ORCID Profile
0000-0002-5288-2485
Current Organisation
Macquarie University
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Cognitive Science | Psychology | Learning, Memory, Cognition And Language | Linguistic Processes (incl. Speech Production and Comprehension) | Cognitive Science not elsewhere classified | Psychology and Cognitive Sciences not elsewhere classified
Behavioural and cognitive sciences | Expanding Knowledge in Psychology and Cognitive Sciences |
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-2008
DOI: 10.3758/MC.36.7.1324
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-1985
DOI: 10.3758/BF03198328
Abstract: We previously reported that adenosine, acting at adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)R), inhibits osteoclast (OC) differentiation in vitro (A(2A)R activation OC formation reduces by half) and in vivo. For a better understanding how adenosine A(2A)R stimulation regulates OC differentiation, we dissected the signalling pathways involved in A(2A)R signalling. OC differentiation was studied as TRAP+ multinucleated cells following M-CSF/RANKL stimulation of either primary murine bone marrow cells or the murine macrophage line, RAW264.7, in presence/absence of the A(2A)R agonist CGS21680, the A(2A)R antagonist ZM241385, PKA activators (8-Cl-cAMP 100 nM, 6-Bnz-cAMP) and the PKA inhibitor (PKI). cAMP was quantitated by EIA and PKA activity assays were carried out. Signalling events were studied in PKA knockdown (lentiviral shRNA for PKA) RAW264.7 cells (scrambled shRNA as control). OC marker expression was studied by RT-PCR. A(2A)R stimulation increased cAMP and PKA activity which and were reversed by addition of ZM241385. The direct PKA stimuli 8-Cl-cAMP and 6-Bnz-cAMP inhibited OC maturation whereas PKI increased OC differentiation. A(2A)R stimulation inhibited p50 105 NFκB nuclear translocation in control but not in PKA KO cells. A(2A)R stimulation activated ERK1/2 by a PKA-dependent mechanism, an effect reversed by ZM241385, but not p38 and JNK activation. A(2A)R stimulation inhibited OC expression of differentiation markers by a PKA-mechanism. A(2A)R activation inhibits OC differentiation and regulates bone turnover via PKA-dependent inhibition of NFκB nuclear translocation, suggesting a mechanism by which adenosine could target bone destruction in inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-04-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-1989
DOI: 10.3758/BF03197079
Abstract: The goal of the present study was to investigate the locus of the memory advantage for words that are generated according to a nonsemantic rule (letter transposition) over words that are presented intact (read words). In the first two experiments, a category instance generation task was used to test the possibility that the semantic features of generated words are more readily available than those of read words. This possibility was not supported. In Experiment 3, generation effects were found to depend on the level of meaningfulness of words in recall, but not in recognition. In Experiment 4, a between-list design eliminated the generation effect found in recall, but did not affect the generation effect in recognition. Taken together, these findings suggest that generating a target according to a letter transposition rule enhances the distinctiveness of the word along a nonsemantic dimension.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 23-02-2016
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 27-08-2021
Abstract: We investigated the “proximate unit” in Korean, that is, the initial phonological unit selected in speech production by Korean speakers. Previous studies have shown mixed evidence indicating either a phoneme-sized or a syllable-sized unit. We conducted two experiments in which participants named pictures while ignoring superimposed non-words. In English, for this task, when the picture (e.g., dog) and distractor phonology (e.g., dark) initially overlap, typically the picture target is named faster. We used a range of conditions (in Korean) varying from onset overlap to syllabic overlap, and the results indicated an important role for the syllable, but not the phoneme. We suggest that the basic unit used in phonological encoding in Korean is different from Germanic languages such as English and Dutch and also from Japanese and possibly also Chinese. Models dealing with the architecture of language production can use these results when providing a framework suitable for all languages in the world, including Korean.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-01-2021
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1080/17470210902957174
Abstract: In the same–different match task, masked priming is observed with the same responses but not different responses. Norris and Kinoshita's (2008) Bayesian reader account of masked priming explains this pattern based on the same principle as that explaining the absence of priming for nonwords in the lexical decision task. The pattern of priming follows from the way the model makes optimal decisions in the two tasks priming does not depend on first activating the prime and then the target. An alternative explanation is in terms of a bias towards responding “same” that exactly counters the facilitatory effect of lexical access. The present study tested these two views by varying both the degree to which the prime predicts the response and the visibility of the prime. Unmasked primes produced effects expected from the view that priming is influenced by the degree to which the prime predicts the response. In contrast, with masked primes, the size of priming for the same response was completely unaffected by predictability. These results rule out response bias as an explanation of the absence of masked priming for different responses and, in turn, indicate that masked priming is not a consequence of automatic lexical access of the prime.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-12-2018
DOI: 10.3758/S13421-017-0774-4
Abstract: In English, Dutch, and other European languages, it is well established that the fundamental phonological unit in word production is the phoneme in contrast, recent studies have shown that in Chinese it is the (atonal) syllable and in Japanese the mora. The present study investigated whether this cross-language variation in the size of the unit of word production is due to the type of script used in the language (i.e., alphabetic, morphosyllabic, or moraic). Capitalizing on the multiscriptal nature of Japanese, and using the Stroop color naming task, we show that the overlap in the initial mora between the color name and the written distractor facilitates color naming independent of script type. These results confirm the mora as the phonological unit of word production in Japanese, and establish the Stroop color naming task as a useful task for investigating the fundamental (or "proximate") phonological unit used in speech production.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2008
DOI: 10.1037/A0012799
Abstract: The authors argue that perception is Bayesian inference based on accumulation of noisy evidence and that, in masked priming, the perceptual system is tricked into treating the prime and the target as a single object. Of the 2 algorithms considered for formalizing how the evidence s led from a prime and target is combined, only 1 was shown to be consistent with the existing data from the visual word recognition literature. This algorithm was incorporated into the Bayesian Reader model (D. Norris, 2006), and its predictions were confirmed in 3 experiments. The experiments showed that the pattern of masked priming is not a fixed function of the relations between the prime and the target but can be changed radically by changing the task from lexical decision to a same-different judgment. Implications of the Bayesian framework of masked priming for unconscious cognition and visual masking are discussed.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2013
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 11-2019
DOI: 10.1037/XHP0000692
Abstract: The Japanese kana syllabary has 2 allographic forms, hiragana and katakana. As with other allographic variants like the uppercase and lowercase letters of the Roman alphabet, they show robust form-independent priming effects in the allograph match task (e.g., Kinoshita, Schubert, & Verdonschot, 2019), suggesting that they share abstract character-level representations. In direct contradiction, Perea, Nakayama, and Lupker (2017) argued that hiragana and katakana do not share character-level representations, based on their finding of reduced priming with identity prime containing a mix of hiragana and katakana (the mixed-kana prime) relative to the all-katakana identity prime in a lexical-decision task with loanword targets written in katakana. Here we sought to reconcile these seemingly contradictory claims, using mixed-kana, hiragana, and katakana primes in lexical decision. The mixed-kana prime and hiragana prime produced priming effects that are indistinguishable, and both were reduced in size relative to the priming effect produced by the katakana identity prime. Furthermore, this pattern was unchanged when the target was presented in hiragana. The findings are interpreted in terms of the assumption that the katakana format is specified in the orthographic representation of loanwords in Japanese readers. Implications of the account for the universality across writing systems is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-05-2007
DOI: 10.1080/13803390600760471
Abstract: Two experiments investigated the effect of instruction to simulate memory impairment on performance on a word stem completion task. In addition to the standard control group, a second control group ( ided-attention group) studied the target words concurrently with a digit-monitoring task. Experiment 1, using the indirect instruction, did not discriminate clearly between the groups. Experiment 2 used the opposition instruction in which participants were required to complete stems with words they had not seen earlier. It showed that simulators and controls withheld significantly more studied target items than did the ided-attention group. Increasing the number of study list presentations further increased the difference between the performance of the simulating and control groups and the ided-attention group. These results suggest that the opposition method may be useful in detecting feigned memory impairment.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 04-1992
DOI: 10.1080/14640749208401294
Abstract: In written Japanese, there are two types of scripts: logographic kanji and syllabic kana. Three experiments investigated effects of concurrent articulation on decisions about words that are normally written in kanji either presented in kanji or transcribed in kana. Concurrent articulation disrupted rhyme decisions and homophone decisions for the kanji condition more than for the kana-transcribed condition (Experiments 1 and 2) and did not disrupt lexical decisions in either the kanji condition or the kana-transcribed condition (Experiment 3). The results were interpreted as indicating that concurrent articulation does not disrupt the generation of assembled phonology in Japanese, consistent with findings using English materials.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 10-2023
DOI: 10.1037/XLM0001239
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2010
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 11-1987
DOI: 10.1080/14640748708401810
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to test Besner's (1983) claim that the lexical decision task involves a type of recognition mechanism that simply monitors the visual familiarity of the target without uniquely specifying the word. The experiments tested the combined effects of case alternation and decision type, and case alternation and word frequency in a lexical decision task and in a task requiring speeded decisions about the syntactic usage of target words. Contrary to Besner's proposal, case alternation did not affect word decisions more than nonword decisions in the lexical decision task. Further, the finding of additive effects of case alternation and word frequency in the two tasks was also at odds with the prediction derived from Besner's account. The discrepancy between the results obtained by Besner and the present lexical decision task was discussed in terms of different decision strategies, and it was suggested that under conditions of difficult word-nonword discrimination, the global visual familiarity of the target is not involved in making lexical decisions.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-1994
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-07-2014
DOI: 10.3758/S13421-014-0446-6
Abstract: The magnitude of the semantic priming effect is known to increase as the proportion of related prime-target pairs in an experiment increases. This relatedness proportion (RP) effect was studied in a lexical decision task at a short prime-target stimulus onset asynchrony (240 ms), which is widely assumed to preclude strategic prospective usage of the prime. The analysis of the reaction time (RT) distribution suggested that the observed RP effect reflected a modulation of a retrospective semantic matching process. The pattern of the RP effect on the RT distribution found here is contrasted to that reported in De Wit and Kinoshita's (2014) semantic categorization study, and it is concluded that the RP effect is driven by different underlying mechanisms in lexical decision and semantic categorization.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-03-2021
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 06-05-2016
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 10-07-2018
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1037/A0024230
Abstract: In reaction time research, there has been an increasing appreciation that response-initiation processes are sensitive to recent experience and, in particular, the difficulty of previous trials. From this perspective, the authors propose an explanation for a perplexing property of masked priming: Although primes are not consciously identified, facilitation of target processing by a related prime is magnified in a block containing a high proportion of related primes and a low proportion of unrelated primes relative to a block containing the opposite mix (Bodner & Masson, 2001). In the present study, this phenomenon is explored with a parity (even/odd) decision task in which a prime (e.g., 2) precedes a target that can be either congruent (e.g., 4) or incongruent (e.g., 3). It is shown that the effect of congruence proportion with masked primes cannot be explained in terms of the blockwise prime-target contingency. Specifically, with masked primes, there is no congruency disadvantage in a block containing a high proportion of incongruent primes, but there is a congruency advantage when the block contains an equal proportion of congruent and incongruent primes. In qualitative contrast, visible primes are sensitive to the blockwise prime-target contingency. The authors explain the relatedness proportion effect found with masked primes in terms of a model according to which response-initiation processes adapt to the statistical structure of the environment, specifically the difficulty of recent trials. This account is supported with an analysis at the level of in idual trials using the linear mixed effects model.
Publisher: No publisher found
Date: 2001
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.COGNITION.2007.11.011
Abstract: Masked repetition primes produce greater facilitation in naming in a block containing a high, rather than low proportion of repetition trials. [Bodner, G. E., & Masson, M. E. J. (2004). Beyond binary judgments: Prime-validity modulates masked repetition priming in the naming task. Memory & Cognition, 32, 1-11] suggested this phenomenon reflects a strategic shift in the use of masked prime as a function of its validity. We propose an alternative explanation based on the Adaptation to the statistics of the environment (ASE) framework, which suggests the proportion effect reflects adaptation of response-initiation processes to recent trial difficulty. Consistent with ASE's prediction, (1) stimuli that produce the proportion effect also produced an "asymmetric blocking effect", showing a smaller fall in response latencies of hard items than the rise of easy items when the two item types were intermixed relative to pure blocks comprised of only one item type, and (2) manipulation of prime validity was neither necessary nor sufficient to modulate the size of masked-priming effect.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 07-2012
DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.655749
Abstract: We investigated the interaction between morphological structure and transposed-letter priming using the same–different task with Hebrew, a Semitic language in which morphology has been shown to play a key role in visual word recognition. In contrast to the results observed with lexical decision (e.g., Velan & Frost, 2009, 2011), a transposed-letter priming effect was observed irrespective of the morphological structure of the words. We take these results to suggest that morphological decomposition occurs only in the service of lexical access. We discuss further a unique feature of written Arabic, another Semitic language, to explain the apparent conflict between our findings and those reported by Perea, Abu Mallouh, García-Orza, and Carreiras (2010).
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-12-2013
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 04-1985
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 03-05-2007
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2001
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-02-2015
DOI: 10.3758/S13423-015-0806-7
Abstract: A masked nonword prime generated by transposing adjacent inner letters in a word (e.g., jugde) facilitates the recognition of the target word (JUDGE) more than a prime in which the relevant letters are replaced by different letters (e.g., junpe). This transposed-letter (TL) priming effect has been widely interpreted as evidence that the coding of letter position is flexible, rather than precise. Although the TL priming effect has been extensively investigated in the domain of visual word recognition using the lexical decision task, very few studies have investigated this empirical phenomenon in reading aloud. In the present study, we investigated TL priming effects in reading aloud words and nonwords and found that these effects are of equal magnitude for the two types of items. We take this result as support for the view that the TL priming effect arises from noisy perception of letter order within the prime prior to the mapping of orthography to phonology.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2003
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 28-11-2002
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 1999
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 1989
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-1986
DOI: 10.1080/14640748608401603
Abstract: The involvement of stem storage and prefix stripping in the recognition of spoken and printed prefixed words was examined. In both an auditory and a visual lexical decision experiment, it was found that prefixed nonwords were more difficult to classify as nonwords than were non-prefixed nonwords. This difference was larger, though, when the “stem” of the nonword was a genuine stem in English (e.g., dejoice versus tejoice) than when it was not (e.g., dejouse versus tejouse). The results suggest that prefixed words are recognized via a representation of their stem after the prefix has been removed, and this is true regardless of the modality of presentation of the word. Implications are considered for the Cohort model of spoken word recognition.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-05-2018
DOI: 10.3758/S13421-018-0818-4
Abstract: The presence of abstract letter identity representations in the Roman alphabet has been well documented. These representations are invariant to letter case (upper vs. lower) and visual appearance. For ex le, "a" and "A" are represented by the same abstract identity. Recent research has begun to consider whether the processing of non-Roman orthographies also involves abstract orthographic representations. In the present study, we sought evidence for abstract identities in Japanese kana, which consist of two scripts, hiragana and katakana. Abstract identities would be invariant to the script used as well as to the degree of visual similarity. We adapted the cross-case masked-priming letter match task used in previous research on Roman letters, by presenting cross-script kana pairs and testing adult beginning -to- intermediate Japanese second-language (L2) learners (first-language English readers). We found robust cross-script priming effects, which were equal in magnitude for visually similar (e.g., り/リ) and dissimilar (e.g., あ/ア) kana pairs. This pattern was found despite participants' imperfect explicit knowledge of the kana names, particularly for katakana. We also replicated prior findings from Roman abstract letter identities in the same participants. Ours is the first study reporting abstract kana identity priming (in adult L2 learners). Furthermore, these representations were acquired relatively early in our adult L2 learners.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-1995
DOI: 10.3758/BF03197259
Abstract: The role of word frequency in recognition memory and repetition priming was investigated by using a manipulation of attention. In Experiment 1, the lexical decision task produced greater repetition priming for low-frequency words than for high-frequency words following either the attended or the unattended study condition. The recognition memory test, on the other hand, showed a low-frequency word advantage only following the attended study condition. Furthermore, this advantage was limited to the measure of recognition memory based on conscious recollection of the study episode. In Experiment 2, a speeded recognition memory test replicated the pattern obtained with the unspeeded recognition memory test in Experiment 1. These results argue against the view that the word frequency effects in recognition memory and repetition priming have the same origin. Instead, the results suggest that the word frequency effect in recognition memory has its locus in conscious recollection.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-1999
DOI: 10.3758/BF03210835
Abstract: In the classical Stroop effect, response times for naming the color in which a word is printed are affected by the presence of semantic, phonological, or orthographic relationships between the stimulus word and the response word. We show that color naming responses are faster when the printed word shares a phoneme with the color name to be produced than when it does not, in conditions where there is no semantic relationship between the printed word and the color name. This result is compatible with a variety of computational models of reading. However, we also found that these effects are much larger when it is the first phoneme that the stimulus and response share than when it is the last. Our data are incompatible with computational models of reading in which the computation of phonology from print is purely parallel. The dual route cascaded model computational model of reading, which has a lexical route that operates in parallel and a nonlexical route that operates serially letter by letter, successfully simulates this position-sensitive Stroop effect. The model also successfully simulates the "onset effect" in masked priming (Forster & Davis, 1991) and the interaction between the regularity effect and the position in a word of a grapheme-phoneme irregularity (Rastle & Coltheart, 1999b)--effects which, we argue, arise for the same reason as the position-sensitive Stroop effect we report.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-2013
DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.705305
Abstract: The present study investigated the nature of visual spatial attention deficits in adults with developmental dyslexia, using a partial report task with five-letter, digit, and symbol strings. Participants responded by a manual key press to one of nine alternatives, which included other characters in the string, allowing an assessment of position errors as well as intrusion errors. The results showed that the dyslexic adults performed significantly worse than age-matched controls with letter and digit strings but not with symbol strings. Both groups produced W-shaped serial position functions with letter and digit strings. The dyslexics' deficits with letter string stimuli were limited to position errors, specifically at the string-interior positions 2 and 4. These errors correlated with letter transposition reading errors (e.g., reading slat as “salt”), but not with the Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) task. Overall, these results suggest that the dyslexic adults have a visual spatial attention deficit however, the deficit does not reflect a reduced span in visual–spatial attention, but a deficit in processing a string of letters in parallel, probably due to difficulty in the coding of letter position.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2003
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.29.3.405
Abstract: The authors report 3 naming experiments using J. D. Zevin and D. A. Balota's (2000) multiple prime manipulation. They used 2 sets of nonword primes (fast and slow) and low-frequency exception word primes to separate the effects of prime speed from those of prime type. The size of the regularity effect was unaffected by prime type. Relative to the low-frequency exception word prime condition, the frequency effect was reduced in the fast, but not in the slow, nonword prime condition. Lexicality effect size was reduced in both nonword prime conditions, a result consistent with the lexical checking strategy described by S. J. Lupker, P. Brown, and L. Colombo (1997). The authors suggest that these results are better explained in terms of S. J. Lupker et al.'s time-criterion account than J. D. Zevin and D. A. Balota's pathway control hypothesis.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1037/A0026782
Abstract: In lexical decision, to date few studies in English have found a reliable pseudohomophone priming advantage with orthographically similar primes (the klip-plip effect Frost, Ahissar, Gotesman, & Tayeb, 2003 see Rastle & Brysbaert, 2006, for a review). On the basis of the Bayseian reader model of lexical decision (Norris, 2006, 2009), we hypothesized that this was because in previous studies, lexical decisions could have been made without finding a match between the input and a unique lexical representation. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that words from dense neighborhoods showed neither an orthographic form priming effect nor a pseudohomophone priming advantage in contrast, with words from a sparse lexical neighborhood, a sizeable orthographic form priming effect was found, and a robust pseudohomophone priming advantage, which was not limited to the overlap of onset phoneme, was also observed. Identity primes produced greater facilitation than pseudohomophone primes. We consider the implication of these findings for the role of assembled phonology in lexical access.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2006
DOI: 10.1080/17470210500451141
Abstract: Four experiments are reported, investigating the mechanisms underlying the compatibility effect in the Implicit Association Test (IAT Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). All experiments involved two IATs: flower IAT, in which the target categories were flowers and insects, and number IAT, involving even and odd numbers as target categories. In Experiment 1, using the standard IAT procedure, the two IATs produced equal IAT effects, despite large differences in rated valence contrast between flowers and insects and between even and odd numbers. Experiment 2 used a procedure developed by Klauer and Mierke (2005) and produced results consistent with the view that valence plays a role in the flower IAT but not in the number IAT. Experiments 3 and 4 used manipulations similar to those developed by Rothermund and Wentura (2004) and showed that these manipulations affected the flower IAT and number IAT differently. The results provide converging evidence that the two types of IAT effects—one based on valence and one based on familiarity—are empirically dissociable.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 12-2008
DOI: 10.1080/17470210701781114
Abstract: Previous studies of letter recognition have not found priming for abstract letter identities. We used a task that required participants to decide whether a target is the same or different from a reference letter presented in opposite case, which avoids the shortcomings of tasks used in previous studies. We found robust priming effects in this task, which were the same size for letter pairs that have similar visual features across case (e.g., c/C, x/X) and dissimilar features (e.g., a/A, b/B). Also, the pattern of priming was the same whether the prime was in the same or different case as the reference. We take these findings as evidence that abstract letter identities support priming in this task. We suggest that the same–different match task is a useful tool for studying representations used to support masked priming in letter recognition and with other stimuli with limited set size.
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 22-01-2018
DOI: 10.1101/251884
Abstract: Humans have an almost unbounded ability to adapt their behaviour to perform different tasks. In the laboratory, this flexibility is sometimes viewed as a nuisance factor that prevents access to the underlying cognitive mechanisms of interest. For ex le, in order to study “automatic” lexical processing, psycholinguists have used masked priming or evoked potentials to measure “automatic” lexical processing. However, the pattern of masked priming can be radically altered by changing the task. In lexical decision, priming is observed for words but not for nonwords, yet in a same-different matching task, priming is observed for same responses but not for different responses, regardless of whether the target is a word or a nonword (Norris & Kinoshita, 2008). Here we show that evoked potentials are equally sensitive to the nature of required decision, with the neural activity normally associated with lexical processing being seen for both words and nonwords on same trials, and for neither on different trials. (150)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-03-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2008
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 11-2014
DOI: 10.1037/XLM0000004
Abstract: Semantic priming effects at a short prime-target stimulus onset asynchrony are commonly explained in terms of an automatic spreading activation process. According to this view, the proportion of related trials should have no impact on the size of the semantic priming effect. Using a semantic categorization task ("Is this a living thing?"), we show that on the contrary, there is a robust effect of relatedness proportion on the size of the semantic priming effect. This effect is not due to the participants using the prime to predict the target category/response, as manipulating the proportion of category/response-congruent trials produces a very different pattern. Taken together with response time distribution analysis, we argue that the semantic priming effect observed here is best explained in terms of an evidence accumulation process and source confusion between the prime and target.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1037/A0014277
Abstract: A prime generated by transposing two internal letters (e.g., jugde) produces strong priming of the original word (judge). In lexical decision, this transposed-letter (TL) priming effect is generally weak or absent for nonword targets thus, it is unclear whether the origin of this effect is lexical or prelexical. The authors describe the Bayesian Reader theory of masked priming (D. Norris & S. Kinoshita, 2008), which explains why nonwords do not show priming in lexical decision but why they do in the cross-case same-different task. This analysis is followed by 3 experiments that show that priming in this task is not based on low-level perceptual similarity between the prime and target, or on phonology, to make the case that priming is based on prelexical orthographic representation. The authors then use this task to demonstrate equivalent TL priming effects for nonwords and words. The results are interpreted as the first reliable evidence based on the masked priming procedure that letter position is not coded absolutely within the prelexical, orthographic representation. The implications of the results for current letter position coding schemes are discussed.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 03-2023
DOI: 10.1037/XHP0001084
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1037/A0020609
Abstract: Using the same-different task, Perea, Duñabeitia, Pollatsek, and Carreiras (2009) showed that digits resembling letters ("leet digits" e.g., 1 = I, 4 = A) primed pseudoword strings (e.g., V35Z3D-VESZED), but letters resembling digits ("leet letters") did not prime digit strings (e.g., 9ES7E2-935732), and suggested that this is due to top-down feedback available for letter, but not digit, strings. Here we show that (a) single letters show as much leet priming as 3-letter words (Experiment 1) (b) leet priming is equally robust for digit strings and pseudowords when the string is 4 items long but not when 6 items long (Experiment 2) and (c) with 6-item strings, orthotactically illegal letter strings (e.g., OIAUEQ) behave just like digit strings (Experiment 3). These results indicate that the asymmetry in leet priming is not due to top-down feedback available selectively for letter strings. We offer an alternative explanation based on the Bayesian reader account of masked priming proposed by Norris and Kinoshita (2008), and the role played by the orthotactic knowledge used to extend the functional capacity of visual working memory involved in performing the same-different task.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-2009
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-11-2011
DOI: 10.3758/S13421-010-0021-8
Abstract: Traditional "activation" views of masked priming explain the identity priming effect in terms of facilitation due to 'pre-activation' of stored representations. Norris and Kinoshita's (2008) Bayesian Reader theory of masked priming instead explains priming in terms of the evidence that the prime contributes towards the decision required to the target. In support of the Bayesian Reader account, Norris and Kinoshita showed that the absence of priming for nonwords in the lexical decision task and for targets requiring a Different decision in the same-different match task can be explained based on a single principle. Against this, Bowers (2010) argued that the absence of priming should be explained instead by a combination of sublexical priming and "familiarity bias". As evidence, Bowers cited Bodner and Masson's (1997) finding that nonword priming did emerge with targets presented in visually unfamiliar cAsE-AlTeRnAtEd format. We present evidence that this finding was due to the use of an ambiguous letter in case-alternated format when using unambiguous letters, we consistently failed to find priming of case-alternated nonwords. We suggest that the Bayesian Reader, rather than the familiarity bias hypothesis, explains the absence of priming.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2019
DOI: 10.1037/XLM0000563
Abstract: It is well-established that allographs like the uppercase and lowercase forms of the Roman alphabet (e.g., a and A) map onto the same "abstract letter identity," orthographic representations that are independent of the visual form. Consistent with this, in the allograph match task ("Are 'a' and 'A' the same letter?"), priming by a masked letter prime is equally robust for visually dissimilar prime-target pairs (e.g., d and D) and similar pairs (e.g., c and C). However, in principle this pattern of priming is also consistent with the possibility that allograph priming is purely phonological, based on the letter name. Because different allographic forms of the same letter, by definition, share a letter name, it is impossible to rule out this possibility a priori. In the present study, we investigated the influence of shared letter names by taking advantage of the fact that Japanese is written in two distinct writing systems, syllabic kana-that has two parallel forms, hiragana and katakana-and logographic kanji. Using the allograph match task, we tested whether a kanji prime with the same pronunciation as the target kana (e.g., - い, both pronounced /i/) produces the same amount of priming as a kana prime in the opposite kana form (e.g., イ- い). We found that the kana primes produced substantially greater priming than the phonologically identical kanji prime, which we take as evidence that allograph priming is based on abstract kana identity, not purely phonology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
Publisher: Psychology Press
Date: 02-06-2003
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 08-2020
DOI: 10.1037/XLM0000828
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1037/A0028450
Abstract: The goal of research on how letter identity and order are perceived during reading is often characterized as one of "cracking the orthographic code." Here, we suggest that there is no orthographic code to crack: Words are perceived and represented as sequences of letters, just as in a dictionary. Indeed, words are perceived and represented in exactly the same way as other visual objects. The phenomena that have been taken as evidence for specialized orthographic representations can be explained by assuming that perception involves recovering information that has passed through a noisy channel: the early stages of visual perception. The noisy channel introduces uncertainty into letter identity, letter order, and even whether letters are present or absent. We develop a computational model based on this simple principle and show that it can accurately simulate lexical decision data from the lexicon projects in English, French, and Dutch, along with masked priming data that have been taken as evidence for specialized orthographic representations.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1037/A0024491
Abstract: Theories of language production generally describe the segment as the basic unit in phonological encoding (e.g., Dell, 1988 Levelt, Roelofs, & Meyer, 1999). However, there is also evidence that such a unit might be language specific. Chen, Chen, and Dell (2002), for instance, found no effect of single segments when using a preparation paradigm. To shed more light on the functional unit of phonological encoding in Japanese, a language often described as being mora based, we report the results of 4 experiments using word reading tasks and masked priming. Experiment 1 demonstrated using Japanese kana script that primes, which overlapped in the whole mora with target words, sped up word reading latencies but not when just the onset overlapped. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated a possible role of script by using combinations of romaji (Romanized Japanese) and hiragana again, facilitation effects were found only when the whole mora and not the onset segment overlapped. Experiment 4 distinguished mora priming from syllable priming and revealed that the mora priming effects obtained in the first 3 experiments are also obtained when a mora is part of a syllable. Again, no priming effect was found for single segments. Our findings suggest that the mora and not the segment (phoneme) is the basic functional phonological unit in Japanese language production planning.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 11-2018
DOI: 10.1037/XHP0000548
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-11-2023
DOI: 10.3758/S13423-022-02207-9
Abstract: Chinese is a visually complex logographic script that consists of square-shaped characters, with each character composed of strokes. Previous masked priming studies using single-character Chinese stroke neighbors (i.e., visually similar characters differing in only one or two strokes, e.g., 大/犬) have shown facilitatory or inhibitory priming effects. We tested whether the mixed pattern of stroke neighbor priming might be an instance of asymmetry in priming that has been observed previously with Japanese kana and Latin alphabets. Specifically, a prime lacking a stroke (or line segment) that is present in the target speeds up the recognition of its stroke neighbor almost as much as the identity prime (e.g., 刀-刃 = 刃-刃), but not the converse (e.g., 刃-刀 刀-刀). Two experiments, one using a character match task and the second using lexical decision, showed a robust asymmetry in priming by stroke neighbors. The results suggest that the early letter identification process is similar across script types, as anticipated by the Noisy Channel model, which regards the first stage of visual word recognition as a language-universal perceptual process.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 06-2019
DOI: 10.1037/XHP0000621
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-2003
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 02-08-2019
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 17-01-2017
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 02-1988
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1037/XLM0000074
Abstract: Semantic priming effects are popularly explained in terms of an automatic spreading activation process, according to which the activation of a node in a semantic network spreads automatically to interconnected nodes, preactivating a semantically related word. It is expected from this account that semantic priming effects should be routinely observed when the prime identity is veiled from conscious awareness, but the extant literature on masked semantic priming effects is notoriously mixed. The authors use the same prime-target pairs in the lexical decision task and the semantic categorization task and show that although masking the prime eliminates the semantic priming effect in lexical decision, reliable semantic priming effects are observed with both masked and unmasked primes in the semantic categorization task. The authors explain this task dependence in terms of their account of semantic priming effects based on notions of evidence accumulation and source confusion and support their account by means of reaction time distribution analyses.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 08-2007
DOI: 10.1080/17470210600964035
Abstract: Two experiments investigated whether priming due to a match in just the onset between a masked prime and target is found with high-frequency target words. Forster and Davis (1991, Exp. 5) reported that the masked onset priming effect was absent for high-frequency words and used the finding to argue that the effect has its locus in the grapheme–phoneme mapping process that operates serially within the nonlexical route. Experiment 1 used primes that were unrelated to targets and found a masked onset priming effect of equal size for high-frequency and low-frequency target words. Experiment 2 used form-related primes as used by Forster and Davis, and again found that the effect of onset mismatch was not dependent on target word frequency. These results are interpreted in terms of an alternative view that the masked onset priming effect has its origin in the process of preparing a speech response.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2010
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 03-2017
DOI: 10.1037/XLM0000311
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 11-2018
DOI: 10.1037/XLM0000552
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 29-08-2012
DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X12000106
Abstract: We agree with Frost that the variety of orthographies in the world's languages complicates the task of “cracking the orthographic code.” Frost suggests that orthographic processing must therefore differ between orthographies. We suggest that the same basic orthographic processes are applied to all languages. Where languages differ is in what the reader must do with the results of orthographic processing.
Start Date: 2005
End Date: 12-2008
Amount: $160,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2008
End Date: 12-2011
Amount: $129,153.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2014
End Date: 12-2018
Amount: $335,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2011
End Date: 12-2014
Amount: $325,601.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity