for the giant manta ray off mainland Ecuador are some of the most accessible to date and provide a unique opportunity for researchers to gather much needed information on this elusive species. To assess how important surface zooplankton is to giant manta ray diet, we conducted stable isotope analysis ( 15 N and 13 C) on M. birostris muscle and surface zooplankton. Trophic position estimates placed M. birostris overall at a secondary consumer level of approximately 3.4 but there was large variation in δ 15 N and δ 13 C values among in iduals. Manta birostris muscle tissue δ 13 C values were also not consistent with this species feeding predominantly on surface zooplankton and suggest that the majority of dietary intake is of mesopelagic origin. Given the conservative life history and fisheries pressure on large planktivores, knowledge of their trophic role and foraging strategies is essential to better understand their ecology and develop effective conservation measures.
Sheina orri (Myodocopa: Cypridinidae), an ostracod parasitic on the gills of the epaulette shark, Hemiscyllium ocellatum (Elasmobranchii: Hemiscyllidae)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(96)00201-9
Abstract: The cypridinid ostracod, Sheina orri, was found on the gills of healthy epaulette sharks, Hemiscyllium ocellatum, collected from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Seventeen of the 28 fish examined had ostracods attached to their gills. Detailed investigation of the gills and ostracods using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that ostracods anchor themselves to the gill tissues using their mandibular and maxillular claws. These claws appear to be adapted for this purpose and the process of attachment causes some damage to the host tissues. The observation that ostracods were often located in distinct pockets, formed by local distortion of shark respiratory lamellae, strongly suggests that they had been attached to the gills for considerable time.
Towards sustainable fishery management for skates in South America: The genetic population structure of Zearaja chilensis and Dipturus trachyderma (Chondrichthyes, Rajiformes) in the south-east Pacific Ocean
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 16-02-2017
Distribution, habitat and biology of a rare and threatened eastern Australian endemic shark: Colclough's shark, Brachaelurus colcloughi Ogilby, 1908
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1071/MF10160
Abstract: Despite increasing research effort and conservation focus on sharks, small species of little commercial value are often overlooked, although they make a considerable contribution to global ersity. The poorly known Colclough’s shark, Brachaelurus colcloughi, is naturally rare to uncommon and is encountered only irregularly. Collating all known records (n = 50), we review the species’ geographic and bathymetric distribution, habitat, reproductive biology and diet. All but four B. colcloughi records are from within a core distribution of ° latitude on the Australian east coast. Bathymetric distribution is from less than 4 to 217 m depth, with all but three records from less than 100 m depth. The species shelters on rocky reefs during the day and is thought to forage nocturnally around reefs and adjacent substrates. B. colcloughi is viviparous, with litter sizes of 6–7. Mature males and females have been observed from 61.0- and 54.5-cm total length, respectively. Gravid females have been collected in austral winter months. Dietary analysis indicates a predominantly piscivorous diet. Our results are placed in the context of existing threats and future research and management directions, demonstrating that shark species with low abundances and restricted ranges, such as B. colcloughi, require a suite of management arrangements to ensure long-term population viability.
The phylogenomic position of the grey nurse shark Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810 (Lamniformes, Odontaspididae) inferred from the mitochondrial genome
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-10-2016
DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1089486
Abstract: The complete mitochondrial genome of the grey nurse shark Carcharias taurus is described from 25 963 828 sequences obtained using Illumina NGS technology. Total length of the mitogenome is 16 715 bp, consisting of 2 rRNAs, 13 protein-coding regions, 22 tRNA and 2 non-coding regions thus updating the previously published mitogenome for this species. The phylogenomic reconstruction inferred from the mitogenome of 15 species of Lamniform and Carcharhiniform sharks supports the inclusion of C. taurus in a clade with the Lamnidae and Cetorhinidae. This complete mitogenome contributes to ongoing investigation into the monophyly of the Family Odontaspididae.
Estimating Abundance of Reef-Dwelling Sharks: A Case Study of the Epaulette Shark, Hemiscyllium ocellatum (Elasmobranchii: Hemiscyllidae)1
Publisher: Pacific Science
Date: 07-2007
Not all fish are equal: functional biodiversity of cartilaginous fishes (Elasmobranchii and Holocephali) in Chile
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-09-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JFB.12517
Abstract: A review of the primary literature on the cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras), together with new information suggests that 106 species occur in Chilean waters, comprising 58 sharks, 30 skates, 13 rays and five chimaeras. The presence of 93 species was confirmed, although 30 species were encountered rarely, through validated catch records and sightings made in artisanal and commercial fisheries and on specific research cruises. Overall, only 63 species appear to have a range distribution that normally includes Chilean waters. Actual reliable records of occurrence are lacking for 13 species. Chile has a cartilaginous fish fauna that is relatively impoverished compared with the global species inventory, but conservative compared with countries in South America with warm-temperate waters. The region of highest species richness occurs in the mid-Chilean latitudes of c. 30-40° S. This region represents a transition zone with a mix of species related to both the warm-temperate Peruvian province to the north and cold-temperate Magellan province to the south. This study provides clarification of species occurrence and the functional bio ersity of Chile's cartilaginous fish fauna.
Patterns of specificity and diversity in species of Paraorygmatobothrium Ruhnke, 1994 (Cestoda: Phyllobothriidae) in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, with the description of four new species
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-10-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S11230-017-9759-8
Abstract: A survey of tapeworms of galeomorph sharks from Moreton Bay (Queensland, Australia) identified a complex of species of Paraorygmatobothrium Ruhnke, 1994 infecting 11 carcharhiniform and two orectolobiform species. Combined morphological and multi-locus molecular analyses (based on the 28S nuclear ribosomal RNA and partial mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 genes) revealed the presence of 12 species of Paraorygmatobothrium four species (Paraorygmatobothrium christopheri n. sp., P. harti n. sp., P. sinclairtaylori n. sp. and P. ullmanni n. sp.) are considered to be new to science and are formally described, four represent known species, and four lack sufficient morphological data to allow definitive identification. In contrast to previous records for the genus, four of the species found in this study exhibited low host specificity [P. orectolobi (Butler, 1987) Ruhnke, 2011, P. sinclairtaylori, P. ullmanni and Paraorygmatobothrium sp. 3], three stenoxenic species were each found in two closely-related sharks (P. orectolobi, P. ullmanni and Paraorygmatobothrium sp. 3) and one euryxenic species was found in five species from two shark families (P. sinclairtaylori). One species was found to exhibit mild morphologically plasticity (P. orectolobi), with size range being associated with different shark species. Conversely, collections of almost morphologically indistinguishable specimens from single shark species were found to represent multiple species of Paraorygmatobothrium. The findings of this study indicate that the description of species of this genus on the basis of morphological data alone is problematic and that the inclusion of multi-locus molecular data is essential for future work on Paraorygmatobothrium. Host specificity, morphology and phylogenetic relatedness of species of Paraorygmatobothrium are explored.
Age estimation of pteropodid bats (Megachiroptera) from hard tissue parameters
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 1994
DOI: 10.1071/WR9940353
Abstract: This investigation employed undecalcified thin (10 �m) and thick (100 �m) mid-root sections of surgically removed canine teeth, and thick sections of diaphyseal fore- and hind-limb bones from 14 fruit bats (Pteropus alecto and R poliocephalus) of known age, to attempt to establish a relationship between the chronological age of these animals and changes in the cross-sectional morphology of the hard tissues. Growth layers in bone, dentine and cementum were clearly visible in cross sections when viewed by Nomarski interference microscopy. The number of growth layers in the periosteal region of long bones and in dentine varied widely within a given section, making it impossible to estimate age from these tissues. Dental cementum most reliably reflected the age of fruit bats, with both growth layers and the radial thickness of cementum showing significant correlations with age (P .05). Linear regression was used to formulate equations for estimating age. The simplicity of this technique may provide investigators with a useful method for estimating the age of pteropodid fruit bats.
Erratum: The secondary vascular system of Actinopterygii: Interspecific variation in origins and investment (Zoomorphology (2003) 122 (181-190))
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-2004
Cephalopod dietary specialization and ontogenetic partitioning of the Australian weasel shark Hemigaleus australiensis White, Last & Compagno
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-02-2008
Comparisons between bone and cementum compositions and the possible basis for their layered appearances
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2002
DOI: 10.1016/S8756-3282(01)00686-X
Abstract: In humans, age estimation from the adult skeleton represents an attempt to determine chronological age based on growth and maturational events. In teeth, such events can be characterized by appositional growth layers in midroot cementum. The purpose of this study was to determine the underlying cause of the layered microstructure of human midroot cementum. Whether cementum growth layers are caused by changes in relative mineralization, collagen packing and/or orientation, or by variations in organic matrix apposition was investigated by subjecting midroot sections of human canine teeth to analysis using polarized light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Polarized light was used to examine transverse midroot sections in both mineralized and demineralized states. Mineralized sections were also reexamined following subsequent decollagenization. Polarized light was additionally used in the examination of mineralized sections taken transversely, longitudinally, and obliquely from the same tooth root. From the birefringence patterns it was concluded that collagen orientation does not change with varying section plane. Instead, the mineral phase was most responsible for the birefringence of the cementum. SEM studies suggested that neither collagen packing nor collagen orientation change across the width of the cementum, confirming and validating the results of the polarized light examination. Also, SEM analysis using electron backscatter and the electron probe suggested no changes in the mean atomic number density, calcium, phosphate, and sulfur levels across the width of the cementum. Therefore, we conclude that crystalline orientation and/or size is responsible for the layered appearance of cementum.
Age and growth determination of three sympatric wobbegong sharks: How reliable is growth band periodicity in Orectolobidae?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2013
Observations on the reproductive biology of three catsharks (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae:AsymbolusandFigaro) from the continental shelf of southern Queensland, Australia
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 18-10-2010
DOI: 10.1017/S0025315410001670
Abstract: Three species of Australian endemic catsharks (grey spotted catshark Asymbolus analis , orange spotted catshark A. rubiginosus and Australian sawtail shark Figaro boardmani ) were collected from the trawl grounds of a highly seasonal commercial fishery off southern Queensland, Australia. Specimens were collected on the mid to outer continental shelf at depths between 78 and 168 m. This study provides the first information on the reproductive biology of these three poorly-known species. Mature female and male A. analis were observed from 455 mm total length (TL), mature female A. rubiginosus from 410 mm TL, mature male A. rubiginosus from 405 mm TL, mature female F. boardmani from 402 mm TL and mature male F. boardmani from 398 mm TL (although a lack of immature specimens precluded more accurate assessments of size at maturity). The reproductive mode of all species was confirmed as single oviparous (carrying only one egg case in each uterus at a time). Ovarian fecundity (the number of vitellogenic follicles) ranged from 7–20 in A. analis , 5–23 in A. rubiginosus and 9–13 in F. boardmani . Several indicators suggest that Asymbolus catsharks off southern Queensland are reproductively active year-round. The proportion of female A. rubiginosus carrying egg cases was highest in spring (60%), intermediate in autumn (50%) and lowest in winter (44%).
