ORCID Profile
0000-0003-1139-2516
Current Organisation
University of Adelaide
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Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-05-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.TPLANTS.2008.03.004
Abstract: Many emerging invasive species display evidence of rapid adaptation. Contemporary genetic studies demonstrate that adaptation to novel environments can occur within 20 generations or less, indicating that evolutionary processes can influence invasiveness. However, the source of genetic or epigenetic variation underlying these changes remains uncharacterised. Here, we review the potential for rapid adaptation from standing genetic variation and from new mutations, and examine four types of evolutionary change that might promote or constrain rapid adaptation during the invasion process. Understanding the source of variation that contributes to adaptive evolution in invasive plants is important for predicting future invasion scenarios, identifying candidate genes involved in invasiveness, and, more generally, for understanding how populations can evolve rapidly in response to novel and changing environments.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 16-10-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2010
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 18-06-2021
DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.18.448749
Abstract: The planting and conservation of bio erse habitat in urban contexts has been proposed as a public health intervention aimed at reducing the prevalence of non-communicable diseases via microbiome rewilding (Mills et al. 2017 Mills et al. 2019). However, our understanding of the effect of urban bio ersity interventions on the human microbiota remains limited, especially on the skin (Hui et al. 2019 Roslund et al. 2020) and in the context of permanent green spaces (Lehtimäki et al. 2018 Selway et al. 2020). Here, we test the short-term response of experimentally disturbed bacterial communities on the skin of healthy children exposed to different school environments – either a ‘classroom’, a ‘sports field’, or a bio erse ‘forest’ – to understand how exposures to different types of bio ersity may influence skin microbiota. Children exposed to the ‘forest’ had significantly increased skin microbiota ersity when compared to pre-exposure, an effect that increased over three days suggesting long-term effects. The microbiota on children exposed to the ‘forest’ had the largest structural and compositional community change compared to children exposed to ‘sports fields’, which in turn was larger than those who remained in ‘classrooms’. Children exposed to ‘sports fields’ and ‘forests’ also acquired new core bacteria after exposure to green spaces, potentially buffering against disturbances to the skin microbiota’s ersity, while in iduals who remained in the ‘classroom’ lost microbes throughout the experiment. Overall, we conclude that urban green spaces can have an enriching influence on the ersity of skin microbiota, including core members shared between all children. These findings have important implications for the design and construction of new school yards and public spaces with respect to bio ersity, health, and human microbiota.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-10-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1752-4571.2010.00157.X
Abstract: Evolution occurs rapidly and is an ongoing process in our environments. Evolutionary principles need to be built into conservation efforts, particularly given the stressful conditions organisms are increasingly likely to experience because of climate change and ongoing habitat fragmentation. The concept of evolutionary resilience is a way of emphasizing evolutionary processes in conservation and landscape planning. From an evolutionary perspective, landscapes need to allow in situ selection and capture high levels of genetic variation essential for responding to the direct and indirect effects of climate change. We summarize ideas that need to be considered in planning for evolutionary resilience and suggest how they might be incorporated into policy and management to ensure that resilience is maintained in the face of environmental degradation.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2003
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-02-2011
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-10-2010
DOI: 10.1093/AOB/MCQ201
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-11-2010
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-02-2018
DOI: 10.1111/DDI.12716
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-12-2004
DOI: 10.1007/S00122-003-1522-7
Abstract: A set of 398 simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs) have been developed and characterised for use with genetic studies of Brassica species. Small-insert (250-900 bp) genomic libraries from Brassica rapa, B. nigra, B. oleracea and B. napus, highly enriched for dinucleotide and trinucleotide SSR motifs, were constructed. Screening the clones with a mixture of oligonucleotide repeat probes revealed positive hybridisation to between 75% and 90% of the clones. Of these, 1230 were sequenced. Primer pairs were designed for 398 SSR clones, and of these, 270 (67.8%) lified a PCR product of the expected size in their focal and/or closely related species. A further screen of 138 primers pairs that produced a PCR product in B. napus germplasm found that 86 (62.3%) revealed length polymorphisms within at least one line of a test array representing the four Brassica species. The results of this screen were used to identify 56 SSRs and were combined with 41 SSRs that had previously shown polymorphism between the parents of a B. napus mapping population. These 97 SSR markers were mapped relative to a framework of RFLP markers and detected 136 loci over all 19 linkage groups of the oilseed rape genome.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2003
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-05-2003
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-294X.2003.01810.X
Abstract: Spanish Cedar (Cedrela odorata L.) is a globally important timber species which has been severely exploited in Mesoamerica for over 200 years. Using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms, its chloroplast (cp) DNA phylogeography was studied in Mesoamerica with s les from 29 populations in six countries. Five haplotypes were characterized, phylogenetically grouped into three lineages (Northern, Central and Southern). Spatial analysis of ordered genetic distance confirmed deviation from a pattern of isolation by distance. The geographically proximate Northern and Central cpDNA lineages were genetically the most differentiated, with the Southern lineage appearing between them on a minimum spanning tree. However, populations possessing Southern lineage haplotypes occupy distinct moist habitats, in contrast to populations possessing Northern and Central lineage haplotypes which occupy drier and more seasonal habitats. Given the known colonization of the proto-Mesoamerican peninsula by South American flora and fauna prior to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, it seems most likely that the observed population structure in C. odorata results from repeated colonization of Mesoamerica from South American source populations. Such a model would imply an ancient, pre-Isthmian colonization of a dry-adapted type (possessing the Northern lineage or a prototype thereof), with a secondary colonization via the land bridge. Following this, a more recent (possibly post-Pleistocene) expansion of moist-adapted types possessing the Southern lineage from the south fits the known vegetation history of the region.
Publisher: EDP Sciences
Date: 11-2002
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-11-2013
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-04-2017
DOI: 10.1111/MEC.14081
Abstract: Ecological restoration is a globally important and well-financed management intervention used to combat bio ersity declines and land degradation. Most restoration aims to increase bio ersity towards a reference state, but there are concerns that intended outcomes are not reached due to unsuccessful interventions and land-use legacy issues. Monitoring bio ersity recovery is essential to measure success however, most projects remain insufficiently monitored. Current field-based methods are hard to standardize and are limited in their ability to assess important components of ecosystems, such as bacteria. High-throughput licon sequencing of environmental DNA (metabarcoding of eDNA) has been proposed as a cost-effective, scalable and uniform ecological monitoring solution, but its application in restoration remains largely untested. Here we show that metabarcoding of soil eDNA is effective at demonstrating the return of the native bacterial community in an old field following native plant revegetation. Bacterial composition shifted significantly after 8 years of revegetation, where younger sites were more similar to cleared sites and older sites were more similar to remnant stands. Revegetation of the native plant community strongly impacted on the belowground bacterial community, despite the revegetated sites having a long and dramatically altered land-use history (i.e. >100 years grazing). We demonstrate that metabarcoding of eDNA provides an effective way of monitoring changes in bacterial communities that would otherwise go unchecked with conventional monitoring of restoration projects. With further development, awareness of microbial ersity in restoration has significant scope for improving the efficacy of restoration interventions more broadly.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-12-2010
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 11-11-2011
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2002
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-10-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-03-2013
DOI: 10.1111/JBI.12086
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-09-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S10661-012-2842-3
Abstract: Practical and useful vegetation monitoring methods are needed, and data compatibility and validation of remotely sensed data are desirable. Methods have not been adequately tested for heathy woodlands. We tested the feasibility of detecting species composition shifts in remnant woodland in South Australia, comparing historical (1986) plot data with temporal replicates (2010). We compared the uniformity of species composition among spatially scattered versus spatially clustered plots. At two sites, we compared visual and point-intercept estimation of cover and species ersity. Species composition (presence/absence) shifted between 1986 and 2010. Species that significantly shifted in frequency had low cover. Observations of decreasing species were consistent with predictions from temperature response curves (generalised additive models) for climate change over the period. However, long-term trends could not be distinguished from medium-term dynamics or short-term changes in visibility from this dataset. Difficulties were highlighted in assessing compositional change using historical baselines established for a different purpose in terms of spatial s ling and accuracy of replicate plots, differences in standard plot methods and verification of species identifications. Spatially clustered replicate plots were more similar in species composition than spatially scattered plots, improving change detection potential but decreasing area of inference. Visual surveys detected more species than point-intercepts. Visual cover estimates differed little from point-intercepts although underestimating cover in some instances relative to intercepts. Point-intercepts provide more precise cover estimates of dominant species but took longer and were difficult in steep, heathy terrain. A decision tree based on costs and benefits is presented assessing monitoring options based on data presented. The appropriate method is a function of available resources, the need for precise cover estimates versus adequate species detection, replication and practical considerations such as access and terrain.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2003
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-08-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-09-2005
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-11-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-08-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-08-2008
Publisher: Brill
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1163/22941932-90000055
Abstract: Molecular marker methods can be used at a variety of levels to identify wood, from species identification, through regional and concession source verification, down to tracking in idual logs. This short review describes the most appropriate molecular marker methods currently being applied or developed for: species identification (DNA barcoding), verification of source, either at the regional scale (through phylogeographic methods) or concession (population genetic assignment), and for tracking in idual logs or wood products (DNA fingerprinting). This review finds that for almost all applications, molecular marker methods offer tremendous promise for use in timber tracking at all levels and can be easily automated offering quick, cheap and high-volume processing and with an expressed statistical certainty of results. However, despite the promise of molecular marker methods, some problems remain, most notably in identifying variation at gene loci that distinguish between the scale of biological organization of interest (from species to in iduals), and appropriate DNA extraction methods for dried wood and old tissue sources, and recent advances in these areas are reviewed.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-10-2015
DOI: 10.1038/HDY.2013.95
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-11-2006
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-07-2019
DOI: 10.1111/EMR.12382
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-01-2004
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-294X.2004.02093.X
Abstract: Sustainable forest restoration and management practices require a thorough understanding of the influence that habitat fragmentation has on the processes shaping genetic variation and its distribution in tree populations. We quantified genetic variation at isozyme markers and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), analysed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in severely fragmented populations of Sorbus aucuparia (Rosaceae) in a single catchment (Moffat) in southern Scotland. Remnants maintain surprisingly high levels of gene ersity (HE) for isozymes (HE = 0.195) and cpDNA markers (HE = 0.490). Estimates are very similar to those from non-fragmented populations in continental Europe, even though the latter were s led over a much larger spatial scale. Overall, no genetic bottleneck or departures from random mating were detected in the Moffat fragments. However, genetic differentiation among remnants was detected for both types of marker (isozymes Theta n = 0.043, cpDNA Theta c = 0.131 G-test, P-value < 0.001). In this self-incompatible, insect-pollinated, bird-dispersed tree species, the estimated ratio of pollen flow to seed flow between fragments is close to 1 (r = 1.36). Reduced pollen-mediated gene flow is a likely consequence of habitat fragmentation, but effective seed dispersal by birds is probably helping to maintain high levels of genetic ersity within remnants and reduce genetic differentiation between them.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2004
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Date: 14-09-2009
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-09-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2002
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1071/BT10181
Abstract: We examined evolutionary relationships, hybridisation and genetic ersity in species of Dacrydium (Podocarpaceae) in Remote Oceania, where it is restricted to New Caledonia and Fiji. We used cpDNA sequence (trnL–trnF) data to construct a phylogeny and estimate taxon ergence by using a relaxed molecular clock approach. The phylogeny was verified using allozymes, which were also used to investigate genetic ersity of all species and the hybridisation dynamics of two endangered species, D. guillauminii and D. nidulum. Our results suggested that Dacrydium species in Remote Oceania form a monophyletic group that arose and ersified within the last 20 million years through long-distance dispersal and a range of speciation mechanisms. Whereas we detected no hybridisation between the Fijian species D. nausoriense and D. nidulum, we confirmed hybridisation between D. guillauminii and D. araucarioides in New Caledonia and determined introgression to be assymetric from the widespread D. araucarioides into the rare, restricted-range species D. guillauminii. In addition, D. guillauminii had lower genetic ersity than did the other species of Dacrydium studied, which had genetic ersity similar to that of other gymnosperms. Our results provided evidence for the recent and complex ersification of Dacrydium in Remote Oceania. In addition, low genetic ersity of and introgression from D. araucarioides, are of grave concern for the conservation of D. guillauminii.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-10-2012
DOI: 10.1111/MEC.12056
Abstract: Few studies have documented the impacts of habitat fragmentation on plant mating patterns together with fitness. Yet, these processes require urgent attention to better understand the impact of contemporary landscape change on bio ersity and for guiding native plant genetic resource management. We examined these relationships using the predominantly insect-pollinated Eucalyptus socialis. Progeny were collected from trees located in three increasingly disturbed landscapes in southern Australia and were planted out in common garden experiments. We show that in idual mating patterns were increasingly impacted by lower conspecific density caused by habitat fragmentation. We determined that reduced pollen ersity probably has effects over and above those of inbreeding on progeny fitness. This provides an alternative mechanistic explanation for the indirect density dependence often inferred between conspecific density and offspring fitness.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-01-2009
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-09-2016
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 03-02-2006
Abstract: The role of seed dispersal in maintaining genetic connectivity among forest fragments has largely been ignored because gene flow by pollen is expected to predominate. By using genealogical reconstruction, we investigated gene flow after establishment of seeds in a wind-pollinated, wind-dispersed tree. Our data show that seed dispersal is the main vector of gene flow among remnants and that long-distance dispersal is common across a chronically fragmented landscape. The relative importance of seed-mediated gene flow may have been underemphasized in other fragmented systems, and diagnosing the response of forest trees to current anthropogenic disturbances requires the assessment of phenomena after establishment.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 23-02-2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-06-2012
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 28-02-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-12-2018
DOI: 10.1111/DDI.12858
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 07-09-2018
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Date: 05-08-2013
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 27-01-2022
Abstract: Vegetation complexity is potentially important for urban green space designs aimed at fostering microbial bio ersity to benefit human health. Exposure to urban microbial bio ersity may influence human health outcomes via immune training and regulation. In this context, improving human exposure to microbiota via bio ersity-centric urban green space designs is an underused opportunity. There is currently little knowledge on the association between vegetation complexity (i.e. ersity and structure) and soil microbiota of urban green spaces. Here, we investigated the association between vegetation complexity and soil bacteria in urban green spaces in Bournemouth, UK Haikou, China and the City of Playford, Australia by sequencing the 16S rRNA V4 gene region of soil s les and assessing bacterial ersity. We characterized these green spaces as having ‘low’ or ‘high’ vegetation complexity and explored whether these two broad categories contained similar bacterial community compositions and ersity around the world. Within cities, we observed significantly different alpha and beta ersities between vegetation complexities however, these results varied between cities. Rare genera ( % relative abundance in idually, on average 35% relative abundance when pooled) were most likely to be significantly different in sequence abundance between vegetation complexities and therefore explained much of the differences in microbial communities observed. Overall, general associations exist between soil bacterial communities and vegetation complexity, although these are not consistent between cities. Therefore, more in-depth work is required to be done locally to derive practical actions to assist the conservation and restoration of microbial communities in urban areas.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 12-2005
DOI: 10.1079/BER2005384
Abstract: Pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (Denis & Schiffermüller), is a recent but persistent pest of lodgepole pine plantations in Scotland, but exists naturally at low levels within remnants and plantations of Scots pine. To test whether separate host races occur in lodgepole and Scots pine stands and to examine colonization dynamics, allozyme, randomly lified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and mitochondrial variation were screened within a range of Scottish s les. RAPD analysis indicated limited long distance dispersal ( F ST = 0.099), and significant isolation by distance ( P 0.05) but that colonization between more proximate populations was often variable, from extensive to limited exchange. When compared with material from Germany, Scottish s les were found to be more erse and significantly differentiated for all markers. For mtDNA, two highly ergent groups of haplotypes were evident, one group contained both German and Scottish s les and the other was predominantly Scottish. No genetic differentiation was evident between P. flammea populations s led from different hosts, and no ersity bottleneck was observed in the lodgepole group. Indeed, lodgepole stands appear to have been colonized on multiple occasions from Scots pine sources and neighbouring populations on different hosts are close to panmixia.
Publisher: PeerJ
Date: 15-08-2017
DOI: 10.7717/PEERJ.3630
Abstract: Hybridization between native and invasive species can facilitate introgression of native genes that increase invasive potential by providing exotic species with pre-adapted genes suitable for new environments. In this study we assessed the outcome of hybridization between native Senecio pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius A.Rich. (dune ecotype) and invasive Senecio madagascariensis Poir. to investigate the potential for introgression of adaptive genes to have facilitated S. madagascariensis spread in Australia. We used lified fragment length polymorphisms (141 loci) and nuclear microsatellites (2 loci) to genotype a total of 118 adults and 223 seeds from S. pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius and S. madagascariensis at one allopatric and two shared sites. We used model based clustering and assignment methods to establish whether hybrid seed set and mature hybrids occur in the field. We detected no adult hybrids in any population. Low incidence of hybrid seed set was found at Lennox Head where the contact zone overlapped for 20 m (6% and 22% of total seeds s led for S. pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius and S. madagascariensis respectively). One hybrid seed was detected at Ballina where a gap of approximately 150 m was present between species (2% of total seeds s led for S. madagascariensis ). We found no evidence of adult hybrid plants at two shared sites. Hybrid seed set from both species was identified at low levels. Based on these findings we conclude that introgression of adaptive genes from S. pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius is unlikely to have facilitated S. madagascariensis invasions in Australia. Revisitation of one site after two years could find no remaining S. pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius , suggesting that contact zones between these species are dynamic and that S. pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius may be at risk of displacement by S. madagascariensis in coastal areas.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-08-2004
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-02-2016
DOI: 10.1038/HDY.2015.86
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 22-02-2021
DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.21.432167
Abstract: Vegetation complexity is potentially important for urban green space designs aimed at fostering microbial bio ersity to benefit human health. Exposure to urban microbial bio ersity may influence human health outcomes via immune training and regulation. In this context, improving human exposure to microbiota via bio ersity-centric urban green space designs is an underused opportunity. There is currently little knowledge on the association between vegetation complexity (i.e., ersity and structure) and soil microbiota of urban green spaces. Here, we investigated the association between vegetation complexity and soil bacteria in urban green spaces in Bournemouth, UK Haikou, China and the City of Playford, Australia by sequencing the 16S rRNA V4 gene region of soil s les and assessing bacterial ersity. We characterized these green spaces as having ‘low’ or ‘high’ vegetation complexity and explored whether these two broad categories contained similar bacterial community compositions and ersity around the world. Within cities, we observed significantly different alpha and beta ersities between vegetation complexities however, these results varied between cities. Rare genera ( 1 % relative abundance in idually, on average 35 % relative abundance when pooled) were most likely to be significantly different in sequence abundance between vegetation complexities and therefore explained much of the differences in microbial communities observed. Overall, general associations exist between soil bacterial communities and vegetation complexity, although these are not consistent between cities. Therefore, more in-depth work is required to be done locally to derive practical actions to assist the conservation and restoration of microbial communities in urban areas.
Publisher: IEEE
Date: 10-2014
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 07-2005
DOI: 10.1079/BER2005369
Abstract: Both large and small scale migrations of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner in Australia were investigated using AMOVA analysis and genetic assignment tests. Five microsatellite loci were screened across 3142 in iduals from 16 localities in eight major cotton and grain growing regions within Australia, over a 38-month period (November 1999 to January 2003). From November 1999 to March 2001 relatively low levels of migration were characterized between growing regions. Substantially higher than average gene-flow rates and limited differentiation between cropping regions characterized the period from April 2001 to March 2002. A reduced migration rate in the year from April 2002 to March 2003 resulted in significant genetic structuring between cropping regions. This differentiation was established within two or three generations. Genetic drift alone is unlikely to drive genetic differentiation over such a small number of generations, unless it is accompanied by extreme bottlenecks and/or selection. Helicoverpa armigera in Australia demonstrated isolation by distance, so immigration into cropping regions is more likely to come from nearby regions than from afar. This effect was most pronounced in years with limited migration. However, there is evidence of long distance dispersal events in periods of high migration (April 2001–March 2002). The implications of highly variable migration patterns for resistance management are considered.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 30-01-2017
Abstract: Abstract. Nitrogen content per unit leaf area (Narea) is a key variable in plant functional ecology and biogeochemistry. Narea comprises a structural component, which scales with leaf mass per area (LMA), and a metabolic component, which scales with Rubisco capacity. The co-ordination hypothesis, as implemented in LPJ and related global vegetation models, predicts that Rubisco capacity should be directly proportional to irradiance but should decrease with increases in ci : ca and temperature because the amount of Rubisco required to achieve a given assimilation rate declines with increases in both. We tested these predictions using LMA, leaf δ13C, and leaf N measurements on complete species assemblages s led at sites on a north–south transect from tropical to temperate Australia. Partial effects of mean canopy irradiance, mean annual temperature, and ci : ca (from δ13C) on Narea were all significant and their directions and magnitudes were in line with predictions. Over 80 % of the variance in community-mean (ln) Narea was accounted for by these predictors plus LMA. Moreover, Narea could be decomposed into two components, one proportional to LMA (slightly steeper in N-fixers), and the other to Rubisco capacity as predicted by the co-ordination hypothesis. Trait gradient analysis revealed ci : ca to be perfectly plastic, while species turnover contributed about half the variation in LMA and Narea. Interest has surged in methods to predict continuous leaf-trait variation from environmental factors, in order to improve ecosystem models. Coupled carbon–nitrogen models require a method to predict Narea that is more realistic than the widespread assumptions that Narea is proportional to photosynthetic capacity, and/or that Narea (and photosynthetic capacity) are determined by N supply from the soil. Our results indicate that Narea has a useful degree of predictability, from a combination of LMA and ci : ca – themselves in part environmentally determined – with Rubisco activity, as predicted from local growing conditions. This finding is consistent with a plant-centred approach to modelling, emphasizing the adaptive regulation of traits. Models that account for bio ersity will also need to partition community-level trait variation into components due to phenotypic plasticity and/or genotypic differentiation within species vs. progressive species replacement, along environmental gradients. Our analysis suggests that variation in Narea is about evenly split between these two modes.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2009
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-09-2007
DOI: 10.1111/J.1469-8137.2007.02217.X
Abstract: Hybridization between native and invasive species can have several outcomes, including enhanced weediness in hybrid progeny, evolution of new hybrid lineages and decline of hybridizing species. Whether there is a decline of hybridizing species largely depends on the relative frequencies of parental taxa and the viability of hybrid progeny. Here, the in idual- and population-level consequences of hybridization between the Australian native Senecio pinnatifolius and the exotic Senecio madagascariensis were investigated with lified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, and this information was used to estimate the annual loss of viable seeds to hybridization. A high frequency (range 8.3-75.6%) of hybrids was detected in open pollinated seeds of both species, but mature hybrids were absent from sympatric populations. A hybridization advantage was observed for S. madagascariensis, where significantly more progeny than expected were sired based on proportional representation of the two species in sympatric populations. Calculations indicated that S. pinnatifolius would produce less viable seed than S. madagascariensis, if hybridization was frequency dependent and S. madagascariensis reached a frequency of between 10 and 60%. For this native-exotic species pair, prezygotic isolating barriers are weak, but low hybrid viability maintains a strong postzygotic barrier to introgression. As a result of asymmetric hybridization, S. pinnatifolius would appear to be under threat if S. madagascariensis increases numerically in areas of contact.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2011
DOI: 10.1071/BT10291
Abstract: The east Australian rainforests provide a unique system with which to study historic climate-driven habitat fragmentation. The long life span of rainforest conifers and consequent lag effects on genetic variation, offer insights into demographic stochasticity in small populations and persistence in increasingly fragmented systems. Microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic ersity and structure of Podocarpus elatus (Podocarpaceae), a long-lived rainforest conifer endemic to Australia. Twenty-seven populations throughout the east Australian rainforests were screened and two ergent regions separated by the dry Clarence River valley (New South Wales) were discovered. This biogeographic barrier may be referred to as the Clarence River Corridor. Niche modelling techniques were employed to verify the incidence of habitat ergence between the two regions. Significantly high inbreeding was detected throughout the species range with no evidence of recent bottlenecks. Most of the ersity in the species resides between in iduals within populations, which suggest the species would be sensitive to the adverse effects of inbreeding, yet evidence suggests that these populations have been small for several generations. Slightly higher ersity estimates were found in the southern region, but it is likely that the species survived historic population contraction in dispersed refugia within each of these genetically differentiated regions.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 28-09-2021
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 23-10-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-01-2009
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-11-2006
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-01-2018
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1071/BT04215
Abstract: Nothofagus moorei (F.Muell.) Krasser has a disjunct and narrow distribution in south-eastern Australian cool temperate rainforest. To assess the conservation-genetic priorities for this species, the genetic ersity of 20 populations s led from the largest remnant patches at northern and southern distributional extremes, the McPherson and Barrington ranges (a total of 146 in iduals), was investigated by using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR). Regeneration in northern regions of N. moorei has been documented to be predominantly by vegetative means, but our results indicate little evidence of clonality outside the multi-stemmed rings of trees. In addition, genetic ersity was considerably higher in the northern (McPherson, h = 0.1613) than in the southern range (Barrington, h = 0.1159), and genetic differentiation was significantly positively correlated with geographic distance in the former region, but not the latter. Total intraspecific variation was moderate, as measured by Shannon’s ersity index, I = 0.2719, and Nei’s gene ersity, h = 0.1672, and is considered at the high end of spectrum for estimates of narrow endemic species. An analysis of molecular variation indicated that the majority of genetic variation is partitioned among in iduals within population (60% P 0.001), rather than among populations within regions (10% P 0.001). However, a large and significant component of the measured ersity was partitioned between northern and southern regions (29% P 0.001). Several hypotheses are outlined to explain these differences and management implications are discussed. However, given the narrow range, poor dispersal mechanism and restriction to cool temperate rainforest, the continued existence of N. moorei is most threatened by environmental instability and habitat loss resulting from global climate change. In this context the northern regions of the species are most at risk and extinction of such populations would lead to a significant loss of genetic variation for the species as a whole.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-08-2005
Abstract: Since no universal codominant markers are currently available, dominant genetic markers, such as lified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), are valuable tools for assessing genetic ersity in tropical trees. However, the measurement of genetic ersity (H) with dominant markers depends on the frequency of null homozygotes (Q) and the fixation index (F) of populations. While Q can be estimated for AFLP loci, F is less accessible. Through a modelling approach, we show that the monolocus estimation of genetic ersity is strongly dependent on the value of F, but that the multilocus ersity estimate is surprisingly robust to variations in F. The robustness of the estimate is due to a mechanistic effect of compensation between negative and positive biases of H by different AFLP loci exhibiting contrasting frequency profiles of Q. The robustness was tested across contrasting theoretical frequency profiles of Q and verified for 10 neotropical species. Practical recommendations for the implementation of this analytical method are given for genetic surveys in tropical trees, where such markers are widely applied.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2017.10.007
Abstract: Megatrends of urbanisation and reducing contact with natural environments may pose a largely unappreciated risk to human health, particularly in children, through declining normal (healthy) immunomodulatory environmental exposures. On the other hand, building knowledge of connections between environments, bio ersity and human health may offer new integrated ways of addressing global challenges of rising population health costs and declining bio ersity. In this study we are motivated to build insight and provide context and priority for emerging research into potential protective (e.g. immunomodulatory) environmental exposures. We use respiratory health as a test case to explore whether some types and qualities of environment may be more beneficial than others, and how such exposures may compare to known respiratory health influences, via a cross-sectional ecological epidemiology study for the continent of Australia. Using Lasso penalized regression (to interpret key predictors from many candidate variables) and 10-fold cross-validation modelling (to indicate reproducibility and uncertainty), within different socio-geographic settings, our results show surrogate measures of landscape bio ersity correlate with respiratory health, and rank amongst known predictors. A range of possible drivers for this relationship are discussed. Perhaps most novel and interesting of these is the possibility of protective immunomodulatory influence from microbial ersity (suggested by the understudied 'bio ersity hypothesis') and other bioactive agents associated with bio erse environments. If beneficial influences can be demonstrated from bio erse environments on immunomodulation and human health, there may be potential to design new cost-effective nature-based health intervention programs to reduce the risk of immune-related disease at a population level. Our approach and findings are also likely to have use in the evaluation of environment and health associations elsewhere.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-09-2014
DOI: 10.1111/AEC.12188
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 24-08-2009
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2002
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-05-2018
DOI: 10.1002/FEE.1810
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2016
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-10-2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 31-10-2011
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-06-2011
DOI: 10.1111/J.1755-0998.2011.03037.X
Abstract: Next generation sequencing is revolutionizing molecular ecology by simplifying the development of molecular genetic markers, including microsatellites. Here, we summarize the results of the large-scale development of microsatellites for 54 nonmodel species using next generation sequencing and show that there are clear differences amongst plants, invertebrates and vertebrates for the number and proportion of motif types recovered that are able to be utilized as markers. We highlight that the heterogeneity within each group is very large. Despite this variation, we provide an indication of what number of sequences and consequent proportion of a 454 run are required for the development of 40 designable, unique microsatellite loci for a typical molecular ecological study. Finally, to address the challenges of choosing loci from the vast array of microsatellite loci typically available from partial genome runs (average for this study, 2341 loci), we provide a microsatellite development flowchart as a procedural guide for application once the results of a partial genome run are obtained.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-02-2010
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 22-05-2013
DOI: 10.1111/EVO.12136
Abstract: Adaptation to replicate environments is often achieved through similar phenotypic solutions. Whether selection also produces convergent genomic changes in these situations remains largely unknown. The variable groundsel, Senecio lautus, is an excellent system to investigate the genetic underpinnings of convergent evolution, because morphologically similar forms of these plants have adapted to the same environments along the coast of Australia. We compared range-wide patterns of genomic ergence in natural populations of this plant and searched for regions putatively affected by natural selection. Our results indicate that environmental adaptation followed complex genetic trajectories, affecting multiple loci, implying both the parallel recruitment of the same alleles and the ergence of completely different genomic regions across geography. An analysis of the biological functions of candidate genes suggests that adaptation to coastal environments may have occurred through the recruitment of different genes participating in similar processes. The relatively low genetic convergence that characterizes the parallel evolution of S. lautus forms suggests that evolution is more constrained at higher levels of biological organization.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 29-02-2016
DOI: 10.3390/D8010005
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 30-04-2013
DOI: 10.1111/J.1600-0587.2013.00215.X
Abstract: There is an expectation that climate change will drive turnover in the composition of ecological communities. Established methods for predicting the degree of turnover and spatial areas and taxonomic groups that will be most affected from real data are lacking. We tested a combination of spatial modelling tools to make these predictions. Using data from systematic vegetation survey plots from the Adelaide Geosyncline region, southern Australia, we modelled species turnover as a function of bioclimatic and geographic distances and predicted turnover using future climate change scenarios for 2030 and 2070. We conducted bioclimatic gradient analysis (CCA) on species composition data and mapped zones of higher turnover. The method for detecting these zones was tested using a simulation of continuous turnover. A phylogeny was generated for recorded species and correlations of occurrences of phylogenetic groups with species turnover were calculated. Significant turnover was predicted for the least severe climate change scenarios and near‐complete species turnover for the most severe scenario. Gradient analysis revealed discrete transitional zones with more rapid turnover, which were interpreted as a mesic–arid ecotone. Turnover occurred at family level and with increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall there was a shift from the prevalence of Ericaceae, Myrtaceae, Haloragaceae, Cyperaceae, and Xanthorrhoeaceae to that of Amaranthaceae, Malvaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Sapindaceae, and Solanaceae. The mesic end of this climate gradient had relatively low rates of turnover and was interpreted as a refugium with a tipping point. The translation of spatial patterns to temporal change is dependent partly upon scales at which community assembly processes operate and predicts relative vulnerability, but not rates of change, which can only be measured through monitoring. The approach can be applied at any spatial or taxonomic scale subject to sufficient data resolution and can inform management decisions as to biases in climate change risks.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-02-2018
DOI: 10.1111/ECOG.03607
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-04-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2002
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-05-2013
DOI: 10.1111/MEC.12311
Abstract: Instances of parallel ecotypic ergence where adaptation to similar conditions repeatedly cause similar phenotypic changes in closely related organisms are useful for studying the role of ecological selection in speciation. Here we used a combination of traditional and next generation genotyping techniques to test for the parallel ergence of plants from the Senecio lautus complex, a phenotypically variable groundsel that has adapted to disparate environments in the South Pacific. Phylogenetic analysis of a broad selection of Senecio species showed that members of the S. lautus complex form a distinct lineage that has ersified recently in Australasia. An inspection of thousands of polymorphisms in the genome of 27 natural populations from the S. lautus complex in Australia revealed a signal of strong genetic structure independent of habitat and phenotype. Additionally, genetic differentiation between populations was correlated with the geographical distance separating them, and the genetic ersity of populations strongly depended on geographical location. Importantly, coastal forms appeared in several independent phylogenetic clades, a pattern that is consistent with the parallel evolution of these forms. Analyses of the patterns of genomic differentiation between populations further revealed that adjacent populations displayed greater genomic heterogeneity than allopatric populations and are differentiated according to variation in soil composition. These results are consistent with a process of parallel ecotypic ergence in face of gene flow.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 05-2005
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-10-2017
DOI: 10.1111/REC.12610
Abstract: Restoration aims to return ecosystem services, including the human health benefits of exposure to green space. The loss of such exposure with urbanization and industrialization has arguably contributed to an increase in human immune dysregulation. The Bio ersity and Old Friends hypotheses have described the possible mechanisms of this relationship, and suggest that reduced exposure to erse, beneficial microorganisms can result in negative health consequences. However, it is unclear whether restoration of bio erse habitat can reverse this effect, and what role the environmental microbiome might have in such recovery. Here, we propose the Microbiome Rewilding Hypothesis , which specifically outlines that restoring bio erse habitats in urban green spaces can rewild the environmental microbiome to a state that enhances primary prevention of human disease. We support our hypothesis with ex les from allied fields, including a case study of active restoration that reversed the degradation of the soil bacterial microbiome of a former pasture. This case study used high‐throughput licon sequencing of environmental DNA to assess the quality of a restoration intervention in restoring the soil bacterial microbiome. The method is rapid, scalable, and standardizable, and has great potential as a monitoring tool to assess functional outcomes of green‐space restoration. Evidence for the Microbiome Rewilding Hypothesis will help motivate health professionals, urban planners, and restoration practitioners to collaborate and achieve co‐benefits. Co‐benefits include improved human health outcomes and investment opportunities for bio ersity conservation and restoration.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 04-07-2012
Abstract: Climate change is driving adaptive shifts within species, but research on plants has been focused on phenology. Leaf morphology has demonstrated links with climate and varies within species along climate gradients. We predicted that, given within-species variation along a climate gradient, a morphological shift should have occurred over time due to climate change. We tested this prediction, taking advantage of latitudinal and altitudinal variations within the Adelaide Geosyncline region, South Australia, historical herbarium specimens ( n = 255) and field s ling ( n = 274). Leaf width in the study taxon, Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustissima , was negatively correlated with latitude regionally, and leaf area was negatively correlated with altitude locally. Analysis of herbarium specimens revealed a 2 mm decrease in leaf width (total range 1–9 mm) over 127 years across the region. The results are consistent with a morphological response to contemporary climate change. We conclude that leaf width is linked to maximum temperature regionally (latitude gradient) and leaf area to minimum temperature locally (altitude gradient). These data indicate a morphological shift consistent with a direct response to climate change and could inform provenance selection for restoration with further investigation of the genetic basis and adaptive significance of observed variation.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-07-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-08-2005
Abstract: The theoretical impacts of anthropogenic habitat degradation on genetic resources have been well articulated. Here we use a simulation approach to assess the magnitude of expected genetic change, and review 31 studies of 23 neotropical tree species to assess whether empirical case studies conform to theory. Major differences in the sensitivity of measures to detect the genetic health of degraded populations were obvious. Most studies employing genetic ersity (nine out of 13) found no significant consequences, yet most that assessed progeny inbreeding (six out of eight), reproductive output (seven out of 10) and fitness (all six) highlighted significant impacts. These observations are in line with theory, where inbreeding is observed immediately following impact, but genetic ersity is lost slowly over subsequent generations, which for trees may take decades. Studies also highlight the ecological, not just genetic, consequences of habitat degradation that can cause reduced seed set and progeny fitness. Unexpectedly, two studies examining pollen flow using paternity analysis highlight an extensive network of gene flow at smaller spatial scales (less than 10 km). Gene flow can thus mitigate against loss of genetic ersity and assist in long-term population viability, even in degraded landscapes. Unfortunately, the surveyed studies were too few and heterogeneous to examine concepts of population size thresholds and genetic resilience in relation to life history. Future suggested research priorities include undertaking integrated studies on a range of species in the same landscapes better documentation of the extent and duration of impact and most importantly, combining neutral marker, pollination dynamics, ecological consequences, and progeny fitness assessment within single studies.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2010
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 13-09-2018
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 07-2000
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-294X.2000.00936.X
Abstract: Genetic variation was assessed in the two bush mango species, Irvingia gabonensis and I. wombolu, valuable multipurpose fruit trees from central and west Africa that are currently undergoing domestication. A total of 130 in iduals s led from Cameroon, Nigeria and Gabon were analysed using 74 random lified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Significant genetic integrity was found in the two morphologically similar species (among-species analysis of molecular variance [AMOVA] variance component 25.8%, P < 0.001), with no evidence of hybridization, even between in iduals from areas of sympatry where hybridization was considered probable. Results suggest that large-scale transplantation of either species into new habitats will probably not lead to genetic introgression from or into the other species. Therefore, subsequent cultivation of the two species should not be hindered by this consideration, although further studies on the potential for hybridization/introgression between these species would be prudent. Significant genetic differentiation of both species (among-countries within species, nested AMOVA variance component 9.8%, P < 0.001) was observed over the s led regions, and genetic similarity of s les decreased significantly with increasing geographical distance, according to number of alleles in common (NAC) analysis. 'Hot spots' of genetic ersity were found clustered in southern Nigeria and southern Cameroon for I. wombolu, and in southern Nigeria, southern Cameroon and central Gabon for I. gabonensis. The possible reasons for this distribution of genetic variation are discussed, but it may reflect evolutionary history, as these populations occur in areas of postulated Pleistocene refugia. The application of these results to domestication programmes and, in the light of extensive deforestation in the region, conservation approaches, is discussed.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-2007
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 11-12-2010
DOI: 10.1017/S0007485309990460
Abstract: The existence of genetic differences among Australian populations of the pest moth Helicoverpa armigera based on microsatellite markers is contentious. To resolve this issue, we analyzed microsatellite variation in moth s les from multiple locations simultaneously in two laboratories that have previously reported contrasting patterns. Alleles and allele numbers detected in the laboratories differed, as did the genetic differences found between the s les. The automated scoring system used in one of the laboratories combined with non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels led to inaccurate identification of alleles and high F ST values between the populations. However, H. armigera in Australia is probably not structured geographically, with high gene flow between populations. This influences management of H. armigera and the development of area-wide control options, as populations need to be considered as one panmictic unit. The results also highlight potential problems of automated scoring systems when these are not checked carefully.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-08-2007
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 06-01-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2009
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-11-2015
DOI: 10.1038/HDY.2012.72
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-02-2013
DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.510
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 08-06-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-03-2007
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 14-07-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-09-2015
DOI: 10.1038/HDY.2013.48
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 17-11-2017
Abstract: Griffith
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 26-08-2013
DOI: 10.1111/JVS.12111
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 23-02-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-05-2016
DOI: 10.1038/533469D
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-08-2016
DOI: 10.1111/MEC.13750
Abstract: Teasing apart neutral and adaptive genomic processes and identifying loci that are targets of selection can be difficult, particularly for nonmodel species that lack a reference genome. However, identifying such loci and the factors driving selection have the potential to greatly assist conservation and restoration practices, especially for the management of species in the face of contemporary and future climate change. Here, we focus on assessing adaptive genomic variation within a nonmodel plant species, the narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa ssp. angustissima), commonly used for restoration in Australia. We used a hybrid-capture target enrichment approach to selectively sequence 970 genes across 17 populations along a latitudinal gradient from 30°S to 36°S. We analysed 8462 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for FST outliers as well as associations with environmental variables. Using three different methods, we found 55 SNPs with significant correlations to temperature and water availability, and 38 SNPs to elevation. Genes containing SNPs identified as under environmental selection were erse, including aquaporin and abscisic acid genes, as well as genes with ontologies relating to responses to environmental stressors such as water deprivation and salt stress. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that only a small proportion of the total genetic variance was explained by environmental variables. We demonstrate that selection has led to clines in allele frequencies in a number of functional genes, including those linked to leaf shape and stomatal variation, which have been previously observed to vary along the s led environmental cline. Using our approach, gene regions subject to environmental selection can be readily identified for nonmodel organisms.
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 10-11-2017
Abstract: De la Cruz
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-06-2005
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2003
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 27-10-2017
Abstract: Schepaschenko
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-10-2009
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-09-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-08-2005
Abstract: Despite the typically low population densities and animal-mediated pollination of tropical forest trees, outcrossing and long-distance pollen dispersal are the norm. We reviewed the genetic literature on mating systems and pollen dispersal for neotropical trees to identify the ecological and phylogenetic correlates. The 36 studies surveyed found >90% outcrossed mating for 45 hermaphroditic or monoecious species. Self-fertilization rates varied inversely with population density and showed phylogenetic and geographic trends. The few direct measures of pollen flow (N=11 studies) suggest that pollen dispersal is widespread among low-density tropical trees, ranging from a mean of 200 m to over 19 km for species pollinated by small insects or bats. Future research needs to examine (1) the effect of inbreeding depression on observed outcrossing rates, (2) pollen dispersal in a wide range of pollination syndromes and ecological classes, (3) and the range of variation of mating system expression at different hierarchical levels, including in idual, seasonal, population, ecological, landscape and range wide.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 17-01-2017
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Date: 27-08-2019
DOI: 10.1515/HF-2018-0047
Abstract: The East Indian sandalwood, Santalum album L., is known for its fragrant heartwood and extractive oils. The increasing demand for the valuable sandalwood products has led to illegal and excessive logging, and there are other Santalum species in the commercial market as substitutes (adulterants). Improved tools for the identification of Santalum species are needed to control this situation. In this study, four chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions were screened ( mat K, psb A -trn H, trn K and trn L) on 35 vouchered specimens covering five Santalum species, i.e. Santalum acuminatum , S. album , Santalum lanceolatum , Santalum murrayanum and Santalum spicatum . The goal of this study was to test the species discrimination ability by means of both the TaxonDNA and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods. The results indicate that the combination of psb A -trn H +trn K gave the best performance for discrimination (100%) of the studied Santalum species concerning the discrimination ability and recovery rate. Meanwhile, six unvouchered wood specimens were retrieved and accurately identified at the species level based on the recommended DNA barcodes. The DNA barcode method is now ready for application in the monitoring of the trade of this valuable resource, and provides an effective approach for wood species identification and product authentication.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-09-2004
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 12-05-2017
Abstract: The extent of forest area in dryland habitats, which occupy more than 40% of Earth's land surface, is uncertain compared with that in other biomes. Bastin et al. provide a global estimate of forest extent in drylands, calculated from high-resolution satellite images covering more than 200,000 plots. Forests in drylands are much more extensive than previously reported and cover a total area similar to that of tropical rainforests or boreal forests. This increases estimates of global forest cover by at least 9%, a finding that will be important in estimating the terrestrial carbon sink. Science , this issue p. 635
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-2017
DOI: 10.1038/SREP41367
Abstract: The Adelaide geosyncline, a mountainous region in central southern Australia, is purported to be an important continental refugium for Mediterranean and semi-arid Australian biota, yet few population genetic studies have been conducted to test this theory. Here, we focus on a plant species distributed widely throughout the region, the narrow-leaf hopbush, Dodonaea viscosa ssp. angustissima , and examine its genetic ersity and population structure. We used a hybrid-capture target enrichment technique to selectively sequence over 700 genes from 89 in iduals across 17 s ling locations. We compared 815 single nucleotide polymorphisms among in iduals and populations to investigate population genetic structure. Three distinct genetic clusters were identified a Flinders/Gammon ranges cluster, an Eastern cluster, and a Kangaroo Island cluster. Higher genetic ersity was identified in the Flinders/Gammon Ranges cluster, indicating that this area is likely to have acted as a refugium during past climate oscillations. We discuss these findings and consider the historical range dynamics of these populations. We also provide methodological considerations for population genomics studies that aim to use novel genomic approaches (such as target capture methods) on non-model systems. The application of our findings to restoration of this species across the region are also considered.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-03-2004
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 07-06-2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 03-2010
Publisher: National Inquiry Services Center (NISC)
Date: 06-2009
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 18-10-2019
Abstract: Our study quantified the global tree restoration potential and its associated carbon storage potential under existing climate conditions. We received multiple technical comments, both supporting and disputing our findings. We recognize that several issues raised in these comments are worthy of discussion. We therefore provide a detailed common answer where we show that our original estimations are accurate.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 28-05-2002
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2009
DOI: 10.1016/J.TREE.2008.10.007
Abstract: Biological invasions are caused by human-mediated extra-range dispersal and, unlike natural extra-range dispersal, are often the result of multiple introductions from multiple sources to multiple locations. The processes and opportunities that result in propagules moving from one area to another can be used more broadly to differentiate all types of extra-range dispersal. By examining key properties of dispersal pathways (notably propagule pressure, genetic ersity and the potential for simultaneous movement of coevolved species), the establishment and evolutionary trajectories of extra-range dispersal can be better understood. Moreover, elucidation of the mechanistic properties of dispersal pathways is crucial for scientists and managers who wish to assist, minimise or prevent future movements of organisms.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 08-06-2011
Abstract: The angiosperm radiation has been linked to sharp declines in gymnosperm ersity and the virtual elimination of conifers from the tropics. The conifer family Podocarpaceae stands as an exception with highest species ersity in wet equatorial forests. It has been hypothesized that efficient light harvesting by the highly flattened leaves of several podocarp genera facilitates persistence with canopy-forming angiosperms, and the angiosperm ecological radiation may have preferentially favoured the ersification of these lineages. To test these ideas, we develop a molecular phylogeny for Podocarpaceae using Bayesian-relaxed clock methods incorporating fossil time constraints. We find several independent origins of flattened foliage types, and that these lineages have ersified predominantly through the Cenozoic and therefore among canopy-forming angiosperms. The onset of sustained foliage flattening podocarp ersification is coincident with a declining ersification rate of scale/needle-leaved lineages and also with ecological and climatic transformations linked to angiosperm foliar evolution. We demonstrate that climatic range evolution is contingent on the underlying state for leaf morphology. Taken together, our findings imply that as angiosperms came to dominate most terrestrial ecosystems, competitive interactions at the foliar level have profoundly shaped podocarp geography and as a consequence, rates of lineage ersification.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 06-2014
DOI: 10.1007/S10709-014-9771-8
Abstract: Contrasting signals of genetic ergence due to historic and contemporary gene flow were inferred for Coachwood, Ceratopetalum apetalum (Cunoniaceae), a wind-dispersed canopy tree endemic to eastern Australian warm temperate rainforest. Analysis of nine nuclear microsatellites across 22 localities revealed two clusters between northern and southern regions and with vicariance centred on the wide Hunter River Valley. Within populations ersity was high indicating a relatively high level of pollen dispersal among populations. Genetic variation was correlated to differences in regional biogeography and ecology corresponding to IBRA regions, primary factors being soil type and rainfall. Eleven haplotypes were identified by chloroplast microsatellite analysis from the same 22 localities. A lack of chloroplast ersity within sites demonstrates limited gene flow via seed dispersal. Network representation indicated regional sharing of haplotypes indicative of multiple Pleistocene refugia as well as deep ergences between regional elements of present populations. Chloroplast differentiation between sites in the upper and lower sections of the northern population is reflective of historic vicariance at the Clarence River Corridor. There was no simple vicariance explanation for the distribution of the ergent southern chlorotype, but its distribution may be explained by the effects of drift from a larger initial gene pool. Both the Hunter and Clarence River Valleys represent significant dry breaks within the species range, consistent with this species being rainfall dependent rather than cold-adapted.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-07-2005
Abstract: Fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS) in natural tree populations is largely a result of restricted pollen and seed dispersal. Understanding the link between limitations to dispersal in gene vectors and SGS is of key interest to biologists and the availability of highly variable molecular markers has facilitated fine-scale analysis of populations. However, estimation of SGS may depend strongly on the type of genetic marker and s ling strategy (of both loci and in iduals). To explore s ling limits, we created a model population with simulated distributions of dominant and codominant alleles, resulting from natural regeneration with restricted gene flow. SGS estimates from subs les (simulating collection and analysis with lified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellite markers) were correlated with the 'real' estimate (from the full model population). For both marker types, s ling ranges were evident, with lower limits below which estimation was poorly correlated and upper limits above which s ling became inefficient. Lower limits (correlation of 0.9) were 100 in iduals, 10 loci for microsatellites and 150 in iduals, 100 loci for AFLPs. Upper limits were 200 in iduals, five loci for microsatellites and 200 in iduals, 100 loci for AFLPs. The limits indicated by simulation were compared with data sets from real species. Instances where s ling effort had been either insufficient or inefficient were identified. The model results should form practical boundaries for studies aiming to detect SGS. However, greater s le sizes will be required in cases where SGS is weaker than for our simulated population, for ex le, in species with effective pollen/seed dispersal mechanisms.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1999
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01555-9
Abstract: Tree species are becoming the focus of increasing conservation concern, with some 9000 species now threatened globally. Studies of intraspecific variation can contribute to the development of conservation strategies, by identifying appropriate units for conservation. The recent application of molecular techniques to a variety of tree species has highlighted a far higher degree of population differentiation than indicated by previous isozyme analyses, a result consistent with theoretical predictions. Analysis of the geographic distribution of cpDNA lineages has also enabled current patterns of population differentiation to be related to postglacial migration routes from different forest refugia. Such results highlight the importance of refugial areas for conservation of intraspecific variation in tree species.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 06-2004
DOI: 10.1093/AOB/MCH096
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-07-2015
DOI: 10.1038/HDY.2015.40
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1999
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-2540.1999.00626.X
Abstract: Swietenia macrophylla King, a timber species native to tropical America, is threatened by selective logging and deforestation. To quantify genetic ersity within the species and monitor the impact of selective logging, populations were s led across Mesoamerica, from Mexico to Panama, and analysed for RAPD DNA variation. Ten decamer primers generated 102 polymorphic RAPD bands and pairwise distances were calculated between populations according to Nei, then used to construct a radial neighbour-joining dendrogram and examine intra- and interpopulation variance coefficients, by analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA). Populations from Mexico clustered closely together in the dendrogram and were distinct from the rest of the populations. Those from Belize also clustered closely together. Populations from Panama, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras, however, did not cluster closely by country but were more widely scattered throughout the dendrogram. This result was also reflected by an autocorrelation analysis of genetic and geographical distance. Genetic ersity estimates indicated that 80% of detected variation was maintained within populations and regression analysis demonstrated that logging significantly decreased population ersity (P = 0.034). This study represents one of the most wide-ranging surveys of molecular variation within a tropical tree species to date. It offers practical information for the future conservation of mahogany and highlights some factors that may have influenced the partitioning of genetic ersity in this species across Mesoamerica.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 04-2004
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 05-09-2014
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 05-2017
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 06-2017
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2000
DOI: 10.2307/2656652
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2003
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-12-2019
DOI: 10.1111/REC.12905
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 13-04-2010
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-04-2014
DOI: 10.1111/GEB.12184
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 18-12-2022
DOI: 10.1002/PPP3.10349
Abstract: Sandalwood and other high value tree species are under significant threat from illegal harvest. Illegal logging is an increasing problem contributing to deforestation, bio ersity loss, human rights abuses and funding transnational crime. Successful prosecution of illegal logging is hindered by a lack of methods to provide evidence of the origin of timber. New analytical techniques have been developed to trace timber back to its source. These methods, together with the establishment of sustainable sources of forest resources, can help protect vulnerable species by providing evidence to prosecute illegal harvest and ensure that commercially available forest products come from sustainable sources. Sandalwood is highly valued for its fragrant oil and has a long history of cultural and economic importance in many regions of the world. Historical overharvest and poor management have depleted natural populations of sandalwood, which are slow to regenerate. The increasing establishment of plantation sandalwood creates an alternative resource for the sandalwood industry while potentially relieving harvesting pressure on natural stands. Due to the high demand for sandalwood, remaining wild populations are still under threat from illegal logging and methods to identify the source of harvested sandalwood are needed. Laws and regulations aimed at preventing illegal harvest and possession of sandalwood have been put in place but cannot be enforced without the forensic tools to independently verify claimed origin or product quality. The high value of sandalwood combined with the difficulties in enforcing illegal logging laws makes these species particularly vulnerable to poaching. There is an immediate need to develop tools that can identify illegally sourced and adulterated sandalwood products. This paper reviews the current and developing scientific tools that can help identify and control illegal activity in sandalwood supply chains and provides recommendations for future research. Topics include isotope and DNA analysis for tracing illegally harvested sandalwood, chemical profiling for quality control of sandalwood oils, network and policy development to establish a framework for future regulation of the sandalwood trade.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 25-04-2003
DOI: 10.1046/J.1365-294X.2003.01825.X
Abstract: The attributes of codominance, reproducibility and high resolution have all contributed towards the current popularity of nuclear microsatellites as genetic markers in molecular ecological studies. One of their major drawbacks, however, is the development phase required to obtain working primers for a given study species. To facilitate project planning, we have reviewed the literature to quantify the workload involved in isolating nuclear microsatellites from plants. We highlight the attrition of loci at each stage in the process, and the average effort required to obtain 10 working microsatellite primer pairs.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-1998
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2018
DOI: 10.1071/BT17046
Abstract: Subspecies are traditionally defined on the basis of geographic discontinuities in phenotypic traits, and their circumscription is useful to distinguish morphologically differentiated populations. However, the robustness of morphology-based subspecies classifications in the genomics era is coming under increasing scrutiny, and phylogenies inferred from molecular data may not match with morphological approaches. The ision of the shrub Dodonaea viscosa into seven subspecies within Australia has been based mainly on variation in leaf shape, which is a notably variable phenotypic character in this species. So as to assess the alignment between genetic variation and subspecies assignment, we genotyped 67 D. viscosa plants, including representatives from each of the seven subspecies, for 941 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We used network- and Bayesian-based methods to assess genetic relatedness between s led in iduals. Structure analysis identified two genetic clusters, with a further substructure being identified within one of the clusters. Genetic clusters partially aligned with subspecies classifications, particularly for the three most morphologically distinct subspecies (ssp. mucronata, ssp. viscosa and ssp. burmanniana). Subspecies inhabiting the arid zone (ssp. mucronata and ssp. angustissima) exhibited the most distinct genetic clustering. For subspecies inhabiting more temperate regions of its range (ssp. angustifolia, ssp. cuneata and ssp. spatulata), genetic groups did not correspond well with subspecies classifications, but rather were better explained by the geographic origin of in iduals. We suggest that the current subspecific classification of the hopbush does not accurately reflect the evolutionary history of this species, and recommend that phenotypic variation be reassessed in light of the genetic structure we describe here. The roles of environmental change, selection and geographic isolation are discussed in an attempt to explain the contemporary distribution of genetic variation in D. viscosa in Australia.
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2012
DOI: 10.1071/BT11223
Abstract: Atriplex sp. Yeelirrie Station (L. Trotter & A. Douglas LCH 25025) is a highly restricted, potentially new species of saltbush, known from only two sites ~30 km apart in central Western Australia. Knowledge of genetic structure within the species is required to inform conservation strategies as both populations occur within a palaeovalley that contains significant near-surface uranium mineralisation. We investigate the structure of genetic variation within populations and subpopulations of this taxon using nuclear microsatellites. Internal transcribed spacer sequence data places this new taxon within a clade of polyploid Atriplex species, and the maximum number of alleles per locus suggests it is hexaploid. The two populations possessed similar levels of genetic ersity, but exhibited a surprising level of genetic differentiation given their proximity. Significant isolation by distance over scales of less than 5 km suggests dispersal is highly restricted. In addition, the proportion of variation between the populations (12%) is similar to that among A. nummularia populations s led at a continent-wide scale (several thousand kilometres), and only marginally less than that between distinct A. nummularia subspecies. Additional work is required to further clarify the exact taxonomic status of the two populations. We propose management recommendations for this potentially new species in light of its highly structured genetic variation.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 16-03-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2003
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-10-2016
DOI: 10.1111/DDI.12387
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 12-10-2015
DOI: 10.1111/DDI.12266
Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Date: 18-10-2017
Abstract: Secondary metabolites encoded by soil bacteria have proved to be a rich source of lead structures for the development of small-molecule therapeutics. Environmental factors that contribute to differences in the composition of natural product biosynthetic gene clusters found in geographically distant soil microbiomes have remained elusive. In this study, we sought to address this key outstanding question. Of the factors we assessed, changes in latitude were found to correlate most consistently with changes in biosynthetic domain composition on a continent-wide scale. Although further studies are needed to better understand the underlying causes driving this relationship, these findings provide insights into how best to direct future natural product drug discovery efforts.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 11-2016
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2016
DOI: 10.1071/SB16019
Abstract: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) provides numerous tools for population and systematic studies. These tools are a boon to researchers working with non-model and poorly characterised organisms where little or no genomic resources exist. Several techniques have been developed to subs le the genomes of multiple in iduals from related populations and species, so as to discover variable regions. We describe here the use of a modified AFLPseq method that provides a rapid and cost-effective approach to screening variable gene regions (SNPs) for multiple s les. Our method provides an adaptable toolkit for multiple downstream applications, which can be scaled up or down depending on the needs of the research question and budget. Using minor modifications to the protocol, we successfully recovered variable and useful markers that were applied to three case studies examining different scales of biological organisation, namely, from within populations to phylogenetic questions at the genus level and above. The case studies on Acacia and Eucalyptus generated genomic data across multiple taxonomic hierarchies, including demonstrating the detection of Acacia pinguifolia J.M.Black in iduals used in restoration and their population origins, regional phylogeography of Acacia pycnantha Benth., and SNP-marker conservatism across some 70million years of ergence among the Myrtaceae.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-04-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2012
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 19-05-2017
DOI: 10.1002/ECE3.2995
No related grants have been discovered for Andrew Lowe.