ORCID Profile
0000-0002-7625-3704
Current Organisation
Universiti Putra Malaysia
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Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 03-06-2021
DOI: 10.3390/MICROORGANISMS9061213
Abstract: Hydrocarbon pollution is widespread around the globe and, even in the remoteness of Antarctica, the impacts of hydrocarbons from anthropogenic sources are still apparent. Antarctica’s chronically cold temperatures and other extreme environmental conditions reduce the rates of biological processes, including the biodegradation of pollutants. However, the native Antarctic microbial ersity provides a reservoir of cold-adapted microorganisms, some of which have the potential for biodegradation. This study evaluated the diesel hydrocarbon-degrading ability of a psychrotolerant marine bacterial consortium obtained from the coast of the north-west Antarctic Peninsula. The consortium’s growth conditions were optimised using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and statistical response surface methodology (RSM), which identified optimal growth conditions of pH 8.0, 10 °C, 25 ppt NaCl and 1.5 g/L NH4NO3. The predicted model was highly significant and confirmed that the parameters’ salinity, temperature, nitrogen concentration and initial diesel concentration significantly influenced diesel biodegradation. Using the optimised values generated by RSM, a mass reduction of 12.23 mg/mL from the initial 30.518 mg/mL (4% (w/v)) concentration of diesel was achieved within a 6 d incubation period. This study provides further evidence for the presence of native hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in non-contaminated Antarctic seawater.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 07-05-2021
Abstract: Nanotechnology is a promising tool that has opened the doors of improvement to the quality of human’s lives through its potential in numerous technological aspects. Green chemistry of nanoscale materials (1–100 nm) is as an effective and sustainable strategy to manufacture homogeneous nanoparticles (NPs) with unique properties, thus making the synthesis of green NPs, especially metal nanoparticles (MNPs), the scientist’s core theme. Researchers have tested different organisms to manufacture MNPs and the results of experiments confirmed that plants tend to be the ideal candidate amongst all entities and are suitable to synthesize a wide variety of MNPs. Natural and cultivated Eucalyptus forests are among woody plants used for landscape beautification and as forest products. The present review has been written to reflect the efficacious role of Eucalyptus in the synthesis of MNPs. To better understand this, the route of extracting MNPs from plants, in general, and Eucalyptus, in particular, are discussed. Furthermore, the crucial factors influencing the process of MNP synthesis from Eucalyptus as well as their characterization and recent applications are highlighted. Information gathered in this review is useful to build a basis for new prospective research ideas on how to exploit this woody species in the production of MNPs. Nevertheless, there is a necessity to feed the scientific field with further investigations on wider applications of Eucalyptus-derived MNPs.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 10-11-2021
Abstract: Imperata cylindrica, often known as cogon grass, is a low-cost and useful sorbent for absorbing oil and optimising processes. The effects of temperature, time, packing density and oil concentration on oil absorption efficiency were investigated and optimised utilising one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) approaches. Temperature and oil concentration are two important variables in the oil absorption process. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were used to characterise cogon grass. After treatment and oil absorption, the FTIR method indicated new formation and deformation of functional groups, while SEM revealed changes in the surface and texture of cogon grass, including a roughened and jagged surface. Validation of the RSM model yielded 93.54% efficiency with 22.45 mL oil absorbed at 128 °C temperature and 36 (v/v)% oil concentration while keeping packing density and time constant at 30 min and 0.20 g/cm3, respectively. This study may provide an insight into the usefulness of a statistical approach to maximise the oil absorption of cogon grass as an oil sorbent.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-11-2021
Abstract: An Antarctic soil bacterial consortium (reference BS14) was confirmed to biodegrade canola oil, and kinetic studies on this biodegradation were carried out. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of BS14 to produce biosurfactants during the biodegradation of canola oil. Secondary mathematical equations were chosen for kinetic analyses (Monod, Haldane, Teissier–Edwards, Aiba and Yano models). At the same time, biosurfactant production was confirmed through a preliminary screening test and further optimised using response surface methodology (RSM). Mathematical modelling demonstrated that the best-fitting model was the Haldane model for both waste (WCO) and pure canola oil (PCO) degradation. Kinetic parameters including the maximum degradation rate (μmax) and maximum concentration of substrate tolerated (Sm) were obtained. For WCO degradation these were 0.365 min−1 and 0.308%, respectively, while for PCO they were 0.307 min−1 and 0.591%, respectively. The results of all preliminary screenings for biosurfactants were positive. BS14 was able to produce biosurfactant concentrations of up to 13.44 and 14.06 mg/mL in the presence of WCO and PCO, respectively, after optimisation. The optimum values for each factor were determined using a three-dimensional contour plot generated in a central composite design, where a combination of 0.06% salinity, pH 7.30 and 1.55% initial substrate concentration led to the highest biosurfactant production when using WCO. Using PCO, the highest biosurfactant yield was obtained at 0.13% salinity, pH 7.30 and 1.25% initial substrate concentration. This study could help inform the development of large-scale bioremediation applications, not only for the degradation of canola oil but also of other hydrocarbons in the Antarctic by utilising the biosurfactants produced by BS14.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 17-02-2021
DOI: 10.3390/MICROORGANISMS9020419
Abstract: Bioremediation of hydrocarbons has received much attention in recent decades, particularly relating to fuel and other oils. While of great relevance globally, there has recently been increasing interest in hydrocarbon bioremediation in the marine environments of Antarctica. To provide an objective assessment of the research interest in this field we used VOSviewer software to analyze publication data obtained from the ScienceDirect database covering the period 1970 to the present, but with a primary focus on the years 2000–2020. A bibliometric analysis of the database allowed identification of the co-occurrence of keywords. There was an increasing trend over time for publications relating to oil bioremediation in maritime Antarctica, including both studies on marine bioremediation and of the metabolic pathways of hydrocarbon degradation. Studies of marine anaerobic degradation remain under-represented compared to those of aerobic degradation. Emerging keywords in recent years included bioprospecting, metagenomic, bioindicator, and giving insight into changing research foci, such as increasing attention to microbial ersity. The study of microbial genomes using metagenomic approaches or whole genome studies is increasing rapidly and is likely to drive emerging fields in future, including rapid expansion of bioprospecting in erse fields of biotechnology.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 28-09-2021
DOI: 10.3390/SU131910749
Abstract: Heavy metal contamination is accidentally becoming prevalent in Antarctica, one of the world’s most pristine regions. Anthropogenic as well as natural causes can result in heavy metal contamination. Each heavy metal has a different toxic effect on various microorganisms and species, which can interfere with other pollutant bioremediation processes. This study focused on the effect of co-contaminant heavy metals on waste canola oil (WCO) biodegradation by the BS14 bacterial community collected from Antarctic soil. The toxicity of different heavy metals in 1 ppm of concentration to the WCO-degrading bacteria was evaluated and further analyzed using half maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) and effective concentration (EC50) tests. The results obtained indicated that Ag and Hg significantly impeded bacterial growth and degradation of WCO, while interestingly, Cr, As, and Pb had the opposite effect. Meanwhile, Cd, Al, Zn, Ni, Co, and Cu only slightly inhibited the bacterial community in WCO biodegradation. The IC50 values of Ag and Hg for WCO degradation were found to be 0.47 and 0.54 ppm, respectively. Meanwhile, Cr, As, and Pb were well-tolerated and induced bacterial growth and WCO degradation, resulting in the EC50 values of 3.00, 23.80, and 28.98 ppm, respectively. The ability of the BS14 community to tolerate heavy metals while biodegrading WCO in low-temperature conditions was successfully confirmed, which is a crucial aspect in biodegrading oil due to the co-contamination of oil and heavy metals that can occur simultaneously, and at the same time it can be applied in heavy metal-contaminated areas.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 11-06-2021
DOI: 10.3390/JMSE9060648
Abstract: The extensive industrial use of the heavy metal molybdenum (Mo) has led to an emerging global pollution with its traces that can even be found in Antarctica. In response, a reduction process that transforms hexamolybdate (Mo6+) to a less toxic compound, Mo-blue, using microorganisms provides a sustainable remediation approach. The aim of this study was to investigate the reduction of Mo by a psychrotolerant Antarctic marine bacterium, Marinomonas sp. strain AQ5-A9. Mo reduction was optimised using One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Subsequently, Mo reduction kinetics were further studied. OFAT results showed that maximum Mo reduction occurred in culture media conditions of pH 6.0 and 50 ppt salinity at 15 °C, with initial sucrose, nitrogen and molybdate concentrations of 2.0%, 3.0 g/L and 10 mM, respectively. Further optimization using RSM identified improved optimum conditions of pH 6.0 and 47 ppt salinity at 16 °C, with initial sucrose, nitrogen and molybdate concentrations of 1.8%, 2.25 g/L and 16 mM, respectively. Investigation of the kinetics of Mo reduction revealed Aiba as the best-fitting model. The calculated Aiba coefficient of maximum Mo reduction rate (µmax) was 0.067 h−1. The data obtained support the potential use of marine bacteria in the bioremediation of Mo.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 19-02-2021
