ORCID Profile
0000-0002-8749-014X
Current Organisation
James Cook University
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Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 04-2012
DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X12000489
Abstract: It is likely that calls for disaster medical assistance teams (DMATs) will continue in response to international disasters. As part of a national survey, the present study was designed to evaluate leadership issues and use of standards in Australian DMATs. Data was collected via an anonymous mailed survey distributed via State and Territory representatives on the Australian Health Protection Committee, who identified team members associated with Australian DMAT deployments from the 2004 Asian Tsunami disaster. The response rate for this survey was estimated to be approximately 50% (59/118). Most of the personnel had deployed to the Asian Tsunami affected areas. The DMAT members were quite experienced, with 53% (31/59) of personnel in the 45-55 years of age group. Seventy-five percent (44/59) of the respondents were male. Fifty-eight percent (34/59) of the survey participants had significant experience in international disasters, although few felt they had previous experience in disaster management (5%, 3/59). There was unanimous support for a clear command structure (100%, 59/59), with strong support for leadership training for DMAT commanders (85%, 50/59). However only 34% (20/59) felt that their roles were clearly defined pre-deployment, and 59% (35/59) felt that team members could be identified easily. Leadership was identified by two team members as one of the biggest personal hardships faced during their deployment. While no respondents disagreed with the need for meaningful, evidence-based standards to be developed, only 51% (30/59) stated that indicators of effectiveness were used for the deployment. In this study of Australian DMAT members, there was unanimous support for a clear command structure in future deployments, with clearly defined team roles and reporting structures. This should be supported by clear identification of team leaders to assist inter-agency coordination, and by leadership training for DMAT commanders. Members of Australian DMATs would also support the development and implementation of meaningful, evidence-based standards. More work is needed to identify or develop actual standards and the measures of effectiveness to be used, as well as the contents and nature of leadership training. Aitken P, Leggat PA, Robertson AG, Harley H, Speare R, Leclercq MG. Leadership and use of standards by Australian disaster medical assistance teams: results of a national survey of team members. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012 (2):1-6 .
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2010
Publisher: National Institute of Industrial Health
Date: 2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2012.03.003
Abstract: A profile of the recent genesis of the Sub-Faculty of Expedition Medicine into a Faculty of Expedition and Wilderness Medicine of The Australasian College of Tropical Medicine is presented. Information is given on aims, structure, professional grades of membership, and the various activities of the Faculty, including publications and scientific meetings.
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Date: 02-2007
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-05-2004
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2004.07.002
Abstract: Emergency assistance provided on behalf of travel insurance companies may include direct services such as medical advice, referral for local medical or dental treatment abroad, or aeromedical evacuation (AME) back to Australia or a third country. Little is known about the nature of these services provided by emergency assistance services on behalf of travel insurance companies. This study is designed to investigate the nature of emergency assistance provided abroad to travellers from Australia. All travel insurance claims reported during 2001 to a major Australian travel insurance company were examined for those claims utilising the insurer's emergency assistance service. Four hundred claims (25.3%) reported utilising emergency assistance Medical and dental claims made up over two thirds of claims requiring emergency assistance (275, 69.3%), with cancellation and curtailment, mostly for medical reasons, making up more than one eighth of claims (59, 14.8%). The most common nature of illness requiring emergency assistance was musculoskeletal disorders (87, 28.2%), followed by gastrointestinal disorders (45, 14.6%), dental conditions (42, 13.6%) and respiratory problems (36, 11.7%). The problem reportedly occurred at a median of 19.5 (range=281.0) days into travel. Emergency assistance provided included policy advice (395, 99.0%), claiming advice (394, 98.7%), civil advice or assistance (79, 19.8%), medical advice or GP referral (22, 5.5%), hospital emergency room (ER) review (58, 14.5%), hospital admission (46, 11.5%), medical or dental follow-up (25, 6.3%) and AME (10, 2.5%). Use of the travel insurer's emergency assistance service was reported by about one quarter of claimants. In most cases, travellers sought simple claiming and policy advice, however, the emergency assistance service occasionally co-ordinated the provision of direct medical services. AME was an uncommon but expensive form of emergency assistance. Further research is needed into how useful the services provided by emergency assistance services of travel insurance companies were to the travellers that use these services.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2073
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2004.07.001
Abstract: A review of the foundation of The Australasian College of Tropical Medicine is presented. Information is given on aims, professional grades of membership, and the various activities of the College, including publications and scientific meetings.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2001
DOI: 10.1002/J.1875-595X.2001.TB00848.X
Abstract: The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and nature of some health and lifestyle problems of dentists in southern Thailand. The design was a cross-sectional study using a self-report questionnaire distributed to all 220 dentists working in 14 provinces in southern Thailand in 1997. One hundred and seventy-eight 178 (80.9%) dentists aged 22-54 years responded. Only about one third of dentists 65 (36.7%) reported exercising on a regular basis. Almost one fifth of dentists 35 (19.1%) reported that they consumed alcohol on a weekly basis. Few dentists 4 (2.4%) reported regular smoking. Almost all dentists reported that their practice of dentistry has increased stress or stress-related problems 171 (96.1%). More than two thirds of respondents had had some known or unknown systemic health problem since graduation 112 (71.8%), although most dentists reported having no systemic disease at present 104 (59.1%). The present study has indicated that dentists in southern Thailand report a high career prevalence of stress, a moderate career prevalence of work-related problems which may be related to job satisfaction, and moderate career prevalence of systemic disease. Further continuing education and investigation of appropriate interventions to improve rates of exercise amongst dentists in southern Thailand is needed.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2007
DOI: 10.1038/BDJ.2007.748
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2003
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 02-2010
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00354-09
Abstract: This study represents the first phase III trial of the safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of tafenoquine for malaria prophylaxis. In a randomized (3:1), double-blinded study, Australian soldiers received weekly malaria prophylaxis with 200 mg tafenoquine (492 subjects) or 250 mg mefloquine (162 subjects) for 6 months on a peacekeeping deployment to East Timor. After returning to Australia, tafenoquine-receiving subjects received a placebo and mefloquine-receiving subjects received 30 mg primaquine daily for 14 days. There were no clinically significant differences between hematological and biochemical parameters of the treatment groups. Treatment-related adverse events for the two groups were similar (tafenoquine, 13.4% mefloquine, 11.7%). Three subjects on tafenoquine (0.6%) and none on mefloquine discontinued prophylaxis because of possible drug-related adverse events. No diagnoses of malaria occurred for either group during deployment, but 4 cases (0.9%) and 1 case (0.7%) of Plasmodium vivax infection occurred among the tafenoquine and mefloquine groups, respectively, up to 20 weeks after discontinuation of medication. In a subset of subjects recruited for detailed safety assessments, treatment-related mild vortex keratopathy was detected in 93% (69 of 74) of tafenoquine subjects but none of the 21 mefloquine subjects. The vortex keratopathy was not associated with any effect on visual acuity and was fully resolved in all subjects by 1 year. Tafenoquine appears to be safe and well tolerated as malaria prophylaxis. Although the volunteers' precise exposure to malaria could not be proven in this study, tafenoquine appears to be a highly efficacious drug for malaria prophylaxis.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2004.07.009
Abstract: The New Zealand Society of Travel Medicine was established in 1995 and its membership has been active in several areas, including networking, scientific meetings, and the development of postgraduate educational courses in travel medicine in New Zealand. Information is given on purpose, membership, and the various activities of the Society.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1708-8305.2009.00302.X
Abstract: The health and safety of international visitors remain an important issue for Australia and other tourist destinations. The death of visitors remains an important indicator of safety. The aim of this study was to provide updated figures on deaths of overseas travelers in Australia. Data were sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics concerning deaths of overseas visitors for the years 2001 to 2003. There were 1,068 overseas visitor deaths (701 males, 66%) during the study period 2001 to 2003. Death by natural causes increased with age, while deaths associated with accidents were more frequent among younger age groups. The majority of deaths were from natural causes (782, 73%), particularly ischemic heart diseases (26%). There were a total of 247 accidental deaths (23% of all deaths) with the main causes being transportation accidents (14% of all deaths) and accidental drowning/submersion (5% of all deaths). The countries contributing the most deaths were the UK (247, 23%), New Zealand (108, 10%) Melanesia/Micronesia (95, 9%), and the United States (57, 5%). Australia remains a relatively safe destination for international travelers, at least in terms of fatalities, which appear to be declining. Most deaths of overseas tourists in Australia are due to natural causes with cardiovascular disease being the predominant cause of death in this group. Accidents remain the most common preventable cause of death of travelers, with road and water safety being the major issues. It is important that tourism and travel medicine groups continue to advocate for improved health and safety of international travelers visiting Australia.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2010
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-2014
DOI: 10.1111/JTM.12105
Abstract: School-organized travels abroad provide an opportunity for students to undertake supervised travel that reinforces scholastic study of various geographical locations under the direction and protection of experienced tour leaders and health professional support. Little is known concerning the nature of illnesses and injuries occurring on overseas school excursions. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of injury and illness suffered by older teenagers on a school excursion to South America. In 2010, the school's tour physician (EH) diagnosed and recorded all illnesses and injuries among 29 school girls and 6 accompanying adults on a school excursion to Peru. Information recorded included age, sex, the nature of the presenting illness, number of days into the tour, the assessment of the condition, and the treatment employed during the excursion's field phase of 21 days. A total of 32 (91%) travelers sought medical advice at least once for a total of 371 consultations, resulting in 153 separate diagnoses. The mean age of the students was 16 years with six adults accompanying the students being significantly older. Primary illnesses diagnosed were related to the following systems and conditions: gastrointestinal (58, 37%), respiratory (25, 16%), altitude sickness (19, 12%), genitourinary (8, 5%), dermatological (10, 7%), trauma (7, 5%), neurological (7, 5%), anxiety or psychological adjustment (7, 5%), adverse drug reactions (4, 3%), and musculoskeletal (5, 3%). The most commonly used medications were antidiarrheal and antiemetic medication. There were six accidents during the journey resulting in minor soft-tissue injuries. There were no deaths or other major accidents requiring emergency evacuation or hospitalization. On this school excursion, the health problems encountered were consistent with those reported for other specialized tours, including expeditions and premium tours, although altitude illness needs to be carefully planned for in tours to higher elevation destinations as in South America. As well as being part of the service provided to the school students, the inclusion of a physician with appropriate medical supplies for this tour increased the independence of the travel group. A proposed medical kit for such an excursion is presented.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-07-2022
DOI: 10.3390/TROPICALMED7070140
Abstract: Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TMID or TropicalMed) was established in 2016 [...]
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-09-2020
DOI: 10.1002/HPJA.407
Abstract: Drowning is a global public health challenge with a need to ensure equity to drowning prevention information and interventions. In Australia, people born overseas are identified as being at greater risk of drowning. This paper presents findings from a community‐based qualitative evaluation of swimming and water safety (SWS) programs delivered to adults from migrant backgrounds in Sydney, Australia. A qualitative study was conducted in November‐December 2019 among 35 female participants of SWS programs targeted to adult migrants. While offered to all SWS program participants, no males took part in the study. Focus groups and interviews were recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed using a deductive approach. The domains of enquiry were guided by the health belief model and the theory of planned behaviour. Study participants were ≥25 years, first generation and most had lived in Australia for ≥10 years. Most were nonswimmers and were fearful of water prior to the program. Key themes were: direct SWS program outcomes, health and well‐being enablers and barriers to participation including: motivation, a program coordinator, fear and settlement priorities. Findings suggest that in order to increase SWS participation among migrant communities, the broader determinants of health need to be considered. Culturally appropriate strategies are required to enable both men and women equal opportunities to access SWS programs. SWS programs provide multiple benefits for adult migrants however, the impact on reducing inequities is limited, with broader multi‐strategic health promotion approaches and policies required for inclusion and sustainability.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2010
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 04-01-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2005
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1834-7819.2006.TB00420.X
Abstract: Percutaneous exposure incidents (PEI) represent an important occupational health issue in dentistry, and one that can incur severe consequences from blood-borne infections. Given the importance of this topic, we considered it necessary to investigate the distribution and cause of PEI among Queensland dentists. In 2004, a self-reporting questionnaire was mailed to a random s le of 400 dentists on the register of the Queensland Branch of the Australian Dental Association. A total of 285 questionnaires (73.1 per cent) were completed and returned. Of the respondents, 73.3 per cent were male and 26.7 per cent female, with a mean age of 45.2 years (SD = 11.9 years). Most were general dentists (89.1 per cent) with the remainder being specialists (10.9 per cent). More than three-quarters (78.5 per cent) reported damaging their gloves at least once during a clinical procedure in the previous 12-month period. Roughly one-quarter (27.7 per cent) had experienced at least one 'sharps' or needlestick injury in the previous 12 months, 16.1 per cent of which involved a contaminated instrument that had been previously used on a patient. The most common devices to cause 'sharps' injury in the previous 12 months were needles (14.4 per cent) and burs (10.2 per cent). Although PEI clearly remains a major occupational health problem for Queensland dentists, the prevalence of needlestick injuries appears to be lower than other studies from developed countries. The identification of needlestick injuries as a common cause of PEI again stresses the importance of preventive strategies with respect to potential blood-borne infections. Further research is now needed to more carefully identify effective measures for reducing PEI among dental personnel.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-08-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1742-6723.2010.01319.X
Abstract: Short-term isolation might occur during pandemic disease or natural disasters. We sought to measure preparedness for short-term isolation in an Australian state during pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Data were collected as part of the Queensland Social Survey (QSS) 2009. Two questions related to preparedness for 3 days of isolation were incorporated into QSS 2009. Associations between demographic variables and preparedness were analysed using χ², with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Most respondents (93.6% confidence interval [CI] 92.2-94.9%) would have enough food to last 3 days, but only 53.6% (CI 50.9-56.4%) would have sufficient food and potable water if isolated for 3 days with an interruption in utility services. Subpopulations that were less likely to have sufficient food and potable water reserves for 3 days' isolation without utility services included single people, households with children under 18 years of age, people living in South-East Queensland or urban areas, those with higher levels of education and people employed in health or community service occupations. The majority of Queensland's population consider themselves to have sufficient food supplies to cope with isolation for a period of 3 days. Far fewer would have sufficient reserves if they were isolated for a similar period with an interruption in utility services. The lower level of preparedness among health and community service workers has implications for maintaining the continuity of health services.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2004
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2004.02.003
Abstract: A review of the recent foundation by The Australasian College of Tropical Medicine of the Australasian Faculty of Travel Medicine is presented. Information is given on aims, professional grades of membership, and the various activities of the Faculty, including publications and scientific meetings.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2004
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2004.02.002
Abstract: Background. On 12 October 2002, terrorist bombs detonated in the Kuta entertainment district of Bali, Indonesia, a popular tourist destination for Australian travellers. This study was designed to investigate travel insurance claims reported by travellers from Australia requiring emergency assistance and/or aeromedical evacuation, as well as to examine the role of travel insurance and emergency assistance companies, following the Bali bombing. Methods. In 2003, all claims reported, following the Bali bombing attack on 12 October 2002, to a major Australian travel insurance company were examined for those claims that described the use of the insurer's emergency assistance contractor by travellers in Bali following the bombing. Results. Thirteen insured travellers used the emergency assistance service following the Bali bombing. Six travellers cancelled their trip to Bali. Five travellers, who were already abroad cancelled their trip to Bali and one was given evacuation assistance. One traveller required aeromedical evacuation by scheduled aircraft with glass injuries resulting from the bomb blast, and there was also assistance provided to significant others following the death of one insured traveller as a direct consequence of the bombing. Two travellers sought only claiming and policy advice and no claim was made. The mean refund, where a travel insurance claim was made, was AUD1185.09 (SD=AUD3047.31). Conclusions. This study highlights the importance of travellers taking out appropriate travel insurance, which provides for emergency assistance. Travel insurance agencies do play some role after emergencies such as the Bali bombing. This assistance involves predominantly dealing with cancellation of travellers' intended visits to the affected area, but does also involve some assistance to travellers evacuating from the crisis, including some who require aeromedical evacuation. Travellers should be advised to seek travel health advice well before departure overseas and to ensure that they are aware of travel advisories for their destination.