Movements and habitat use of reef manta rays off eastern Australia: offshore excursions, deep diving and eddy affinity revealed by satellite telemetry
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 09-09-2014
DOI: 10.3354/MEPS10910
Biogeographic patterns in the cartilaginous fauna (Pisces: Elasmobranchii and Holocephali) in the southeast Pacific Ocean
Publisher: PeerJ
Date: 29-05-2014
DOI: 10.7717/PEERJ.416
Morphology of the teleost ampullary organs in marine salmontail catfish N eoarius graeffei (P isces: A riidae) with comparative analysis to freshwater and e
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-05-2015
DOI: 10.1002/JMOR.20396
Abstract: We hypothesized that due to the relative conductivity of the environment, and to maintain sensory function, ullary organs of marine Neoarius graeffei would differ morphologically from those described previously for estuarine and freshwater conspecifics. Unlike the ullary systems of N. graeffei from freshwater and estuarine habitats, the ullary pores of marine specimens occur in two distinct patterns numerous pores seemingly randomly scattered on the head and ventro-lateral regions of the body, and pores arranged in distinctive vertical lines above the lateral line on the dorso-lateral body of the fish. Light and electron microscopy revealed that the ullary organs also differed morphologically from estuarine and freshwater specimens in the presence of longer ullary canals, a hitherto unreported canal wall composition, and in the collagen sheath surrounding both the canal and the ulla proper within dermal connective tissues. Ampullary pores were wider in marine in iduals and opened to the longest ullary canals reported for this species. The canal wall was lined by cuboidal and squamous epithelial cells. Each ullary canal opened into a single ulla proper containing significantly more receptor cells than estuarine and freshwater conspecifics. The distribution of ullary pores as well as the microstructure of the ullary organs indicates that the electrosensory system of marine N. graeffei differs from those of estuarine and freshwater specimens in ways that would be expected to maintain the functionality of the system in a highly conductive, fully marine environment, and reveals the remarkable plasticity of this species' ullary system in response to habitat conductivity.
Continuous measurement of oxygen tensions in the air-breathing organ of Pacific tarpon (Megalops cyprinoides) in relation to aquatic hypoxia and exercise
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-03-2007
DOI: 10.1007/S00360-007-0156-5
Abstract: The Pacific tarpon is an elopomorph teleost fish with an air-breathing organ (ABO) derived from a physostomous gas bladder. Oxygen partial pressure (PO(2)) in the ABO was measured on juveniles (238 g) with fiber-optic sensors during exposure to selected aquatic PO(2) and swimming speeds. At slow speed (0.65 BL s(-1)), progressive aquatic hypoxia triggered the first breath at a mean PO(2) of 8.3 kPa. Below this, opercular movements declined sharply and visibly ceased in most fish below 6 kPa. At aquatic PO(2) of 6.1 kPa and swimming slowly, mean air-breathing frequency was 0.73 min(-1), ABO PO(2) was 10.9 kPa, breath volume was 23.8 ml kg(-1), rate of oxygen uptake from the ABO was 1.19 ml kg(-1) min(-1), and oxygen uptake per breath was 2.32 ml kg(-1). At the fastest experimental speed (2.4 BL s(-1)) at 6.1 kPa, ABO oxygen uptake increased to about 1.90 ml kg(-1) min(-1), through a variable combination of breathing frequency and oxygen uptake per breath. In normoxic water, tarpon rarely breathed air and apparently closed down ABO perfusion, indicated by a drop in ABO oxygen uptake rate to about 1% of that in hypoxic water. This occurred at a wide range of ABO PO(2) (1.7-26.4 kPa), suggesting that oxygen level in the ABO was not regulated by intrinsic receptors.
The phylogenetic position of the giant devil ray Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) (Myliobatiformes, Myliobatidae) inferred from the mitochondrial genome
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-08-2015
DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1074208
Abstract: The giant devil ray, Mobula mobular, is a member of one of the most distinct groups of cartilaginous fishes, the Mobulidae (manta and devil rays), and is the only mobulid assessed as Endangered due its restricted distribution, high bycatch mortality and suspected population decline. The complete mitochondrial genome is 18 913 base pairs in length and comprises 2 rRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs and 2 non-coding regions. Comparison with the partial mitogenome of M. japanica suggests a sister-cryptic species complex and two different taxonomic units. However, the limited ergence within the species (>99.9% genetic identity) may be the result of a geographically and numerically restricted population of M. mobular within the Mediterranean Sea.
