ORCID Profile
0000-0001-7403-0286
Current Organisations
Loughborough University
,
University of the Sunshine Coast
,
Monash University
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences not elsewhere classified | Other Psychology and Cognitive Sciences | Psychology | Psychology not elsewhere classified | Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing not elsewhere classified | Criminology | Public Policy | Public Health and Health Services | Police Administration, Procedures and Practice | Causes and Prevention of Crime | Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety | Health Information Systems (incl. Surveillance) | Education not elsewhere classified |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Road Safety | Rail Safety | Injury Control | Road Public Transport | Expanding Knowledge in Education | Emerging Defence Technologies | Crime Prevention | Air Safety | Workplace Safety | Occupational Health
Related Links
Publications
Translation and evaluation of the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
Simplifying safety standards: Using work domain analysis to guide regulatory restructure
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2021
Analysis of In-Game Communication as an Indicator of Recognition Primed Decision Making in Elite Australian Rules Football Umpires
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 25-04-0100
Abstract: In sport, decision-making research has identified consistent results among the three variations of the recognition primed decision (RPD) model. Despite the fact that officials in sport are a key component of sports systems, previous research has explored the RPD model in players only. This paper addresses this by applying the RPD model to examine the decision making of umpires in Australian Rules football (Australian Football League [AFL]). Method: Audible communication instances of AFL field umpiring teams overseeing three games were transcribed. The data were coded into “decision moments” each decision moment was classified into one of the three RPD model variations. Results: Within the 6,025 communication instances, 887 decision moments were identified. Of the decision moments, 78.70% were classified as Variation 1, 19.75% as Variation 2, and 1.35% as Variation 3. Discussion: The results demonstrate that AFL umpire decision making can be characterized by a similar RPD breakdown as that by players in sport. RPD variation in AFL umpiring is influenced by the game situation and the type of adjudication being made. The implications for research and practice are discussed, including extending the analysis to multirole officiating teams (e.g., soccer) and the provision of tailored decision-making training.
‘Remixing Rasmussen’: The evolution of Accimaps within systemic accident analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2016.09.004
Abstract: Throughout Jens Rasmussen's career there has been a continued emphasis on the development of methods, techniques and tools for accident analysis and investigation. In this paper we focus on the evolution and development of one specific ex le, namely Accimaps and their use for accident analysis. We describe the origins of Accimaps followed by a review of 27 studies which have applied and adapted Accimaps over the period 2000-2015 to a range of domains and types of accident. Aside from demonstrating the versatility and popularity of the method, part of the motivation for the review of the use of Accimaps is to address the question of what constitutes a sound, usable, valid and reliable approach to systemic accident analysis. The findings from the review demonstrate continuity with the work carried out by Rasmussen, as well as significant variation (e.g., changes to the Accimap, used of additional theoretical and practice-oriented perspectives on safety). We conclude the paper with some speculations regarding future extension and adaptation of the Accimap approach including the possibility of using hybrid models for accident analysis.
A systems approach to city design: Exploring the compatibility of sociotechnical systems
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2017
Sharing the responsibility for driver distraction across road transport systems: A systems approach to the management of distracted driving
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2014.03.017
Abstract: Distracted driving is acknowledged universally as a large and growing road safety problem. Compounding the problem is that distracted driving is a complex, multifaceted issue influenced by a multitude of factors, organisations and in iduals. As such, management of the problem is not straightforward. Numerous countermeasures have been developed and implemented across the globe. The vast majority of these measures have derived from the traditional reductionist, driver-centric approach to distraction and have failed to fully reflect the complex mix of actors and components that give rise to drivers becoming distracted. An alternative approach that is gaining momentum in road safety is the systems approach, which considers all components of the system and their interactions as an integrated whole. In this paper, we review the current knowledge base on driver distraction and argue that the systems approach is not currently being realised in practice. Adopting a more holistic, systems approach to distracted driving will not only improve existing knowledge and interventions from the traditional approach, but will enhance our understanding and management of distraction by considering the complex relationships and interactions of the multiple actors and the myriad sources, enablers and interventions that make up the distracted driving system. It is only by recognising and understanding how all of the system components work together to enable distraction to occur, that we can start to work on solutions to help mitigate the occurrence and consequences of distracted driving.
Who is in control? Managerial artificial general intelligence (MAGI) for Football
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-07-2021
A social network analysis of the goal scoring passing networks of the 2016 European Football Championships
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.HUMOV.2017.10.001
Abstract: In the current study, social network analysis (SNA) and notational analysis (NA) methods were applied to examine the goal scoring passing networks (GSPN) for all goals scored at the 2016 European Football Ch ionships. The aim of the study was to determine the GSPN characteristics for the overall tournament, between the group and knock out stages, and for the successful and unsuccessful teams. The study also used degree centrality (DC) metrics as a novel method to determine the relative contributions of the pitch locations involved in the GSPN. To determine changes in GSPN characteristics as a function of changing score line, the analysis considered the match status of the game when goals were scored. There were significant differences for SNA metrics as a function of match status, and for the DC metrics in the comparison of the different pitch locations. There were no differences in the SNA metrics for the GSPN between teams in the group and knock out stages, or between the successful and unsuccessful teams. The results indicate that the GSPN had low values for network density, cohesion, connections, and duration. The networks were direct in terms of pitch zones utilised, where 85% of the GSPN included passes that were played within zones or progressed through the zones towards the goal. SNA and NA metrics were significantly different as a function of changing match status. The current study adds to the previous research on goal scoring in football, and demonstrates a novel method to determine the prominent pitch zones involved in the GSPN. These results have implications for match analysis and the coaching process.
The weakest link: a novel use of network analysis for the broken passing links in football
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-01-2019
Identifying Constraints on Everyday Clinical Practice: Applying Work Domain Analysis to Emergency Department Care
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-03-2021
Abstract: Emergency departments (EDs) are complex socio-technical work systems that require staff to manage patients in an environment of fluctuating resources and demands. To better understand the purpose, and pressures and constraints for designing new ED facilities, we developed an abstraction hierarchy model as part of a work domain analysis (WDA) from the cognitive work analysis (CWA) framework. The abstraction hierarchy provides a model of the structure of the ED, encompassing the core objects, processes, and functions relating to key values and the ED’s overall purpose. Reviews of relevant national and state policy, guidelines, and protocol documents applicable to care delivery in the ED were used to construct a WDA. The model was validated through focus groups with ED clinicians and subsequently validated using a series of WDA prompts. The model shows that the ED system exhibits extremely interconnected and complex features. Heavily connected functions introduce vulnerability into the system with function performance determined by resource availability and prioritization, leading to a trade-off between time and safety priorities. While system processes (e.g., triage, fast-track) support care delivery in ED, this delivery manifests in complex ways due to the personal and disease characteristics of patients and the dynamic state of the ED system. The model identifies system constraints that create tension in care delivery processes (e.g., electronic data entry, computer availability) potentially compromising patient safety. The model identified aspects of the ED system that could be leveraged to improve ED performance through innovative ED system design.
Using the decision ladder to understand road user decision making at actively controlled rail level crossings
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2016.02.013
Abstract: Rail level crossings (RLXs) represent a key strategic risk for railways worldwide. Despite enforcement and engineering countermeasures, user behaviour at RLXs can often confound expectations and erode safety. Research in this area is limited by a relative absence of insights into actual decision making processes and a focus on only a subset of road user types. One-hundred and sixty-six road users (drivers, motorcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians) completed a diary entry for each of 457 naturalistic encounters with RLXs when a train was approaching. The final eligible s le comprised 94 participants and 248 encounters at actively controlled crossings where a violation of the active warnings was possible. The diary incorporated Critical Decision Method probe questions, which enabled user responses to be mapped onto Rasmussen's decision ladder. Twelve percent of crossing events were non-compliant. The underlying decision making was compared to compliant events and a reference decision model to reveal important differences in the structure and type of decision making within and between road user groups. The findings show that engineering countermeasures intended to improve decision making (e.g. flashing lights), may have the opposite effect for some users because the system permits a high level of flexibility for circumvention. Non-motorised users were more likely to access information outside of the warning signals because of their ability to achieve greater proximity to the train tracks and the train itself. The major conundrum in resolving these issues is whether to restrict the amount of time and information available to users so that it cannot be used for circumventing the system or provide more information to help users make safe decisions.
Understanding the effects of compromise and misuse of personal details on older people
Publisher: Australian Journal of Information Systems
Date: 26-03-2019
Abstract: An increasing number of older adults are being affected by scams that can lead to the compromise and misuse of their personal details. Previous research has investigated factors that increase the likelihood of falling victim to identity compromise and misuse less is known about the non-financial impacts that result from the event or about the factors that influence these impacts. The aims of this study are to describe the identity compromise events experienced by older adults, and explore the non-financial impacts (i.e. behavioural, physiological, emotional and psychological), and external factors that might influence these impacts. The study used data collected by an identity compromise and misuse support service in Australia. The manner of compromise/misuse, the type and number of credentials involved, and the organisations/agencies that were contacted for advice following the event, were recorded. It was found that most events had an online element, were detected by the victim, and involved multiple identity credentials. Participants experienced a variety of behavioural, physiological, emotional and/or psychological impacts. More impacts were experienced where the event had an online element, where more credentials were compromised and where more points of contact were made to reach comprehensive advice. Misuse was not a contributory factor to the impacts experienced. Implications for further research are discussed.
System thinking applied to near misses: a review of industry-wide near miss reporting systems
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-11-2018
Advances in Human Factors in Sports and Outdoor Recreation
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2017
A systems approach to accident causation in mining: An application of the HFACS method
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2012
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2011.05.026
Abstract: This project aimed to provide a greater understanding of the systemic factors involved in mining accidents, and to examine those organisational and supervisory failures that are predictive of sub-standard performance at operator level. A s le of 263 significant mining incidents in Australia across 2007-2008 were analysed using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). Two human factors specialists independently undertook the analysis. Incidents occurred more frequently in operations concerning the use of surface mobile equipment (38%) and working at heights (21%), however injury was more frequently associated with electrical operations and vehicles and machinery. Several HFACS categories appeared frequently: skill-based errors (64%) and violations (57%), issues with the physical environment (56%), and organisational processes (65%). Focussing on the overall system, several factors were found to predict the presence of failures in other parts of the system, including planned inappropriate operations and team resource management inadequate supervision and team resource management and organisational climate and inadequate supervision. It is recommended that these associations deserve greater attention in future attempts to develop accident countermeasures, although other significant associations should not be ignored. In accordance with findings from previous HFACS-based analyses of aviation and medical incidents, efforts to reduce the frequency of unsafe acts or operations should be directed to a few critical HFACS categories at the higher levels: organisational climate, planned inadequate operations, and inadequate supervision. While remedial strategies are proposed it is important that future efforts evaluate the utility of the measures proposed in studies of system safety.
From telephones to iPhones: Applying systems thinking to networked, interoperable products
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2008.04.003
Abstract: An expanding array of consumer products have the facility to have things added in and plugged on, their firmware upgraded, and as yet un-thought of future capability supported. In short, more and more products can be connected to something and/or someone, and in doing so are slowly adapting to the current day state of modernity that is called 'the information age'. Inevitably, this brings with it changes in the way that products should be thought about and designed. The purpose of this paper is to try and help product designers and Ergonomists to get a grip on all the complexity and non-linearity that the information age brings with it, and help make themselves and their increasingly networked and interoperable products at home in it. Our case study, Apple's new iPhone, serves as a pertinent ex le.
Human Factors and Ergonomics and the management of existential threats: A work domain analysis of a COVID-19 return from lockdown restrictions system
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-04-2021
DOI: 10.1002/HFM.20897
Abstract: Following strict “lockdown” restrictions designed to control the spread of the COVID‐19 virus, many jurisdictions are now engaged in a process of easing restrictions in an attempt to stimulate economic and social activity while continuing to suppress virus transmission. This is challenging and complex, and in several regions, new outbreaks have emerged. We argue that systems Human Factors and Ergonomics methods can assist in understanding and optimizing the return from lockdown. To demonstrate, we used work domain analysis to develop an abstraction hierarchy model of a generic “return from lockdown restrictions” system. The model was assessed to identify (a) issues preventing a successful return from lockdown and (b) leverage points that could be exploited to optimize future processes. The findings show that the aim of continuing to suppress virus transmission conflicts with the aims of returning to pre‐virus economic and social activity levels. As a result, many functions act against each other, ensuring that the system cannot optimally achieve all three of its primary aims. Potential leverage points include modifying the goals and rules of the system and enhancing communications and feedback. Specifically, it is argued that moderating economic aims and modifying how social and community activities are undertaken will result in longer term suppression of the virus.
Using principles from the past to solve the problems of the future: Human factors and sociotechnical systems thinking in the design of future work
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-10-2018
DOI: 10.1002/HFM.20777
State of science: evolving perspectives on ‘human error’
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-08-2021
Systems-based accident analysis methods: A comparison of Accimap, HFACS, and STAMP
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2012
Designing System Reforms: Using a Systems Approach to Translate Incident Analyses into Prevention Strategies
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 23-12-2016
Play on or call a foul: testing and extending distributed situation awareness theory through sports officiating
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 26-11-2016
Pilot error versus sociotechnical systems failure: a distributed situation awareness analysis of Air France 447
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 24-11-2015
The UPLOADS project: Development of an Australian national incident dataset for led outdoor activities
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
Systems-thinking in action: Results from implementation and evaluation of the patient handling injuries review of systems Toolkit
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
When paradigms collide at the road rail interface: evaluation of a sociotechnical systems theory design toolkit for cognitive work analysis
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-03-2016
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1134816
Abstract: The Cognitive Work Analysis Design Toolkit (CWA-DT) is a recently developed approach that provides guidance and tools to assist in applying the outputs of CWA to design processes to incorporate the values and principles of sociotechnical systems theory. In this paper, the CWA-DT is evaluated based on an application to improve safety at rail level crossings. The evaluation considered the extent to which the CWA-DT met pre-defined methodological criteria and aligned with sociotechnical values and principles. Both process and outcome measures were taken based on the ratings of workshop participants and human factors experts. Overall, workshop participants were positive about the process and indicated that it met the methodological criteria and sociotechnical values. However, expert ratings suggested that the CWA-DT achieved only limited success in producing RLX designs that fully aligned with the sociotechnical approach. Discussion about the appropriateness of the sociotechnical approach in a public safety context is provided. Practitioner Summary: Human factors and ergonomics practitioners need evidence of the effectiveness of methods. A design toolkit for cognitive work analysis, incorporating values and principles from sociotechnical systems theory, was applied to create innovative designs for rail level crossings. Evaluation results based on the application are provided and discussed.
Systems-based accident analysis in the led outdoor activity domain: application and evaluation of a risk management framework
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-07-2010
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2010.489966
Abstract: Safety-compromising accidents occur regularly in the led outdoor activity domain. Formal accident analysis is an accepted means of understanding such events and improving safety. Despite this, there remains no universally accepted framework for collecting and analysing accident data in the led outdoor activity domain. This article presents an application of Rasmussen's risk management framework to the analysis of the Lyme Bay sea canoeing incident. This involved the development of an Accimap, the outputs of which were used to evaluate seven predictions made by the framework. The Accimap output was also compared to an analysis using an existing model from the led outdoor activity domain. In conclusion, the Accimap output was found to be more comprehensive and supported all seven of the risk management framework's predictions, suggesting that it shows promise as a theoretically underpinned approach for analysing, and learning from, accidents in the led outdoor activity domain. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: Accidents represent a significant problem within the led outdoor activity domain. This article presents an evaluation of a risk management framework that can be used to understand such accidents and to inform the development of accident countermeasures and mitigation strategies for the led outdoor activity domain.
Broken components versus broken systems: why it is systems not people that lose situation awareness
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-01-2015
Reforming the road freight transportation system using systems thinking: An investigation of Coronial inquests in Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2017.01.016
Abstract: Road freight transport is considered to be one of the most dangerous industries in Australia, accounting for over 30% of all work fatalities. Whilst system reform (i.e., change to policy and practice) is needed, it is not clear what this reform should be, or what approaches should be used to drive it. This article argues that road freight transportation reform should be underpinned by a systems thinking approach. Efforts to understand crash causation should be focused beyond the driver and identify contributing factors at other levels with the road freight system. Accordingly, we present the findings from a study that examined whether Australian Coronial investigations into road freight crashes reflect support appropriate system reform. Content analysis was used to identify the contributing factors and interrelations implicated in the road freight crashes described in publicly available Australian Coroner's inquest reports from the last 10 years (2004-2014 n=21). The results found evidence to suggest that the Coronial inquests provide some understanding of the complex system of factors influencing road freight transportation crashes in Australia. However, there was a lack of evidence to suggest an understanding of system-based reform based on the identification of reductionist-focused recommendations. It is concluded that researchers and practitioners (ie., government and industry) need to work together to develop prevention efforts focused on system reforms. Systems thinking based data collection and analysis frameworks are urgently required to help develop this understanding in road freight transportation.