Abstract: In the present age, environmental pollution is multiplying due to various anthropogenic activities. Pollution from waste cooking oil is one of the main issues facing the current human population. Scientists and researchers are seriously concerned about the oils released from various activities, including the blockage of the urban drainage system and odor issues. In addition, cooking oil is known to be harmful and may have a carcinogenic effect. It was found that current research studies and publications are growing on these topics due to environmental problems. A bibliometric analysis of studies published from 2001 to 2021 on cooking oil degradation was carried out using the Scopus database. Primarily, this analysis identified the reliability of the topic for the present-day and explored the past and present progresses of publications on various aspects, including the contributing countries, journals and keywords co-occurrence. The links and interactions between the selected subjects (journals and keywords) were further visualised using the VOSviewer software. The analysis showed that the productivity of the publications is still developing, with the most contributing country being the United States, followed by China and India with 635, 359 and 320 publications, respectively. From a total of 1915 publications, 85 publications were published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Meanwhile, the second and third of the most influential journals were Bioresource Technology and Industrial Crops and Products with 76 and 70 total publications, respectively. Most importantly, the co-occurrence of the author’s keywords revealed “biodegradation”, “bioremediation”, “vegetable oil” and “Antarctic” as the popular topics in this study area, especially from 2011 to 2015. In conclusion, this bibliometric analysis on the degradation of cooking oil may serve as guide for future avenues of research in this area of research.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-07-2021
DOI: 10.3390/ANI11072097
Abstract: Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing field due to the emergence of various resistant pathogens and the failure of commercial methods of treatment. AgNPs have emerged as one of the best nanotechnology metal nanoparticles due to their large surface-to-volume ratio and success and efficiency in combating various pathogens over the years, with the biological method of synthesis being the most effective and environmentally friendly method. The primary mode of action of AgNPs against pathogens are via their cytotoxicity, which is influenced by the size and shape of the nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity of the AgNPs gives rise to various theorized mechanisms of action of AgNPs against pathogens such as activation of reactive oxygen species, attachment to cellular membranes, intracellular damage and inducing the viable but non-culturable state (VBNC) of pathogens. This review will be centred on the various theorized mechanisms of actions and its application in the aquaculture, livestock and poultry industries. The application of AgNPs in aquaculture is focused around water treatment, disease control and aquatic nutrition, and in the livestock application it is focused on livestock and poultry.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 17-03-2021
DOI: 10.3390/MICROORGANISMS9030614
Abstract: Bacteria under the operational group Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (OGBa) are all Gram-positive, endospore-forming, and rod-shaped. Taxonomically, the OGBa belongs to the Bacillus subtilis species complex, family Bacillaceae, class Bacilli, and phylum Firmicutes. To date, the OGBa comprises four bacterial species: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus siamensis, Bacillus velezensis and Bacillus nakamurai. They are widely distributed in various niches including soil, plants, food, and water. A resurgence in genome mining has caused an increased focus on the biotechnological applications of bacterial species belonging to the OGBa. The members of OGBa are known as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) due to their abilities to fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphate, and produce siderophore and phytohormones, as well as antimicrobial compounds. Moreover, they are also reported to produce various enzymes including α-amylase, protease, lipase, cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, aminotransferase, barnase, peroxidase, and laccase. Antimicrobial compounds that able to inhibit the growth of pathogens including non-ribosomal peptides and polyketides are also produced by these bacteria. Within the OGBa, various B. velezensis strains are promising for use as probiotics for animals and fishes. Genome mining has revealed the potential applications of members of OGBa for removing organophosphorus (OPs) pesticides. Thus, this review focused on the applicability of members of OGBa as plant growth promoters, biocontrol agents, probiotics, bioremediation agents, as well as producers of commercial enzymes and antibiotics. Here, the bioformulations and commercial products available based on these bacteria are also highlighted. This review will better facilitate understandings of members of OGBa and their biotechnological applications.