Destined to decline? Intrinsic susceptibility of the threatened estuary stingray to anthropogenic impacts
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1071/MF10073
Abstract: Evaluating the extinction risk of poorly known fishes is one of the key problems in marine conservation biology. Elasmobranchs are widely recognised to be highly susceptible to anthropogenic impacts, with ecological specialists being particularly at risk. The estuary stingray Dasyatis fluviorum is endemic to near-shore, estuarine and riverine habitats along the eastern coast of Australia. The present study aimed to obtain basic data on the biology and demography of D. fluviorum to inform conservation evaluation of the species. Age and growth data were collected from rays caught in Moreton Bay, Queensland. Maturity occurred at 630 mm disc width (WD) (13.4 years) in females and 412 mm WD (7.0 years) in males, with maximum age estimates of 21 and 16 years from females and males, respectively. These parameters produced a positive population growth of 1.02 year–1 in a stochastic demographic model based on indirect estimates of mortality. The life history parameters of D. fluviorum confer a high to very high vulnerability to population decline, emphasising the need for directed conservation efforts for the species. Without management intervention, even minor levels of additive anthropogenic mortality are likely to lead to the species’ conservation status declining further to Endangered based on IUCN classification criteria.
The geographic distribution of reef and oceanic manta rays (Mobula alfredi and Mobula birostris) in Australian coastal waters.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-01-2020
DOI: 10.1111/JFB.14256
Abstract: The known distribution of manta rays in Australian waters is patchy, with records primarily centred around tourism hotspots. We collated 11,614 records of Mobula alfredi from photo-ID databases (n = 10,715), aerial surveys (n = 378) and online reports (n = 521). The study confirms an uninterrupted coastal distribution from north of 26°S and 31°S on the west and east coasts, respectively. More southerly M. alfredi records relate to warm-water events with a southernmost extent at 34°S. Coastal sightings of Mobula birostris were rare (n = 32), likely reflecting a preference for offshore waters, but encompass a wider latitudinal extent than M. alfredi of 10-40°S.
Photographic identification and citizen science combine to reveal long distance movements of individual reef manta rays Mobula alfredi along Australia’s east coast
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-07-2019
Research Priorities to Support Effective Manta and Devil Ray Conservation
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 18-09-2018
The frequency and effect of shark-inflicted bite injuries to the reef manta rayManta alfredi
Publisher: National Inquiry Services Center (NISC)
Date: 27-12-2010
Misidentification of istiophorid billfishes by fisheries observers raises uncertainty over stock status
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2018
DOI: 10.1111/JFB.13738
Abstract: We investigated whether commercially landed black marlin Istiompax indica were being misidentified by fisheries observers operating throughout the Pacific Ocean. Of 83 s les reported by observers as I. indica, 77% were genetically identified to be blue marlin Makaira nigricans and 2% to be striped marlin Kajikia audax. The high rate of misidentification by observers places considerable uncertainty over historic catch ratios of Indo-Pacific marlin and stock assessments relying on the validity of these data.
Phylogenetic relationships of the Gorgoderidae (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda), including the proposal of a new subfamily (Degeneriinae n. subfam.)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-06-2013
DOI: 10.1007/S00436-013-3481-5
Abstract: Phylogenetic analyses of a range of gorgoderid trematodes based on ITS2 and partial 28S rDNA data lead us to propose the Degeneriinae n. subfam. for the genus Degeneria in recognition of its phylogenetic isolation and distinctive morphology and biology. The current concepts of the subfamilies Anaporrhutinae and Gorgoderinae were supported. Within the Gorgoderinae, the large genus Phyllodistomum is shown to be paraphyletic relative to Pseudophyllodistomum and Xystretrum. Notably, the clade of marine Phyllodistomum does not form a clade with the other marine genus, Xystretrum. Distinct clades within the Gorgoderinae correspond variously to identity of first intermediate host, form of cercaria and their marine or freshwater habitat. We are not yet in a position to propose separate genera for these clades.
Dog peritoneal and pleural cavities as bioreactors to grow autologous vascular grafts
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2004
Effect of aestivation on long bone mechanical properties in the green-striped burrowing frog,Cyclorana alboguttata
Publisher: The Company of Biologists
Date: 22-01-2004
DOI: 10.1242/JEB.00787
Abstract: The green-striped burrowing frog, Cyclorana alboguttata, survives extended drought periods by burrowing underground and aestivating. These frogs remain immobile within cocoons of shed skin and mucus during aestivation and emerge from their burrows upon heavy rains to feed and reproduce. Extended periods of immobilisation in mammals typically result in bone remodelling and a decrease in bone strength. We examined the effect of aestivation and, hence,prolonged immobilisation on cross-sectional area, histology and bending strength in the femur and tibiofibula of C. alboguttata. Frogs were aestivated in soil for three and nine months and were compared with control animals that remained active, were fed and had a continual supply of water. Compared with the controls, long bone size, anatomy and bending strength remained unchanged, indicating an absence of disuse osteoporosis. This preservation of bone tissue properties enables C. alboguttata to compress the active portions of their life history into unpredictable windows of opportunity, whenever heavy rains occur.
Environmental influences and ontogenetic differences in vertical habitat use of black marlin (lstiompax indica) in the southwestern Pacific
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 11-2017
DOI: 10.1098/RSOS.170694
Abstract: The black marlin ( Istiompax indica ) is a highly migratory billfish that occupies waters throughout the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific. To characterize the vertical habitat use of I. indica , we examined the temperature-depth profiles collected using 102 pop-up satellite archival tags deployed off the east coast of Australia. Modelling of environmental variables revealed location, sea-surface height deviation, mixed layer depth and dissolved oxygen to all be significant predictors of vertical habitat use. Distinct differences in diel movements were observed between the size classes, with larger size classes of marlin (greater than 50 kg) undertaking predictable bounce- ing activity during daylight hours, while ing behaviour of the smallest size class occurred randomly during both day and night. Overall, larger size classes of I. indica were found to use an increased thermal range and spend more time in waters below 150 m than fish of smaller size classes. The differences in the ing behaviour among size classes were suggested to reflect ontogenetic differences in foraging behaviour or physiology. The findings of this study demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, ontogenetic differences in vertical habitat in a species of billfish, and further the understanding of pelagic fish ecophysiology in the presence of global environmental change.
A historical and contemporary consideration of the diet of the manta ray, Manta alfredi, from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1071/MF16046
Abstract: The preserved stomach contents from the manta ray, collected in 1935, that provided the basis for the 2009 taxonomic resurrection of the species Manta alfredi, were examined. The majority of the material comprised calanoid copepods (61.7%) and trypanorhynch cestodes (34.6%), with minor contributions by arrow worms, a barnacle larva and a nematode. Comparison of the size-frequency distributions of stomach contents with that of zooplankton from the Great Barrier Reef region suggest that this manta ray preferentially ingested large copepods, or that the filter mechanism used to extract prey from the water was selective for prey items over 0.8mm in length. This is the first description of the diet of M. alfredi from stomach contents, and is consistent with previous inferences about what this species consumes.
Short‐ and long‐term diets of the threatened longhorned pygmy devil ray, Mobula eregoodoo determined using stable isotopes
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-06-2020
DOI: 10.1111/JFB.14381
Laser photogrammetry improves size and demographic estimates for whale sharks
Publisher: PeerJ
Date: 07-04-2015
DOI: 10.7717/PEERJ.886
Reproductive ecology of the reef manta ray Manta alfredi in southern Mozambique
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-06-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1095-8649.2010.02669.X
Abstract: The application of a photographic identification methodology using the unique ventral surface markings (natural spot patterns) of an observed population in southern Mozambique enabled many aspects of the reproductive ecology of reef manta rays Manta alfredi to be examined. The region encompassing the study site was identified as a mating ground for M. alfredi based on observations of mating events and fresh mating scars on females. The distribution of these pectoral fin scars was highly biased and indicated a strong lateralized behavioural trait, with 99% of these scars occurring only on the left pectoral fin. No other elasmobranch has been reported to display behavioural lateralization. The study region also acts as a birthing ground, with in iduals typically giving birth in the austral summer period after a gestation of c. 1 year. Reproductive periodicity in M. alfredi was most commonly biennial, but a few in iduals were pregnant in consecutive years, confirming an annual ovulatory cycle. The production of a single pup appears to be the normal situation, although observations in the wild as well as during opportunistic dissections of in iduals killed by fisheries revealed that two pups are conceived on occasion. Many aspects of the study have contributed to the limited baseline data currently available for this species and have highlighted the potential need for more conservative conservation strategies.
The occurrence, distribution and pathology associated with gnathiid isopod larvae infecting the epaulette shark, Hemiscyllium ocellatum
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-1999
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00218-5
Abstract: Gnathiid isopod praniza larvae were found to infect the epaulette shark Hemiscyllium ocellatum. All sharks carried larvae on their external body surface, with the preferred attachment site in both sexes around the cloaca (P<0.05). The claspers were the second site of preference in male sharks. Within the buccal and branchial cavities, about 16% of larvae were attached to the roof and floor of the mouth and 84% attached to the gills. A significant positive correlation existed between larval number and fish size. Histological examination showed that larval attachment in the buccal cavity elicited variable responses, the most severe being a loss of epithelium and compression of underlying tissue. No host cellular response or tissue proliferation was observed. Praniza attached preferentially to the efferent side of gill filaments (relative to blood flow), and caused loss of epithelium, compression of tissue, and a small amount of connective tissue proliferation. Attachment to the gill septum or to the afferent side of the gill filament caused lamellar disruption, a cellular inflammatory response, and connective tissue proliferation. Scanning electron microscopy showed little obvious praniza-induced gill damage, other than localised tissue distortion to form "pockets" around larvae attached between filaments. The results suggest that praniza larvae do not cause sufficient tissue damage to adversely affect the health of this shark species.