Using cognitive work analysis and the strategies analysis diagram to understand variability in road user behaviour at intersections
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-2013
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2013.768707
Abstract: In this article, an application of cognitive work analysis (CWA), using the strategies analysis diagram (SAD) method, to model performance variability in road transport, is presented. Specifically, the method was used to describe performance variability across four road user groups (drivers, cyclists, motorcyclists and pedestrians) when turning right at an urban signalised intersection. The analysis demonstrated that the method was able to identify a comprehensive range of strategies that road users can potentially use while turning right at an intersection, thereby describing a range of performance variability within intersection systems. Furthermore, the method identified constraints, disturbances, changes in circumstances and other influences on road user performance variability. It is concluded that the CWA/SAD approach was able to describe both the different ways in which activities can be executed and disturbances, situations and constraints that create performance variability. The implications of these findings for road design and intersection safety are discussed along with the benefits and drawbacks of the methodology used. Recently, the strategies analysis diagram was proposed as a method to support the cognitive work analysis framework in modelling performance variability. This article evaluated this method within a complex sociotechnical system, namely road transport. The application provided insight into performance variability across road user groups when turning right at intersections.
Where do novice and experienced drivers direct their attention on approach to urban rail level crossings?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2015.01.017
Abstract: Crashes at rail level crossings (RLXs) remain a persistent but ill-defined safety issue. In urban areas, RLXs are typically located in areas of high workload and visual clutter, such as busy shopping strips. Despite this, the impact of such environments on driver behaviour and compliance with RLX controls is not well understood. This study sought to examine where drivers direct their attention on approach to urban RLXs located in busy shopping strip areas, and whether this differs between novice and experienced drivers. Participants drove an instrumented vehicle around a pre-defined urban route containing several active (flashing light with boom barriers) RLXs. Drivers' visual scanning behaviour and cognitive processes were examined on approach to RLXs. The results suggest that RLXs were not a key focus of drivers' attention. Further, rather than actively scanning, participants were over-reliant on RLX warning signals and the behaviour of surrounding vehicles to alert them to the presence of both trains and RLXs. This study provides important insights into drivers' visual and cognitive behaviour on approach to urban RLXs located in areas of high visual demand.
From control to causation: Validating a ‘complex systems model’ of running-related injury development and prevention
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2017.07.005
Abstract: There is a need for an ecological and complex systems approach for better understanding the development and prevention of running-related injury (RRI). In a previous article, we proposed a prototype model of the Australian recreational distance running system which was based on the Systems Theoretic Accident Mapping and Processes (STAMP) method. That model included the influence of political, organisational, managerial, and sociocultural determinants alongside in idual-level factors in relation to RRI development. The purpose of this study was to validate that prototype model by drawing on the expertise of both systems thinking and distance running experts. This study used a modified Delphi technique involving a series of online surveys (December 2016- March 2017). The initial survey was ided into four sections containing a total of seven questions pertaining to different features associated with the prototype model. Consensus in opinion about the validity of the prototype model was reached when the number of experts who agreed or disagreed with survey statement was ≥75% of the total number of respondents. A total of two Delphi rounds was needed to validate the prototype model. Out of a total of 51 experts who were initially contacted, 50.9% (n = 26) completed the first round of the Delphi, and 92.3% (n = 24) of those in the first round participated in the second. Most of the 24 full participants considered themselves to be a running expert (66.7%), and approximately a third indicated their expertise as a systems thinker (33.3%). After the second round, 91.7% of the experts agreed that the prototype model was a valid description of the Australian distance running system. This is the first study to formally examine the development and prevention of RRI from an ecological and complex systems perspective. The validated model of the Australian distance running system facilitates theoretical advancement in terms of identifying practical system-wide opportunities for the implementation of sustainable RRI prevention interventions. This 'big picture' perspective represents the first step required when thinking about the range of contributory causal factors that affect other system elements, as well as runners' behaviours in relation to RRI risk.
A sociotechnical design toolkit for bridging the gap between systems‐based analyses and system design
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-09-2018
DOI: 10.1002/HFM.20769
Situation awareness measurement: A review of applicability for C4i environments
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2006
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2005.02.001
Abstract: The construct of situation awareness (SA) has become a core theme within the human factors (HF) research community. Consequently, there have been numerous attempts to develop reliable and valid measures of SA but there is a lack of techniques developed specifically for the assessment of SA in command, control, communication, computers and intelligence (C4i) environments. During the design, development and evaluation of novel systems, technology and procedures, valid and reliable situation awareness measurement techniques are required for the assessment of in idual and team SA, in order to determine the improvements (or in some cases decrements) resulting from proposed design and technological interventions. The paper presents a review of existing situation awareness measurement techniques for their suitability for use in the assessment of SA in C4i environments. Seventeen SA measures were evaluated against a set of HF methods criteria. It was concluded that current SA measurement techniques are inadequate by themselves for use in the assessment of SA in C4i environments, and a multiple-measure approach utilising different approaches is recommended.
Can we talk about Speed? The Effect of Verbal Protocols on Driver Speed and Perceived Workload
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
A systems approach to examining disaster response: Using Accimap to describe the factors influencing bushfire response
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
Cognitive compatibility of motorcyclists and car drivers
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2010.11.008
Abstract: Incompatibility between different types of road user is a problem that previous research has shown to be resistant to a range of interventions. Cars and motorcycles are particularly prone to this. Insight is provided in this paper by a naturalistic method using concurrent verbal protocols and an automatic, highly reliable semantic network creation tool. The method shows how the same road situation is interpreted differently by car drivers and motorcyclists in ways congruent with wider accident rates. Analysis of the structure and content of the semantic networks reveals a greater degree of cognitive compatibility on faster roads such as motorways, but evidence of more critical incompatibilities on country roads and junctions. Both of these road types are implicated in helping to activate cognitive schema which in turn generate stereotypical behaviors unfavourable to the anticipation of motorcyclists by car drivers. The results are discussed in terms of practical measures such as road signs which warn of events behind as well as in front, cross-mode training and the concept of route driveability.
Putting the humanity into inhuman systems: How human factors and ergonomics can be used to manage the risks associated with artificial general intelligence
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-12-2021
DOI: 10.1002/HFM.20883
The Risks Associated with the Use of Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Systematic Review
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-08-2022
Developing a contributing factor classification scheme for Rasmussen's AcciMap: Reliability and validity evaluation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2017.04.014
Abstract: One factor potentially limiting the uptake of Rasmussen's (1997) Accimap method by practitioners is the lack of a contributing factor classification scheme to guide accident analyses. This article evaluates the intra- and inter-rater reliability and criterion-referenced validity of a classification scheme developed to support the use of Accimap by led outdoor activity (LOA) practitioners. The classification scheme has two levels: the system level describes the actors, artefacts and activity context in terms of 14 codes the descriptor level breaks the system level codes down into 107 specific contributing factors. The study involved 11 LOA practitioners using the scheme on two separate occasions to code a pre-determined list of contributing factors identified from four incident reports. Criterion-referenced validity was assessed by comparing the codes selected by LOA practitioners to those selected by the method creators. Mean intra-rater reliability scores at the system (M = 83.6%) and descriptor (M = 74%) levels were acceptable. Mean inter-rater reliability scores were not consistently acceptable for both coding attempts at the system level (M
Managing the risks associated with technological disruption in the road transport system: a control structure modelling approach
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-07-2023
Sports-related concussion management as a control problem: using STAMP to examine concussion management in community rugby
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 20-08-2019
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1654134
Abstract: The effective management of sports-related concussion is an on-going problem in amateur sport due to a number of systemic issues. These factors have often been studied in isolation with minimal consideration for the interactions between them, or the overall system in which they occur. The aim of this research was to model the actors, controls, and feedback mechanisms influencing the management of concussion in community rugby union using the Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) method. Findings show that there are currently many inadequate controls, that are directly and indirectly impacting effective concussion management. The practical implications of these findings are discussed (e.g. improved guideline education, mandatory medical presence, rule amendments). Additionally, the model provides a sound framework similar team sports can use to inform research into injury management and prevention (e.g. rugby league, hockey, AFL).
Radio Gaga? Intra-team communication of Australian Rules Football umpires–effect of radio communication on content, structure and frequency
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 31-07-2018
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1353140
Abstract: Intra-team communication plays an important role in team effectiveness in various domains including sport. As such, it is a key consideration when introducing new tools within systems that utilise teams. The difference in intra-team communication of Australian Rules Football (AFL) umpiring teams was studied when umpiring with or without radio communications technology. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted to analyse the verbal communication of seven umpiring teams (20 participants) grouped according to their experience with radio communication. The results identified that radio communication technology increased the frequency and altered the structure of intra-team communication. Examination of the content of the intra-team communication identified impacts on the 'Big Five' teamwork behaviours and associated coordinating mechanisms. Analysis revealed that the communications utilised did not align with the closed-loop form of communication described in the Big Five model. Implications for teamwork models, coaching and training of AFL umpires are discussed. Practitioner Summary: Assessing the impact of technology on performance is of interest to ergonomics practitioners. The impact of radio communications on teamwork is explored in the highly dynamic domain of AFL umpiring. When given radio technology, intra-team communication increased which supported teamwork behaviours, such as backup behaviour and mutual performance monitoring.
Should we pass on minimum passing distance laws for cyclists? Comparing a tactical enforcement option and minimum passing distance laws using signal detection theory
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2020
Functional systems within cryptolaundering processes: a work domain analysis model of cryptolaundering activities
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-05-2021
Distributed situation awareness in dynamic systems: theoretical development and application of an ergonomics methodology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-10-2006
DOI: 10.1080/00140130600612762
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to propose foundations for a theory of situation awareness based on the analysis of interactions between agents (i.e. both human and non-human) in subsystems. This approach may help to promote a better understanding of technology-mediated interaction in systems, as well as helping in the formulation of hypotheses and predictions concerning distributed situation awareness. It is proposed that agents within a system each hold their own situation awareness, which may be very different from (although compatible with) that of other agents. It is argued that we should not always hope for, or indeed want, sharing of this awareness, as different system agents have different purposes. This view marks situation awareness as a dynamic and collaborative process binding agents together on tasks on a moment-by-moment basis. Implications of this viewpoint for the development of a new theory of, and accompanying methodology for, distributed situation awareness are offered.
Designing sociotechnical systems with cognitive work analysis: putting theory back into practice
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 19-11-2014
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.980335
Abstract: Cognitive work analysis (CWA) is a framework of methods for analysing complex sociotechnical systems. However, the translation from the outputs of CWA to design is not straightforward. Sociotechnical systems theory provides values and principles for the design of sociotechnical systems which may offer a theoretically consistent basis for a design approach for use with CWA. This article explores the extent to which CWA and sociotechnical systems theory offer complementary perspectives and presents an abstraction hierarchy (AH), based on a review of literature, that describes an 'optimal' CWA and sociotechnical systems theory design system. The optimal AH is used to assess the extent to which current CWA-based design practices, uncovered through a survey of CWA practitioners, aligns with sociotechnical systems theory. Recommendations for a design approach that would support the integration of CWA and sociotechnical systems theory design values and principles are also derived.
Bridging the gap between ergonomics methods research and practice: Methodological Issues in Ergonomics Science Part II
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-07-2016
Rasmussen's legacy in the great outdoors: A new incident reporting and learning system for led outdoor activities
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2015.07.017
Abstract: Jens Rasmussen's seminal risk management framework and accompanying Accimap method have become highly popular in safety science circles. Despite this, widespread adoption of the model and method in practice has not yet been achieved. This paper describes a project involving the development and implementation of an incident reporting and learning system underpinned by Rasmussen's risk management framework and Accimap method. The system was developed for the led outdoor activity sector in Australia to enable reporting and analysis of injuries and near miss incidents, with the aim of supporting the development of more effective countermeasures. An analysis of the data derived from the first 3 months use of the system by 43 organisations is presented. The outputs provide an in-depth Accimap-based analysis of all incidents reported by participating organisations over the 3 month period. In closing, the importance of developing usable domain specific tools to support translation of Ergonomics theory and methods in practice is discussed.
Applying a systems thinking lens to injury causation in the outdoors: Evidence collected during 3 years of the Understanding and Preventing Led Outdoor Accidents Data System
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 08-01-2021
DOI: 10.1136/INJURYPREV-2019-043424
Abstract: This article presents a detailed systems analysis of injury incidents from 35 Australian led outdoor activity organisations between 2014 to 2017. Injury incident reports were collected using a specific led outdoor activity incident reporting system known as UPLOADS (Understanding and Preventing Led Outdoor Accidents Data System). In total, 1367 people sustained injuries from across 20 different activities, with an injury rate of 1.9 injured people per 1000 participants over the three-year period. A total of 2234 contributory factors from multiple levels of the led outdoor activity system were identified from the incident reports, and 361 relationships were identified between contributory factors. This systems analysis of injury incidents demonstrates that it is not only factors within the immediate context of the incident ( Participants, Environment, Equipment ) but factors from across multiple systemic levels that contributes to injury incidents ( Schools, Parents, Activity centre management ). Prevention efforts should focus on addressing the whole network of contributing factors and not only the prominent factors at the lower system levels within the immediate context of the injury incident occurrences.
Ergonomics issues in sport and outdoor recreation
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-05-2017
Situation awareness on the road: Review, theoretical and methodological issues, and future directions
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2012
Complexity in the beautiful game: implications for football research and practice
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-12-2019
Digitising Command and Control
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 18-09-2017
Defining the attributes for specific playing positions in football match-play: A complex systems approach
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 31-05-2020
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1768636
Abstract: Talent identification and development programmes that retain and develop athletes are integral to the sporting success of National Governing Bodies in football. Currently, player attributes are studied in isolation without considering the complexity of interacting components of football performance. The current study applied a systems analysis framework to describe, in a structured and systematic way, the attributes for specific playing positions in football match-play. The WDA models describe the interacting attributes of different playing positions in football match-play. The findings demonstrate football performance is complex, consisting of multiple interacting and dynamic components. Implications to support coaches in talent identification and development are discussed.
Using the abstraction hierarchy to identify how the purpose and structure of road transport systems contributes to road trauma
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
Models and methods for collision analysis: A comparison study based on the Uber collision with a pedestrian
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
Simulating the dynamic effect of land use and transport policies on the health of populations
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Date: 04-2015
Abstract: Objectives. We identified the features of a land use–transportation system that optimizes the health and well-being of the population. Methods. We developed a quantitative system dynamics model to represent relationships among land use, transport, economic development, and population health. Simulation experiments were conducted over a 10-year simulation period to compare the effect of different baseline conditions and land use–transport policies on the number of motor vehicle crash deaths and disability-adjusted life years lost. Results. Optimal reduction in the public health burden attributable to land transport was demonstrated when transport safety risk reduction policies were combined with land use and transport polices that minimized reliance on in idual motorized transport and maximized use of active transport modes. The model’s results were particularly sensitive to the level of development that characterized each city at the start of the simulation period. Conclusions. Local, national, and international decision-makers are encouraged to address transport, land use, and health as an integrated whole to achieve the desired societal benefits of traffic safety, population health, and social equity.
The big picture on accident causation: A review, synthesis and meta-analysis of AcciMap studies
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2020
How Does Motion Influence the Use of Touch Screen In-Vehicle Information Systems?
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2011
Simulation-based driver and vehicle crew training: Applications, efficacy and future directions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2012.10.007
Abstract: Simulation is widely used as a training tool in many domains, and more recently the use of vehicle simulation as a tool for driver and vehicle crew training has become popular (de Winter et al., 2009 Pradhan et al., 2009). This paper presents an overview of how vehicle simulations are currently used to train driving-related procedural and higher-order cognitive skills, and team-based procedural and non-technical teamwork skills for vehicle crews, and evaluates whether there is evidence these training programs are effective. Efficacy was evaluated in terms of whether training achieves learning objectives and whether the attainment of those objectives enhances real world performance on target tasks. It was concluded that while some higher-order cognitive skills training programs have been shown to be effective, in general the adoption of simulation technology has far outstripped the pace of empirical research in this area. The paper concludes with a discussion of the issues that require consideration when developing and evaluating vehicle simulations for training purposes - based not only on what is known from the vehicle domain, but what can be inferred from other domains in which simulation is an established training approach, such as aviation (e.g. Jentsch et al., 2011) and medicine (e.g. McGaghie et al., 2010). STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: Simulation has become a popular tool for driver and vehicle crew training in civilian and military settings. This review considers whether there is evidence that this training method leads to learning and the transfer of skills to real world performance. Evidence from other domains, such as aviation and medicine, is drawn upon to inform the design and evaluation of future vehicle simulation training systems.