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 11-2019
DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1358/1/012028
Abstract: Overwhelming amount of heavy metals discharged due to industrialization is a serious global concern. Thus, an investigation was done on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from Asian sw eel, Monopterus albus , as an alternative biosensor to detect various metal ions. AChE from the brain of M. albus was purified through ammonium sulphate precipitation and procainamide affinity chromatography. Enzyme recovery was obtained at 38.73% with the specific activity of 1847 U μg −1 . The Michaelis constant (Km) value and maximal velocity (Vmax) were determined at 8.910 mM and 29.44 μmol min −1 mg −1 , respectively for acetylthiocholine iodide (ATC). Based on effective coefficient ratio, AChE from M. albus brain showed higher affinity to ATC compared to butyrylthiocholine iodide (BTC) and propionylthiocholine iodide (PTC) at the value of 3.304, 1.515, 2.965 Vmax.Km −1 respectively. Optimum activity of AChE was obtained at 40°C and incubated in 0.1M Tris HCl buffer pH 9.0. Inhibition study performed on 10 heavy metals resulted in this descending order of inhibition mercury chromium zinc copper arsenic silver cobalt cadmium lead nickel, with mercury and chromium showing more than 50% inhibition at 10 ppm. Data from this study can be further utilized to develop a cheaper, easier, and faster heavy metal detection method as compared to conventional methods available.
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 11-2019
DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1358/1/012029
Abstract: Heavy metals pollution has now become a serious environmental problem worldwide especially in Malaysia River. As a precaution, continuous environmental monitoring is needed to minimize heavy metal to the ecosystem. Inhibitive enzyme assay based on enzyme including cholinesterase has been introduced as a rapid, cheap and reliable method to assess the level of contamination in the river. In this study, the Asian sw eel, Monopterus albus , was selected and determined of the sensitivity level towards heavy metals. The liver of M. albus was extracted and purified using ion exchange chromatography of which DEAE sepharose as the matrix of the column. Based on the Ellman assay, cholinesterase was obtained at 4.86 purification fold with the percentage recovery of 30.32 %. The enzyme works optimally at pH 9 (0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer) and 25 °C, while BTC 369×10 3 U.mg −1 was selected as the preferable substrate which shows highest catalytic efficiencies compared to ATC and BTC at 1457 × 10 3 , 1220 × 10 3 and 488 × 10 3 Vmax.Km −1 , respectively, Cholinesterase was tested with eight metal ions at the concentration of 5 ppm and the ascending order of inhibition is as followed arsenic = chromium ⩽ plumbum ⩽ copper ⩽ argentum = nickel mercury. From this study, the ability of cholinesterase partially purified from the liver tissue of M. albus has the potential to be an assay for heavy metals.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 21-02-2023
DOI: 10.3390/SU15053904
Abstract: In this study, the ability of a natural grass named Megathyrsus maximus (Guinea grass) as a sorbent for cleaning up diesel spills in water was investigated. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to identify the physicochemical properties of untreated and treated GG. Several parameters influencing the efficiency of oil absorbed by guinea grass were optimised using established One Factor at a Time (OFAT) and followed by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approaches. The optimised parameters include heat treatment, time of heating, packing density, and diesel concentration, with only the significant factors proceeded to statistical optimisation through RSM. As a result of OFAT analysis, 18.83 mL of oil was absorbed at 110 °C for 15 min time of heating, with packing density of 14 g/cm3 and oil concentration of 10% (v/v). Through RSM, the predicted model was significant, confirming that packing density and oil concentration significantly influenced the efficiency of oil absorption by GG. The software predicted an oil absorption efficiency of 16.64 mL, whereas the experimental model validated the design with 22.33 mL of oil absorbed at a constant temperature and time, respectively. The RSM technique has proven better efficiency and effectiveness in absorbing oil compared to OFAT. This research advances our understanding of the utilisation of natural sorbents as a diesel pollution remediation strategy.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 26-08-2020
DOI: 10.3390/MOLECULES25173878