Publisher: The Haworth Press
Date: 2007
Publisher: Kurume Medical Journal
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.2739/KURUMEMEDJ.52.111
Abstract: Over ten years after his death, the Sabin oral vaccine continues its profound influence on public health throughout the world. The annual incidence of polio has fallen dramatically since its introduction, with more than 300,000 lives being spared each year and an annual global saving in excess of 1 billion US dollars. In many ways, the development of an effective oral vaccine and its subsequent regulation by the World Health Organization can serve as a model for medical researchers. Our review describes the contribution of Albert Sabin as a medical researcher, and how his vaccine had a profound impact on the global reduction of polio infections. As many different factors influenced health-care last century, we describe Sabin's involvement with respect to prevailing scientific paradigms and public health issues of the time. Our paper also outlines the basic epidemiology of poliovirus and the historical development of an effective vaccine, both with and without Albert Sabin.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-08-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2010.00614.X
Abstract: The results of a tobacco smoking survey conducted among veterinarians in Queensland, Australia, during 2007 are presented. Of the 567 participants only 3% reported being current smokers, 24% were ex-smokers and 73% had never smoked. The prevalence of smoking was similar among males and females, and the highest smoking rate was reported among veterinarians aged 31-40 years. However, the rate of never-smokers was strongly and negatively correlated with age, and the proportion of ex-smokers increased with age. Encouragingly, the results from this study suggest that tobacco use has all but disappeared from the Australian veterinary profession in recent years.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2010.05.008
Abstract: Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne disease, which can cause serious illness. The World Health Organization (WHO) requires travellers to have vaccination against Yellow fever for all international travel going into and from Yellow fever endemic areas in order to prevent the spread of this potentially deadly disease. Only clinics and hospitals authorised by health departments of national governments can administer the disease. Yellow fever vaccination centres are often subject to inspection in many countries, although the requirements for Yellow fever vaccinators (YFV) vary from country to country. In New Zealand, approval of YFV now requires specific postgraduate training in travel medicine or its equivalent, as well as continuing professional development to maintain this status. It is expected that this will assist in improving standards of travel medicine practice in New Zealand.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-05-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1600-0536.2009.01562.X
Abstract: Although hand dermatitis (HD) represents a frequent occupational issue for many health professionals, little is known about the prevalence and distribution of HD among veterinarians, particularly in Australia. We utilized a previously validated questionnaire survey to examine a cross-section of veterinarians from Queensland, Australia, to determine the prevalence of HD and its associated factors. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey of HD, which was mailed to 1094 veterinarians registered with the Veterinary Surgeons Board of Queensland during 2006 (64.0% response rate). The overall prevalence rate of HD during this study was 15.9%. HD prevalence was significantly higher in those with current allergic disease (P < 0.001), among female veterinarians (P < 0.001), and those reporting latex allergy in the past 12 months (P < 0.001). Overall, this study suggests that HD may be more prevalent among veterinarians in Queensland than among their counterparts studied elsewhere. Veterinary practices may need to consider making non-latex gloves available or avoiding latex products wherever possible, particularly for their female staff. The importance of HD to the veterinary profession is predicted to increase as females begin to make up a greater proportion of registered veterinarians as result of a demographic shift.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2004
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2004.03.007
Abstract: Access to global information through the Internet is the domain of travellers as much as travel health practitioners. It is important in travel medicine practice for travel health practitioners to be aware of some of the sites that travellers may visit for travel health information or possibly even referred to for further information. It is important that travel health practitioners can guide travellers as to the most reliable sites and what information may be useful. Travellers will be attracted to major national Internet sites on travel health, but also possibly to popular travel industry sites. Access to search engines on the Internet also makes searching for travel health information much easier for travellers.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 25-06-2015
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2004
DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-1854.2004.00620.X
Abstract: To investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) among rural Australian nursing students and compare the results with other international studies. A self-reporting questionnaire adapted from previous research, was administered to 260 students from all three grades of a major nursing school in regional north Queensland, Australia. A high proportion of students reported an MSD at some body site (80.0%), with low back pain being the most common condition (59.2%). This was followed by MSD of the neck (34.6%), knee (25.0%), shoulder (23.8%), feet (16.5%), wrist (12.7%) and legs (11.9%). MSD of the shoulder was slightly more common among males when compared to females (39.3% vs 22.0%, P = 0.0424). Previous paid employment as a nurse or nursing assistant was found to increase the risk of upper arm MSD by a factor of 10.8 (odds ratio 10.8, 95% confidence interval 1.9-205.8, P = 0.0276). Overall, this investigation suggests that MSD is more frequent among rural Australian nursing students, when compared to their counterparts around the world. Their high rate of MSD is also comparable to that reported by hospital nurses in other countries.
Publisher: National Institute of Industrial Health
Date: 2007
Abstract: Despite numerous technical advances in recent years, many occupational health problems still persist in modern dentistry. These include percutaneous exposure incidents (PEI) exposure to infectious diseases (including bioaerosols), radiation, dental materials, and noise musculoskeletal disorders dermatitis and respiratory disorders eye injuries and psychological problems. PEI remain a particular concern, as there is an almost constant risk of exposure to serious infectious agents. Strategies to minimise PEI and their consequences should continue to be employed, including sound infection control practices, continuing education and hepatitis B immunisation. As part of any infection control protocols, dentists should continue to utilise personal protective measures and appropriate sterilisation or other high-level disinfection techniques. Aside from biological hazards, dentists continue to suffer a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), especially of the back, neck and shoulders. To fully understand the nature of these problems, further studies are needed to identify causative factors and other correlates of MSD. Continuing education and investigation of appropriate interventions to help reduce the prevalence of MSD and contact dermatitis are also needed. For these reasons, it is therefore important that dentists remain constantly informed regarding up-to-date measures on how to deal with newer technologies and dental materials.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2004
DOI: 10.1580/1080-6032(2004)015[0004:RKPABO]2.0.CO;2
Abstract: To determine the knowledge, beliefs, and behavior of local residents and visitors to North Queensland who may be at risk of contact with "Irukandji" jellyfish. Structured interviews were conducted with 208 ferry passengers (92.9% response) traveling between Magnetic Island and Townsville (19 degrees S). A total of 88.1% of the locals, 69.8% of the domestic tourists, and 34% of the international tourists knew what an Irukandji was (P < .001). Half of the international tourists, 20% of the domestic tourists, and 3.9% of the locals with this knowledge incorrectly assumed it was safe to swim inside stinger-resistant enclosures or were unsure (P < .001). Visitors to Magnetic Island who had swum or intended to swim in the sea (47%) knew less about Irukandji than other visitors (P = .05). Only 42.3% of the respondents realized that Irukandji posed a risk to swimmers on the outer reefs, and only 33.1% knew that Irukandji were also found outside North Queensland. International tourists had little knowledge about Irukandji. Thus, accurate educational messages may need to be targeted at this group. Offshore water sport and reef tour operators should be encouraged to provide clients with protective clothing to minimize the risk of stings. A coordinated educational response across northern Australia may be necessary to inform the public about both the box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri) and Irukandji.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2004.11.005
Abstract: Rabies is a fatal infection and immunisation is important to consider in those travellers going to rabies endemic areas. In those at high risk, a course of three immunisations may be given by the intramuscular (IM) or intradermal (ID) route, both of which are approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Little is known in the New Zealand context regarding the effectiveness of pre-exposure ID rabies immunisation. The data was collected prospectively on all travellers requiring the immunisation from July 2001 to September 2003 in Auckland. The standard WHO rabies immunisation protocol was used with three ID injections of 0.1 ml, given on days 0, 7, and 21 or 28 with a booster after 12 months. The vaccine used was the Pasteur Merieux human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) or the Rabipur Purified chick embryo cell (PCEC) vaccine. Both vaccines are approved by the WHO and the CDC, and are interchangeable. Serology was performed approximately 2 weeks after completion of the primary immunisation course or after a booster, wherever possible. Antibody levels were measured using EIA, and levels of >0.5 IU/ml were considered protective. Of the 263 travellers assessed in this study, 125 were males and 138 were females. The mean age of the cohort was 34.8 years (SD=11.7). There were not found to be any statistically significant correlations between age and antibody levels neither was there any significant association between gender and antibody levels. In addition to the s le group, a further 12 travellers had rabies serology performed but were excluded from the study because they had IM vaccines as part of their primary course. Whilst rabies serology ranged from 0.2 to 27.9 IU/ml in the study cohort, the mean antibody level for the group was 4.7 IU/ml (SD=4.1 IU/ml). The mean antibody level for males was 4.3 IU/ml (SD=3.3), and for females, 5.2 IU/ml (SD=4.6). Of the 263 travellers, all had some level of detectable antibodies. The overall seroconversion rate was 95.1%. ID rabies immunisation appears effective, when given according to the standard WHO protocol, in New Zealand. ID rabies immunisation is also more affordable for travellers, especially those on a restrictive budget. ID rabies immunisation can continue to be recommended, particularly where follow-up serology can be done before travel and where there are staff who are experienced in ID immunisation.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.1834-7819.2006.TB00451.X
Abstract: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) represent an important occupational health issue in dentistry. Given the significance of this topic, we considered it necessary to investigate the prevalence and impact of MSD among Australian dentists. In 2004, a self-reporting questionnaire was mailed to a random s le of 400 dentists registered with the Queensland Branch of the Australian Dental Association. A total of 285 questionnaires (73.1 per cent) were completed and returned. Of the respondents, 73.3 per cent were male and 26.7 per cent female, with a mean age of 45.2 years (SD = 11.9 years). Most were general dentists (89.1 per cent), with the remainder being specialists (10.9 per cent). Most dentists (87.2 per cent) reported having experienced at least one MSD symptom in the past 12 months. The most prevalent MSD during the previous 12 months were reported at the neck (57.5 per cent), lower back (53.7 per cent) and shoulder (53.3 per cent). MSD which interfered with daily activities during the previous 12 months were reported at the neck (24.6 per cent), the lower back (22.1 per cent) and the shoulders (21.8 per cent). Over one-third (37.5 per cent) of dentists had sought medical advice or treatment for an MSD during the previous 12-month period. Almost 1 in 10 dentists (9.1 per cent) reported taking leave in the previous 12 months because of an MSD. Among those who took sick leave for an MSD, the mean time taken was 11.5 days (SD = 16.0 days). Overall, this study suggests that MSD represents a major occupational health issue for Queensland dentists, the occurrence of which is similar to reports from other countries. MSD was shown to interfere with daily activities in some cases, while a considerable proportion of dentists had also sought medical attention for their symptoms. Further research is now needed to more carefully elucidate the impact of MSD in this particular occupational group, especially in relation to cessation or reduction of clinical practice, and also to help identify specific risk factors and effective measures for reducing MSD among dentists in Queensland and elsewhere.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 28-09-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-04-2010
DOI: 10.1007/S10459-008-9119-1
Abstract: Over the past 20 years, there has been an increase in the number of students undertaking traditional research masters and doctor of philosophy courses in the health sciences. This paper reviews and summarizes several aspects of the literature related to supervision of students in these traditional research higher degree (RHD) programs in Australasia: elements of RHD supervision use of information and communication technologies in RHD supervision warning signs for non-completion of RHD candidature and evaluation of RHD supervision. The growth in traditional RHD enrolments has been paralleled by similar expansion in professional doctorate programs, and this paper draws attention to issues relating to supervision of these professional doctorate students, especially those studying at a distance. It draws on earlier research which compared structures of such programs across Australia and grounded professional doctorate supervision firmly in the workplace. Further, the emerging small body of literature associated with professional doctorate supervision is used to highlight features shared with and those distinct from traditional RHD supervision, and to identify fertile topics for further research into this burgeoning area.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2003
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 03-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1708-8305.2007.00113.X
Abstract: Little is known about the level of concern and sources of information of hostelers concerning personal safety and terrorism. This study was designed to investigate these in the Australian context. In 2006, self-administered questionnaires were distributed to hostelers attending a travelers' information evening in Brisbane. Forty questionnaires (60.8%) were returned. Over two thirds of attendees were women (71.4%). About two thirds of the hostelers attending the travelers' information evening reported being aged 29 years or younger (64.2%). Anticipated main destinations were Europe (68.3%), Asia (14.3%), and North America (11.9%). Nearly two thirds (63.4%) intended to travel in more than 8 weeks time or were not sure. Of those departing within 8 weeks, only 40% had sought travel health advice from their general practitioner and/or travel clinic. Nonmedical sources of information on travel health included travel books and guides (40.5%), Internet (35.7%), and travel agents (19.0%). On a five-point rating scale (1 being not concerned to 5 being extremely concerned), median ratings of hostelers' concern for personal safety (4.0) was significantly higher than for terrorism (2.5), with the range being 1 to 5 in each case (p < 0.001). Nearly three quarters (73.8%) of hostelers would seek personal safety advice from multiple sources, and sources of information included the Internet (69.0%, 29), travel books and guides (59.5%), physicians (57.1%), and travel agents (45.2%). Only three (7.1%) nominated the physician as their only source of personal safety advice. Hostelers attending a travelers' information night in Australia expressed more concern for their personal safety when traveling than for terrorism. Since this group of travelers uses multiple sources of information with the Internet most commonly used, Web sites that provide accurate and relevant information in an acceptable format could play an important role in supporting this group. It is important that policies being promoted by travel health advocacy groups in Australia continue to advocate that travelers seek travel health advice from a qualified source early, preferably around 6 to 8 weeks before travel, and that personal safety be discussed as part of the travel health consultation.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-2005
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-2010
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 12-08-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2003
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2004.05.002
Abstract: Travel medicine is emerging as a new multidisciplinary specialty area catering for an increasing number of travellers worldwide. Travel health advisers are engaged in the provision of pre-travel health advice, chemoprophylaxis against travel-related diseases, traveller's medical kits, and post-travel assessments and eradication treatment for various travel-related diseases. They are also in a key position to liaise with public health authorities on possible imported disease risks. In terms of risk assessment and provision of preventive measures, vector-borne diseases, in particular malaria and the arboviral diseases, stand out as major concerns for travellers, however, common problems, such as travellers' diarrhoea and respiratory tract infection, also need to be addressed. Travel and aviation medicine have many linkages, especially in terms of fitness to fly and dealing with problems that may arise in travellers due to physiological and psychological stresses of travel. In the face of recent terrorism and conflict, travel advisories have assumed great importance in travellers planning. Travel insurance remains an important safety net for travellers, which provides coverage for medical and dental treatment abroad as well as an emergency assistance service, which may include aeromedical evacuation.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 06-01-2020
DOI: 10.1136/INJURYPREV-2019-043432
Abstract: Some populations have been less susceptible to reductions in drowning than others. It has been hypothesised that this is due to prevention strategies failing to account for the influence of social determinants (such as ethnicity, socioeconomic status). Populations such as ethnic minorities have been over-represented in injury statistics, however this is not well explored in drowning. This study aims to identify high-risk populations for drowning, risk factors and prevention strategies. A literature review undertaken systematically using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses approach was conducted of peer-reviewed literature in English, published between 1990 and 2018 from high-income countries. Search terms included drowning, water safety, ethnic minority, migrant, and culturally erse. In total, 35 articles were included. High-risk populations identified were: ethnic minorities, First Nations/Aboriginal people, migrants and rural residents. Over half (51%) focused on children (0–18 years). Risk factors included social determinants, swimming ability and knowledge, attitudes and behaviour. Four intervention studies were found two focused on upskilling adults from high-risk populations to increase employment opportunities within the aquatic industry an evaluation of a 10-year rock fishing safety education project and a learn-to-swim programme for minority children. Proposed prevention strategies included education, practical skills, research, policy and engagement. Limited literature exists pertaining to drowning among adults from high-risk populations. There is a need to increase the sophistication of drowning prevention strategies addressing the disparities in drowning from a culturally appropriate perspective. Acknowledging the role of the social determinants of health in drowning prevention is essential in order to improve drowning outcomes for high-risk populations globally.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-03-2022
DOI: 10.1111/AJR.12865
Abstract: To explore rural motor vehicle collision (MVC) fatalities by trends over time, mode of transport, age, state, sex, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status. A retrospective total population‐based time series was conducted using the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) death registration data. All statistical local area (SLA) within Australia from 2006 to 2017. Australian residents whose deaths were registered with the ABS between 01 January 2006 and 31 December 2017 where the underlying cause of death was related to unintentional transport accidents. Fatality rates were determined using population data collected from the 2006, 2011 and 2016 census. Trends over time by rurality were analysed by financial year. Rates of transport deaths by vehicle type were determined by rurality. Risk ratios were calculated to compare demographic groups based on sex, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status and age. A 3‐year scorecard was organised by state and rurality using 99.7% confidence intervals. Motor vehicle collision fatalities increase with increasing remoteness. Females, children from 0 to 14 years, pedestrians, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are at a significantly higher risk of fatal MVCs than their respective metropolitan counterparts. The 3‐year scorecard indicates that road fatality rates in the NT, WA, and all rural and remote areas required immediate attention and targeted action. There is a need for investment in MVC fatality prevention in rural Australia from inner regional to remote areas in order to meet the road safety targets established by the National Road Safety Strategy.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-03-2016
DOI: 10.1017/DMP.2016.3
Abstract: The study aim was to undertake a qualitative research literature review to analyze available databases to define, describe, and categorize public health infrastructure (PHI) priorities for tropical cyclone, flood, storm, tornado, and tsunami-related disasters. Five electronic publication databases were searched to define, describe, or categorize PHI and discuss tropical cyclone, flood, storm, tornado, and tsunami-related disasters and their impact on PHI. The data were analyzed through aggregation of in idual articles to create an overall data description. The data were grouped into PHI themes, which were then prioritized on the basis of degree of interdependency. Sixty-seven relevant articles were identified. PHI was categorized into 13 themes with a total of 158 descriptors. The highest priority PHI identified was workforce. This was followed by water, sanitation, equipment, communication, physical structure, power, governance, prevention, supplies, service, transport, and surveillance. This review identified workforce as the most important of the 13 thematic areas related to PHI and disasters. If its functionality fails, workforce has the greatest impact on the performance of health services. If addressed post-disaster, the remaining forms of PHI will then be progressively addressed. These findings are a step toward providing an evidence base to inform PHI priorities in the disaster setting. ( Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness . 2016 :598–610)
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2008
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-2007
Abstract: Tobacco smoking represents a contentious issue in the nursing profession, and one that has now become an important topic in nursing research. Despite this fact, the epidemiological quality of research varies widely, and it has been difficult to accurately determine the true incidence of smoking among nurses. Given these inconsistencies, we conducted a state-of-the-art review to identify international trends in tobacco usage among nurses, to ascertain how the epidemiological quality of research has improved over the past 30 years, and also to elucidate the directions in which nursing research has evolved. A total of 73 English-language studies that met the inclusion criteria were located and analysed. Overall, our review suggests that, while tobacco smoking among nurses appears to be decreasing in many countries during recent years, the international trend is far from uniform, and some developed nations still report high smoking rates among their nursing staff. From a methodological perspective, the relative epidemiological quality of smoking research has also fluctuated over time, making it difficult to compare the results of one study to the next. Despite these caveats, tobacco smoking remains a key topic in nursing research, as well as a critically important occupational-health issue for the entire nursing profession. In order to make the next generation of tobacco research data as comparable as possible, future scholars should consider devising and implementing a standardised format for conducting international tobacco smoking research within the nursing profession.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 29-10-2019
DOI: 10.3390/PROSTHESIS1010004
Abstract: Vertical loading rate could be associated with residuum and whole body injuries affecting in iduals fitted with transtibial prostheses. The objective of this study was to outline one out of five automated methods of extraction of vertical loading rate that stacked up the best against manual detection, which is considered the gold standard during pseudo-prosthetic gait. The load applied on the long axis of the leg of three males was recorded using a transducer fitted between a prosthetic foot and physiotherapy boot while walking on a treadmill for circa 30 min. The automated method of extraction of vertical loading rate, combining the lowest absolute average and range of 95% CI difference compared to the manual method, was deemed the most accurate and precise. The average slope of the loading rate detected manually over 150 strides was 5.56 ± 1.33 kN/s, while the other slopes ranged from 4.43 ± 0.98 kN/s to 6.52 ± 1.64 kN/s depending on the automated detection method. An original method proposed here, relying on progressive loading gradient-based automated extraction, produced the closest results (6%) to manual selection. This work contributes to continuous efforts made by providers of prosthetic and rehabilitation care to generate evidence informing reflective clinical decision-making.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-2010
DOI: 10.1111/J.1708-8305.2010.00445.X
Abstract: Global disease outbreaks, such as the recent Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (the so-called Swine flu), may have an impact on travel, including raising the concerns of travelers. The objective of this study was to examine the level of concern of Australians regarding travel during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and how this impacted on their travel. Data were collected by interviews as part of the Queensland Social Survey (QSS) 2009. Specific questions were incorporated regarding travel and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze associations between demographic variables and concern and likelihood of cancelling travel. There were 1,292 respondents (41.5% response rate). The s le was nearly equally ided between males and females (50.2% vs 49.8%). Younger people (18-34 y) were under-represented in the s le older people (> 55 y) were over-represented in the s le. About half (53.2%) of respondents indicated some level of concern about Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 when traveling and just over one-third (35.5%) indicated they would likely cancel their air travel if they had a cough and fever that lasted more than one day. When cross-tabulating these responses, people who expressed concern regarding Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 when they traveled were more likely than those without concern to cancel their air travel if they had a cough and fever lasting more than one day (44.7% vs 27.7%, χ² = 33.53, p < 0.001). People with higher levels of education [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.651], people with higher incomes (AOR: 0.528) and people living outside of metropolitan Southeast Queensland (AOR: 0.589) were less likely to be concerned about Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 when traveling, and younger people (AOR: 0.469) were less likely than others to cancel travel if they had a cough and fever. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 was of some concern to more than half of Queensland travelers. None-the-less, the majority of Queenslanders would not have postponed their own travel, even if they exhibited symptoms consistent with Pandemic (H1N1) 2009.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-1998
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2006
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-1998
DOI: 10.1111/J.1708-8305.1998.TB00469.X
Abstract: As travel has become easier and more affordable, the number of people traveling has risen sharply. People travel for many and varied reasons, from the business person on an overseas assignment to backpackers seeking new and exotic destinations. Others may take up residence in different regions, states or countries for family, business or political reasons. Other people are fleeing religious or political persecution. Wherever they go and for whatever reason they go, people take their culture with them. Culture, like language, is acquired innately in early childhood and is then reinforced through formal and complex informal social education into adulthood. Culture provides a framework for interpersonal and social interactions. Therefore, the contact with a new culture is often not the exciting or pleasurable experience anticipated. When immersed in a different culture, people no longer know how to act when faced with disparate value systems. Contact with the unfamiliar culture can lead to anxiety, stress, mental illness and, in extreme cases, physical illness and suicide. "Culture shock" is a term coined by the anthropologist Oberg. It is the shock of the new. It implies that the experience of the new culture is an unpleasant surprise or shock, partly because it is unexpected and partly because it can lead to a negative evaluation of one's own culture. It is also known as cross-cultural adjustment, being that period of anxiety and confusion experienced when entering a new culture. It affects people intellectually, emotionally, behaviorally and physically and is characterized by symptoms of psychological distress. Culture shock affects both adults and children. In travelers or workers who have prolonged sojourns in foreign countries, culture shock may occur not only as they enter the new culture, but also may occur on their return to their original culture. Children may also experience readjustment problems after returning from leading sheltered lives in expatriate compounds. This readjustment back to their own culture after a period of time abroad has been termed "reverse culture shock, a condition which has been studied in both corporate managers and Peace Corps volunteers. With culture shock and many other processes of psychological adjustment, people tend to suffer alone, thinking that they are the only ones not coping well with their new circumstance. The objective of this paper was to bring the phenomenon of culture shock to the awareness of travel health advisors, who can in turn advise travelers, especially longer term travelers, about having realistic expectations of their travel and life in new cultures.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2006.06.001
Abstract: Q fever is a common zoonosis with almost a worldwide distribution caused by Coxiella burnetii. Farm animals and pets are the main reservoirs of infection and transmission to humans is usually via inhalation of contaminated aerosols, which may be carried by the wind far from the original source of infection. Occupational groups with close association with farm or wild animals are most at risk, however travellers occasionally become infected. The disease is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic infection to fatal disease. Awareness of the disease and newer diagnostic methods led to increase of recognition and detection in cases with various or multiple symptoms in adults and children. However, children seem to be less frequently symptomatic and may have milder disease. This review of Q fever cases examines clinical manifestations and symptoms of Q fever in both adults and children and shows that certain symptoms and their severity have altered presentation in children with acute and chronic Q fever when compared to adults.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2003
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-09-2018
DOI: 10.1002/HPJA.195
Abstract: Rivers are a leading location for fatal drowning worldwide, often geographically isolated from timely medical assistance. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) benefits drowning victims and those who suffer cardiac arrests. This study explored CPR and first-aid training of river users in Australia. Adult river users (18+ years) were surveyed at four high-risk river drowning sites. Respondents were asked the last time they undertook CPR (responses converted into: "CPR ever undertaken"-yes/no and "CPR training current"-yes/no (training undertaken ≤12 months ago). Responses were explored by demographics and social determinants of health. Of those surveyed (N = 688), 98.4% responded regarding CPR. Seventy-five percent (74.9%) had undertaken CPR training previously. Females and 35- to 44-year-olds were more likely to have undertaken training (P < 0.05). Males and older people (65+ years) were less likely to hold a current qualification (P < 0.05). Major city residents reported a longer mean time (5.4 years) since last trained than remote and very remote locations (2.0 years). People in low socio-economic areas had a shorter time since qualification current (5.8 years) than those in areas deemed high (7.2 years). Current CPR qualifications are important, particularly among those visiting high-risk river drowning locations. System-level, upstream strategies that should be explored include compulsory CPR training in secondary schools and linking CPR updates to motor vehicle licence renewals. SO WHAT?: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a vital component of multifaceted river drowning prevention. Social determinants of health, such as socio-economic disadvantage and geographical isolation, were not barriers to participation or currency of qualification.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 2015
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-1998
DOI: 10.1111/J.1708-8305.1998.TB00465.X
Abstract: Accidents and injuries are important preventable causes of morbidity and mortality for travelers. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of advice given by general practitioners (GPs) on personal safety, health and travel insurance, and finding medical assistance abroad in the event of misadventure or ill health. Four hundred general practitioners were randomly selected from the register of the New Zealand Medical Council and sent self-administered questionnaires. Two reminders were sent. Three hundred and thirty-two (83%) GPs responded. Advice to travelers on health and travel insurance (164/273, 60%), personal safety (127/255, 50%), and finding medical assistance abroad (165/308, 54%) was given by half or just over half of GPs. Giving advice on medical assistance abroad was significantly associated with giving advice on health and travel insurance (x2 = 18.89, df = 1, p<.001) and personal safety (x2 = 25.26, df = 1, p<.001). Seeing a higher proportion of patients who were travelers was significantly associated with giving advice on health and travel insurance (t-value = -3.39, df = 267, p = .001) and personal safety abroad (t-value = -2.63, df = 249, p .01). Those GPs with previous experience in tropical medicine/developing countries were significantly more likely to advise travelers on personal safety abroad (x2 = 6.55, df = 1, p<.05) and about seeking medical assistance abroad (x2 = 4.11, df = 1, p<.05). Those GPs in older age groups (45-49 years and over) were significantly more likely to advise travelers on health and travel insurance (x2 = 16. 31, df = 8, p<.05) and personal safety abroad (x2 = 19.88, df = 8, p<.05). Those GPs with an interest in travel medicine were significantly more likely to advise travelers about seeking medical assistance abroad (x2 = 11.07, df = 1, p<.001) and health and travel insurance (x2 = 16.31, df = 8, p<.05). When advising travelers about seeking medical assistance abroad, GPs most commonly recommended contacting travel insurance companies (60/308, 19%), a specific medical service (48/308, 16%), tour company (30/308, 10%), specific doctor (29/308, 9%), New Zealand embassy (27/308, 9%), local medical service (23/307, 7%), personal contact (21/307, 7%), and other sources (12/307, 4%). This cross-sectional study found that only around half of New Zealand GPs were giving advice to travelers on personal safety, health and travel insurance, and finding medical assistance abroad. Continuing education providers should reinforce the need for this advice to be given to all travelers. There was also considerable variability in what New Zealand GPs recommended to travelers about seeking medical assistance abroad, including several nonmedical sources.
Publisher: National Institute of Industrial Health
Date: 2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2000
DOI: 10.1002/J.1875-595X.2000.TB00807.X
Abstract: The objectives of this study were to investigate changes in the concentration of total bacterial aerosols before, during, and after the working period at different positions within the same multichair dental clinics. Also to investigate the contribution to total bacterial aerosols, if any, of the aerosols generated from different types of dental procedures, as well as the environment. Air s ling using a Slit-to-Agar air s ler at three positions in a multichair dental clinic, performed three times per day over a three week period before work, during work and after work. The second part of the study, in another multichair dental clinic, was performed before working and during three types of dental procedures. The concentration of total bacterial aerosols and Bacillus sp. in air which circulated in the dental clinic was lower at the end of the day than at the beginning. There was no significant change in the concentration of total bacterial aerosols in different positions in the dental clinic or after the three types of dental treatments. The concentration of Bacillus sp. in air not mainly generated during dental procedures and which may come from an environmental source, was reduced. This study suggests that the proportions of different types of bacteria in air may change before, during and after dental treatment. Preventive measures may need to be instituted to reduce build up of bacterial aerosols in the dental clinic during non-working periods.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-05-2009
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1159/000338698
Abstract: The aquatic environment is a complex mix of waterways with varying uses and hazards. It is the intersection of the use of the water and the hazards which provides enjoyment to those who use them as well as risk to a person's health. Canoeing, kayaking and rafting have and continue to be popular recreation sports in aquatic environments. This chapter explores participation in, risks associated with and prevention strategies for keeping canoeists, kayakers and rafters safe and healthy. There is a dearth of good quality descriptive studies exploring these issues, particularly around the risks involved and the effectiveness of proposed prevention strategies. According to Outdoor Foundation, there are 23.9 million people in the USA who undertake paddling activities per annum, with canoeing (10.1 million) being the most popular activity followed by recreational kayaking (6.2 million). There were 141 deaths of canoeists (89) and kayakers (52) identified by the US Coast Guard in their recreational boating statistics data for 2009. The crude rate of death per 100,000 participants for canoeing ranges between 0.72 and 0.92 and for kayaking between 0.37 and 0.41 per annum. Although death is the most severe consequence of a misadventure while paddling, there are a range of other hazards faced such as hitting objects, waterborne diseases, hypothermia from unintended submersion, blisters, muscle strain, cuts and abrasions. There are a range of prevention strategies which have been proposed and provided in this chapter. However, there is very little evidence of their effectiveness. Further research is required in understanding the risk associated with paddling activities, the effectiveness of prevention strategies and how these strategies might be delivered.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2010.01.002
Abstract: A review of the recent foundation by The Australasian College of Tropical Medicine of the Sub-Faculty of Expedition Medicine is presented. Information is given on aims, professional grades of membership, and the various activities of the Sub-Faculty, including publications and scientific meetings.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-08-2005
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2648.2005.03526.X
Abstract: This paper reports the first investigation of the prevalence and nature of needlestick injuries among Australian nursing students. Needlestick and sharps injuries are the most efficient method of transmitting blood-borne pathogens between patients and healthcare staff. Although nurses are known to be a high-risk subgroup for these events, nursing students may be at even greater risk due to their limited clinical experience. Despite this fact, the epidemiology of needlestick and sharps injuries among nursing students has not been clearly elucidated in Australia. A questionnaire-based methodology adapted from other international investigations was conducted among nursing students. We recruited a complete cross-section of students from a large university nursing school in North Queensland, Australia, in March 2004, and analysed needlestick and sharps events as a percentage of all students and also as a proportion of all cases. Risk factors were evaluated using logistic regression. From a group of 319 students, 274 successfully completed questionnaires were obtained (overall response rate 85.9%). A total of 38 students (13.9%) reported a needlestick or sharps injury during the previous 12 months. By causative item, 6.2% of students had been injured by a normal hollow-bore syringe needle, 3.6% by a glass item and 3.3% by an insulin syringe needle. Regarding prior usage, 81.6% of all injuring items were unused, 15.8% had been used on a patient and the status of 2.6% was unknown. Most needlestick injuries occurred either in the nursing laboratory (45%) or the teaching hospital (37%). Opening the needle cap was the most common causative event (28% of all cases). A total of 39.5% of needlestick injuries were not reported. The main reason for non-reporting was that the item was unused (42%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that students in the third year were 14.8 times more likely to have experienced a needlestick injury than their counterparts in other years (odds ratio 14.8, 95% confidence interval 5.2-50.3, P < 0.01). These injury rates were higher among Australian nursing students than in other international studies. Although hepatitis B vaccination coverage among the students was excellent, it is important that the principles of infection-control training and reporting of all needlestick and sharps continue to be emphasized throughout undergraduate nursing education.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-01-2020
DOI: 10.1111/AJR.12588
Abstract: To describe rates of hospitalisation and Coaching on Achieving Cardiovascular Health referral, for Queensland's adults with heart and related disease, and comparisons between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous peoples in northern Queensland. Descriptive retrospective epidemiological study of Queensland Health Patient Admission Data Collection for adults with heart and related disease, and Coaching on Achieving Cardiovascular Health referral data. Relative risk and age standardisation were calculated for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous peoples. Queensland's adults ≥20 years, hospitalised with heart and related disease (1 January 2012-31 December 2016). Queensland, Australia. Queensland Health Hospital and Health Services' hospitalisation and Coaching on Achieving Cardiovascular Health referral rates for heart and related disease. Queensland's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have a higher hospitalisation rate for heart and related disease, with higher rates for northern Queensland. Queensland's overall Coaching on Achieving Cardiovascular Health referral rates were low, but higher for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Deficiencies in documentation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's status affected results in some areas. Queensland's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples were more likely to be admitted to hospital for heart and related disease and referred to Coaching on Achieving Cardiovascular Health than non-Indigenous peoples. However, hospitalisation and Coaching on Achieving Cardiovascular Health referral rates are unlikely to reflect the needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples especially in rural and very remote areas given their higher mortality and morbidity rates and fewer services.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-03-2022
DOI: 10.1111/AJR.12861
Abstract: To address access to cardiac rehabilitation (CR) for people in R&R areas, this research aimed to investigate: (1) post discharge systems and support for people returning home from hospital following treatment for heart disease (HD). (2) propose changes to improve access to CR in R&R areas of NQ. Four focus communities in R&R areas of NQ. Focus communities' health staff (resident/visiting) (57), community leaders (10) and community residents (44), discharged from hospital in past 5 years following treatment for heart disease (purposeful s ling). A qualitative descriptive case study, with data collection via semi-structured interviews. Inductive/deductive thematic analysis was used to identify primary and secondary themes. Health service audit of selected communities. Health services in the focus communities included multipurpose health services, and primary health care centres staffed by resident and visiting staff that included nurses, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Workers, medical officers, and allied health professionals. Post-discharge health care for people with HD was predominantly clinical. Barriers to CR included low referrals to community-based health professions by discharging hospitals poorly defined referral pathways lack of guidelines inadequate understanding of holistic, multidisciplinary CR by health staff, community participants and leaders limited centre-based CR services lack of awareness, or acceptance of telephone support services. To address barriers identified for CR in R&R areas, health care systems' revision, including development of referral pathways to local health professionals, CR guidelines and in-service education, is required to developing a model of care that focuses on self-management and education: Heart: Road to Health.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 29-12-2014
DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X1400137X
Abstract: Traditionally, post disaster response activities have focused on immediate trauma and communicable diseases. In developed countries such as Australia, the post disaster risk for communicable disease is low. However, a “disease transition” is now recognized at the population level where noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are increasingly documented as a post disaster issue. This potentially places an extra burden on health care resources and may have implications for disaster-management systems. With increasing likelihood of major disasters for all sectors of global society, there is a need to ensure that health systems, including public health infrastructure (PHI), can respond properly. There is limited peer-reviewed literature on the impact of disasters on NCDs. Research is required to better determine both the impact of NCDs post disaster and their impact on PHI and disaster-management systems. A literature review was used to collect and analyze data on the impact of the index case event, Australia's Severe Tropical Cyclone Yasi (STC Yasi), on PHI and the management of NCDs. The findings were compared with data from other world cyclone events. The databases searched were MEDLINE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and Google. The date range for the STC Yasi search was January 26, 2011 through May 2, 2013. No time limits were applied to the search from other cyclone events. The variables compared were tropical cyclones and their impacts on PHI and NCDs. The outcome of interest was to identify if there were trends across similar world events and to determine if this could be extrapolated for future crises. This research showed a tropical cyclone (including a hurricane and typhoon) can impact PHI, for instance, equipment (oxygen, syringes, and medications), services (treatment and care), and clean water availability/access that would impact both the treatment and management of NCDs. The comparison between STC Yasi and worldwide tropical cyclones found the challenges faced were linked closely. These relate to communication, equipment and services, evacuation, medication, planning, and water supplies. This research demonstrated that a negative trend pattern existed between the impact of STC Yasi and other similar world cyclone events on PHI and the management of NCDs. This research provides an insight for disaster planners to address concerns of people with NCDs. While further research is needed, this study provides an understanding of areas for improvement, specifically enhancing protective PHI and the development of strategies for maintaining treatment and alternative care options, such as maintaining safe water for dialysis patients. Ryan BJ , Franklin RC , Burkle FM Jr , Watt K , Aitken P , Smith EC , Leggat P . Analyzing the impact of Severe Tropical Cyclone Yasi on public health infrastructure and the management of noncommunicable diseases . Prehosp Disaster Med . 2015 30 ( 1 ): 1 - 10 .
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-06-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2009.00435.X
Abstract: Although musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) represent one of the most important occupational health issues in contemporary society, few studies have specifically investigated this problem among veterinarians. An anonymous questionnaire survey mailed to all veterinarians registered with the Veterinary Surgeons Board of Queensland during 2006. Almost two-thirds of respondents (63%) had experienced MSD of the lower back, 57% had experienced neck-related MSD, 52% had experienced shoulder-related MSD and 34% had experienced MSD of the upper back during the previous 12 months. MSD was statistically correlated with a range of psychosocial factors, including stress associated with career structure, time pressures, client's attitude, lack of recognition by the public, lack of recognition by colleagues, lack of understanding from family or partners and work stress because of insufficient holidays each year. Overall, this study has demonstrated significant correlations between MSD and psychosocial risk factors among a large cohort of veterinarians, apparently for the first time in the published literature. The results also suggest that personal and workplace issues may contribute more to the development of MSD among veterinarians than many of the previously recognised ergonomic risk factors.
Publisher: Bowling Green State University Libraries
Date: 05-2014
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-1998
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-08-2021
DOI: 10.1002/HEC.4402
Abstract: We evaluate the role of behavioral attributes in predicting engagement in an intervention program. Distinct from the previous studies, we investigate how parental preferences influence their engagement behavior in a health program when the targeted outcomes relate to the health of their children, as opposed to their own. We use an artifactual field experiment where the participants were former parent enrollees in a child health management program in Australia. Our findings suggest that parents’ time preference and risk tolerance are robust predictors of engagement, measured by program attendance. Attendance is positively associated with patience and risk tolerance in the health domain, after controlling for a host of personality traits and socioeconomic factors. By improving our understanding of the behavioral risk factors for attrition, these findings offer important insights for enhancing participant engagement in intervention programs that are beset with the problem of high attrition.
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2016.10.009
Abstract: Examine the prevalence of alcohol and its contributory role in unintentional fatal river drowning in Australia to inform strategies for prevention. Cases of unintentional fatal river drowning in Australia, 1-July-2002 to 30-June-2012, were extracted from the National Coronial Information System. Cases with positive alcohol readings found through autopsy or toxicology reports were retained for analysis. Discrete analysis was conducted on cases with a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) of ≥0.05% (0.05grams of alcohol in every 100 millilitres of blood). Alcohol was known to be involved in 314 cases (40.8%), 279 recorded a positive BAC, 196 (70.3%) recorded a BAC of ≥0.05%. 40.3% of adult victims had a BAC of ≥0.20%. Known alcohol involvement was found to be more likely for victims who drowned as a result of jumping in (χ The number of people who drown with alcohol in their bloodstream is concerning and challenging for prevention. To assist with the prevention of alcohol related river drowning improved data quality, as well as a greater understanding of alcohol's contribution and consumption patterns at rivers (especially those <18 years of age) is required. Alcohol contributes to fatal unintentional drowning in Australian rivers. Although prevention is challenging, better data and exposure studies are the next step to enhance prevention efforts.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2010.04.007
Abstract: The 19th Commonwealth Games, conducted once in every four years since 1930, will be held in New Delhi from the 3rd through until the 14th of October, 2010. There will be approximately 17 sports on display and there will also be 15 para-sporting events. This paper focuses on health and safety issues for travellers to India in general, although it provides specific references to advice for visiting Commonwealth Games athletes and team staff, who will be travelling to the games. Whilst it needs be remembered that travel health advice can change, travellers are advised to seek up-to-date travel health advice for India, from their professional providers, closer to their departure.
Publisher: National Institute of Industrial Health
Date: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2006.01.012
Abstract: On 26 December 2004, the Asian tsunami hit countries around the Indian Ocean rim, particularly around its earthquake-associated epicentre off Indonesia. A number of popular tourist destinations for Australian travellers are located in this region. This study was designed to investigate travel insurance claims reported by travellers from Australia following the Asian tsunami and to examine the role of travel insurance and emergency assistance companies. In December 2005, all claims reported, following the Asian tsunami on 26 December 2004, to a major Australian travel insurance company were examined for those claims associated with the Asian tsunami. Twenty-two tsunami-related claims were submitted of which nine travellers (40.9%) used the travel insurance company's emergency assistance service. Four travellers (18.2%) cancelled their trip to Asia, mainly to Thailand. Five travellers (27.3%), who were already abroad, also curtailed their trip as a result of the tsunami. Half of travellers (50.0%) were claiming loss of personal belongings. Of those using the emergency assistance service, five travellers (22.7%) sought policy and claiming advice, two (9.1%) sought assistance with flight rearrangements, and one (4.5%) sought situation advice. There was also assistance provided following the death of one insured traveller as a direct consequence of the tsunami, which included a lump sum payment to the deceased estate. The mean refund, where a travel insurance claim was paid, was Australian dollars (AUD)2234 (SD=AUD5755). This study highlights the importance of travellers taking out appropriate travel insurance, which provides for emergency assistance. Travel insurance agencies do play some role after emergencies, such as the Asian tsunami. This assistance predominantly involves dealing with cancellation of travellers' intended visits to the affected area, but does also involve some assistance to travellers affected by the crisis. Travellers should be advised to seek travel health advice well before departure overseas and to ensure that they are aware of travel advisories for their destination.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-02-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-06-2007
Publisher: Kurume Medical Journal
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.2739/KURUMEMEDJ.52.147
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of tobacco smoking among dentists in Queensland, Australia. We utilized an anonymous, self-reporting questionnaire which was posted to 400 dentists during 2004. The overall response rate was 72.1%, among whom the prevalence of current smoking was estimated to be 3.9% (95%CI: 2.2-6.9), with a further 11.0% being ex-smokers (95%CI: 7.9-15.2). Smoking rates varied by age, with 6.1% of dentists aged younger than 30 years who were smokers. The lowest smoking prevalence was seen among dentists aged between 30 and 40 years (1.4%), and the highest among those aged over 60 years (7.1%). Regarding weekly work hours, the highest smoking prevalence was seen among dentists who worked between 25 and 35 hrs per week (6.8%). Ex-smokers were more likely to work less than 25 hrs per week (21.7%). Smoking rates also varied by career length, with the lowest prevalence among dentists who had worked 10 to 20 years (1.3%) and the highest rate among those who had worked over 40 years (6.7%). A similar trend was revealed for ex-smokers, with prevalence rates of 1.7% and 33.3%, respectively. Overall, our study suggests that the prevalence of smoking is rather low among Queensland dentists. As the distribution of smoking was not uniform however, future preventive measures will need to consider the in idual situation of dentists who smoke, particularly those in the older age groups.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2003
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Date: 04-2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2005.08.002
Abstract: A New Zealander travelling recreationally to Asia became exposed to Bancroftian filariasis. The traveller had presented incidentally with gastrointestinal illness. In addition to diarrhoea, the traveller's symptoms were non-specific and there was no eosinophilia, lymphoedema, lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, or pain. The immunochromatographic test for Wuchereria bancrofti was positive indicating that there was or had been an adult filarial worm. The illness resolved completely following treatment with ivermectin.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2007
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-04-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2003
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2003.08.001
Abstract: To describe an interesting case of bilateral calf (tibial) deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in a traveller. Clinical case notes and reports of further investigations were analysed in the light of the existing literature concerning DVT and travellers. A 56-year-old university lecturer presented within 48 h of a return to New Zealand from international travel abroad. An otherwise fit and healthy man he developed bilateral calf pains most notable on arising the day of presentation, although he reported some mild pain in the lower legs within 5 h of landing at Auckland. He reported no other complaints. Physical examination was unremarkable, except for the bilateral calf tenderness and being overweight. An urgent outpatient ultrasound to both lower limbs was reported as follows: 'There is evidence of extensive thrombus involving the paired posterior tibial veins of both calves'. He was admitted to hospital for 24 h and started on low-molecular weight heparin. On completion of the course of heparin, he was further treated orally with warfarin. A follow-up assessment with a Clinical Haematologist occurred one month after hospitalisation. The present case illustrates bilateral calf (tibial) DVT in an otherwise fit male traveller following extensive long haul travel. It also illustrates the need to consider the possible diagnosis and the need for bilateral ultrasound scanning of the legs, particularly in travellers undertaking long haul air travel, who are symptomatic. All travellers undertaking extensive, long-haul air travel need to be warned of the risks of DVT and venous thromboembolism (VTE) and advised of appropriate preventive measures as have been outlined. In addition, all travellers should be aware of the signs and symptoms of DVT/VTE and of the need to seek medical advice should they develop them in order to help prevent progression of a DVT to a VTE.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 19-10-2009
DOI: 10.1080/19338240903241291
Abstract: Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a monomer of acrylic resin widely used in a variety of medical, dental, and industrial applications. Its extensive use in surgery, particularly for arthroplasties, has often raised concerns regarding potential human toxicity for orthopaedic surgeons, surgical nurses, and other operating-room staff who are occupationally exposed to the compound. The main toxic effects of MMA exposure appear to involve the cardiovascular system. When exposed to MMA in the work environment, surgical staff have been reported to suffer from hypersensitivity, asthmatic reactions, local neurological symptoms, irritations and local dermatological reactions. The integrity of latex gloves may also be compromised following exposure to MMA during surgical procedures. At present, MMA is not thought to be carcinogenic to humans under normal conditions of use. Nevertheless, sound occupational hygiene practices should still be used to help reduce workplace exposure to MMA during orthopaedic and other medical procedures. Surgical staff should avoid direct contact with MMA mixtures wherever possible, and room ventilation and adequate airflow should also be optimized. In the present article, the authors review studies relating to MMA toxicity in surgical practice, updating in part a previous literature review and expanding on the toxicity of MMA within the surgical setting.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 22-06-2018
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 02-2010
DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X00007585
Abstract: Recent events have heightened awareness of disaster health issues and the need to prepare the health workforce to plan for and respond to major incidents. This has been reinforced at an international level by the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, which has proposed an international educational framework. The aim of this paper is to outline the development of a national educational framework for disaster health in Australia. The framework was developed on the basis of the literature and the previous experience of members of a National Collaborative for Disaster Health Education and Research. The Collaborative was brought together in a series of workshops and teleconferences, utilizing a modified Delphi technique to finalize the content at each level of the framework and to assign a value to the inclusion of that content at the various levels. The framework identifies seven educational levels along with educational outcomes for each level. The framework also identifies the recommended contents at each level and assigns a rating of depth for each component. The framework is not intended as a detailed curriculum, but rather as a guide for educationalists to develop specific programs at each level. This educational framework will provide an infrastructure around which future educational programs in Disaster Health in Australia may be designed and delivered. It will permit improved articulation for students between the various levels and greater consistency between programs so that operational responders may have a consistent language and operational approach to the management of major events.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-03-2010
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1708-8305.2008.00256.X
Abstract: Rabies is a fatal disease, and travelers going to endemic areas need to take precautions. Little is known about the rabies postexposure management of travelers from New Zealand. A total of 459 post-travel records from October 1998 until February 2006 at two travel medicine clinics, in Auckland and Hamilton, were examined for those who reported postexposure management to animals while abroad. Fifty-four patients were included, 48 (88.9%) were New Zealand residents and 52.0% were male. The mean age of exposed travelers was 30.4 years (SD = 15.5). There was an adult to child ratio of 5:1. The highest exposure risk group was those aged 16 to 30 years. South and Southeast Asia were the most prominent geographical regions where exposure occurred, with 45 (83.3%) of subjects being potentially exposed to rabies. Dogs were the commonest animals involved, accounting for two thirds of incidents (36 66.7%). The commonest sites of animal exposure on the body were the thigh and lower leg (26 48.1%) and the hand (10 18.5%). Forty-six (85.2%) of the animal exposures were graded as World Health Organization (WHO) category III. Forty-nine (90.7%) of the travelers had not had preexposure prophylaxis. Once in New Zealand, the correct WHO postexposure prophylaxis regime was applied on 44 of 52 (84.6%) occasions. However, overall, only 25% of the s le received postexposure treatment consistent with WHO guidelines, reflecting inappropriate management abroad. Post-travel consultations at two New Zealand travel clinics were analyzed for prophylactic rabies postexposure management. The majority were travelers aged 16 to 30 years, who sustained WHO category III exposures to the lower limb in Asia, predominantly from dogs. Few of these travelers had been immunized prior to travel, and only 25% of them received postexposure prophylaxis consistent with WHO guidelines. Thus, 75% of the study s le remains at theoretical risk of contracting rabies due to inappropriate management overseas.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2009.04.003
Abstract: Commercial expeditions and upmarket tours provide an opportunity for travellers to undertake various specialised travel to more adventurous and extreme destinations often in the relative security of accompanying medical cover provided by an expedition physician. There is limited knowledge of the nature of illnesses and injuries occurring on premium seniors' tours to Asia. This present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of injury and illness suffered by travellers on a premium tour to Indochina. In 2004, the tour expedition physician (MTMS) diagnosed and recorded all illnesses and injuries amongst 23 travellers on a premium seniors' tour to Viet Nam and Cambodia. Information recorded included age, sex, number of days into the tour, the nature of the presenting illness, the assessment of the condition and the treatment employed during the field phase of 14 days. Travel was by air, train and coach, for a total period of 18 days. Nineteen (82%) travellers sought medical advice at least once for a total of 35 consultations. Females presented on 66% of occasions. The mean age of the travellers was 62 years (SD=13) with males being significantly older (p=0.002). Primary illnesses diagnosed related to the following systems: gastrointestinal 29%, respiratory 14%, dermatological 14%, cardiovascular 14%, musculoskeletal 9%, central nervous system 6%, ear/nose/throat 6%, dental 6%, and other problems on 3% of occasions. Of the gastrointestinal problems, diarrhoea was the commonest complaint on 17% of occasions, occurring at any stage throughout the journey. There was a mean of 2.5 presentations per day of the field phase of the tour. Presentations were highest on day 12. More than one third of presentations (37%) were handled conservatively without any further need for therapy, 17% requiring dressings, and 46% requiring specific medications. The commonest medications used were: lozenges/gargles (31%), antiemetic (25%), anti-diarrhoeal or other medications (13%). There were six accidents during the journey resulting in minor soft tissue injuries. There were no deaths or other major accidents requiring emergency evacuation or hospitalisation. On this premium seniors' tour, the health problems encountered were largely similar to those reported for other specialised tours, including premium expeditions. The most common medical problems included gastrointestinal, respiratory, dermatological, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal conditions in descending order. One aspect requiring further study is the psychological adjustments made by travellers on group tours and expeditions. As well as being part of the service provided to travellers, the inclusion of an expedition physician on this premium seniors' tour increased the independence of the travel group on this journey.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 02-2023
DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2022-068380
Abstract: This retrospective observational study aims to create a comprehensive database of the circumstances of drowning (including care provided and outcomes of care) to report against the Utstein style for drowning (USFD) for patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). Four areas will be examined: a feasibility study of the USFD a comparison of classification and prognostication systems examination of indications and efficacy of different ventilation strategies and differences in the circumstances, severity, treatment and outcomes of drowning by sex and gender. This protocol outlines retrospective data collection for all patients presenting to EDs of the Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service in Queensland, Australia with the presenting problem or discharge diagnosis of drowning or immersion between 2015 and 2022. Patients computerised health records (emergency medical service record, pathology, radiology results, medical and nursing notes for ED, inpatient units and intensive care units) will be used to extract data for entry into an USFD database. Descriptive (eg, median, IQR) and inferential statistical analyses (eg, analysis of variance) will be used to answer the separate research questions. Development of an International Drowning Registry using the USFD dataset and the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) web application is discussed. This study has been approved by Metro North Human Research and Ethics Committee (Project No: 49754) and James Cook University Human Research Ethics Committee (H8014). It has been endorsed by national drowning prevention organisations Royal Life Saving Society Australia (RLSSA) and Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA). Study findings will provide data to better inform clinical management of drowning patients and provide an evidence base on sex and gender differences in drowning. Results will be disseminated through peer review publications, conference presentations and media releases. Results will also be disseminated through RLSSA and SLSA membership of the Australian and New Zealand Resuscitation Council and the Australian Water Safety Council.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2003
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2005.06.008
Abstract: Accidents and injury contribute greatly to the morbidity and mortality of travellers worldwide, with road traffic accidents being a major contributer. Those travelers with serious illness and injury may need specialised medical evacuation services, which may involve an air ambulance and a specialised medical team. Such aeromedical repatriations require considerable organisation and liaison between the sending and receiving medical services and other interested parties. However, the majority of travellers requiring emergency assistance are stable patients requiring referral for medical or dental attention or special requirements for carriage on scheduled aircraft.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 1998
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-1997
DOI: 10.1111/J.1708-8305.1997.TB00789.X
Abstract: More than 3 million Australians travel overseas each year, and the most popular destination for these Australian travelers is Asia. Many of the countries in the Asian region are developing, and travelers to such countries may encounter tropical illness or serious injury, particularly diarrheal disease and motor vehicle accidents.1 The latter is the most common preventable cause of death in travelers.2 These problems are in addition to some of the potential problems associated with international flights, such as swelling feet, dehydration, jet lag, and venous thrombosis. There are a number of media through which travelers could receive travel health advice. However, a study of travel agent brochures by Reid et al.3 indicated that about one-third of these carried no travel health advice, with most of those that did carry travel advice providing only general information. Airline magazines also represent a possible source of in-flight and destination-specific travel health advice to which most travelers would have access.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-07-2021
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-2009
DOI: 10.1111/J.1708-8305.2009.00319.X
Abstract: Expeditions provide an opportunity for travelers to undertake specialized travel to more extreme destinations in the security of an expeditionary group with medical coverage. Little is known about the illnesses and injuries occurring to expeditioners in Mongolia or access to dental care in the local population. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of health problems suffered by travelers and managed among the local population on a research expedition to Mongolia. In June 2005, the expedition physician (MTMS) and dentist (DD) prospectively diagnosed and recorded all illnesses and injuries among 16 travelers (eight males and eight females) as well as any indigenous people on a 22-day paleontological expedition to the Mongolian Gobi Desert. There were 53 health presentations and 14 dental problems among the indigenous population and the Mongolian escort. Males and females presented in equal proportions with the average age of 49 years (SD = 16). Presentations involved locomotor/accident (32%), dermatological (23%), gastrointestinal (19%), neurological (17%), psychological (6%), and with other systems (11%). Most accidents were due to lacerations (85%). Presentations were highest on days 4 and 5 (10% or 18%). Females were significantly more likely to present later in the expedition (p= 0.013). One quarter (25%) were handled conservatively with 28% requiring topical treatments with others requiring antiemetics (9%) and anti-inflammatory drugs (4%). There were no dental concerns reported among the expeditioners, although there were 14 cases among the indigenous population. While there were no deaths on the expedition, there were two major incidents, one of which required emergency evacuation. The health problems encountered were largely similar to those reported for other expeditions. The most common problems included trauma as well as dermatological, dental, gastrointestinal, and neurological conditions. It is important that expedition teams are prepared to manage common problems, such as trauma and dental lesions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2011.09.002
Abstract: This report describes novel initiatives to inform ethnic groups contributing high numbers of VFRs about potential travel risks. Multilingual and culturally appropriate information was distributed to the media (newspaper, radio, web-based, and television), via printed materials (posters, tear sheets and z-cards) and at community festivals to convey simple travel health messages.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2005.06.005
Abstract: Risk assessment is an integral part of pre-travel and post- assessment. Risk assessment largely determines what health and safety advice and interventions are given within the relevant prevailing travel health guidelines. Risk assessment needs time and depends on information, including that given by the traveller. Risk assessment also needs to be documented. Risk assessment of the traveller preferably starts before they enter the consulting room, where travellers may complete a pre-travel health questionnaire. Armed with this information, risk assessment may be assisted by access to computerised travel health databases and the published literature. Experience of travel to the destination may also assist in risk assessment and the tour operator, overseas employer or agency, the traveller or even the travel health advisers themselves may provide this information.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2004
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2004.01.005
Abstract: Travellers' diarrhoea is a frequent problem for travellers. Access to a safe water supply when travelling, is undoubtedly a paramount issue. Water and food precautions are important for travellers to be aware of and followed, as is attention to general hygiene. In some situations, chemoprophylaxis and standby treatment with antibiotics may be needed. It is essential that travellers, especially those travelling with young children, be familiar with the use of oral rehydration solutions and the prevention of dehydration.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2008
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 02-2011
DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X10000087
Abstract: Introduction: Calls for disaster medical assistance teams (DMATs) are likely to continue in response to international disasters. Objective: As part of a national survey, the present study was designed to evaluate the education and training of Australian DMATs. Methods: Data were collected via an anonymous, mailed survey distributed via State and Territory representatives on the Australian Health Protection Committee, who identified team members associated with Australian DMAT deployments from the 2004 Southeast Asia tsunami disaster. Results: The response rate for this survey was 50% (59/118). Most of the personnel had deployed to the tsunami-affected areas. The DMAT members were quite experienced, with 53% of personnel in the 45–55-year age group (31/59). Seventy-six percent of the respondents were male (44/58). While most respondents had not participated in any specific training or educational program, any kind of relevant training was regarded as important in preparing personnel for deployment. The majority of respondents had experience in disasters, ranging from hypothetical exercises (58%, 34/59) to actual military (41%, 24/49) and non-governmental organization (32%, 19/59) deployments. Only 27% of respondents felt that existing training programs had adequately prepared them for deployment. Thirty-four percent of respondents (20/59) indicated that they had not received cultural awareness training prior to deployment, and 42% (25/59) received no communication equipment training. Most respondents felt that DMAT members needed to be able to handle practical aspects of deployments, such as training as a team (68%, 40/59), use of communications equipment (93%, 55/59), ability to erect tents/shelters (90%, 53/59), and use of water purification equipment (86%, 51/59). Most respondents (85%, 50/59) felt leadership training was essential for DMAT commanders. Most (88%, 52/59) agreed that teams need to be adequately trained prior to deployment, and that a specific DMAT training program should be developed (86%, 51/59). Conclusions: This study of Australian DMAT members suggests that more emphasis should be placed on the education and training. Prior planning is required to ensure the success of DMAT deployments and training should include practical aspects of deployment. Leadership training was seen as essential for DMAT commanders, as was team-based training. While any kind of relevant training was regarded as important for preparing personnel for deployment, Australian DMAT members, who generally are a highly experienced group of health professionals, have identified the need for specific DMAT training.
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 2021
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 17-04-2020
DOI: 10.3390/TROPICALMED5020063
Abstract: The deployment of United States (US) Armed Forces personnel into the central Pacific islands of Samoa and Tonga, which is highly-endemic for lymphatic filariasis (LF), resulted in thousands of cases of the acute form of this disease and greatly reduced their ability to carry out their mission. The major driving factor for the intensity of transmission was the aggressiveness and efficiency of the Aedes species mosquito vectors, especially the day-biting Ae. Polynesiensis. The paper reminds us of the danger that tropical diseases can pose for troops sent into endemic areas and constant and careful surveillance that is required to prevent rapid resurgence of Aedes-transmitted LF in populations, where the LF elimination program has been successful.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2003
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2003
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2006.03.004
Abstract: The Australian Travel Health Advisory Group was established in 1997 and its membership has been active in several areas, including networking, policy development, research and education in Australia. Information is given on purpose, membership and the various activities of the group.
Publisher: Kurume Medical Journal
Date: 2005
Abstract: Police occupy an important position within the community as both enforcers of the law and as role models for appropriate behavior. Despite this interesting juxtaposition, research has shown that they may consume alcohol and tobacco at rates higher than the general population. A significant causal factor is occupational stress, and the fact that police are regularly exposed to stressors beyond the range of normal human experiences. Given this ongoing and unavoidable relationship, the recognition and control of stress is paramount within law enforcement. Because police stressors are usually multi-faceted, health promotion interventions should focus on stress-reduction at both the institutional and in idual level. Ex les of health promotion strategies may include reducing overtime, carefully organizing shift rosters, streamlining administrative processes and allowing rest breaks for those on the night-shift. Interventions which focus on the in idual are also important, because excess alcohol and tobacco consumption levels often relate to in idual stress-coping mechanisms. Programs to help recognize and prevent excess alcohol and tobacco consumption may be worthwhile, as too, counseling, interpersonal support and critical incident debriefing. Promoting non-drinking and non-smoking stress-reduction activities where police can socialize and de-brief with their colleagues may be beneficial. Encouraging social events at sports clubs and gymnasiums has also been suggested. In order to achieve these goals however, governments will need to place a greater emphasis on the occupational health of police officers and the law enforcement agencies in which they work.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-2008
DOI: 10.1111/J.1708-8305.2008.00227.X
Abstract: Prescribing patterns of antimalarial drugs have previously been observed to vary considerably in Australia. The aim of this study was to investigate the trends in prescription of antimalarial drugs recommended for chemoprophylaxis in Australia from 2002 to 2005. In 2007, data were extracted from the online Australian Statistics on Medicines reports published by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee, Drug Utilization Sub-Committee on antimalarials used in Australia for the period 2002 to 2005. Doxycycline probably remains the malaria chemoprophylaxis of choice prescribed for Australians visiting multiple drug-resistant malarious areas. Over the past 15 years, there has been a marked drop in the prescription of less useful antifolate drugs, such as pyrimethamine-containing antimalarial drugs. There has also been a reduction in the number of prescriptions of chloroquine and proguanil, although the downward trend in prescriptions of mefloquine appears to have arrested and has trended upward. The number of prescriptions of atovaquone and proguanil has been increasing dramatically, particularly since inclusion of this combination antimalarial in the prevailing Australian guidelines. Artemether plus lumefantrine combination is now available, but it is used in relatively small quantities. The prescription of the antimalarial drugs, proguanil, chloroquine, and the pyrimethamine-containing compounds, has generally reduced in number. Prescription of mefloquine trended upward during 2002 to 2005, following a period of reducing prescriptions. The atovaquone plus proguanil combination has steadily increased in use and is presumably displacing older antimalarials. The use of quinine has halved, which might be related in part to the uptake of newer antimalarial drugs for treatment. Trends in antimalarial use may be influenced by a number of factors, including the availability of antimalarials, increasing resistance, the issuing of updated guidelines for malaria chemoprophylaxis, and continuing education.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2008.02.003
Abstract: Commercial expeditions provide an opportunity for travellers to undertake various specialised travel to more adventurous and extreme destinations in the relative security of an expeditionary group with medical cover provided by an expedition physician. Little is known about the illnesses and injuries occurring on premium expeditions. The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of health problems suffered by travellers on a premium expedition to Iceland and the Arctic Circle. In 2004, the expedition physician diagnosed and recorded all illnesses and injuries amongst 45 travellers on a premium expedition to Iceland. Information recorded included age, sex, number of days into the expedition, the nature of the presenting illness, the assessment of the condition and the treatment employed. The period of the expedition was for 18 days and travel was by chartered aircraft, cruise ship and bus. Thirty-one (69%) travellers sought medical advice at least once for a total of 54 consultations (mean=1.7). Fifty-six health presentations were reported and recorded amongst the travellers. Females presented on 70% occasions, with the average age of expeditioners presenting being 62 years. The types of primary illness diagnosed were largely those related to the following systems: respiratory 34%, gastrointestinal 30%, dermatological 14%, and musculoskeletal 9%, and other problems 13%. Of the gastrointestinal problems, seasickness was the most common single complaint on 27% of occasions, occurring between day 4 and 9, the cruise phase of the journey. In total, the cruise phase accounted for 43 medical presentations with the pre-cruise phase accounting for 11% of them and the post-cruise phase accounting for the remaining 46%. Presentations were highest on day 5. About one third of presentations (34%) were handled conservatively with 23% requiring antiemetics and 6% requiring antibiotics. There were no deaths or other major incidents requiring emergency evacuation or hospitalisation although 6 accidents were reported. Interestingly, accidents were significantly more likely to occur earlier in the expedition (t-test t=2.828, df=54, p=0.007). On this premium expedition, the health problems encountered were largely similar to those reported for other expeditions. The most common problems included respiratory, gastrointestinal, dermatological conditions and musculoskeletal conditions in descending order. As well as being part of the service provided to travellers, the inclusion of an expedition physician on this premium expedition increased the independence of the travellers on this journey, yet decreased the reliance on local health services, a source which is often scarce or absent on more remote location expeditions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2012.08.004
Abstract: The Travel Health Advisory Group (THAG), established in 1997, is a joint initiative between the travel industry and travel health professionals in Australia that aims to promote healthy travel. THAG seeks to promote cooperation in improving the health of travellers between the travel industry and travel medicine professionals and to raise public awareness of the importance of travel health. From 2011, THAG has been a Special Interest Group of The Australasian College of Tropical Medicine and its membership has been active in several areas, including web-based travel health information, travel health promotion, media releases, research and education in Australia. Information is given on the objectives, membership and an overview of the various activities of the group.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 24-01-2022
DOI: 10.3390/TROPICALMED7020016
Abstract: This Special Issue focuses on recent global research on the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic [...]
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-03-2006
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-2008
DOI: 10.2182/CJOT.07.014
Abstract: Background. Although low back pain (LBP) is an important issue for the health profession, few studies have examined LBP among occupational therapy students.Purpose. To investigate the prevalence and distribution of LBP, its adverse sequelae and to identify potential risk factors.Methods. In 2005, a self-reported questionnaire was administered to occupational therapy students in Northern Queensland.Findings. The 12-month period-prevalence of LBP was 64.6%. Nearly half (46.9%) had experienced pain for over 2 days, 38.8% suffered LBP that affected their daily lives, and 24.5% had sought medical treatment. The prevalence of LBP ranged from 45.5 to 77.1% (p=0.004), while the prevalence of LBP symptoms persisting longer than two days was 34.1 to 62.5% (p=0.020). Logistic regression analysis indicated that year of study and weekly computer usage were statistically-significant LBP risk factors.Implications. The occupational therapy profession will need to further investigate the high prevalence of student LBP identified in this study.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2006.03.001
Abstract: Little is known about hostellers' knowledge of transmission and prevention of avian influenza when travelling abroad. This study was designed to investigate these in the Australian context. In 2006, hostellers attending a travellers' information evening in Brisbane, Queensland, were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires. Forty-two questionnaires (60.8%) were returned. Over two-thirds of attendees were females (71.4%, 30). About two-thirds of the hostellers attending the travellers' information evening reported being aged 29 years or younger (64.2%, 27). On a five-point rating scale, the median rating of hostellers indicated that they were moderately concerned about avian influenza (3.0) with the range being 1-5. About one-fifth of hostellers did not know or were not sure what the source of avian influenza infection in humans was and most of this group also did not know how bird flu was prevented (p<0.05). Almost all hostellers (40, 95.2%) responded to the question concerning the source of infection for avian influenza. Nominated sources of infection included handling sick poultry (69.0%, 29), eating poultry (45.2%, 19), contact with humans who have avian influenza (38.1%, 16), and handling healthy poultry (26.2%, 11). More than four-fifths 35 (83.3%) of hostellers responded to the question concerning precautions against avian influenza. Nominated precautions included hand washing (28.6%, 12), avoiding birds (23.8%, 10), avoiding affected areas (14.3%, 6), not eating poultry (7.1%, 3), and avoiding poultry droppings (7.1%, 3). Hand washing was the only measure to prevent bird flu that was significantly more likely to be nominated following the travel health lecture (p<0.05). Hostellers attending the travellers' information night in Australia reported having moderate concern about avian influenza. They also had a variable knowledge of the sources of infection of avian influenza. Most hostellers correctly identified infected poultry as a source however, human-to-human transmission as the predominant current source of avian influenza infections in humans was incorrectly identified by nearly two-fifths of hostellers. Although hostellers responded positively to hand washing advice provided in the travel health lecture, reinforcement of other possible measures to prevent avian influenza, particularly the possible role of antiviral drugs, may be needed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2003
Publisher: National Institute of Industrial Health
Date: 2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-02-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1600-0536.2007.01006.X
Abstract: Although hand dermatitis (HD) is a frequent occurrence for many health professionals, little is known about the prevalence of HD among medical students, particularly in Australia. A questionnaire-based survey of HD was administered to 261 students at a medical school in tropical northern Australia during 2004 (98.9% response rate). The prevalence of HD varied by year of study, ranging from 9.7% to 20.4% (P=0.322), with an overall prevalence of 17.4%. HD prevalence was significantly higher in those with current allergic disease (P=0.012). Some students (13.8%) reported a reaction immediately after exposure to latex products, a finding which was associated with higher prevalence of HD (P=0.001). HD may be more prevalent among students of a tropical Australian medical school than among their counterparts studied elsewhere. The identification of allergy as a significant correlate again stresses the importance of allergic disease and its relationship with skin conditions.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2009.03.001
Abstract: Calls for disaster medical assistance teams (DMATs) are likely to continue in response to international disasters. As part of a national survey, the present study was designed to evaluate Australian DMAT experience in relation to pre- and post-deployment health care. Data was collected via an anonymous mailed survey distributed via State and Territory representatives on the Australian Health Protection Committee, who identified team members associated with Australian DMAT deployments from the 2004 South East Asian Tsunami disaster. The response rate for this survey was estimated to be around 50% (59/118). Most of the personnel had deployed to the tsunami affected areas. The DMAT members were quite experienced with 53% of personnel in the 45-55 years age group (31/59). Seventy-six percent of the respondents were male (44/58). Only 42% (25/59) received a medical check prior to departure and only 15% (9/59) received a psychological assessment prior to deployment. Most respondents indicated that both medical and psychological screening of personnel would be desirable. Most DMAT personnel received some vaccinations (83%, 49/59) before departure and most felt that they were adequately immunised. While nearly all DMAT members participated in formal debriefing post-deployment (93%, 55/59), far less received psychological debriefing (44%, 26/59), or a medical examination upon return (10%, 6/59). Three respondents reported experiencing physical ill health resulting in time off work following their return. While only one reportedly experienced any adjustment problems post-deployment that needed time off work, 32% (19/59) found it somewhat difficult to return to work. There were multiple agencies involved in the post-deployment debriefing (formal and psychological) and medical examination process including Emergency Management Australia (EMA), Australian Government, State/Territory Health Departments, District Health services and others. This study of Australian DMAT members suggests that more emphasis should be placed on health of personnel prior to deployment with pre-deployment medical examinations and psychological assessment. Following the return home, and in addition to mission and psychological debriefing, there should be a post-deployment medical examination and ongoing support and follow-up of DMAT members. More research is needed to examine deployment health support issues.
Publisher: IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS
Date: 10-03-2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2009.03.005
Abstract: Disaster medical assistance teams (DMATs) have responded to numerous international disasters in recent years. As part of a national survey, the present study was designed to evaluate Australian DMAT experience in relation to health and safety aspects of actual deployment. Data were collected via an anonymous mailed survey distributed by State and Territory representatives on the Australian Health Protection Committee, who identified team members associated with Australian DMAT deployments from the time of the 2004 South East Asian tsunami disaster. The response rate for this survey was 50% (59/118). Most of the personnel had deployed to the tsunami affected areas. The DMAT members were quite experienced with 53% of personnel in the 45-55 years age group (31/59) and a mean level of clinical experience of 21 years. 76% of the respondents were male (44/58). Once deployed, most felt that their basic health needs were adequately met. Almost all stated there were adequate shelter (95%, 56/59), adequate food (93%, 55/59) and adequate water (97%, 57/59). A clear majority, felt there were adequate toilet facilities (80%, 47/59), adequate shower facilities (64%, 37/59) adequate hand washing facilities (68%, 40/59) and adequate personal protective equipment (69%, 41/59). While most felt that there were adequate security briefings (73%, 43/59), fewer felt that security itself was adequate (64%, 38/59). 30% (18/59) felt that team members could not be easily identified. The optimum shift period was identified as 12h (66%, 39/59) or possibly 8h (22%, 13/59) with the optimum period of overseas deployment as 14-21 days (46%, 27/59). Missing essential items were just as likely to be related to personal comfort (28%) as clinical care (36%) or logistic support (36%). The most frequently nominated personal items recommended were: suitable clothes (49%, 29/59) toiletries (36%, 22/59) mobile phone (24%, 14/59) insect repellent (17%, 10/59) and a camera (14%, 8/59). The most common personal hardship reported during their deployment was being away from home roblems at home (24%, 14/59) however, most felt that their family was adequately informed of their whereabouts and health status (73%, 43/59). This study of Australian DMAT members suggests that, in the field, attention should be given to basics, such as adequate food, water, shelter and personal hygiene as well as appropriate clothing, sunscreen and vector protection. The inclusion of appropriate personal items can be assisted by provision of a minimum suggested personal equipment list, with local conditions and the nature of the deployment being taken into account. A personal survival kit should also be recommended. There should be medical and psychological support for team members themselves, including the provision of a dedicated team member medical cache. Concern for their own health and ability to communicate with family members at home are major issues for deployed team members and need to be addressed in mission planning. This should also recognise security issues, including briefings, evacuation plans and exit strategies. The team members concerns about adequate security and the risk profile of humanitarian intervention in natural disasters compared with complex humanitarian emergencies may help determine future deployment of civilian or defence based teams.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2009.03.008
Abstract: Southeast Asia and East Asia are regarded as highly endemic regions for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and include many popular destinations for Australian travellers. The objectives of this survey were to evaluate the extent of pre-travel health advice, the prevalence of behaviours with HBV infection risks and the prevalence of HBV vaccination amongst Australian travellers to Southeast Asia and East Asia. In 2004, a telephone survey was conducted amongst Australians, who had travelled overseas to Southeast Asia and East Asia in the past three years for three nights or more. Three hundred and nine travellers aged 14 years and over completed the interview, including 138 males (45%) and 171 females (55%). Respondents travelled for leisure (64%), business (20%), and visiting friends and relatives (VFR) (16%). The most common destinations were Indonesia (34%), Thailand (32%), and China (27%). About half of the travellers (54%) sought vaccination specific health advice before travel of which about half (56%) had sought this advice more than six weeks before travel. Just over one quarter of travellers reported receiving HBV vaccination (28%) of whom most (70%) were vaccinated at least three weeks before travel. About half of the travellers (49%) had participated in at least one activity with HBV risk during their last overseas trip. Of those travellers aged 18 years and over who either had no HBV vaccination or who were unsure, about half (49%) had participated in at least one activity with HBV risk during their last overseas trip. Australian travellers to Southeast Asia and East Asia commonly undertake activities with a risk of exposure to HBV. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage amongst this group remains low. It is important that travellers to this region seek travel health advice from a qualified source, which will include a risk assessment for hepatitis B vaccination.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 24-04-1999
Publisher: The Haworth Press
Date: 2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2006.05.002
Abstract: Wilderness travellers to remote National Parks of Brazil may be particularly at risk of tropical diseases and injury. The aim of this study was to describe injury and illness, potentially hazardous situations, accidents and other incidents experienced by travellers to a remote National Park in Brazil. The study was done in the National Park, "Serra da Capivara", in Piauí State northeast Brazil. Key informants were interviewed using semi-structured interviews, and a self-administered questionnaire was used for visitors. Questions included information on health problems and risk behaviour in the park, as well as pre-travel health advice. In total, 14 tour guides, 7 hotel managers and 17 health professionals were interviewed, as key informants. Eighty visitors returned the completed questionnaires (60 Brazilian, 20 foreigners). The key informants reported different risk behaviour of groups and in iduals travellers, and incidents most commonly mentioned were minor injuries, insect bites/bee stings and allergic reactions. Seventy percent of the Brazilian and 55% of the foreign visitors had obtained pre-travel health advice, but only 5% of Brazilians and 15% of foreign visitors has obtained this advice from a physician. The most common source of information was other people who already had visited the park and travel books. Of the Brazilians, 13.3% reported some health incident during their stay, most commonly bee bites and headache. Two foreign travellers reported three incidents (insect bites/bee stings, diarrhoea and sunburn). Most commonly reported hazardous situations perceived by the tourists were possible accidents caused by falling from a stairway or falling stones, poisonous animals and insect bites/bee stings. Surveys conducted at remote tourist destinations are a feasible approach to report vulnerable situations, practices and incidents of visitors to a National Park. We have shown that most travellers are not adequately prepared and many experienced vulnerable situations during their visit to the National Park. It is important that visitors to National Parks in Brazil are encouraged to obtain travel health advice. The most common and potentially serious incident (bee stings) is rarely addressed in pre-travel health advice. Travel health advisers should ensure that they have access to locally relevant information for travellers, so that appropriate preventive measures can be instituted.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 02-2016
DOI: 10.1093/JTM/TAV031
Abstract: . Drowning deaths of travelers are commonly reported in the media, creating a perception that they are at a higher risk of drowning than residents. This may be true, due in part to unfamiliarity with the risks posed by the hazard, however there is limited information about drowning deaths of travelers in Australia. This study aims to identify the incidence of drowning among international travelers in Australia and examine the risk factors to inform prevention strategies. . Data on unintentional fatal drowning in Australian waterways of victims with a residential postcode from outside Australia were extracted from the Royal Life Saving Society-Australia National Fatal Drowning Database. . Between 1 July 2002 and 30 June 2012 drowning deaths among people known to be international travelers accounted for 4.3% (N = 123) of the 2870 drowning deaths reported in Australian waterways. Key locations for drowning deaths included beaches (39.0%), ocean/harbour (22.0%) and swimming pools (12.2%). Leading activities prior to drowning included swimming (52.0%), ing (17.9%) and watercraft incidents (13.0%). . International travelers pose a unique challenge from a drowning prevention perspective. The ability to exchange information on water safety is complicated due to potential language barriers, possible differences in swimming ability, different attitudes to safety in the traveler's home country and culture, a lack of opportunities to discuss safety, a relaxed attitude to safety which may result in an increase in risk taking behaviour and alcohol consumption. . Prevention is vital both to reduce loss of life in the aquatic environment and promote Australia as a safe and enjoyable holiday destination for international travelers.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2007
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2007.09.003
Abstract: The 29th modern Olympic Summer Games, conducted once every 4 years since 1896, will be held in Beijing, China, from 8 to 24 August 2008. There will be approximately 28 major and 302 minor events in 37 venues in the prominent cities of Beijing, Hong Kong and Shanghai, and also in Qingdao (a coastal town in Shandong Province), Qinhuangdao (northeast of Beijing), Shanghai, Shenyang (an industrial city in Liaoning Province) and in Tianjin (on the coast near Beijing). Following the Olympic Games, the Paralympic Games will be conducted from 6 to 17 September 2008 in Beijing and 20 Paralympic Sports will be represented. This paper focuses on health and safety issues for travellers to China in general, although it makes specific references to advice for visiting Olympic and Paralympic athletes and team staff, who will be travelling to the games. It must be remembered that travel health advice can change, and that travellers should be advised to seek up-to-date travel health advice for China closer to their departure.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 31-01-2023
DOI: 10.3390/TROPICALMED8020094
Abstract: This second Special Issue in a series of Special Issues in Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease looks at recent global research on the current Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic [...]
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2005.11076654
Abstract: We investigated all reported Percutaneous exposure incidents (PEI) among staff from a large Australian hospital in the 3-year period, 2001-2003. There were a total of 373 PEI, of which 38.9% were needlestick injuries, 32.7% were cutaneous exposures and 28.4% sharps-related injuries. Nurses were the most commonly affected staff members, accounting for 63.5% of the total, followed by doctors (18.8%) and other staff (17.7%). Needlestick injuries were responsible for the majority of nurses' PEI (44.7%). Sharps injuries constituted the major category for doctors (44.3%). Most needlestick injuries (67.6%) were caused by hollow-bore needles, while the majority of cutaneous exposures involved blood or serum (55.8%). Most sharps injures were caused by unknown devices (35.9%) or suture needles (34.9%). Overall, our investigation suggests that PEI is a considerable burden for health care workers in Australia. Further research is now required to determine the relationships, if any, between workers who suffer PEI and those who do not.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-04-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1442-2018.2007.00306.X
Abstract: This study was undertaken as a complete cross-sectional survey of tobacco smoking habits among 270 undergraduate students at an Australian nursing school (response rate: 84.6%). An anonymous, self-reporting questionnaire survey was used to gather the data. The overall prevalence of current smoking was 15.9%, with a further 8.5% being ex-smokers. The nursing students consumed an average of 11.5 cigarettes per day, they began smoking at 20.8 years of age, and had an average smoking duration of 7.2 years. The students who had previously worked as a nurse were twice as likely to be current smokers. This study suggests that although tobacco smoking remains fairly common among Australian nursing students, its prevalence and distribution vary according to the in idual demographics of the group under study. Future researchers will need to consider the changing demographic base from which the new generation of nursing students are drawn.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2006
DOI: 10.1539/JOH.48.309
Abstract: Asbestosis, silicosis and Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis (CWP) represent three of the most important occupationally-related dust diseases in Australia. To gain a clear picture of pneumoconiosis trends over time, a 24-yr retrospective analysis of national mortality data was performed for the period 1979 to 2002. Over 1,000 pneumoconiosis-related fatalities occurred during this time, 56% of which were caused by asbestosis, 38% by silicosis and 6% by CWP. Between 1979 and 1981, silicosis accounted for 60% of all pneumoconiosis-related fatalities in Australia, followed by asbestosis (31%). By 2002 however, asbestosis was causing 78% of all fatalities, while silicosis accounted for only 19%. Asbestos-related mortality increased three-fold between 1979 and 2002, with a clear excess risk demonstrated among males. On the other hand, mortality rates for silicosis and CWP declined significantly during the same time period. Overall, this study suggests that pneumoconiosis, particularly asbestosis, continues to be an important occupational disease in Australia. Although progress has been made in reducing deaths due to occupational silicosis and CWP, asbestosis rates continue to rise, reflecting the long latency between dust exposure and clinical disease. Countries which continue to use asbestos products in the workplace should note the tragic legacy of this material within contemporary Australia.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2008
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-2009
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 10-2012
DOI: 10.1111/J.1708-8305.2012.00657.X
Abstract: Malaria continues to represent a significant risk for some travelers and malaria chemoprophylaxis has remained an important countermeasure. Trends in antimalarial use may be influenced by a number of factors, including the availability of antimalarials, increasing resistance, the issuing of updated guidelines for malaria chemoprophylaxis, and continuing education. The aim of this study was to investigate the trends in prescription of antimalarial drugs, particularly those recommended for chemoprophylaxis in Australia, from 2005 to 2009. In 2011, data were extracted from the online Australian Statistics on Medicines reports published by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee, Drug Utilization Committee, on antimalarials used in Australia for the period 2005 to 2009. Among the drugs solely used as antimalarial drugs from 2005 to 2009, atovaquone plus proguanil and melfloquine were the most commonly prescribed antimalarials. Mefloquine prescriptions increased by 38% from 2005 to 2008 before decreasing by 17% from 2008 to 2009. The number of prescriptions for atovaquone plus proguanil has trebled during the period. Prescriptions for proguanil have dropped over 90% from 2005 to 2009. The diaminopyrimidines, pyrimethamine-containing antimalarials, have mostly been removed from the prescription drug list. Prescriptions for chloroquine have reduced by 66% from 2005 to 2008 and chloroquine was only available on special access from 2009. Artemether plus lumefantrine combination has been used in relatively small quantities and only on special authority from 2007 to 2009. Quinine prescriptions have fallen by 60%. Although a considerable quantity of doxycycline was prescribed, it was unknown how much was intended for malaria chemoprophylaxis. The prescription of antimalarials in Australia was consistent with the national guidelines with the most commonly prescribed antimalarials being atovaquone plus proguanil, mefloquine, and most likely doxycycline. Other antimalarials previously used for chemoprophylaxis have continued to be removed from the prescriber list between 2005 and 2009. The prescriptions of quinine may be becoming displaced by newer antimalarial drugs for treatment, but this needs further investigation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2008.06.007
Abstract: Commercial expeditions provide an opportunity for travellers to undertake various specialised travel to more adventurous and extreme destinations in the relative security of an expeditionary group with medical cover provided by an expedition physician. Little is known about the illnesses and injuries occurring on premium expeditions to Asia. This present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of injury and illness suffered by travellers on a premium expedition along the Asian Silk Route. In 2004, the expedition physician (MTMS) diagnosed and recorded all illnesses and injuries amongst 73 travellers on a premium expedition along the Asian Silk Route, a journey from Beijing to St Petersburg travelling through China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Russia. Information recorded included age, sex, number of days into the expedition, the nature of the presenting illness, the assessment of the condition and the treatment employed. The period of the expedition was for 27 days and travel was primarily by a private train, the China Orient Express. Forty-seven (64%) travellers sought medical advice at least once for a total of 97 consultations. Ninety-seven health presentations were reported and recorded amongst the travellers. Females presented on 54% occasions with the average age of expeditioners presenting being 64 years (SD=12) with males being significantly older (t=3.15, df=95 p=0.002). The types of primary illness diagnosed were largely those related to the following systems: respiratory 36%, gastrointestinal 21%, dermatological 8%, minor trauma 7%, ears, nose and throat 6%, musculoskeletal 5%, central nervous system 5% and other problems 12%. Of the gastrointestinal problems, diarrhoea was the most common single complaint on 19% of occasions, occurring throughout the journey. There was a mean of 3.5 presentations per day of the expedition. In total, the China phase of the trip (days 1-13) accounted for 42 presentations with phases in Kazakhstan (days 14-15), Uzbekistan (days 16-23) and Russia (days 24-28) accounting for 9, 29, and 17 presentations, respectively. Presentations were highest on day 18. More than one third of presentations (37%) were handled conservatively, and the rest required medication: 16% requiring antihistamine medications, 11% requiring antidiarrhoeal medications, 11% requiring antibiotics and 25% requiring other specific medications. There was one major accidental incident but no deaths or other emergencies. On this premium expedition, the health problems encountered were largely similar to those reported for other expeditions. The most common problems included respiratory, gastrointestinal, dermatological conditions and minor trauma in descending order. As well as being part of the service provided to travellers, the inclusion of an expedition physician on this premium expedition increased the independence of the travellers on this journey and decreased the reliance of the tour on local health services, a source which is often scarce or absent on more remote location expeditions.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-03-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1445-2197.2007.04020.X
Abstract: Cyanoacrylate (CA) and its homologues have a variety of medical and commercial applications as biological adhesives and sealants. Homologues of CA are being widely promoted in surgery as a tissue adhesive to replace traditional suturing techniques. Potential benefits of using CA adhesives include better cosmetic results, more rapid wound closure, and perhaps most significantly, the potential for significant reductions in percutaneous injuries from suture needles, which would in turn also reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases. Nevertheless, certain concerns have been raised regarding the potential toxicity of CA within patients, as well as among health professionals who are occupationally exposed when using CA compounds. Reported toxicity of CA in the workplace may result in dermatological, allergic and respiratory conditions. To help reduce the occupational burden, therefore, medical staff using CA adhesives should avoid direct contact with the compound and use appropriate personal protective measures at all times. Maintaining higher levels of humidity, optimizing room ventilation and using special air conditioning filters in surgical suites and operating theatres may also be useful in minimizing the exposure to volatile CA adhesives.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2005
DOI: 10.1016/J.TMAID.2004.06.004
Abstract: Little is known about the travel health advice obtained by tourists travelling to Magnetic Island, which is a known risk area for the potentially fatal 'Irukandji' jellyfish on the Great Barrier Reef coast of north Queensland, Australia. Structured interviews were conducted with 208 ferry passengers (93% response) travelling between Townsville (Latitude 19 degrees S) and Magnetic Island. Less than half of the international tourists (21, 46%) had obtained travel health advice before coming to north Queensland, although they were significantly more likely to have done so than domestic tourists (p<0.001). Travel health advice obtained by international tourists was sourced mainly from their general practitioner (8, 50%) or from a guidebook (6, 38%). Eighty-eight percent of north Queensland residents, 70% of domestic tourists, and 34% of international tourists knew what an Irukandji jellyfish was (p<0.001), although this was not associated with having obtained travel health advice. For those passengers returning from the Island, 8 (44%) domestic tourists and 4 (35%) international tourists recalled seeing some information on the Island that improved their knowledge about Irukandji jellyfish. Most of the international tourists travelled to north Queensland by bus (30, 65%), while most domestic tourists arrived by private car (12, 40%) or plane (10, 33%). Only a small proportion of international tourists knew about Irukandji jellyfish and most tourists had not received travel health advice. The majority of tourists had not received further information about Irukandji jellyfish risk whilst on the island. All travellers to popular north Queensland tourist areas need travel health advice, which includes advice on avoiding contact with Irukandji and Chironex box jellyfish. Health promotion c aigns directed at providing this advice need to be aware that most tourists to north Queensland arrive by bus or car and the only 'shared' vehicle, at least to Magnetic Island, is the passenger ferry.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1111/J.0105-1873.2006.00751.X
Abstract: Dermatitis is a common problem both in the workplace and in the general community. Airline personnel represent a novel occupational group as they are also exposed to a wide range of potential chemical irritants and other aggravating factors, such as low relative humidity and airborne pollutants. Common skin irritants include dielectric fluids from electrodischarge machining, 'prepreg' materials and sealants in aircraft manufacture, kerosene and various jet-fuel components. Commercial jet fuel is a complex mixture of aliphatic and aromatic compounds, and there is potential for dermal exposure among refueling and maintenance crew. Low relative humidity appears to exacerbate dermatitis amongst aircrew, especially on longer flight durations. Pilots may also be exposed to additional skin irritants outside of the cabin environment, such as ethylene glycol, hydraulic fluid or jet fuel, all of which may be encountered during routine inspections of aircraft before and after flight. Given these factors, preventive measures must carefully consider the undoubted potential for contact with irritants and allergens, which may lead to dermatitis in airline personnel.
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Date: 2021
No related grants have been discovered for Peter Leggat.