Situation awareness and safety: Contribution or confusion? Situation awareness and safety editorial
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2013
The impact of on-road motion on BMS touch screen device operation
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-06-2012
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2012.685496
Abstract: This study investigates the effect of vehicle motion on performance, usability and workload for a touch screen in-vehicle Battle Management System (BMS). Participants performed a series of battle management tasks while a vehicle was driven over sealed (characteristic of 'normal' vehicle motion) and unsealed (characteristic of 'high' vehicle motion) roads. The results indicate that unsealed road conditions impair the performance of information input tasks (tasks that require the user to enter information, e.g. text entry) but not information extraction tasks (tasks that require the user to retrieve information from the system, e.g. reading coordinates). Participants rated workload as higher and the system as less usable on the unsealed road. In closing, the implications for in-vehicle touch screen design and use in both military and civilian driving contexts are discussed. Practitioner Summary: The effect of motion on interacting with in-vehicle touch screen devices remains largely unexplored. This study examines the effect of different levels of vehicle motion on the use of a BMS. Using the system under off-road conditions had a detrimental impact on workload, performance and usability.
Sand, surf and sideways: A systems analysis of beaches as complex roadway environments
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2016
Risky systems versus risky people: To what extent do risk assessment methods consider the systems approach to accident causation? A review of the literature
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2019
Have we reached the organisational ceiling? a review of applied accident causation models, methods and contributing factors in construction
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-01-2019
Investigating the role of roadway environment in driving errors: An on road study
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2011
Mechanisms of scaling up: combining a realist perspective and systems analysis to understand successfully scaled interventions
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-03-2021
DOI: 10.1186/S12966-021-01103-0
Abstract: Sustainable shifts in population behaviours require system-level implementation and embeddedness of large-scale health interventions. This paper aims to understand how different contexts of scaling up interventions affect mechanisms to produce intended and unintended scale up outcomes. A mixed method study combining a realist perspective and systems analysis (causal loop diagrams) of scaled-up physical activity and/or nutrition interventions implemented at a state/national level in Australia (2010–18). The study involved four distinct phases: Phase 1 expert consultation, database and grey literature searches to identify scaled-up interventions Phase 2 generating initial Context-Mechanism-Outcome configurations (CMOs) from the WHO ExpandNet framework for scaling up Phase 3 testing and refining CMOs via online surveys and realist interviews with academics, government and non-government organisations (NGOs) involved in scale up of selected interventions ( Phase 1 ) and Phase 4 generating cross-case mid-range theories represented in systems models of scaling up validated by member checking. Descriptive statistics were reported for online survey data and realist analysis for interview data. Seven interventions were analysed, targeting nutrition ( n = 1), physical activity (n = 1), or a combination ( n = 5). Twenty-six participants completed surveys 19 completed interviews. Sixty-three CMO pathways underpinned successful scale up, reflecting 36 scale up contexts, 8 key outcomes linked via 53 commonly occurring mechanisms. All five WHO framework domains were represented in the systems models. Most CMO pathways included ‘intervention attributes’ and led to outcomes ‘community sustainability/embeddedness’ and ‘stakeholder buy-in erceived value’. Irrespective of interventions being scaled in similar contexts (e.g., having political favourability) mechanisms still led to both intended and unintended scale up outcomes (e.g., increased or reduced sustainability). This paper provides the first evidence for mechanisms underpinning outcomes required for successful scale up of state or nationally delivered interventions. Our findings challenge current prerequisites for effective scaling suggesting other conditions may be necessary. Future scale up approaches that plan for complexity and encourage iterative adaptation throughout, may enhance scale up outcomes. Current linear, context-to-outcome depictions of scale up oversimplify what is a clearly a complex interaction between perceptions, worldviews and goals of those involved. Mechanisms identified in this study could potentially be leveraged during future scale up efforts, to positively influence intervention scalability and sustainability.
Interaction-centred design: an end user evaluation of road intersection concepts developed using the cognitive work analysis design toolkit (CWA-DT)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-07-2020
Distributed situation awareness in an Airborne Warning and Control System: application of novel ergonomics methodology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-08-2007
Evaluation of novel urban rail level crossing designs using driving simulation
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2016
Abstract: Rail level crossings (RLXs) are a public safety concern internationally. The design of the RLX environment has been implicated in many recent crashes. In this study we evaluated three novel RLX design concepts using a driving simulator. Participants completed four drives, each incorporating one of the RLX designs (one baseline and three novel designs) in both train coming and train not coming mode. Measures of speed and braking on approach were analyzed, along with subjective measures of workload and usability. Superior driving behavior and subjective ratings were achieved for a design that incorporated an in-vehicle device while the lowest subjective ratings were given in relation to a shared space design that incorporated a simplified crossing environment and sharing of the road environment between motorized and non-motorized users. The implications for RLX safety are discussed.
Using cognitive work analysis to explore system flexibility
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2025
What do applications of systems thinking accident analysis methods tell us about accident causation? A systematic review of applications between 1990 and 2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2019
Road transport in drift? Applying contemporary systems thinking to road safety
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2012
Not as simple as it looks: led outdoor activities are complex sociotechnical systems
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-02-2017
Evaluating cryptocurrency laundering as a complex socio-technical system: A systematic literature review
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 02-07-2019
DOI: 10.1108/JMLC-10-2018-0063
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present the findings from a literature review, which aimed to identify previous studies evaluating cryptolaundering from a systems thinking perspective. The aim of this paper is to first confirm that cryptolaundering systems can indeed be defined as complex socio-technical systems and second to present the findings from a systematic review of the literature to determine the extent to which previous research has adopted a systems thinking perspective. The study involved a SLR of studies published in the peer-reviewed literature between 2009 and 2018. Rasmussen’s risk management framework (Rasmussen, 1997) was used to evaluate the extent to which a systems thinking perspective had been adopted. The cryptolaundering process is considered to be a complex socio-technical system. The review demonstrates that no previous studies have defined cryptolaundering as a complex socio-technical system or used systems thinking framework approach to evaluate how criminals, regulatory bodies or law enforcement entities understand processes and assess risk within cryptolaundering systems. It is argued that using such an approach to the cryptolaundering process would likely improve assessing criminal risk analyses of cryptolaundering and assist law enforcement and regulatory bodies with understanding risk management during the laundering of cryptocurrencies. Future assessments of cryptolaundering using socio-technical system analytical processes may afford law enforcement and regulatory bodies the opportunity to improve intervention techniques and identify gaps in regulations and enforcement.
Is there a case for driver training? A review of the efficacy of pre- and post-licence driver training
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
Assessing the ‘system’ in safe systems-based road designs: Using cognitive work analysis to evaluate intersection designs
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2013.10.002
Abstract: While a safe systems approach has long been acknowledged as the underlying philosophy of contemporary road safety strategies, systemic applications are sparse. This article argues that systems-based methods from the discipline of Ergonomics have a key role to play in road transport design and evaluation. To demonstrate, the Cognitive Work Analysis framework was used to evaluate two road designs - a traditional Melbourne intersection and a cut-through design for future intersections based on road safety safe systems principles. The results demonstrate that, although the cut-through intersection appears different in layout from the traditional intersection, system constraints are not markedly different. Furthermore, the analyses demonstrated that redistribution of constraints in the cut-through intersection resulted in emergent behaviour, which was not anticipated and could prove problematic. Further, based on the lack of understanding of emergent behaviour, similar design induced problems are apparent across both intersections. Specifically, incompatibilities between infrastructure, vehicles and different road users were not dealt with by the proposed design changes. The importance of applying systems methods in the design and evaluation of road transport systems is discussed.
Translating concepts of complexity to the field of ergonomics
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-09-2010
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2010.513453
Abstract: Since 1958 more than 80 journal papers from the mainstream ergonomics literature have used either the words 'complex' or 'complexity' in their titles. Of those, more than 90% have been published in only the past 20 years. This observation communicates something interesting about the way in which contemporary ergonomics problems are being understood. The study of complexity itself derives from non-linear mathematics but many of its core concepts have found analogies in numerous non-mathematical domains. Set against this cross-disciplinary background, the current paper aims to provide a similar initial mapping to the field of ergonomics. In it, the ergonomics problem space, complexity metrics and powerful concepts such as emergence raise complexity to the status of an important contingency factor in achieving a match between ergonomics problems and ergonomics methods. The concept of relative predictive efficiency is used to illustrate how this match could be achieved in practice. What is clear overall is that a major source of, and solution to, complexity are the humans in systems. Understanding complexity on its own terms offers the potential to leverage disproportionate effects from ergonomics interventions and to tighten up the often loose usage of the term in the titles of ergonomics papers. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: This paper reviews and discusses concepts from the study of complexity and maps them to ergonomics problems and methods. It concludes that humans are a major source of and solution to complexity in systems and that complexity is a powerful contingency factor, which should be considered to ensure that ergonomics approaches match the true nature of ergonomics problems.
‘She’ll be right’. Or will she? Practitioner perspectives on risk assessment for led outdoor activities in Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-09-2017
Using cognitive work analysis to explore activity allocation within military domains
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-05-2008
DOI: 10.1080/00140130801915246
Abstract: Cognitive work analysis (CWA) is frequently advocated as an approach for the analysis of complex socio-technical systems. Much of the current CWA literature within the military domain pays particular attention to its initial phases work domain analysis and contextual task analysis. Comparably, the analysis of the social and organisational constraints receives much less attention. Through the study of a helicopter mission planning system software tool, this paper describes an approach for investigating the constraints affecting the distribution of work. The paper uses this model to evaluate the potential benefits of the social and organisational analysis phase within a military context. The analysis shows that, through its focus on constraints, the approach provides a unique description of the factors influencing the social organisation within a complex domain. This approach appears to be compatible with existing approaches and serves as a validation of more established social analysis techniques. As part of the ergonomic design of mission planning systems, the social organisation and cooperation analysis phase of CWA provides a constraint-based description informing allocation of function between key actor groups. This approach is useful because it poses questions related to the transfer of information and optimum working practices.
Bigger, bolder, better: methodological issues in ergonomics science
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-03-2016
What's in a game? A systems approach to enhancing performance analysis in football
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 17-02-2017
Conflicts of interest: The implications of roadside advertising for driver attention
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2009
Ending on a positive: Examining the role of safety leadership decisions, behaviours and actions in a safety critical situation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2017.08.006
Abstract: Safety leadership is an important factor in supporting safe performance in the workplace. The present case study examined the role of safety leadership during the Bingham Canyon Mine high-wall failure, a significant mining incident in which no fatalities or injuries were incurred. The Critical Decision Method (CDM) was used in conjunction with a self-reporting approach to examine safety leadership in terms of decisions, behaviours and actions that contributed to the incidents' safe outcome. Mapping the analysis onto Rasmussen's Risk Management Framework (Rasmussen, 1997), the findings demonstrate clear links between safety leadership decisions, and emergent behaviours and actions across the work system. Communication and engagement based decisions featured most prominently, and were linked to different leadership practices across the work system. Further, a core sub-set of CDM decision elements were linked to the open flow and exchange of information across the work system, which was critical to supporting the safe outcome. The findings provide practical implications for the development of safety leadership capability to support safety within the mining industry.
What are they doing: testing a structured cognitive work analysis-based approach for identifying different road user strategies
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2012
Abstract: Cognitive Work Analysis has been widely applied within Human Factors to develop and evaluate complex sociotechnical systems. To date, however research has focused primarily on the first two phases of the framework – Work Domain Analysis and Control Task Analysis. Recently, a new approach, the Strategies Analysis Diagram, has been proposed as a structured approach to the third phase - Strategies Analysis. This paper evaluates the Strategies Analysis Diagram with a complex sociotechnical system, road transport. The results suggest the Strategies Analysis Diagram is capable of describing the range of potential strategies employed when different road users (e.g. drivers, motorcycle riders, cyclists and pedestrians) execute a right hand turn at an intersection. The strategies identified provide what appears to be a comprehensive overview of those employed by different road users. The analysis also identified differences in strategies for a particular function as well as differences in strategies between road user groups.
Integrating communication and passing networks in football using social network analysis
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 25-05-2018
STAMP goes EAST: Integrating systems ergonomics methods for the analysis of railway level crossing safety management
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
From work analysis to work design: A review of cognitive work analysis design applications
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2012
Abstract: Cognitive work analysis is a framework for analysis to inform the design of complex cognitive systems. However, the framework has been criticized for failing to directly inform design. This paper describes a review of CWA design applications and analyses the way in which CWA-based designs have been developed. The review reveals that the majority of CWA-based design applications are associated with interface design. Further, when designing for causal, compared to intentional domains, CWA has more commonly been applied directly, with little use of further supplemental design methods or processes. In closing, the implications for augmenting CWA to support system design are discussed.
The effects of motion on in-vehicle touch screen system operation: A battle management system case study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2011
Minimising risks and distractions for young drivers and their passengers: An evaluation of a novel driver–passenger training program
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2011
A knock to the system: A new sociotechnical systems approach to sport-related concussion
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-12-2016
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1265140
Abstract: Broader contextual factors that influence concussion management have tended to be overlooked. To address this, the present study used a sociotechnical systems approach to identify perceived responsibilities and applied strategies for three domains of concussion management (i.e., prevention, identification and treatment). Participants were 118 members of the community rugby union system in Australia (69.2% male). Participants from throughout the rugby system (e.g., players, parents, coaches, club management) were asked open-ended questions about their perceived responsibilities and the strategies they use for concussion management. It was found that (a) proper training, technique correction and education were recurrent prevention themes (b) the majority of key stakeholders felt that they could consistently identify concussion however, medical aids (medics) were the only system actors who stated a responsibility to use standardised concussion assessment measures and (c) less than one third of the respondents indicated their involvement in treating concussion. This study identifies specific junctures in the system that prevents effective concussion management strategies. A sociotechnical systems approach improves the understanding of concussion prevention, and management beliefs and behaviours.
Lost in translation: the validity of a systemic accident analysis method embedded in an incident reporting software tool
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-05-2016
The Leading Edge: A Systems Thinking Methodology for Assessing Safety Leadership
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
Experienced and novice driver situation awareness at rail level crossings: An exploratory on-road study
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2011
Accounting for memes in sociotechnical systems: extending the abstraction hierarchy to consider cognitive objects
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 26-04-2019
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1603403
Abstract: Work domain analysis (WDA) is used to model the functional structure of sociotechnical systems (STS) through the abstraction hierarchy (AH). By identifying objects, processes, functions and measures that support system purposes, WDA reveals constraints within the system. Traditionally, the AH describes system elements at the lowest level of abstraction as physical objects. Multiple analyses of complex systems reveal that many include objects that exist only at a conceptual level. This paper argues that, by extending the AH to include cognitive objects, the analytical power of WDA is extended, and novel areas of application are enabled. Three case studies are used to demonstrate the role that cognitive objects play within STS. It is concluded that cognitive objects are a valid construct that offer a significant enhancement of WDA and enable its application to some of the world's most pressing problems. Implications for future applications of WDA and the AH are discussed.
Measuring situation awareness in command and control
Publisher: ACM
Date: 28-08-2007
Distraction-induced driving error: An on-road examination of the errors made by distracted and undistracted drivers
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2012.06.001
Abstract: This study explored the nature of errors made by drivers when distracted versus not distracted. Participants drove an instrumented vehicle around an urban test route both while distracted (performing a visual detection task) and while not distracted. Two in-vehicle observers recorded the driving errors made, and a range of other data were collected, including driver verbal protocols, forward, cockpit and driver video, and vehicle data (speed, braking, steering wheel angle, etc.). Classification of the errors revealed that drivers were significantly more likely to make errors when distracted although driving errors were prevalent even when not distracted. Interestingly, the nature of the errors made when distracted did not differ substantially from those made when not distracted, suggesting that, rather than making different types of errors, distracted drivers simply make a greater number of the same error types they make when not distracted. Avenues for broadening our understanding of the relationship between distraction and driving errors are discussed along with the advantages of using a multi-method framework for studying driver behaviour.
Using the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) to explore conflicts between different road user groups when making right hand turns at urban intersections
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-09-2014
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.945491
Abstract: Collisions between different types of road users at intersections form a substantial component of the road toll. This paper presents an analysis of driver, cyclist, motorcyclist and pedestrian behaviour at intersections that involved the application of an integrated suite of ergonomics methods, the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) framework, to on-road study data. EAST was used to analyse behaviour at three intersections using data derived from an on-road study of driver, cyclist, motorcyclist and pedestrian behaviour. The analysis shows the differences in behaviour and cognition across the different road user groups and pinpoints instances where this may be creating conflicts between different road users. The role of intersection design in creating these differences in behaviour and resulting conflicts is discussed. It is concluded that currently intersections are not designed in a way that supports behaviour across the four forms of road user studied. Interventions designed to improve intersection safety are discussed. Practitioner Summary: Intersection safety currently represents a key road safety issue worldwide. This paper presents a novel application of a framework of ergonomics methods for studying differences in road user behaviour at intersections. The findings support development of interventions that consider all road users as opposed to one group in isolation.
Towards a unified model of accident causation: refining and validating the systems thinking safety tenets
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-08-2022
The driver, the road, the rules... and the rest? A systems-based approach to young driver road safety
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2014.01.027
Abstract: The persistent overrepresentation of young drivers in road crashes is universally recognised. A multitude of factors influencing their behaviour and safety have been identified through methods including crash analyses, simulated and naturalistic driving studies, and self-report measures. Across the globe numerous, erse, countermeasures have been implemented the design of the vast majority of these has been informed by a driver-centric approach. An alternative approach gaining popularity in transport safety is the systems approach which considers not only the characteristics of the in idual, but also the decisions and actions of other actors within the road transport system, along with the interactions amongst them. This paper argues that for substantial improvements to be made in young driver road safety, what has been learnt from driver-centric research needs to be integrated into a systems approach, thus providing a holistic appraisal of the young driver road safety problem. Only then will more effective opportunities and avenues for intervention be realised.
Incident reporting in the outdoors: a systems-based analysis of injury, illness, and psychosocial incidents in led outdoor activities in Australia
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-02-2022
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2041733
Abstract: Incident reporting systems are a fundamental component of safety management, however, most systems used in practice are not aligned with contemporary accident causation models. This article presents an analysis of a National Incident Dataset (NID) for adverse incidents occurring in the Australian Led Outdoor Activity (LOA) sector. The aim was to investigate the adverse Injury, Illness, and Psychosocial incidents reported to the NID. In total, 1657 injuries, 532 illnesses, and 146 psychosocial incidents were analysed from 357,691 program participation days. The findings show that the rate of incidents per 1000 program participant days in LOAs was 4.6 for injury, 1.5 for illness, and 0.04 for psychosocial incidents, and incident severity was predominately minor. The analysis of systemic contributory factors demonstrates that incidents in LOA are systemic in nature, with multiple levels of the LOA system identified as contributing to adverse incidents. For ex le, contributory factors were identified across local government (facilities), schools (communication), parents (communication), LOA management (policies and procedures), people involved in the incidents (mental and physical condition), and the environment (terrain) and equipment (clothing). This study presents an assessment of the current state of safety in the Australian LOA sector and demonstrates the utility of applying systems ergonomics methods in practice.
Cognitive Compatibility of Motorcyclists and Drivers
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2011
Out of control? Using STAMP to model the control and feedback mechanisms surrounding identity crime in darknet marketplaces
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
A formative approach to developing synthetic environment fidelity requirements for decision-making training
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2010.12.003
Abstract: This paper describes a new approach for developing design specifications for synthetic environments that support decisions making training. The approach starts by modelling the constraints governing decision-making activity in the real world. A focus is placed on what could happen in the decision-making process, rather than what does or what should. Importantly, the developed model is independent of specific actors and events, providing a robust description of the domain that remains applicable in almost all perceivable situations. By modelling the relationship between information elements, and the way decision-makers develop an understanding of their environment, the approach identifies the information that may be pertinent to the decision-maker. It is contended that the approach has utility in the design of first-of-a-kind synthetic environments, as well as the evaluation of existing simulators for the specific role of decision-making training.
The perils of perfect performance; considering the effects of introducing autonomous vehicles on rates of car vs cyclist conflict
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-03-2020
Responsibilities in the Prevention of Concussion in Community Rugby Union
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
Event analysis of systemic teamwork (EAST): a novel integration of ergonomics methods to analyse C4i activity
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-10-2006
DOI: 10.1080/00140130600612846
Abstract: C4i is defined as the management infrastructure needed for the execution of a common goal supported by multiple agents in multiple locations and technology. In order to extract data from complex and erse C4i scenarios a descriptive methodology called Event Analysis for Systemic Teamwork (EAST) has been developed. With over 90 existing ergonomics methodologies already available, the approach taken was to integrate a hierarchical task analysis, a coordination demand analysis, a communications usage diagram, a social network analysis, and the critical decision method. The outputs of these methods provide two summary representations in the form of an enhanced operation sequence diagram and a propositional network. These offer multiple overlapping perspectives on key descriptive constructs including who the agents are in a scenario, when tasks occur, where agents are located, how agents collaborate and communicate, what information is used, and what knowledge is shared. The application of these methods to live data drawn from the UK rail industry demonstrates how alternative scenarios can be compared on key metrics, how multiple perspectives on the same data can be taken, and what further detailed insights can be extracted. The ultimate aim of EAST is, by applying it across a number of scenarios in different civil and military domains, to provide data to develop generic models of C4i activity and to improve the design of systems aimed at enhancing this management infrastructure.
Corrigendum to “A systems approach to understanding the identification and treatment of sport-related concussion in community rugby union” [Appl. Ergono. 80C (2019) 256–264]
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
Evaluation of construct and criterion-referenced validity of a systems-thinking based near miss reporting form
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-12-2020
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1694707
Abstract: The validity of methods is an ongoing issue in ergonomics. Inconsistent definitions and approaches to evaluation exacerbate this challenge. In this study, the construct and criterion-referenced validity of a new near miss reporting form was evaluated to determine the extent to which it comprehensively captures near miss incidents and is aligned with the systems thinking approach to accident causation. Interview data were used as the reference standard in the evaluation. Using signal detection theory (SDT), a high average hit rate (HR), predictive value (PV) and sensitivity index (SI) were found, with an almost perfect ranking for the index of concordance. The findings show that the reporting form has strong construct and criterion-referenced validity. It is proposed that the approach used in this study could be used by researchers and practitioners when testing the validity of incident data collection tools.
All about the Teacher, the Rain and the Backpack: The Lack of a Systems Approach to Risk Assessment in School Outdoor Education Programs
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
The adaptive capacity of public space under COVID‐19: Exploring urban design interventions through a sociotechnical systems approach
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-05-2021
DOI: 10.1002/HFM.20906
Abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has had a dramatic impact on the way in which the community interacts within public spaces. Consequently, the design of these urban environments requires new approaches. It is our view that Human Factors and Ergonomics approaches can be used to provide these insights. This article explores the opportunities for making public spaces safer and more accessible for community use under pandemic conditions. The study utilizes a sociotechnical systems model of an archetype public space, developed pre‐COVID‐19, to explore the infrastructure and activities that are impacted by the introduction of the virus to the public space system. The aim was to identify those elements of the system that are completely unavailable under pandemic conditions, those elements that become limited in use, and those which remained unaffected by the presence of the virus. The findings show that under pandemic conditions pre‐COVID‐19 public spaces were surprisingly resilient with proportionally few elements within the model completely unavailable. They also demonstrate that overall, the public spaces system, while still operating, is significantly constrained in achieving and optimizing community and in idual health and well‐being. The insertion of five (5) urban design interventions within the system model presented unique insights into the possibilities for optimizing adaptive capacity. These interventions revealed design opportunities across several levels of the systems model. Such insights are argued to assist in not only re‐establishing community access under pandemic conditions but also more inclusive access to a broader range of the community under all conditions.
Same or different? Generalising from novices to experts in military command and control studies
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2010
Using wireless technology to develop a virtual reality command and control centre
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-05-0088
Human error taxonomies applied to driving: A generic driver error taxonomy and its implications for intelligent transport systems
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2009
Examining the relationship between driver distraction and driving errors: A discussion of theory, studies and methods
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2012
Systems thinking applied to safety during manual handling tasks in the transport and storage industry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2013.09.025
Abstract: Injuries resulting from manual handling tasks represent an on-going problem for the transport and storage industry. This article describes an application of a systems theory-based approach, Rasmussen's (1997. Safety Science 27, 183), risk management framework, to the analysis of the factors influencing safety during manual handling activities in a freight handling organisation. Observations of manual handling activities, cognitive decision method interviews with workers (n=27) and interviews with managers (n=35) were used to gather information about three manual handling activities. Hierarchical task analysis and thematic analysis were used to identify potential risk factors and performance shaping factors across the levels of Rasmussen's framework. These different data sources were then integrated using Rasmussen's Accimap technique to provide an overall analysis of the factors influencing safety during manual handling activities in this context. The findings demonstrate how a systems theory-based approach can be applied to this domain, and suggest that policy-orientated, rather than worker-orientated, changes are required to prevent future manual handling injuries.
Let the Reader Decide
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 06-10-2014
Abstract: In science and engineering, there is a natural rise and fall of paradigms as progress is made. In this way a new paradigm becomes more established until it gives way to new developments. We think it is legitimate to raise concerns over the status quo and propose new paradigms. This is how science moves forward, but we do recognize that paradigm owners tend to resist change. We contend that distributed situation awareness presents a new paradigm for analyzing and explaining situation awareness in systems, and there is a groundswell of studies that are tipping the balance of evidence in that direction.
What went right? An analysis of the protective factors in aviation near misses
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-09-2019
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1472804
Abstract: Learning from successful safety outcomes, or what went right, is an important emerging component of maintaining safe systems. Accordingly, there are increasing calls to study normal performance in near misses as a part of safety management activities. Despite this, there is limited guidance on how to accomplish this in practice. This article presents a study in which using Rasmussen's risk management framework to analyse 16 serious incidents from the aviation domain. The findings show that a network of protective factors prevents accidents with factors identified across the sociotechnical system. These protective networks share many properties with those identified in accidents. The article demonstrates that is possible to identify these networks of protective factors from incident investigation reports. The theoretical implications of these results and future research opportunities are discussed. Practitioner Statement: The analysis of near misses is an important part of safety management activities. This article demonstrates that Rasmussen?s risk management framework can be used to identify networks of protective factors which prevent accidents. Safety practitioners can use the framework described to discover and support the system-wide networks of protective factors.
A Fine Line Between Pleasure and Pain: Applying a Systems Analysis to the kimberly Ultramarathon Fire
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
Injury causation in the great outdoors: A systems analysis of led outdoor activity injury incidents
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2013.10.019
Abstract: Despite calls for a systems approach to assessing and preventing injurious incidents within the led outdoor activity domain, applications of systems analysis frameworks to the analysis of incident data have been sparse. This article presents an analysis of 1014 led outdoor activity injury and near miss incidents whereby a systems-based risk management framework was used to classify the contributing factors involved across six levels of the led outdoor activity 'system'. The analysis identified causal factors across all levels of the led outdoor activity system, demonstrating the framework's utility for accident analysis efforts in the led outdoor activity injury domain. In addition, issues associated with the current data collection framework that potentially limited the identification of contributing factors outside of the in iduals, equipment, and environment involved were identified. In closing, the requirement for new and improved data systems to be underpinned by the systems philosophy and new models of led outdoor activity accident causation is discussed.
Looking Beyond People, Equipment and Environment: Is a Systems Theory Model of Accident Causation Required to Understand Injuries and Near Misses During Outdoor Activities?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
Cognitive work analysis and design: current practice and future practitioner requirements
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-07-2014
More than meets the eye: Using cognitive work analysis to identify design requirements for future rail level crossing systems
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2015.06.021
Abstract: An increasing intensity of operations means that the longstanding safety issue of rail level crossings is likely to become worse in the transport systems of the future. It has been suggested that the failure to prevent collisions may be, in part, due to a lack of systems thinking during design, crash analysis, and countermeasure development. This paper presents a systems analysis of current active rail level crossing systems in Victoria, Australia that was undertaken to identify design requirements to improve safety in future rail level crossing environments. Cognitive work analysis was used to analyse rail level crossing systems using data derived from a range of activities. Overall the analysis identified a range of instances where modification or redesign in line with systems thinking could potentially improve behaviour and safety. A notable finding is that there are opportunities for redesign outside of the physical rail level crossing infrastructure, including improved data systems, in-vehicle warnings and modifications to design processes, standards and guidelines. The implications for future rail level crossing systems are discussed.
Taking the Bait: A Systems Analysis of Phishing Attacks
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
How can we support the commander's involvement in the planning process? An exploratory study into remote and co-located command planning
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
Applying AcciMap to test the common cause hypothesis using aviation near misses
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
It’s dark in there: Using systems analysis to investigate trust and engagement in dark web forums
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2015
Many model thinking in systems ergonomics: a case study in road safety
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-01-2019
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1550214
Abstract: In complexity science, the many models thinking philosophy argues for a multi-method approach to complex problems. This article investigates whether the use of multiple systems ergonomics methods to examine the same problem is useful, or whether using different approaches creates incompatible analyses. Five systems ergonomics analyses of road trauma are examined and their key insights extracted. The extent to which these insights are compatible with one another and can be integrated when attempting to reduce road trauma is assessed. The findings indicate that applying several systems ergonomics methods to the same problem is useful, as multiple insights are developed and deficiencies in one approach are countered by the others. Importantly, the case study demonstrates that the insights gained are compatible and support the development of holistic systems thinking-based interventions. In conclusion it is recommended that a many systems ergonomics model thinking approach be adopted by ergonomists working in complex problem spaces.
Trust in vehicle technology
Publisher: Inderscience Publishers
Date: 2016
Expert evaluation of traffic signs: conventional vs. alternative designs
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 19-04-2019
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1567829
Abstract: Traffic sign comprehension is significantly affected by their compliance with ergonomics design principles. Despite the UN Convention, designs vary among countries. The goal of this study was to establish theoretical and methodological bases for evaluating the design of conventional and alternative signs. Thirty-one conventional signs and 1-3 alternatives for each conventional sign were evaluated for their compliance with three ergonomics guidelines for sign design: physical and conceptual compatibility, familiarity and standardisation. Twenty-seven human factors and ergonomics experts from 10 countries evaluated the signs relative to their compliance with the guidelines. Analysis of variance across alternatives revealed that for 19 of the 31 signs, an alternative design received a significantly higher rating in its ergonomics design than the conventional sign with the same meaning. We also found a very high correlation between the experts' ratings and comprehension from previous studies. In conclusion, many countries use signs for which better alternative designs exist, and therefore UN Convention signs should be re-examined, and ergonomics experts evaluation can serve as a good surrogate for road users' comprehension surveys.
Continuance in online participation following the compromise of older adults’ identity information: a literature review
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-02-2018
State of science: models and methods for understanding and enhancing teams and teamwork in complex sociotechnical systems
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-12-2021
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.2000043
Abstract: This state of the science review brings together the disparate literature of effective strategies for enhancing and accelerating team performance. The review evaluates and synthesises models and proposes recommended avenues for future research. The two major models of the Input-Mediator-Output-Input (IMOI) framework and the Big Five dimensions of teamwork were reviewed and both will need significant development for application to future teams comprising non-human agents. Research suggests that a multi-method approach is appropriate for team measurements, such as the integration of methods from self-report, observer ratings, event-based measurement and automated recordings. Simulations are recommended as the most effective team-based training interventions. The impact of new technology and autonomous agents is discussed with respect to the changing nature of teamwork. In particular, whether existing teamwork models and measures are suitable to support the design, operation and evaluation of human-nonhuman teams of the future.
End-user experiences with two incident and injury reporting systems designed for led outdoor activities - Challenges for implementation of future data systems
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-09-2019
DOI: 10.1186/S40621-019-0214-Y
Abstract: Injury and incident (near miss) prevention is heavily dependent upon robust and high-quality data systems. Evaluations of surveillance systems designed to report factors associated with incidents and injuries are essential to understand their value, as well as to improve their performance and efficiency. Despite, this there have been few such evaluations published in the peer-review literature. The attitudes and experiences of industry representatives who used one of two variants of an incident and injury surveillance system to collect injury and incident data for the led outdoor activity setting were obtained through an online self-report survey following a 12-month trial. Survey respondents were 18 representatives of 33 organisations who were users of a comprehensive incident reporting and surveillance system – the Understanding and Preventing Led Outdoor Accidents Data System Software Tool (UPLOADS-ST) - and six out of 11 users of a modified system (UPLOADS-Lite). The survey collected information on user experiences in relation to system training, accessibility, ease of use, security, feedback and perceived value to the sector of collating and reporting data across organisations. Only four UPLOADS-ST responding users found the system easy to use and just three considered entering incident reports to be easy. However, many considered the training on reporting incidents to be sufficient and that the incident reports contained relevant details. Fewer than half of respondents (seven for UPLOADS-ST, three for UPLOADS-Lite) believed entering data was a good use of staff time and resources. Nonetheless, a majority of respondents (seven for UPLOADS-ST, five for UPLOADS-Lite) found the reporting format easy to read and felt the information provided was useful for their organisation. Usability barriers to incident reporting were identified, particularly for UPLOADS-ST, including time constraints and user friendliness. The majority of users believed aggregating and reporting incident and injury data across organisations would be of value in making the led outdoor activity sector safer. Improving the utility of the surveillance systems will assist in ensuring their sustainability in the led outdoor activity sector.
Riding the emotional roller-coaster: Using the circumplex model of affect to model motorcycle riders’ emotional state-changes at intersections
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
Validating the Strategies Analysis Diagram: Assessing the reliability and validity of a formative method
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2014.04.010
Abstract: The Strategies Analysis Diagram (SAD) is a recently developed method to model the range of possible strategies available for activities in complex sociotechnical systems. Previous applications of the new method have shown that it can effectively identify a comprehensive range of strategies available to humans performing activity within a particular system. A recurring criticism of Ergonomics methods is however, that substantive evidence regarding their performance is lacking. For a method to be widely used by other practitioners such evaluations are necessary. This article presents an evaluation of criterion-referenced validity and test-retest reliability of the SAD method when used by novice analysts. The findings show that in idual analyst performance was average. However, pooling the in idual analyst outputs into a group model increased the reliability and validity of the method. It is concluded that the SAD method's reliability and validity can be assured through the use of a structured process in which analysts first construct an in idual model, followed by either another analyst pooling the in idual results or a group process pooling in idual models into an agreed group model.
WITHDRAWN: A systems approach to understanding and enhancing disaster response: An Accimap analysis of bushfire response activities
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2012
How can they do it? A structured approach to the strategies analysis phase of Cognitive Work Analysis
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2011
Modelling driver decision-making at railway level crossings using the abstraction decomposition space
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-01-2021
Genotype and phenotype schemata as models of situation awareness in dynamic command and control teams
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
Using work domain analysis to evaluate the impact of technological change on the performance of complex socio-technical systems
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2011
Distributed Decision Making in Multihelicopter Teams: Case Study of Mission Planning and Execution from a Noncombatant Evacuation Operation Training Scenario
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2010
DOI: 10.1177/155534341000400405
Abstract: This article presents a naturalistic case study of distributed decision making across military helicopter crews during mission planning and execution scenarios. The aim of the paper was to model the decision making strategies and examine the extent to which the environment supports the helicopter crews. This involved live observation of the crews of five Royal Air Force helicopters as they planned and executed a series of missions in a simulated operational setting as part of their predeployment training. The study revealed that there were differences in the decision-making strategies in colocated and distributed teams. It also showed that colocated teams were more able to resolve information conflicts than were the distributed teams. These findings suggest that the concept of the “death of distance” (i.e., that information and communications technology can overcome the negative effects of distributed teams) is somewhat overstated.
Missing links? The effects of distraction on driver situation awareness
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2013
Coordination during multi‐agency emergency response: issues and solutions
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 26-04-2011
DOI: 10.1108/09653561111126085
Abstract: Coordination between military and civilian agencies has previously been found to be a significant issue that affects the efficiency of multi‐agency system responses to large‐scale emergencies. The purpose of this article is to present the findings derived from a case study focussing on the problems that abound when the military attempts to work with civilian organisations. An integrated framework of human factors methods was used to analyse a Military Aid to the Civilian Authorities training exercise, involving the army and seven other responding agencies. A range of factors that hinder coordination between agencies during multi‐agency emergency responses were identified. Potential solutions for removing these barriers and augmenting coordination levels are proposed. This research suggests that much further work is required in training and designing multi‐agency response systems and procedures in order to optimise coordination between responding agencies. This article presents the first attempt to apply structured, theoretically underpinned human factors methods, to understand the problems that abound when the military works with civilian agencies during large‐scale emergency responses.
Communications and cohesion: a comparison between two command and control paradigms
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2012
Who is in control of road safety? A STAMP control structure analysis of the road transport system in Queensland, Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2016.05.025
Abstract: Despite significant progress, road trauma continues to represent a global safety issue. In Queensland (Qld), Australia, there is currently a focus on preventing the 'fatal five' behaviours underpinning road trauma (drug and drink driving, distraction, seat belt wearing, speeding, and fatigue), along with an emphasis on a shared responsibility for road safety that spans road users, vehicle manufacturers, designers, policy makers etc. The aim of this article is to clarify who shares the responsibility for road safety in Qld and to determine what control measures are enacted to prevent the fatal five behaviours. This is achieved through the presentation of a control structure model that depicts the actors and organisations within the Qld road transport system along with the control and feedback relationships that exist between them. Validated through a Delphi study, the model shows a erse set of actors and organisations who share the responsibility for road safety that goes beyond those discussed in road safety policies and strategies. The analysis also shows that, compared to other safety critical domains, there are less formal control structures in road transport and that opportunities exist to add new controls and strengthen existing ones. Relationships that influence rather than control are also prominent. Finally, when compared to other safety critical domains, the strength of road safety controls is brought into question.
Situation Awareness and Automated Shuttles: A Multi-road User Analysis
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2021
Closing the research-practice gap in healthcare: The development and usability evaluation of a patient handling incident investigation toolkit
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
Bridging the research-practice gap: Validity of a software tool designed to support systemic accident analysis by risk managers
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2015
Using the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) broken-links approach to understand vulnerabilities to disruption in a darknet market.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-06-2019
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1621392
Abstract: Darknet markets provide an anonymous, online platform for users to trade illicit drugs, fraudulent identity data, and other commodities. Although law enforcement agencies have been successful in seising many markets, the Darknet is an agile and dynamic environment and market activities often persist and emerge in a new form. Given this constantly changing environment, new ways of disrupting darknet markets are required. This study used Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) to analyse market activity and understand vulnerabilities to disruption. This involved using the EAST broken-links approach to assess the effects of compromising the transmission of information between tasks and between agents. The analysis identified critical vulnerabilities in the system, which included information involved in registering, depositing funds, communicating listing details to buyers, and communicating dispute resolution messages. This study indicates that systems ergonomics methods-in particular, EAST-can provide insight into system vulnerabilities that might be targeted for disruption.
How do I save it? Usability evaluation of a systems theory-based incident reporting software prototype by novice end users
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2015
Complexity theory in accident causation: using AcciMap to identify the systems thinking tenets in 11 catastrophes
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2020
Seeing officiating as a sociotechnical system – the case for applying distributed situation awareness to officials in sport
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2015
A new approach for designing cognitive artefacts to support disaster management
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 27-04-2010
DOI: 10.1080/00140131003672007
Abstract: The public display of information is not a new phenomenon whiteboards (and blackboards before them) have commonly been used to share information. Once annotated, these collaborative information sources have clear benefits for cognition, reducing the burden on short-term memory and supporting parallel processing. This paper introduces a structured approach for considering the design and development of these cognitive artefacts with the aim of enhancing system performance. To illustrate this approach, a case study of military support to large-scale civilian emergencies is used. Using the introduced process, a number of displays are developed supporting in idual and shared understanding of the domain, enhancing the crisis planning and management process. The case study demonstrates how the proposed structured approach can inform the designer and lead to domain specific designs. A clear trail can be plotted between the analysis of the domain and the development of the cognitive artefacts. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: This paper presents a generic approach for the design of cognitive artefacts to enhance system performance. Illustrated by a case study, it is contended that the approach, and adaptations of it, are applicable to supporting the design of information aids for a wide range of complex domains.
Sociotechnical systems as a framework for regulatory system design and evaluation: Using Work Domain Analysis to examine a new regulatory system
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2017.02.019
Abstract: Like most work systems, the domain of adventure activities has seen a series of serious incidents and subsequent calls to improve regulation. Safety regulation systems aim to promote safety and reduce accidents. However, there is scant evidence they have led to improved safety outcomes. In fact there is some evidence that the poor integration of regulatory system components has led to adverse safety outcomes in some contexts. Despite this, there is an absence of methods for evaluating regulatory and compliance systems. This article argues that sociotechnical systems theory and methods provide a suitable framework for evaluating regulatory systems. This is demonstrated through an analysis of a recently introduced set of adventure activity regulations. Work Domain Analysis (WDA) was used to describe the regulatory system in terms of its functional purposes, values and priority measures, purpose-related functions, object-related processes and cognitive objects. This allowed judgement to be made on the nature of the new regulatory system and on the constraints that may impact its efficacy following implementation. Importantly, the analysis suggests that the new system's functional purpose of ensuring safe activities is not fully supported in terms of the functions and objects available to fulfil them. Potential improvements to the design of the system are discussed along with the implications for regulatory system design and evaluation across the safety critical domains generally.
Challenging conventional rural rail level crossing design: Evaluating three new systems thinking-based designs in a driving simulator
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2018
Deconstructing the concept of shared responsibility for disaster resilience: a Sunshine Coast case study, Australia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-06-2015
New knowledge for built environments: Exploring urban design from socio-technical system perspectives
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2015
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Practice
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 18-11-2016
Human Performance, Situation Awareness, and Automation
Publisher: Psychology Press
Date: 06-01-2005
Identifying risks and emergent risks across sociotechnical systems: the NETworked hazard analysis and risk management system (NET-HARMS)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-10-2017
An evolutionary approach to network enabled capability
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
From the 6 Ps of Planning to the 4 Ds of Digitization: Difficulties, Dilemmas, and Defective Decision Making
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-03-2010
Corrigendum to “Situation awareness measurement: A review of applicability for C4i environments”
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2007
Miles away or just around the corner? Systems thinking in road safety research and practice
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
Does advanced driver training improve situational awareness?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2008.06.002
Abstract: Over 70 years of experiential evidence suggests that a specific form of advanced driver training, one based on an explicit system of car control, improves driver situation awareness (SA). Five experimental hypotheses are developed. They propose that advanced driving should increase the number of information elements in the driver's working memory, increase the interconnection between those elements, increase the amount of 'new' information in memory as well as the prominence of existing information, and that finally, it should stimulate behaviours that help drivers evolve better situations to be aware of. An approach to SA based on Neisser's perceptual cycle theory is anchored to a network based methodology. This is applied within the context of a longitudinal on-road study involving three groups of 25 drivers, all of whom were measured pre- and post-intervention. One experimental group was subject to advanced driver training and two further groups provided control for time and for being accompanied whilst driving. Empirical support is found for all five hypotheses. Advanced driving does improve driver SA but not necessarily in the way that existing situation focused, closed loop models of the concept might predict.
Representing situation awareness in collaborative systems: A case study in the energy distribution domain
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2008
DOI: 10.1080/00140130701636512
Abstract: The concept of distributed situation awareness (DSA) is currently receiving increasing attention from the human factors community. This article investigates DSA in a collaborative real-world industrial setting by discussing the results derived from a recent naturalistic study undertaken within the UK energy distribution domain. The results describe the DSA-related information used by the networks of agents involved in the scenarios analysed, the sharing of this information between the agents and the salience of different information elements used. Thus, the structure, quality and content of each network's DSA is discussed, along with the implications for DSA theory. The findings reinforce the notion that when viewing situation awareness (SA) in collaborative systems, it is useful to focus on the coordinated behaviour of the system itself, rather than on the in idual as the unit of analysis and suggest that the findings from such assessments can potentially be used to inform system, procedure and training design. SA is a critical commodity for teams working in industrial systems and systems, procedures and training programmes should be designed to facilitate efficient system SA acquisition and maintenance. This article presents approaches for describing and understanding SA during real-world collaborative tasks, the outputs from which can potentially be used to inform system, training programmes and procedure design.
The crash at Kerang: Investigating systemic and psychological factors leading to unintentional non-compliance at rail level crossings
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2012.09.029
Abstract: In 2007 a loaded semi-trailer truck struck a passenger train on a railway level crossing in Northern Victoria, Australia, killing eleven train passengers. Although the incident was formally investigated, why the truck driver proceeded through the crossing in the presence of a train remains unexplained. This article uses two juxtaposed Human Factors approaches to provide insight into the contributory factors underlying the incident. A systems analysis framework is used to examine the rail level crossing system in which the incident occurred and an in idual psychological schema theory account is used to examine the failures which led the truck driver to proceed through the crossing in the presence of a train. The findings suggest that the primary cause of the incident was a looked-but-failed-to-see error driven by a faulty activation of schema error, leading the truck driver to assume initially that the crossing was in fact in a non-activated state with no train present. Moreover, various system-wide factors that shaped the rail level crossing 'system' and thus the incident are identified.
From ethnography to the EAST method: A tractable approach for representing distributed cognition in Air Traffic Control
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-01-2010
DOI: 10.1080/00140130903171672
Abstract: Command and control is a generic activity involving the exercise of authority over assigned resources, combined with planning, coordinating and controlling how those resources are used. The challenge for understanding this type of activity is that it is not often amenable to the conventional experimental/methodological approach. Command and control tends to be multi-faceted (so requires more than one method), is made up of interacting socio and technical elements (so requires a systemic approach) and exhibits aggregate behaviours that emerge from these interactions (so requires methods that go beyond reductionism). In these circumstances a distributed cognition approach is highly appropriate yet the existing ethnographic methods make it difficult to apply and, for non-specialist audiences, sometimes difficult to meaningfully interpret. The Event Analysis for Systemic Teamwork method is put forward as a means of working from a distributed cognition perspective but in a way that goes beyond ethnography. A worked ex le from Air Traffic Control is used to illustrate how the language of social science can be translated into the language of systems analysis. Statement of Relevance: Distributed cognition provides a highly appropriate conceptual response to complex work settings such as Air Traffic Control. This paper deals with how to realise those benefits in practice without recourse to problematic ethnographic techniques.
Walking the line: Understanding pedestrian behaviour and risk at rail level crossings with cognitive work analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2015.10.004
Abstract: Pedestrian fatalities at rail level crossings (RLXs) are a public safety concern for governments worldwide. There is little literature examining pedestrian behaviour at RLXs and no previous studies have adopted a formative approach to understanding behaviour in this context. In this article, cognitive work analysis is applied to understand the constraints that shape pedestrian behaviour at RLXs in Melbourne, Australia. The five phases of cognitive work analysis were developed using data gathered via document analysis, behavioural observation, walk-throughs and critical decision method interviews. The analysis demonstrates the complex nature of pedestrian decision making at RLXs and the findings are synthesised to provide a model illustrating the influences on pedestrian decision making in this context (i.e. time, effort and social pressures). Further, the CWA outputs are used to inform an analysis of the risks to safety associated with pedestrian behaviour at RLXs and the identification of potential interventions to reduce risk.
Predicting pilot error: Testing a new methodology and a multi-methods and analysts approach
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2008.10.005
Abstract: The Human Error Template (HET) is a recently developed methodology for predicting design-induced pilot error. This article describes a validation study undertaken to compare the performance of HET against three contemporary Human Error Identification (HEI) approaches when used to predict pilot errors for an approach and landing task and also to compare analyst error predictions to an approach to enhancing error prediction sensitivity: the multiple analysts and methods approach, whereby multiple analyst predictions using a range of HEI techniques are pooled. The findings indicate that, of the four methodologies used in isolation, analysts using the HET methodology offered the most accurate error predictions, and also that the multiple analysts and methods approach was more successful overall in terms of error prediction sensitivity than the three other methods but not the HET approach. The results suggest that when predicting design-induced error, it is appropriate to use a toolkit of different HEI approaches and multiple analysts in order to heighten error prediction sensitivity.
Computational methods to model complex systems in sports injury research: agent-based modelling (ABM) and systems dynamics (SD) modelling.
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 17-11-2018
Systems thinking-based risk assessment methods applied to sports performance: A comparison of STPA, EAST-BL, and Net-HARMS in the context of elite women's road cycling
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
The impact of power on health care team performance and patient safety: a review of the literature
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-04-2021
What the Death Star Can Tell Us About System Safety
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2015
The Elephant in the Room: Normal Performance and Accident Analysis
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2015
Defining disaster resilience: comparisons from key stakeholders involved in emergency management in Victoria, Australia
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 14-03-2016
DOI: 10.1111/DISA.12189
Abstract: Three years after the introduction of the National Strategy for Disaster Resilience there remains no unanimously adopted definition of disaster resilience within Australia's emergency management sector. The aim of this study is to determine what the concept means to key stakeholders in the emergency management sector in the Australian State of Victoria, and how these conceptualisations overlap and erge. Via an online survey, 113 people were asked how they define disaster resilience in their work in the emergency management sector. A data mining software tool, Leximancer, was employed to uncover the relationships between the definitions provided. The findings show that stakeholders see resilience as an 'ability' that encompasses emergency management activities and personal responsibility. However, the findings also highlight some possible points of conflict between stakeholders. In addition, the paper outlines and discusses a number of potential consequences for the implementation and the success of the resilience-based approach in Australia.
Fitting methods to paradigms: are ergonomics methods fit for systems thinking?
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 22-01-2016
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1103385
Abstract: The issues being tackled within ergonomics problem spaces are shifting. Although existing paradigms appear relevant for modern day systems, it is worth questioning whether our methods are. This paper asks whether the complexities of systems thinking, a currently ubiquitous ergonomics paradigm, are outpacing the capabilities of our methodological toolkit. This is achieved through examining the contemporary ergonomics problem space and the extent to which ergonomics methods can meet the challenges posed. Specifically, five key areas within the ergonomics paradigm of systems thinking are focused on: normal performance as a cause of accidents, accident prediction, system migration, systems concepts and ergonomics in design. The methods available for pursuing each line of inquiry are discussed, along with their ability to respond to key requirements. In doing so, a series of new methodological requirements and capabilities are identified. It is argued that further methodological development is required to provide researchers and practitioners with appropriate tools to explore both contemporary and future problems. Practitioner Summary: Ergonomics methods are the cornerstone of our discipline. This paper examines whether our current methodological toolkit is fit for purpose given the changing nature of ergonomics problems. The findings provide key research and practice requirements for methodological development.
The usual suspects? A novel extension to AcciMap using accident causation model tenets
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 15-11-2019
Quantum ergonomics: shifting the paradigm of the systems agenda
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 26-10-2016
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2016.1231840
Abstract: A paradigm is an accepted world view. If we do not continually question our paradigm then wider trends and movements will overtake the discipline leaving it ill adapted to future challenges. This Special Issue is an opportunity to keep systems thinking at the forefront of ergonomics theory and practice. Systems thinking prompts us to ask whether ergonomics, as a discipline, has been too timid? Too preoccupied with the resolution of immediate problems with industrial-age methods when, approaching fast, are developments which could render these operating assumptions an irrelevance. Practical case studies are presented to show how abstract systems problems can be tackled head-on to deliver highly innovative and cost-effective insights. The strategic direction of the discipline foregrounds high-quality systems problems. These are something the discipline is well able to respond to provided that the appropriate operating paradigms are selected. Practitioner Summary: High-quality systems problems are the future of the discipline. How do we convert obtuse sounding systems concepts into practical interventions? In this paper, the essence of systems thinking is distilled and practical case studies used to demonstrate the benefits of this new paradigm.
Exploring schema-driven differences in situation awareness between road users: An on-road study of driver, cyclist and motorcyclist situation awareness
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-01-2014
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2013.867077
Abstract: Collisions between different road users make a substantial contribution to road trauma. Although evidence suggests that different road users interpret the same road situations differently, it is not clear how road users' situation awareness differs, nor is it clear which differences might lead to conflicts. This article presents the findings from an on-road study conducted to examine driver, motorcyclist and cyclist situation awareness in different road environments. The findings suggest that, in addition to minor differences in the structure of different road users' situation awareness (i.e. amount of information and how it is integrated), the actual content of situation awareness in terms of road user schemata, the resulting interaction with the world and the information underpinning situation awareness is markedly different. Further examination indicates that the differences are likely to be compatible along arterial roads, shopping strips and at roundabouts, but that they may create conflicts between different road users at intersections. Interventions designed to support compatible situation awareness and behaviour between different road users are discussed.
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Sport and Outdoor Recreation: From individuals and their equipment to complex sociotechnical systems and their frailties
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
Applying cognitive work analysis to the design of rapidly reconfigurable interfaces in complex networks
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2008
State-of-science: situation awareness in individuals, teams and systems
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-02-2017
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1278796
Abstract: Our review addresses one of the most used, but debated, topics in Ergonomics: Situation Awareness (SA). We examine and elaborate upon key SA models. These models are ided into in idual SA, team SA and systems SA categories. Despite, or perhaps because of, the debates surrounding SA it remains an enduring theme for research and practice in the domain of Ergonomics, now for over two decades. A contingent approach, which seeks to match different models of SA to different types of ergonomics problem, enables the differences between positions to be revealed and reconciled, and the practitioner guided towards optimum methodological solutions. Practitioner Summary: Measuring SA in in iduals, teams and systems has become a key objective in Ergonomics. One single approach to SA does not fit all problems encountered. This review shows the importance of considering all three types of models and achieving a match between them and the problem at hand.
Towards a model for measuring teamwork in Australian Rules Football Officials
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2016
Abstract: Officials in sport are a growing area of research in human factors due to the rapid decision making, expertise and teamwork required to officiate. Influenced by the “Big Five” model of teamwork, this paper presents exploratory research which developed measures for capturing teamwork in Australian Rules Football (AFL) Umpires. Four ratings of AFL umpiring teamwork are presented – Time in Control, Difference in Control, Time in Midzone and Difference in Midzone, which capture coordination, mutual performance monitoring and backup behavior in AFL umpiring teams. The measures are tested through observational analysis of umpiring teams in seven AFL games. The findings demonstrate that the measures achieved inter- and intra-team differences in teamwork while over the course of games the umpiring teams demonstrated the ability to self-regulate. The suitability of the measures to AFL umpiring, the “Big Five” model, and other teamwork domains are discussed. Finally, extensions of the measures into a model of AFL umpiring teamwork are presented.
Never blame the umpire – a review of Situation Awareness models and methods for examining the performance of officials in sport
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-12-2016
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1100758
Abstract: As sport becomes more complex, there is potential for ergonomics concepts to help enhance the performance of sports officials. The concept of Situation Awareness (SA) appears pertinent given the requirement for officials to understand what is going on in order to make decisions. Although numerous models exist, none have been applied to examine officials, and only several recent ex les have been applied to sport. This paper examines SA models and methods to identify if any have applicability to officials in sport (OiS). Evaluation of the models and methods identified potential applications of in idual, team and systems models of SA. The paper further demonstrates that the Distributed Situation Awareness model is suitable for studying officials in fastball sports. It is concluded that the study of SA represents a key area of multidisciplinary research for both ergonomics and sports science in the context of OiS. Practitioner Summary: Despite obvious synergies, applications of cognitive ergonomics concepts in sport are sparse. This is especially so for Officials in Sport (OiS). This article presents an evaluation of Situation Awareness models and methods, providing practitioners with guidance on which are the most suitable for OiS system design and evaluation.
Musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace: Development of a systems thinking-based prototype classification scheme to better understand the risks
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2019
Do inter-continental playing styles exist? Using social network analysis to compare goals from the 2016 EURO and COPA football tournaments knock-out stages
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 18-04-2017
The horse has bolted! Why human factors and ergonomics has to catch up with autonomous vehicles (and other advanced forms of automation)
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-04-2019
Examining gender differences in gig worker safety
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 04-08-2023
DOI: 10.1002/HFM.21007
Abstract: A critical but often overlooked road safety concern is gender differences in road safety issues. The limited investigations have reported gender differences in road safety issues such as traffic accident rates and crash injuries. An emerging road safety issue is the safety of gig workers. Despite the exponential growth of the gig economy, little is known about road safety issues faced by gig workers, including gender‐specific road safety issues. The present study aimed to investigate whether there are gender differences in gig workers' involvement in road safety incidents and the likelihood of reporting incidents when gig working. Gig workers who provide, or have provided, ride‐hailing, courier, and food delivery services via digital platforms in Australia were invited to participate in an online survey on their involvement in road safety incidents and the likelihood that they would report road and personal safety incidents when gig working. Data from 71 gig workers (35 female gig workers 36 male gig workers) were reported in the study. No gender differences were found in their involvement in road safety incidents and the likelihood of reporting road and personal safety incidents when gig working. Despite the lack of gender differences observed, findings from the study contributed to the research field and to closing the gender data gap. A research agenda is proposed for further data collection in gig work using a systems thinking approach to better our understanding of factors influencing the gendered participation in the gig workforce, and the health, safety, and wellbeing of gig workers.
A systems approach to understanding the identification and treatment of sport-related concussion in community rugby union
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2017.06.010
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to utilise a systems thinking approach to explore the perceived responsibilities for identifying and treating concussion held by different actors across the community rugby system (e.g., players, coaches, parents, medics, referees, and management), as well as their role-specific concussion management strategies. A systems approach was taken to assess what different stakeholders within rugby systems perceive their roles to be regarding concussion identification and treatment. Through an online survey, 118 members of the amateur (community) rugby union system were asked about their role-specific concussion management responsibilities and strategies. Respondents included players, parents, medics, coaches, club managers, administrators, and volunteers. The majority of respondents indicated that they were able to identify the symptoms of rugby-related concussion, however, only medics stated their responsibility to use formal concussion assessments (e.g., SCAT2). A smaller number of the respondents indicated that they were involved in treating concussion within their current role/s (majority of which were medics). This study illustrated that the current challenges in the identification and treatment of rugby-related concussion in community sport may be due to role/responsibility confusion and possible overreliance on field-side medics. These findings offer insight into the possible limitations of the current concussion management guidelines and may offer empirically based direction for future revisions.
What could they have been thinking? How sociotechnical system design influences cognition: a case study of the Stockwell shooting.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2011
Designing a ticket to ride with the Cognitive Work Analysis Design Toolkit
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 25-03-2015
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1013576
Abstract: Cognitive work analysis has been applied in the design of numerous sociotechnical systems. The process used to translate analysis outputs into design concepts, however, is not always clear. Moreover, structured processes for translating the outputs of ergonomics methods into concrete designs are lacking. This paper introduces the Cognitive Work Analysis Design Toolkit (CWA-DT), a design approach which has been developed specifically to provide a structured means of incorporating cognitive work analysis outputs in design using design principles and values derived from sociotechnical systems theory. This paper outlines the CWA-DT and describes its application in a public transport ticketing design case study. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the process provide promising early evidence that the toolkit fulfils the evaluation criteria identified for its success, with opportunities for improvement also highlighted. The Cognitive Work Analysis Design Toolkit has been developed to provide ergonomics practitioners with a structured approach for translating the outputs of cognitive work analysis into design solutions. This paper demonstrates an application of the toolkit and provides evaluation findings.
With Crisis Comes Opportunity: Redesigning Performance Departments of Elite Sports Clubs for Life After a Global Pandemic
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 20-01-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FPSYG.2020.588959
Abstract: The suspension of major sporting competitions due to the global COVID-19 pandemic had a substantial negative impact on the sporting industry. As such, a successful and sustainable return to sport will require extensive modifications to the current operations of sporting organizations. In this article we argue that methods from the realm of sociotechnical systems (STS) theory are highly suited for this purpose. The aim of the study was to use such methods to develop a model of an Australian Football League (AFL) club’s football department. The intention was to identify potential modifications to the club’s operations to support a return to competition following the COVID-19 crisis. Subject Matter Experts from an AFL club participated in three online workshops to develop Work Domain Analysis and Social Organization and Cooperation Analysis models. The results demonstrated the inherent complexity of an AFL football department via numerous interacting values, functions and processes influencing the goals of the system. Conflicts within the system were captured via the modeling and included pursing goals that may not fully reflect the state of the system, a lack of formal assessment of core values, overlapping functions and objects, and an overemphasis on specialized roles. The current analysis has highlighted potential areas for modification in the football department, and sports performance departments in general.
Using cognitive work analysis to identify competencies for human factors and ergonomics practitioners
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-08-2021
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1955979
Abstract: While several competency frameworks have been proposed for Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) practitioners, these are not commonly based on structured analyses. The aim of this research was to develop a sociotechnical systems model of the HFE practitioner role in Australia and identify the competencies required to fulfil the role. Study One applied the Work Domain Analysis phase of cognitive work analysis (CWA) to model the HFE practitioner role. Model refinement was undertaken with seven subject matter experts. In Study Two, the model was used to elicit the competencies (knowledge, skills, abilities, other characteristics) required for successful performance, via a survey of 28 HFE practitioners. Most competencies related to skills (i.e. communication skills) and knowledge (i.e. domain knowledge). Gaps in competencies were also identified, linked to a lack of HFE education pathways in Australia. The findings have practical utility for designing HFE practitioner roles and educational programs.
Understanding the effects of compromise and misuse of personal details on older people
Publisher: Australian Journal of Information Systems
Date: 06-2020
Abstract: This post publication review discusses the article by Watson, Lacey, Kerr, Salmon, and Goode (2019). That article raises important considerations for older people when they interact online. It is a thorough review of the non-financial considerations related to cyber safety for older people in Australia. The authors raise a few issues to consider for future research, but of course like everyone else in the world, they could not foresee the COVID-19 pandemic.
A structured approach to the strategies analysis phase of cognitive work analysis
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2013
Using systems thinking-based risk assessment methods to assess hazardous manual tasks: a comparison of Net-HARMS, EAST-BL, FRAM and STPA.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-08-2022
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2105959
Abstract: Formal risk assessment is a component of safety management relating to hazardous manual tasks (HMT). Systems thinking approaches are currently gaining interest for supporting safety management. Existing HMT risk assessment methods have been found to be limited in their ability to identify risks across the whole work system however, systems thinking-based risk assessment (STBRA) methods were not designed for the HMT context and have not been tested in this area. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of four state-of-the-art STBRA methods: Net-HARMS, EAST-BL, FRAM and STPA to determine which would be most useful for identifying HMT risks. Each method was independently applied by one of four analysts to assess the risks associated with a hypothetical HMT system. The outcomes were assessed for alignment with a benchmark analysis. Using signal detection theory (SDT), overall STPA was found to be the best performing method having the highest hit rate, second lowest false alarm rate and highest Matthews Correlation Coefficient of the four methods.
Knowing me knowing you: Key players and their interactions within the young driver road safety system
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2016
Distraction 'on the buses': A novel framework of ergonomics methods for identifying sources and effects of bus driver distraction
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2010.07.007
Abstract: Driver distraction represents a significant problem in the public transport sector. Various methods exist for investigating distraction however, the majority are difficult to apply within the context of naturalistic bus driving. This article investigates the nature of bus driver distraction at a major Australian public transport company, including the sources of distraction present, and their effects on driver performance, through the application of a novel framework of ergonomics methods. The framework represents a novel approach for assessing distraction in a real world context. The findings suggest that there are a number of sources of distraction that could potentially distract bus drivers while driving, including those that derive from the driving task itself, and those that derive from the additional requirements associated with bus operation, such as passenger and ticketing-related distractions. A taxonomy of the sources of bus driver distraction identified is presented, along with a discussion of proposed countermeasures designed to remove the sources identified or mitigate their effects on driver performance.
Systematic review of driving simulator validation studies
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2019
Hierarchical task analysis vs. cognitive work analysis: comparison of theory, methodology and contribution to system design
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2010
Sounding the warning bells: The need for a systems approach to understanding behaviour at rail level crossings
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2013.01.007
Abstract: Collisions at rail level crossings are an international safety concern and have been the subject of considerable research effort. Modern human factors practice advocates a systems approach to investigating safety issues in complex systems. This paper describes the results of a structured review of the level crossing literature to determine the extent to which a systems approach has been applied. The measures used to determine if previous research was underpinned by a systems approach were: the type of analysis method utilised, the number of component relationships considered, the number of user groups considered, the number of system levels considered and the type of model described in the research. None of research reviewed was found to be consistent with a systems approach. It is recommended that further research utilise a systems approach to the study of the level crossing system to enable the identification of effective design improvements.
Applying systems ergonomics methods in sport: A systematic review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2018.03.019
Abstract: As sports systems become increasingly more complex, competitive, and technology-centric, there is a greater need for systems ergonomics methods to consider the performance, health, and safety of athletes in context with the wider settings in which they operate. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to identify and critically evaluate studies which have applied a systems ergonomics research approach in the context of sports performance and injury management. Five databases (PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus) were searched for the dates 01 January 1990 to 01 August 2017, inclusive, for original peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers. Reported analyses were underpinned by a recognised systems ergonomics method, and study aims were related to the optimisation of sports performance (e.g. communication, playing style, technique, tactics, or equipment), and/or the management of sports injury (i.e. identification, prevention, or treatment). A total of seven articles were identified. Two articles were focussed on understanding and optimising sports performance, whereas five examined sports injury management. The methods used were the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork, Cognitive Work Analysis (the Work Domain Analysis Abstraction Hierarchy), Rasmussen's Risk Management Framework, and the Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Processes method. The in idual sport application was distance running, whereas the team sports contexts examined were cycling, football, Australian Football League, and rugby union. The included systems ergonomics applications were highly flexible, covering both amateur and elite sports contexts. The studies were rated as valuable, providing descriptions of injury controls and causation, the factors influencing injury management, the allocation of responsibilities for injury prevention, as well as the factors and their interactions underpinning sports performance. Implications and future directions for research are described.
SOX3 promotes generation of committed spermatogonia in postnatal mouse testes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-04-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-63290-3
Abstract: SOX3 is a transcription factor expressed within the developing and adult nervous system where it mostly functions to help maintain neural precursors. Sox3 is also expressed in other locations, notably within the spermatogonial stem rogenitor cell population in postnatal testis. Independent studies have shown that Sox3 null mice exhibit a spermatogenic block as young adults, the mechanism of which remains poorly understood. Using a panel of spermatogonial cell marker genes, we demonstrate that Sox3 is expressed within the committed progenitor fraction of the undifferentiated spermatogonial pool. Additionally, we use a Sox3 null mouse model to define a potential role for this factor in progenitor cell function. We demonstrate that Sox3 expression is required for transition of undifferentiated cells from a GFRα1+ self-renewing state to the NGN3 + transit- lifying compartment. Critically, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that SOX3 binds to a highly conserved region in the Ngn3 promoter region in vivo , indicating that Ngn3 is a direct target of SOX3. Together these studies indicate that SOX3 functions as a pro-commitment factor in spermatogonial stem rogenitor cells.
Testing the reliability of accident analysis methods: a comparison of AcciMap, STAMP-CAST and AcciNet
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 15-06-2823
Planes, trains and automobiles: Contemporary ergonomics research in transportation safety
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2011
A systems thinking perspective on the barriers to treatment access for people with eating disorders.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 17-12-2020
DOI: 10.1002/EAT.23214
Abstract: Treatment access remains low for people with eating disorders. In addressing the complexity inherent in this challenge, this article introduces systems thinking and argues that it could provide new insights. Systems thinking views behavior as an emergent property of a system and considers the relationships between technical, organizational, and social components. Several methods used in safety science incorporate this thinking. For ex le, AcciMap draws focus to the influence of decisions and actions made across hierarchical levels of a system, including those by government, regulatory bodies, management, services, and in iduals. By examining the findings of the existing literature on barriers to eating disorder treatment access according to these levels, it is evident that most identified barriers relate to in iduals and that further research is needed to consider the influence of high-level stakeholders. Research using systems thinking should consider the causal networks of influence from government, regulatory, and organizational decisions and actions through to outcomes for clinicians and in iduals. The understanding of how barriers operate within specific healthcare systems also warrants investigation. Systems thinking is yet to be formally applied in the area of eating disorders and thus represents an opportunity to inform the development and implementation of more effective, system wide interventions.
Applying ecological interface design principles to the design of rural highway-rail grade crossing infrastructure
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2017
Abstract: Countries such as Australia and USA have many rail level crossings (a.k.a. highway-rail grade crossings) with limited protection (e.g., static signs only or flashing lights but no physical barriers). Lower cost design solutions are required as upgrading crossings using current infrastructure treatments is cost-prohibitive. Here we applied Ecological Interface Design (EID) principles to develop a novel rail level crossing design for high-speed rural roads, and then evaluated the design via two driving simulator studies. Experiment 1 provided an initial concept evaluation of the crossing, then Experiment 2 evaluated the crossing in safetycritical situations, including when a distractor was present and when crossing infrastructure was damaged through vandalism. Driving performance, subjective workload, and usability were compared against existing rural crossing designs. Findings suggest the EID crossing provides a feasible alternative to existing designs, with the potential to encourage safer decision-making by road users and thus reduce collisions.
Situation awareness in young novice ambulance drivers: So much more than driving
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
New laws, road wars, courtesy and animosity: Cycling safety in Queensland newspapers
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
Back to the future: What do accident causation models tell us about accident prediction?
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
Situation Awareness in multi-agency emergency response: Models, methods and applications
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
Simulating the behaviour of complex systems: computational modelling in ergonomics
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 28-07-0031
To stop or not to stop: Contrasting compliant and non-compliant driver behaviour at rural rail level crossings
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2017
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2017.09.004
Abstract: Many rail level crossings (RLXs) have only passive protection, such as static signs instructing road users to stop, yield, or look for trains. Stop signs have been suggested as a low-cost option to improve safety at passive RLXs, as requiring drivers to stop should encourage safe behaviour. However, field observations have noted high rates of non-compliance at stop-controlled RLXs. To explore this further, we conducted an on-road study to identify factors that influence compliance at stop-controlled RLXs. Twenty-two drivers drove a 30.5km route in rural Australia, encompassing three stop-controlled RLXs. In over half of all cases (59%) drivers stopped completely at the RLX on 27% of crossings drivers executed a rolling stop, and on 14% of crossings drivers violated the stop controls. Rolling stops were defined as a continuous deceleration to 10km/h. Behavioural patterns, including visual checks and decision-making, were similar when comparing drivers who made complete versus rolling stops. Non-compliant drivers did not differ from compliant drivers in approach speeds, but spent less time visually checking for trains. Post-drive interviews revealed some drivers wilfully disregarded the stop sign, whereas others did not notice the stop sign. Those who intentionally violated noted trains were infrequent and suggested sight distance was good enough (even though all crossings had been formally assessed as having inadequate sight distance). Overall the results suggest most drivers exhibit safe behaviour at passive RLXs, but a notable minority disregard or fail to notice signs. Potential avenues for redesigning passive RLXs to improve safety are discussed.
A systems approach to performance analysis in women's netball: Using work domain analysis to model elite netball performance
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 06-02-2019
Editorial New paradigms in ergonomics
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 04-11-2016
The Binary-Based Model (BBM) for Improved Human Factors Method Selection
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 18-06-2020
Abstract: This paper presents the Binary-Based Model (BBM), a new approach to Human Factors (HF) method selection. The BBM helps practitioners select the most appropriate HF methodology in relation to the complexity within the target system. There are over 200 HF methods available to the practitioner and little guidance to help choose between them. The BBM defines a HF “problem space” comprising three complexity attributes. HF problems can be rated against these attributes and located in the “problem space.” In addition, a similar HF “approach space” in which 66 predictive methods are rated according to their ability to confront those attributes is defined. These spaces are combined into a “utility space” in which problems and methods coexist. In the utility space, the match between HF problems and methods can be formally assessed. The method space is split into octants to establish broad groupings of methods distributed throughout the space. About 77% of the methods reside in Octant 1 which corresponds to problems with low levels of complexity. This demonstrates that most HF methods are suited to problems in low-complexity systems. The location of 77% of the rated methods in Octant 1 indicates that HF practitioners are underserved with methods for analysis of HF problems exhibiting high complexity. The BBM can be used by multidisciplinary teams to select the most appropriate HF methodology for the problem under analysis. All the materials and analysis are placed in the public domain for modification and consensus building by the wider HF community.
Defining the attributes for specific playing positions in football match-play: A complex systems approach
Publisher: Routledge
Date: 30-03-2023
Changing drivers' minds: the evaluation of an advanced driver coaching system
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-2007
DOI: 10.1080/00140130701322592
Abstract: This paper reports on the study of an advanced driver coaching system. The study distinguishes between different types of post-licensure programmes in order to explore a system based on a model of identifying and responding to hazards, called 'information, position, speed, gear and acceleration' (IPSGA). Previous literature has been sceptical about the benefits of advanced driver education thus, the current study was designed to control for the effects of coaching drivers in the 'IPSGA' system (the treatment group) against the effects of being accompanied (control group 1), as well as the mere effects of time (control group 2). Measures were taken before the driver coaching began (as a baseline measure) and again after 8 weeks (to see if any changes had occurred). These measures included driver knowledge via a post-drive interview, observations of driving skill and driver attitude using a locus of control scale. The results suggest that advanced driver coaching using the IPSGA system had a beneficial effect on all of these measures. Drivers in the coaching condition improved their situation awareness, driving skills and reduced attributions of external locus of control. The study lends support to the case for one-to-one in idualized driver coaching using a systematic model of driving.
Using an integrated methods approach to analyse the emergent properties of military command and control
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2008.05.003
Abstract: This paper applies the event analysis for systemic teamwork (EAST) method to an ex le of military command and control. EAST offers a way to describe system level emergent properties that arise from the complex interactions of system components (human and technical). These are described using an integrated methods approach and modelled using Task, Social and Propositional networks. The current article is ided into three parts: a brief description of the military command and control context, a brief description of the EAST method, and a more in depth presentation of the analysis outcomes. The emergent properties of the military scenario relate to the degree of system reconfigurability, systems level situational awareness and the role of mediating technology. The findings are compared with similar analyses undertaken in civilian domains, in which the latest developments in command and control, under the aegis of Network Enabled Capability (NEC), are already in place.
The Communication and Passing Contributions of Playing Positions in a Professional Soccer Team
Publisher: Termedia Sp. z.o.o.
Date: 30-01-2021
Abstract: Determining the connectivity of team members in sport provides important information on team functioning. In soccer, teams that are highly connected via passing have been shown to be more successful compared to teams less connected via passing. In addition to passing connectivity, players are connected with each other via intra-team communication (ITC) through verbal instruction, and nonverbal cues. Despite ITC being a known component of effective teamwork to enhance strategy, efficiency, motivation and concentration, ITC of in idual playing positions has not previously been measured during soccer games, nor has it been associated with passing connections in a performance context. In this study, the received ITC that was perceived to be beneficial to performance during 22 competitive professional soccer matches was measured, in conjunction with the passing connections between team members. In total, 526 ITC ratings were collected and analysed, and a total of 7,693 passes were analysed. From the ITC and passing measures, a player connectivity index (PCI) representing the coupling of ITC and passing, was developed to determine the overall connectivity of the in idual playing positions. Social network analysis (SNA) centrality metrics were used to determine the connectivity of the playing positions. There were significant (p .05) main effects between playing positions for beneficial ITC, passing, and the PCI for centrality metrics, indicating that different playing positions interact with other team members differently. Pairwise comparisons indicated significant differences between in idual playing positions for ITC, passing and the PCI. The two central defenders and the two central defensive midfielders had the highest mean values for ITC, passing, and the PCI compared to the other playing positions. The current findings suggest that central defenders and central defensive midfielders are positioned tactically to be highly involved in the build-up of passing moves, and to deliver beneficial task related information to team members. These findings have implications for performance analysis, coaches, and for talent identification.
Beyond the Crossing: A Cognitive Work Analysis of Rail Level Crossing Systems
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
Is it really better to share? Distributed situation awareness and its implications for collaborative system design
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2010
Who is to blame for crashes involving autonomous vehicles? Exploring blame attribution across the road transport system
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-04-2020
Compatible cognition amongst road users: The compatibility of driver, motorcyclist, and cyclist situation awareness
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2013
Bad behaviour or societal failure? Perceptions of the factors contributing to drivers' engagement in the fatal five driving behaviours
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2018.08.008
Abstract: The so-called 'fatal five' behaviours (drink and drug driving, distraction and inattention, speeding, fatigue, and failure to wear a seat belt) are known to be the major behavioural contributory factors to road trauma. However, little is known about the factors that lead to drivers engaging in each behaviour. This article presents the findings from a study which collected and analysed data on the factors that lead to drivers engaging in each behaviour. The study involved a survey of drivers' perceptions of the causes of each behaviour and a subject matter expert workshop to gain the views of road safety experts. The results were mapped onto a systems ergonomics model of the road transport system in Queensland, Australia, to show where in the system the factors reside. In addition to well-known factors relating to drivers' knowledge, experience and personality, additional factors at the higher levels of the road transport system related to road safety policy, transport system design, road rules and regulations, and societal issues were identified. It is concluded that the fatal five behaviours have a web of interacting contributory factors underpinning them and are systems problems rather than driver-centric problems. The implications for road safety interventions are discussed.
An evaluation of the Community Disaster Resilience Scorecard Toolkit by small, high-risk communities on the Sunshine Coast
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-06-2016
Decisions, Decisions … and Even More Decisions: Evaluation of a Digitized Mission Support System in the Land Warfare Domain
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-03-2010
Using the Decision-Ladder to Add a Formative Element to Naturalistic Decision-Making Research
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-03-2010
Reprint of Safe places for pedestrians: Using cognitive work analysis to consider the relationships between the engineering and urban design of footpaths
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2014.10.011
Abstract: Footpaths provide an integral component of our urban environments and have the potential to act as safe places for people and the focus for community life. Despite this, the approach to designing footpaths that are safe while providing this sense of place often occurs in silos. There is often very little consideration given to how designing for sense of place impacts safety and vice versa. The aim of this study was to use a systems analysis and design framework to develop a design template for an 'ideal' footpath system that embodies both safety and sense of place. This was achieved through using the first phase of the Cognitive Work Analysis framework, Work Domain Analysis, to specify a model of footpaths as safe places for pedestrians. This model was subsequently used to assess two existing footpath environments to determine the extent to which they meet the design requirements specified. The findings show instances where the existing footpaths both meet and fail to meet the design requirements specified. Through utilising a systems approach for footpaths, this paper has provided a novel design template that can inform new footpath design efforts or be used to evaluate the extent to which existing footpaths achieve their safety and sense of place requirements.
Complexity on the rails: A systems-based approach to understanding safety management in rail transport
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2019
Managing error on the open road: The contribution of human error models and methods
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2010
Safe places for pedestrians: Using cognitive work analysis to consider the relationships between the engineering and urban design of footpaths
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2014.07.007
Abstract: Footpaths provide an integral component of our urban environments and have the potential to act as safe places for people and the focus for community life. Despite this, the approach to designing footpaths that are safe while providing this sense of place often occurs in silos. There is often very little consideration given to how designing for sense of place impacts safety and vice versa. The aim of this study was to use a systems analysis and design framework to develop a design template for an 'ideal' footpath system that embodies both safety and sense of place. This was achieved through using the first phase of the Cognitive Work Analysis framework, Work Domain Analysis, to specify a model of footpaths as safe places for pedestrians. This model was subsequently used to assess two existing footpath environments to determine the extent to which they meet the design requirements specified. The findings show instances where the existing footpaths both meet and fail to meet the design requirements specified. Through utilising a systems approach for footpaths, this paper has provided a novel design template that can inform new footpath design efforts or be used to evaluate the extent to which existing footpaths achieve their safety and sense of place requirements.
Challenges of translating Rasmussen’s Accimap into a usable, sustainable, and useful incident reporting system: end-user attitudes following 12-month implementation
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-09-2019
Leading with style: a literature review of the influence of safety leadership on performance and outcomes
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-03-2016
Simply Complex: Are LED Outdoor Activities Complex Sociotechnical Systems?
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 10-07-2016
Computational modelling and systems ergonomics: a system dynamics model of drink driving-related trauma prevention
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-04-2020
Applying the prompt questions from the Cognitive Work Analysis Design Toolkit: a demonstration in rail level crossing design
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-03-2016
What the Death Star can tell us about ergonomics methods
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-03-2016
The Application of a Systems Thinking Design Toolkit to Improve Situation Awareness and Safety at Road Intersections
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
Using Cognitive Work Analysis to Inform Agent-Based Modelling of Automated Driving
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 2020
Variability in decision-making and critical cue use by different road users at rail level crossings
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-11-2016
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1095356
Abstract: Collisions at rail level crossings (RLXs) are typically high-severity and high-cost, often involving serious injuries, fatalities and major disruptions to the transport network. Most research examining behaviour at RLXs has focused exclusively on drivers and consequently there is little knowledge on how other road users make decisions at RLXs. We collected drivers', motorcyclists', bicyclists' and pedestrians' self-reported daily experiences at RLXs for two weeks, focusing on behaviour, decision-making and information use in the presence of a train and/or activated RLX signals. Both information use and behaviour differed between road users. Visual information (e.g. flashing lights) was more influential for motorists, whereas pedestrians and cyclists relied more on auditory information (e.g. bells). Pedestrians were also more likely to violate active RLX warnings and/or cross before an approaching train. These results emphasise the importance of adopting holistic RLX design approaches that support cognition and behaviour across for all road users. Practitioner Summary: This study explores how information use and decision-making at rail level crossings (RLXs) differ between road user groups, using a two-week self-report study. Most users make safe decisions, but pedestrians are most likely to violate RLX warnings. Information use (visual vs. auditory) also differs substantially between road user groups.
Investigating work-related musculoskeletal disorders: Strengths and weaknesses of current practices in large Australian organisations
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2019
Towards a complex systems approach in sports injury research: simulating running-related injury development with agent-based modelling
Publisher: BMJ
Date: 18-06-2018
DOI: 10.1136/BJSPORTS-2017-098871
Abstract: There have been recent calls for the application of the complex systems approach in sports injury research. However, beyond theoretical description and static models of complexity, little progress has been made towards formalising this approach in way that is practical to sports injury scientists and clinicians. Therefore, our objective was to use a computational modelling method and develop a dynamic simulation in sports injury research. Agent-based modelling (ABM) was used to model the occurrence of sports injury in a synthetic athlete population. The ABM was developed based on sports injury causal frameworks and was applied in the context of distance running-related injury (RRI). Using the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR), we simulated the dynamic relationship between changes in weekly running distance and RRI through the manipulation of various ‘athlete management tools’. The findings confirmed that building weekly running distances over time, even within the reported ACWR ‘sweet spot’, will eventually result in RRI as athletes reach and surpass their in idual physical workload limits. Introducing training-related error into the simulation and the modelling of a ‘hard ceiling’ dynamic resulted in a higher RRI incidence proportion across the population at higher absolute workloads. The presented simulation offers a practical starting point to further apply more sophisticated computational models that can account for the complex nature of sports injury aetiology. Alongside traditional forms of scientific inquiry, the use of ABM and other simulation-based techniques could be considered as a complementary and alternative methodological approach in sports injury research.
The impact of texting on driver behaviour at rail level crossings
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2018.05.002
Abstract: A driver text messaging in the vicinity of a rail level crossing represents the merging of a high-risk, high-workload driving environment with a highly distracting secondary task. In this simulator study, we examined how texting impacts driver behaviour on approach to actively controlled urban rail level crossings. Twenty-eight participants drove a series of simulated urban routes containing rail level crossings, while sending text messages and while driving without performing a secondary task. At half of the crossings, drivers were required to respond to the crossing warnings as a train approached. Results revealed that texting on approach to rail level crossings had a detrimental impact on a range of driver behaviour measures. Specifically, texting more than doubled the amount of time spent with eyes off the forward roadway, resulting in drivers spending more than half of their approach time to rail level crossings looking away from the road. This lack of visual attention to the roadway was associated with a range of decrements in driving that may be indicative of a loss of situation awareness, including increased brake reaction time to the crossing warnings and a reduction in lateral position control. The findings have safety implications, not only for urban level crossings, but also for passive level crossings where no warnings are present to re-orient the distracted driver's attention toward an approaching train.
Improvisation: theory, measures and known influencing factors
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2013
The risks associated with Artificial General Intelligence: A systematic review
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-08-2021
A Synthesis of Sociotechnical Principles for System Design
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Date: 04-06-2019
Moving beyond the organizational ceiling: Do construction accident investigations align with systems thinking?
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-12-190728635
DOI: 10.1002/HFM.20749
Who is responsible for construction safety in Australia? A STAMP analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2020
Methodological issues in systems Human Factors and Ergonomics: Perspectives on the research–practice gap, reliability and validity, and prediction
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-10-2020
DOI: 10.1002/HFM.20873
Abstract: The changing nature of work and society, and a proliferation of complex global challenges, is increasing the need for systems Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE). The discipline is well equipped to respond, but there remain a number of longstanding issues preventing systems HFE from realizing its full impact. There is a research–practice gap, a lack of reliability and validity evidence associated with systems HFE methods, and a shortage of methods that can predict behavior. In this article we revisit each issue, with each co‐author providing their own perspective on the extent and causes of each issue, and their resolution. The perspectives reveal a consensus that the issues exist and are problematic but are challenging, multi‐factorial, and require various solutions. The findings are subsequently synthesized to form an agenda for the wider discipline.
Managing the risks of artificial general intelligence: A human factors and ergonomics perspective
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-05-2023
DOI: 10.1002/HFM.20996
Abstract: Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is the next and forthcoming evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Though there could be significant benefits to society, there are also concerns that AGI could pose an existential threat. The critical role of Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) in the design of safe, ethical, and usable AGI has been emphasized however, there is little evidence to suggest that HFE is currently influencing development programs. Further, given the broad spectrum of HFE application areas, it is not clear what activities are required to fulfill this role. This article presents the perspectives of 10 researchers working in AI safety on the potential risks associated with AGI, the HFE concepts that require consideration during AGI design, and the activities required for HFE to fulfill its critical role in what could be humanity's final invention. Though a erse set of perspectives is presented, there is broad agreement that AGI potentially poses an existential threat, and that many HFE concepts should be considered during AGI design and operation. A range of critical activities are proposed, including collaboration with AGI developers, dissemination of HFE work in other relevant disciplines, the embedment of HFE throughout the AGI lifecycle, and the application of systems HFE methods to help identify and manage risks.
Genotype and phenotype schemata and their role in distributed situation awareness in collaborative systems
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2009
Impromaps: Applying Rasmussen’s Risk Management Framework to improvisation incidents
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2014
All in a day's work: Towards improved understanding of safety leadership during regular safety‐related tasks in mining
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-10-2020
DOI: 10.1002/HFM.20876
If you can't beat them, join them: Using road transport methods to communicate ergonomics methods' outcomes to aid road design
Publisher: CRC Press
Date: 19-09-2016
A review of sociotechnical systems theory: a classic concept for new command and control paradigms
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2008
Is situation awareness all in the mind?
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2010
Distributed improvisation: a systems perspective of improvisation ‘epics’ by led outdoor activity leaders
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-07-0003
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1355071
Abstract: Improvisation represents the spontaneous and real-time conception and execution of a novel response to an unanticipated situation. In order to benefit from the positive safety potential of this phenomenon, it is necessary to understand what influences its appropriateness and effectiveness. This study has applied the system-based methodology Impromaps to analysing accounts of improvisation aimed at mitigating adverse safety outcomes. These accounts were obtained from led outdoor activity (LOA) leaders through critical decision method interviews. Influencing factors and interactions have been identified across all system levels. The factors most influential to leaders' ability to improvise are 'Policy, procedures and rules', 'Organisation culture', 'Training', 'Role responsibilities', 'Communication/instruction/demonstration', 'Situation awareness', 'Leader experience', 'Mental simulation', 'Equipment, clothing & PPE' and 'Terrain hysical environment'. To enhance the likelihood of effective, appropriate improvisation, LOA providers are recommended to focus on higher level factors over which they are able to exert greater control. Practitioner Summary: To enhance resilience in safety-critical situations, organisations need to understand what influences appropriate, effective improvisation. To elucidate this, the Impromaps methodology is applied to in-depth interview data. The Impromap affords a graphical depiction of the influencing factors and interactions across the system, providing a basis for the development of interventions.
All Responsibility, no Care: A Systems Analysis Case Study of Beach Driving Stakeholders in Australia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
The scope for adaptive capacity in emergency departments: modelling performance constraints using control task analysis and social organisational cooperation analysis
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-10-2021
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1992004
Abstract: Patient flow between the emergency department (ED) and hospital wards becomes problematic when bed availability is limited. To better understand the constraints that shape patient flow and everyday work in the ED, we applied Control Task Analysis (i.e. Contextual Activities Template, CAT) and Social Organisational Cooperation Analysis (SOCA) phases from the Cognitive Work Analysis framework to identify ways in which to optimise patient flow. The model and analysis were created through observations in the ED of clinicians (e.g. nurses, doctors), and professional staff (e.g. ward personnel, clerks). The CAT and SOCA-CAT models illustrate workspaces, patient journey phases, and patient volume within the department that are heavily loaded with tasks and human and non-human agents performing these tasks, while others are underutilised. The findings suggest that an ED's adaptive capacity could be strengthened through the integration of additional human and non-human agents allowing the redistribution of clinical and non-clinical tasks.
Actualising a Safe Transport System through a Human Factors Systems Approach
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2013
Using SHERPA to predict design-induced error on the flight deck
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2005
Measuring Situation Awareness in complex systems: Comparison of measures study
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2009
Development of a Systems-Based Human Factors Design Approach for Road Safety Applications
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2013
Walking the talk: Comparing pedestrian ‘activity as imagined’ with ‘activity as done’
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2018.01.016
Abstract: The safety of vulnerable road users, including pedestrians, is an important issue worldwide. In line with the shift towards systems thinking in transport safety, the aim of this study was to compare the normal performance of pedestrians as they navigate the road system with that imagined by road system managers to gain insights into how safety management can be improved for this vulnerable road user group. The Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork framework was used to compare pedestrian activity 'as imagined' and 'as done' at signalised road intersections and railway level crossings. Data regarding 'activity as imagined' was derived from documentation review, and data on 'activity as done' was derived from a semi-naturalistic study of ten participants. It is concluded that in both environments pedestrians exhibited more ersity and variability than anticipated by system managers. Insights for improving the design of the road environment for pedestrians are provided. Further, it is argued that wider changes to the processes used in the design and management of road systems are needed.
Is it really good to talk? Testing the impact of providing concurrent verbal protocols on driving performance
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-08-2016
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2016.1214752
Abstract: Questions have been raised regarding the impact that providing concurrent verbal protocols has on task performance in various settings however, there has been little empirical testing of this in road transport. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of providing concurrent verbal protocols on driving performance. Participants drove an instrumented vehicle around a set route, twice whilst providing a concurrent verbal protocol, and twice without. A comparison revealed no differences in behaviour related to speed, braking and steering wheel angle when driving mid-block, but a significant difference in aspects of braking and acceleration at roundabouts. When not providing a verbal protocol, participants were found to brake harder on approach to a roundabout and accelerate more heavily coming out of roundabouts. It is concluded that providing verbal protocols may have a positive effect on braking and accelerating. Practical implications related to driver training and future research are discussed. Practitioner Summary: Verbal protocol analysis is used by ergonomists to understand aspects of cognition and decision-making during complex tasks such as driving and control room operation. This study examines the impact that it has on driving performance, providing evidence to support its continued use in ergonomics applications.
Road-related anger in motorcyclists versus car drivers
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
What factors influence risk at rail level crossings? A systematic review and synthesis of findings using systems thinking
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2021
From interfaces to infrastructure: extending ecological interface design to re-design rail level crossings
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2019
Safety leadership and systems thinking: application and evaluation of a Risk Management Framework in the mining industry
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-04-2017
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1308562
Abstract: Safety leadership is an important factor in supporting safety in high-risk industries. This article contends that applying systems-thinking methods to examine safety leadership can support improved learning from incidents. A case study analysis was undertaken of a large-scale mining landslide incident in which no injuries or fatalities were incurred. A multi-method approach was adopted, in which the Critical Decision Method, Rasmussen's Risk Management Framework and Accimap method were applied to examine the safety leadership decisions and actions which enabled the safe outcome. The approach enabled Rasmussen's predictions regarding safety and performance to be examined in the safety leadership context, with findings demonstrating the distribution of safety leadership across leader and system levels, and the presence of vertical integration as key to supporting the successful safety outcome. In doing so, the findings also demonstrate the usefulness of applying systems-thinking methods to examine and learn from incidents in terms of what 'went right'. The implications, including future research directions, are discussed. Practitioner Summary: This paper presents a case study analysis, in which systems-thinking methods are applied to the examination of safety leadership decisions and actions during a large-scale mining landslide incident. The findings establish safety leadership as a systems phenomenon, and furthermore, demonstrate the usefulness of applying systems-thinking methods to learn from incidents in terms of what 'went right'. Implications, including future research directions, are discussed.
Work domain analysis and intelligent transport systems: Implications for vehicle design
Publisher: Inderscience Publishers
Date: 2007
An integrated approach to near miss analysis combining AcciMap and Network Analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2020
A sociotechnical systems approach to understand complex urban systems: A global transdisciplinary perspective
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-05-2018
DOI: 10.1002/HFM.20742
Testing the validity of the Networked Hazard Analysis and Risk Management System (Net‐HARMS)
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-03-2023
DOI: 10.1002/HFM.20984
Abstract: Testing the validity of newly developed methods is a critical component of human factors and ergonomics (HFE) practice. The Networked Hazard Analysis and Risk Management System (Net‐HARMS) is a recently developed systems thinking‐based risk assessment method which supports the identification of task and emergent risks across overall work systems. This article reports on a validity study of the Net‐HARMS method in which outputs were compared to an expert analysis developed by the first two authors of this paper, with review by subject matter experts. The findings show that in idual participant performance was poor for both groups yet when both group's analyses were pooled, validity significantly improved. Further, a subject matter expert analysis of the false alarms identified by participants showed that they may in fact represent credible risks. It is concluded that the Net‐HARMS method achieved high levels of validity when participants analyses are pooled. The implications for risk assessment and the validity of HFE methods are discussed.
Identifying risk controls for future advanced brain-computer interfaces: A prospective risk assessment approach using work domain analysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2023
Testing the reliability and validity of risk assessment methods in Human Factors and Ergonomics
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-08-2021
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1962969
Abstract: There is growing interest in the use of systems-based risk assessment methods in Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE). The purpose of this study was to test the intra-rater reliability and criterion-referenced concurrent validity of three systems-based risk assessment approaches: (i) the Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) method (ii) the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork Broken Links (EAST-BL) method and, (iii) the Network Hazard Analysis and Risk Management System (Net-HARMS) method. Reliability and validity measures were obtained using the Signal Detection Theory (SDT) paradigm. Whilst STPA identified the highest number of risks, the findings indicate a weak to moderate level of reliability and validity for STPA, EAST-BL and Net-HARMS. There were no statistically significant differences between the methods across analyses. The results suggest that there is merit to the continued use of systems-based risk assessment methods following a series of methodological extensions that aim to enhance the reliability and validity of future applications.
What really is going on? Review of situation awareness models for individuals and teams
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-2008
An on-road network analysis-based approach to studying driver situation awareness at rail level crossings
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2012.09.012
Abstract: Crashes between cars and trains at rail level crossings are problematic worldwide. Despite this, key facets of driver behaviour at rail level crossings, such as situation awareness and decision making, remain ambiguous. This is largely down to the inability of existing methodologies to describe or evaluate the cognitive aspects of driver behaviour when negotiating rail level crossings. This paper showcases an on-road approach for examining driver situation awareness at rail level crossings. The study presented involved participants, classified either as novice or experienced drivers, providing concurrent verbal protocols as they drove a pre-determined urban route incorporating four rail level crossings. Driver situation awareness was modelled using a network analysis-based approach and the structure and content of the networks was assessed. The analysis revealed key differences between novice and experienced drivers situation awareness at rail level crossings. In closing, the benefits of the on-road approach are discussed and a series of wider driver behaviour applications are proposed.
Same but different? Understanding road user behaviour at intersections using cognitive work analysis
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2013
Awesome Foursome? The Compatibility of Driver, Cyclist, Motorcyclist, and Pedestrian Situation Awareness at Intersections
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Date: 2013
Human performance under two different command and control paradigms
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.APERGO.2013.09.011
Abstract: The paradoxical behaviour of a new command and control concept called Network Enabled Capability (NEC) provides the motivation for this paper. In it, a traditional hierarchical command and control organisation was pitted against a network centric alternative on a common task, played thirty times, by two teams. Multiple regression was used to undertake a simple form of time series analysis. It revealed that whilst the NEC condition ended up being slightly slower than its hierarchical counterpart, it was able to balance and optimise all three of the performance variables measured (task time, enemies neutralised and attrition). From this it is argued that a useful conceptual response is not to consider NEC as an end product comprised of networked computers and standard operating procedures, nor to regard the human system interaction as inherently stable, but rather to view it as a set of initial conditions from which the most adaptable component of all can be harnessed: the human.
At the cross-roads: An on-road examination of driving errors at intersections
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1016/J.AAP.2012.09.014
Abstract: A significant proportion of road trauma occurs at intersections. Understanding the nature of driving errors at intersections therefore has the potential to lead to significant injury reductions. To further understand how the complexity of modern intersections shapes behaviour of these errors are compared to errors made mid-block, and the role of wider systems failures in intersection error causation is investigated in an on-road study. Twenty-five participants drove a pre-determined urban route incorporating 25 intersections. Two in-vehicle observers recorded the errors made while a range of other data was collected, including driver verbal protocols, video, driver eye glance behaviour and vehicle data (e.g., speed, braking and lane position). Participants also completed a post-trial cognitive task analysis interview. Participants were found to make 39 specific error types, with speeding violations the most common. Participants made significantly more errors at intersections compared to mid-block, with misjudgement, action and perceptual/observation errors more commonly observed at intersections. Traffic signal configuration was found to play a key role in intersection error causation, with drivers making more errors at partially signalised compared to fully signalised intersections.
Closing Pandora's Box: adapting a systems ergonomics methodology for better understanding the ecological complexity underpinning the development and prevention of running-related injury
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 06-03-2017
A systemic approach to accident analysis: A case study of the Stockwell shooting
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1080/00140130903311625
Abstract: This paper uses a systemic approach to accident investigation, based upon AcciMaps, to model the events leading up to the shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes at Stockwell Underground station in July 2005. The model captures many of the findings of the Independent Police Complaints Commission's report in a single representation, modelling their interdependencies and the causal flow. Furthermore, by taking a systemic approach, the analysis identifies further considerations related to the suitability of the Metropolitan Police Service's organisational structure to support rapid-paced operations, where reliable identification of a suspect is not possible. Based upon the analysis, the paper questions the ision of functions between teams and the suitability of an organisational structure that relies upon the complex flow of information between separate teams for surveillance and for controlling the suspect. A dynamic organisational structure is proposed that changes in response to operation type and unfolding events. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: This paper provides much needed and called for validation for a systemic approach to accident analysis. A widely reported case study is used to illustrate the process. The paper shows how such an approach can consolidate the key findings of much larger reports as well as draw out additional recommendations.
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