Abstract: With the progressive increase in human activities in the Antarctic region, the possibility of domestic oil spillage also increases. Developing means for the removal of oils, such as canola oil, from the environment and waste “grey” water using biological approaches is therefore desirable, since the thermal process of oil degradation is expensive and ineffective. Thus, in this study an indigenous cold-adapted Antarctic soil bacterium, Rhodococcus erythropolis strain AQ5-07, was screened for biosurfactant production ability using the multiple approaches of blood haemolysis, surface tension, emulsification index, oil spreading, drop collapse and “MATH” assay for cellular hydrophobicity. The growth kinetics of the bacterium containing different canola oil concentration was studied. The strain showed β-haemolysis on blood agar with a high emulsification index and low surface tension value of 91.5% and 25.14 mN/m, respectively. Of the models tested, the Haldane model provided the best description of the growth kinetics, although several models were similar in performance. Parameters obtained from the modelling were the maximum specific growth rate (qmax), concentration of substrate at the half maximum specific growth rate, Ks% (v/v) and the inhibition constant Ki% (v/v), with values of 0.142 h−1, 7.743% (v/v) and 0.399% (v/v), respectively. These biological coefficients are useful in predicting growth conditions for batch studies, and also relevant to “in field” bioremediation strategies where the concentration of oil might need to be diluted to non-toxic levels prior to remediation. Biosurfactants can also have application in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) under different environmental conditions.
Publisher: EDP Sciences
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1051/E3SCONF/20183402055
Abstract: The toxicity of endosulfan, an organochlorine type insecticide to a commonly consumed freshwater fish species, A. testudineus (40.68±9.03 g 13.49±0.99 cm), was investigated under static conditions. The nominal endosulfan concentrations ranging from 10 to 80 μg/L subjected to the fish population results in 96-hour median lethal concentration, LC 50 , of 35.2±3.99 μg/L. The toxicity is a function of both endosulfan concentration and exposure time (p .05). Histopathological analysis on vital organs exposed to sublethal concentrations indicates that structural changes started at sublethal dose and the effects aggravated with increasing endosulfan concentration. Gill was found to experience aneurism, hyperplasia in lamellar and autolysis of mast cell. Pyknotic nuclei and necrosis were observed in liver cell, while the lumen of renal tubule was found to narrow and haemorrhage was observed in cytoplasm cell. High LC 50 compared to other fishes indicates that A. testudineus has high tolerant to endosulfan, however, endosulfan slowly alters the fish biochemistry and is potentially transferable to human
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 20-05-2021
DOI: 10.3390/LIFE11050456
Abstract: Hydrocarbons can cause pollution to Antarctic terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, both through accidental release and the discharge of waste cooking oil in grey water. Such pollutants can persist for long periods in cold environments. The native microbial community may play a role in their biodegradation. In this study, using mixed native Antarctic bacterial communities, several environmental factors influencing biodegradation of waste canola oil (WCO) and pure canola oil (PCO) were optimised using established one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) approaches. The factors include salinity, pH, type of nitrogen and concentration, temperature, yeast extract and initial substrate concentration in OFAT and only the significant factors proceeded for the statistical optimisation through RSM. High concentration of substrate targeted for degradation activity through RSM compared to OFAT method. As for the result, all factors were significant in PBD, while only 4 factors were significant in biodegradation of PCO (pH, nitrogen concentration, yeast extract and initial substrate concentration). Using OFAT, the most effective microbial community examined was able to degrade 94.42% and 86.83% (from an initial concentration of 0.5% (v/v)) of WCO and PCO, respectively, within 7 days. Using RSM, 94.99% and 79.77% degradation of WCO and PCO was achieved in 6 days. The significant interaction for the RSM in biodegradation activity between temperature and WCO concentration in WCO media were exhibited. Meanwhile, in biodegradation of PCO the significant factors were between (1) pH and PCO concentration, (2) nitrogen concentration and yeast extract, (3) nitrogen concentration and PCO concentration. The models for the RSM were validated for both WCO and PCO media and it showed no significant difference between experimental and predicted values. The efficiency of canola oil biodegradation achieved in this study provides support for the development of practical strategies for efficient bioremediation in the Antarctic environment.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 03-02-2021
DOI: 10.3390/JMSE9020155
Abstract: Oil pollution can cause tremendous harm and risk to the water ecosystem and organisms due to the relatively recalcitrant hydrocarbon compounds. The current chemical method used to treat the ecosystem polluted with diesel is incompetent and expensive for a large-scale treatment. Thus, bioremediation technique seems urgent and requires more attention to solve the existing environmental problems. Biological agents, including microorganisms, carry out the biodegradation process where organic pollutants are mineralized into water, carbon dioxide, and less toxic compounds. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria are ubiquitous in the nature and often exploited for their specialty to bioremediate the oil-polluted area. The capability of these bacteria to utilize hydrocarbon compounds as a carbon source is the main reason behind their species exploitation. Recently, microbial remediation by halophilic bacteria has received many positive feedbacks as an efficient pollutant degrader. These halophilic bacteria are also considered as suitable candidates for bioremediation in hypersaline environments. However, only a few microbial species have been isolated with limited available information on the biodegradation of organic pollutants by halophilic bacteria. The fundamental aspect for successful bioremediation includes selecting appropriate microbes with a high capability of pollutant degradation. Therefore, high salinity bacteria are remarkable microbes for diesel degradation. This paper provides an updated overview of diesel hydrocarbon degradation, the effects of oil spills on the environment and living organisms, and the potential role of high salinity bacteria to decontaminate the organic pollutants in the water environment.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-01-2022
DOI: 10.3390/MA15020427
Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been employed in various fields of biotechnology due to their proven properties as an antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal agent. AgNPs are generally synthesized through chemical, physical and biological approaches involving a myriad of methods. As each approach confers unique advantages and challenges, a trends analysis of literature for the AgNPs synthesis using different types of synthesis were also reviewed through a bibliometric approach. A sum of 10,278 publications were analyzed on the annual numbers of publication relating to AgNPs and biological, chemical or physical synthesis from 2010 to 2020 using Microsoft Excel applied to the Scopus publication database. Furthermore, another bibliometric clustering and mapping software were used to study the occurrences of author keywords on the biomedical applications of biosynthesized AgNPs and a total collection of 224 documents were found, sourced from articles, reviews, book chapters, conference papers and reviews. AgNPs provides an excellent, dependable, and effective solution for seven major concerns: as antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, bone healing, bone cement, dental applications and wound healing. In recent years, AgNPs have been employed in biomedical sector due to their antibacterial, antiviral and anticancer properties. This review discussed on the types of synthesis, how AgNPs are characterized and their applications in biomedical field.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 22-04-2021
Abstract: The increased usage of petroleum oils in cold regions has led to widespread oil pollutants in soils. The harsh environmental conditions in cold environments allow the persistence of these oil pollutants in soils for more than 20 years, raising adverse threats to the ecosystem. Microbial bioremediation was proposed and employed as a cost-effective tool to remediate petroleum hydrocarbons present in soils without significantly posing harmful side effects. However, the conventional hydrocarbon bioremediation requires a longer time to achieve the clean-up standard due to various environmental factors in cold regions. Recent biotechnological improvements using biostimulation and/or bioaugmentation strategies are reported and implemented to enhance the hydrocarbon removal efficiency under cold conditions. Thus, this review focuses on the enhanced bioremediation for hydrocarbon-polluted soils in cold regions, highlighting in situ and ex situ approaches and few potential enhancements via the exploitation of molecular and microbial technology in response to the cold condition. The bibliometric analysis of the hydrocarbon bioremediation research in cold regions is also presented.
No related grants have been discovered for Siti Aqlima Ahmad.