Paraorygmatobothrium taylori n. sp. (Tetraphyllidea: Phyllobothriidae) from the Australian weasel shark Hemigaleus australiensis White, Last & Compagno (Carcharhiniformes: Hemigaleidae)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-07-2009
DOI: 10.1007/S11230-009-9201-Y
Abstract: Paraorygmatobothrium taylori n. sp. (Tetraphyllidea: Phyllobothriidae) is described from the Australian weasel shark Hemigaleus australiensis White, Last & Compagno in Moreton Bay, off Queensland, Australia. The new species differs from 10 of the 11 described species of Paraorygmatobothrium Ruhnke, 1994 by the possession of prominent, semicircular bothridial muscle bands. From P. barberi Ruhnke, 1994, with which it shares the bothridial muscle bands, it differs in the possession of a cephalic peduncle and vitelline follicles that extend almost to the mid-line of the proglottis and are reduced, rather than completely interrupted, at the level of the ovary. P. janineae Ruhnke, Healy & Shapero, 2006 is recorded from its type-host but in a new locality, Moreton Bay, off Queensland, Australia. P. taylori is the third species of the genus recorded from the Hemigaleidae in Australian waters. Three of the eight known hemigaleid species are now recorded to harbour this genus, and three different species are now known from the two hemigaleids found in Australian waters.
The use of dimensionless scaling strategies in gait analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.HUMOV.2009.01.004
Abstract: The effectiveness of dimensionless scaling strategies was assessed using temporal-spatial data collected from an anthropometrically erse group of participants over a range of walking speeds. Video analysis of children (aged 4-15 years, mean=10 years) and adults (18-40 years, mean=25.2 years), each walking at their freely chosen speed, showed adults to take significantly longer strides than children at any given speed (predominately due to their longer lower limbs). Regression analysis of stride length versus walking speed showed that the slopes for adults and children were similar, but that the intercept was significantly higher in adults. Children's data were more scattered compared to those for adults. Plots of relative stride length (L') versus dimensionless speed (u') reduced intra-group variation and eliminated significant differences between adults and children, although subtle differences occurred between children of different ages. These findings support the use of dimensionless scaling in gait analysis, but care should be taken when using dimensionless numbers in relation to children under about 10 years of age due to ineffectiveness of scaling strategies in this group. Normalization for differences in stature using dimensionless scaling was also effective for participants walking at speeds significantly above or below their freely chosen (= 'most efficient') walking speed, suggesting a broad applicability for assessing participants who are unable to walk at their normal walking speed (e.g., participants with endoprostheses, osteoarthritis, or various musculoskeletal problems).
Levels of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in the branchial plate and muscle tissue of mobulid rays
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2015.02.005
Abstract: Mobulid rays are targeted in fisheries for their branchial plates, for use in Chinese medicine. Branchial plate and muscle tissue from Mobula japanica were collected from fish markets in Sri Lanka, and muscle tissue biopsies from Manta alfredi in Australia. These were analysed for arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury and compared to maximum levels (MLs) set by Food Standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ), European Commission (EC) and Codex Alimentarius Commission. The estimated intake for a vulnerable human age group was compared to minimal risk levels set by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. The mean inorganic arsenic concentration in M. japanica muscle was equivalent to the FSANZ ML while cadmium exceeded the EC ML. The mean concentration of lead in M. alfredi muscle tissue exceeded EC and Codex MLs. There were significant positive linear correlations between branchial plate and muscle tissue concentrations for arsenic, cadmium and lead.
Novel signature fatty acid profile of the giant manta ray suggests reliance on an uncharacterised mesopelagic food source low in polyunsaturated fatty acids
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 12-01-2018
Size and structure of a photographically identified population of manta rays Manta alfredi in southern Mozambique
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-02-2011
Assessing the overlap between the diet of a coastal shark and the surrounding prey communities in a sub‐tropical embayment
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-03-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1095-8649.2011.02945.X
Abstract: An elasmobranch survey of sub-tropical Hervey Bay, Australia, captured the slit-eye shark Loxodon macrorhinus at only one of three sites s led. The dietary composition of this small shark species was compared to the prey communities within Hervey Bay to test whether prey availability was driving this observation. Dietary analysis of prey groups revealed that teleosts dominated the diet, per cent index of relative importance, % I(RI) (79·5%) and per cent geometric index of importance, % G(II) (52·7%), with shrimp-like invertebrates and cephalopods identified as the most important invertebrate prey groups. Baited remote underwater video (BRUV) used to s le prey communities at each site, demonstrated a highly erse and significantly different community composition among the sites. There was no significant overlap between the diet of L. macrorhinus and any of the prey communities detected by BRUVs according to one-way analysis of similarities and the simplified Morisita index. Habitat electivity analysis revealed affinity of L. macrorhinus for the site with the highest water clarity (Secchi disc depth), opposing that of three other shark species. Overall, the results suggest that the distribution of L. macrorhinus is not driven by prey availability but other factors such as water clarity, predator avoidance or a reduction in interspecies competition.
Oxygen transport capacity in the air-breathing fish, Megalops cyprinoides: compensations for strenuous exercise
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00179-4
Abstract: Tarpon have high resting or routine hematocrits (Hct) (37.6+/-3.4%) and hemoglobin concentrations (120.6+/-7.3 gl(-1)) that increased significantly following bouts of angling-induced exercise (51.9+/-3.7% and 142.8+/-13.5 gl(-1), respectively). Strenuous exercise was accompanied by an approximately tenfold increase in blood lactate and a muscle metabolite profile indicative of a high energy demand teleost. Routine blood values were quickly restored only when this facultative air-breathing fish was given access to atmospheric air. In vitro studies of oxygen transport capacity, a function of carrying capacity and viscosity, revealed that the optimal Hct range corresponded to that observed in fish under routine behaviour. During strenuous exercise however, further increase in viscosity was largely offset by a pronounced reduction in the shear-dependence of blood which conformed closely to an ideal Newtonian fluid. The mechanism for this behaviour of the erythrocytes appears to involve the activation of surface adrenergic receptors because pre-treatment with propranolol abolished the response. High levels of activity in tarpon living in hypoxic habitats are therefore supported by an elevated Hct with adrenergically mediated viscosity reduction, and air-breathing behaviour that enables rapid metabolic recovery.
Use of epidermal mucus in elasmobranch stable isotope studies: a pilot study using the giant manta ray (Manta birostris)
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1071/MF16355
Abstract: Stable isotope analysis of tissues with different turnover rates allows for a broader temporal view of a species’ feeding habits. Epidermal mucus is a rapid to medium turnover ‘tissue’ in teleost fish, but its use in elasmobranch dietary studies is unknown. In the present study, we conducted stable isotope analysis on mucus and muscle from the giant manta ray Manta birostris. Mucus δ13C values were depleted and closer to surface zooplankton δ13C values compared with muscle, whereas there was no significant difference in δ15N values between these two tissue types. Using diet tissue discrimination factors from the literature, there was no significant difference in the expected prey profile between muscle and epidermal mucus. However, a broader range in δ13C values of expected prey was shown for mucus compared with muscle. The results suggest that if M. birostris mucus is indicative of recent dietary intake, resource use during aggregative behaviour off Ecuador is broader, but with no obvious resource switching. The present study is the first ex le of using bulk stable isotope analysis to evaluate mucus to investigate feeding ecology in elasmobranchs. However, the time course for the change in mucus isotope signature still needs to be determined through controlled feeding studies in an aquarium setting.
The geographic distribution of reef and oceanic manta rays in the south-east Indian and south-west Pacific Oceans
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 06-08-2019
DOI: 10.1101/727651
Abstract: The reef manta ray, Mobula alfredi , occurs in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters, and around islands and reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Published records that relate to the distribution of M. alfredi in the south-east Indian and south-west Pacific Oceans are largely restricted to locations where there is a focus on manta ray ecotourism, with little information from elsewhere. Even less is known about the circumglobally distributed oceanic manta ray, Mobula birostris , for which there are few published sighting records. We collated n = 11,703 sighting records from Australian waters and offshore territories for M. alfredi sourced from scientific image databases ( n = 10,715), aerial surveys ( n = 375) and online reports ( n = 613). From collated records, we confirm that the species shows an uninterrupted distribution within Australian coastal waters north of 26°S on the west coast to 31°S on the east coast, with a southernmost record at 34°S. Confirmed locations for M. birostris encompass a latitudinal range of 10-40°S. Records from more southerly locations relate to warm-water events. Sightings of M. birostris were rare, but were confirmed at several geographically separate locations, probably reflecting its preference for offshore waters. The study clarifies the occurrence and range of each species within coastal waters of the south-east Indian and south-west Pacific Oceans, and highlights regions in northern Australia that are of specific interest for future research into possible movements of in iduals between international marine jurisdictions.
Diving into the vertical dimension of elasmobranch movement ecology.
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 19-08-2022
Abstract: Knowledge of the three-dimensional movement patterns of elasmobranchs is vital to understand their ecological roles and exposure to anthropogenic pressures. To date, comparative studies among species at global scales have mostly focused on horizontal movements. Our study addresses the knowledge gap of vertical movements by compiling the first global synthesis of vertical habitat use by elasmobranchs from data obtained by deployment of 989 biotelemetry tags on 38 elasmobranch species. Elasmobranchs displayed high intra- and interspecific variability in vertical movement patterns. Substantial vertical overlap was observed for many epipelagic elasmobranchs, indicating an increased likelihood to display spatial overlap, biologically interact, and share similar risk to anthropogenic threats that vary on a vertical gradient. We highlight the critical next steps toward incorporating vertical movement into global management and monitoring strategies for elasmobranchs, emphasizing the need to address geographic and taxonomic biases in deployments and to concurrently consider both horizontal and vertical movements.
Prey Density Threshold and Tidal Influence on Reef Manta Ray Foraging at an Aggregation Site on the Great Barrier Reef
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 04-05-2016
Reproduction of the blue‐spotted maskray Neotrygon kuhlii (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) in south‐east Queensland, Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1095-8649.2009.02202.X
Abstract: This study examined the reproduction and population structure of the blue-spotted maskray Neotrygon kuhlii within Moreton Bay, a subtropical embayment in south-east Queensland, Australia. Mean sizes at maturity were 314 mm disc width (W(D)) in females (n = 140, 115-465 mm W(D)) and 294 mm W(D) in males (n = 123, 129-381 mm W(D)). Female N. kuhlii had a synchronous annual reproductive cycle, with one litter of one to three pups (mean +/-s.d. 1.67 +/- 0.71) produced per year. Mating behaviours were observed in October and November, and ovulation occurred early in the Austral summer, overlapping with the start of embryonic development. Gestation took c. 4 months with parturition occurring in late February and March. Size at birth was 115-170 mm W(D). The population showed a significant female bias, particularly in larger size classes. Tagging studies produced a total recapture rate of 16.1% and indicated that N. kuhlii were site resident for up to 1081 days.
Differential Rac1 signalling by guanine nucleotide exchange factors implicates FLII in regulating Rac1-driven cell migration
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-02-2016
DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS10664
Abstract: The small GTPase Rac1 has been implicated in the formation and dissemination of tumours. Upon activation by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), Rac1 associates with a variety of proteins in the cell thereby regulating various functions, including cell migration. However, activation of Rac1 can lead to opposing migratory phenotypes raising the possibility of exacerbating tumour progression when targeting Rac1 in a clinical setting. This calls for the identification of factors that influence Rac1-driven cell motility. Here we show that Tiam1 and P-Rex1, two Rac GEFs, promote Rac1 anti- and pro-migratory signalling cascades, respectively, through regulating the Rac1 interactome. In particular, we demonstrate that P-Rex1 stimulates migration through enhancing the interaction between Rac1 and the actin-remodelling protein flightless-1 homologue, to modulate cell contraction in a RhoA-ROCK-independent manner.
Ultraviolet light-induced collagen degradation inhibits melanoma invasion
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-05-2021
DOI: 10.1038/S41467-021-22953-Z
Abstract: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) damages the dermis and fibroblasts and increases melanoma incidence. Fibroblasts and their matrix contribute to cancer, so we studied how UVR modifies dermal fibroblast function, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and melanoma invasion. We confirmed UVR-damaged fibroblasts persistently upregulate collagen-cleaving matrix metalloprotein-1 ( MMP1 ) expression, reducing local collagen ( COL1A1 ), and COL1A1 degradation by MMP1 decreased melanoma invasion. Conversely, inhibiting ECM degradation and MMP1 expression restored melanoma invasion. Primary cutaneous melanomas of aged humans show more cancer cells invade as single cells at the invasive front of melanomas expressing and depositing more collagen, and collagen and single melanoma cell invasion are robust predictors of poor melanoma-specific survival. Thus, primary melanomas arising over collagen-degraded skin are less invasive, and reduced invasion improves survival. However, melanoma-associated fibroblasts can restore invasion by increasing collagen synthesis. Finally, high COL1A1 gene expression is a biomarker of poor outcome across a range of primary cancers.
The complete validated mitochondrial genome of the yellownose skate Zearaja chilensis (Guichenot 1848) (Rajiformes, Rajidae)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-08-2016
DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.945530
Abstract: The yellownose skate Zearaja chilensis is endemic to South America. The species is the target of a valuable commercial fishery in Chile, but is highly susceptible to over-exploitation. The complete mitochondrial genome was described from 694,593 sequences obtained using Ion Torrent Next Generation Sequencing. The total length of the mitogenome was 16,909 bp, comprising 2 rRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs and 2 non-coding regions. Comparison between the proposed mitogenome and one previously described from "raw fish fillets from a skate speciality restaurant in Seoul, Korea" resulted in 97.4% similarity, rather than approaching 100% similarity as might be expected. The 2.6% dissimilarity may indicate the presence of two separate stocks or two different species of, ostensibly, Z. chilensis in South America and highlights the need for caution when using genetic resources without a taxonomic reference or a voucher specimen.
Satellite Tagging and Photographic Identification Reveal Connectivity Between Two UNESCO World Heritage Areas for Reef Manta Rays
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 28-08-2020
Life-history traits of a small-bodied coastal shark
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1071/MF12140
Abstract: The life histories of small-bodied coastal sharks, particularly carcharhinids, are generally less conservative than those of large-bodied species. The present study investigated the life history of the small-bodied slit-eye shark, Loxodon macrorhinus, from subtropical Hervey Bay, Queensland, and compared this species' biology to that of other coastal carcharhinids. The best-fit age model provided parameters of L∞ = 895 mm total length (TL), k = 0.18 and t0 = –6.3 for females, and L∞ = 832 mm TL, k = 0.44 and t0 = –2.6 for males. For sex-combined data, a logistic function provided the best fit, with L∞ = 842 mm TL, k = 0.41 and α = –2.2. Length and age at which 50% of the population was mature was 680 mm TL and 1.4 years for females, and 733 mm TL and 1.9 years for males. Within Hervey Bay, L. macrorhinus exhibited an annual seasonal reproductive cycle, producing an average litter of 1.9 ± 0.3 s.d. With the exception of the low fecundity and large size at birth relative to maximum maternal TL, the life-history traits of L. macrorhinus are comparable to other small-bodied coastal carcharhinids, and its apparent fast growth and early maturation contrasts that of large-bodied carcharhinids.
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Related Funding Activities
Connectivity And Movements Of Large Pelagic Species Of Ecotourism Value.
Start Date: 2015
End Date: 2020
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP230101886
Start Date: 06-2023
End Date: 06-2026
Amount: $434,159.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0344717
Start Date: 2003
End Date: 12-2006
Amount: $194,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP170102043
Start Date: 02-2017
End Date: 12-2020
Amount: $332,500.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityDiscovery Projects - Grant ID: DP0210508
Start Date: 2002
End Date: 12-2005
Amount: $175,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Projects - Grant ID: LP110100712
Start Date: 06-2011
End Date: 04-2015
Amount: $190,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityLinkage Projects - Grant ID: LP150100669
Start Date: 03-2016
End Date: 06-2020
Amount: $315,236.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity