ORCID Profile
0000-0002-9957-050X
Current Organisations
Australian National University
,
University of Technology Sydney
,
Peking University
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Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 18-11-2021
DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198861171.003.0006
Abstract: This chapter examines the growth of technology entrepreneurship in China. Compared to other professions such as public service or academia, entrepreneurship was not regarded highly in Chinese culture and was banned in the Mao era as ‘walking on the road of capitalism’. It has now become a key element of China’s innovation machine, and being an entrepreneur is an attractive career. The reforms in China’s capital market, including venture capital investment, together with policy support under the banner of mass entrepreneurship and innovation, such as access to science and research, incubators and accelerators, and entrepreneurship education, are described. The case of the emerging biotechnology/biopharmaceutical industry is used to illustrate the importance of combining technology, talent, capital, and policy in technology entrepreneurship. Selected large and rapidly growing unicorns are profiled, illustrating how entrepreneurial firms aiming to develop future technologies emerge and grow.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 18-11-2021
DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198861171.003.0007
Abstract: This chapter analyses the different institutional logics surrounding China’s innovation machine, including the ‘visible hand’ of the state and ‘invisible hand’ of the market. The idea of innovation in China resulting from centralized decisions in government is shown to be a myth instead, it results from the interaction of initial bottom-up innovations and subsequent top-down direction, support, or correction. The cultural roots of China’s multiple institutional logics are explained, including the role of hierarchy, the tolerance of ambiguity, and the search for unity. Balance is sought within Chinese bureaucracies, between central and local governments, and between formal and informal authority. The chapter analyses Chinese policy frameworks for science and technology, innovation, intellectual property, education and talent, environment, industry, and the reform of state-owned enterprises. A case study of the car industry is provided, focusing particularly on how policy instruments are used to encourage carmakers to capitalize on the opportunities presented by the new technology trajectory of new energy vehicles.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 18-11-2021
DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198861171.003.0008
Abstract: This chapter explores how order emerges from chaos in China’s innovation machine. It emphasizes how innovation is emergent, evolutionary, and complex and cannot be centrally planned and controlled. Innovation involves experimentation, the initial growth of which requires some protection, but the scale and scope of which can be rapidly lified in an interdependent digital economy. The challenges facing the innovation machine are outlined. These include the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, and the impending clash of political ideology between China and the West manifested by a technology cold war over issues such as technological standards. The chapter argues that, despite numerous shortcomings, China’s innovation machine is remarkably successful and robust and can even strengthen as result of external pressures. It does, however, face specific internal policy challenges, including whether the government can maintain the pragmatism of recent policies with continued development of the market, and strengthened transparency on the nature and purpose of China’s approach to innovation, and the nation’s greater assumption of leadership roles in international forums. How China handles these challenges will significantly impact the future of global economic development and political cooperation.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 18-11-2021
DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198861171.003.0001
Abstract: This chapter sets the context of China’s innovation machine. It introduces its characteristics, including massive numbers of innovators embedded in China’s manufacturing and supply chains that offer efficiency, flexibility, and resilience the emergence of the digital economy and pragmatic government policies that have seen the nation progress from a period of catch-up with world leaders to a position of leadership in some fields. It explains the importance of Chinese culture for innovation and the ability of the nation to operate with ‘multiple institutional logics’ of state control and market forces. Challenges confronting China’s innovation machine are outlined, including in some areas of advanced technology and basic research, the fracturing of globalization, and the reascendancy of central planning.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 18-11-2021
DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198861171.003.0002
Abstract: This chapter shows how much China caught up in the global innovation race, using international indices of innovation performance, and data on R& D expenditures, higher education, scientific outputs, and patents. Frameworks such as ‘windows of opportunity’ are used to explore how China catches up in innovation and is changing policies from importing innovation to developing ‘indigenous innovation’. The bottlenecks confronting China’s catch-up and leadership are examined using the case of semiconductors, Huawei, and 5G, and the chapter poses the question whether the country can overcome such bottlenecks in core technologies. To do so, it is argued that greater investment is needed in basic research, especially by enterprises.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 18-11-2021
DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198861171.003.0003
Abstract: This chapter demonstrates the importance of manufacturing in China’s innovation machine. It explains the history of China’s industrialization and how it overcame early challenges to become the ‘world’s factory’. It argues that China has since progressed to become the ‘world’s workshop’, with the capability and capacity to translating complex designs into products with engineering precision and with unmatchable speed and scale. Ex les are provided of large overseas companies attracted to manufacture in China, such as Tesla and Apple. It also examines a new model of mass customization facilitated by the country’s super e-commerce platforms such as Alibaba and Pinduoduo, which connects consumers with hundreds of millions of SME manufacturers, including China’s ‘hidden ch ions’ in niche areas of manufacturing. Chinese manufacturing possesses significant strengths in its resilience and flexibility, building upon its highly skilled workforce and digital infrastructure. The chapter shows how China’s manufacturing is benefiting from recent trends that have moved production in global value chains to countries with lower labour costs.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 18-11-2021
DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198861171.003.0004
Abstract: This chapter explains the development and significance of China’s mega supply chains and their position in the global ision of labour. It explains the importance of modularity, standardization, and complementarity in supply chains. It analyses how efficiencies and resilience are achieved and balanced in supply chains and the importance of platforms, both geographical clusters, such as industrial bases in Shenzhen, Chengdu, and Suzhou, and digital platforms, such as Alibaba and Pinduoduo. The chapter also argues that China’s mega supply chains have become regional hubs supplying intermediate products to manufacturing facilities in countries with lower labour costs. It discusses the extent to which China is progressing towards Industry 4.0, with smart supply chains, and how the country is responding to the challenges from growing global trade tensions.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 18-11-2021
DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198861171.003.0005
Abstract: China has one of the most advanced digital economies in the world. This chapter analyses the rise of China’s digital economy and the transformational effect of digital innovation on consumers and throughout China’s economy and society. The ‘platform of platforms’ created by leading firms is critical in China’s digital infrastructure, and the user data generated on these platforms is a new factor in Chinese productivity. The ability of the digital economy to build and address demand in China’s highly differentiated markets is shown in cases such as Xiaomi. The chapter reveals the zigzag pattern of iterative interactions between technology entrepreneurs and policymakers. It presents a detailed case study of mobile payments, explaining the dynamic interactions between firm strategies, user endorsements, and government policies. The rise of the ‘platform of platforms’ has raised concerns about user data safety and fair market competition. The chapter discusses the social and political implications arising from powerful platform firms in the digital economy. It concludes with discussion of the importance of future technologies, including artificial intelligence and the internet of things, especially their applications in the industry internet.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 06-11-2018
DOI: 10.1017/MOR.2018.24
Abstract: This article investigates the impact of cross-level interplay between team members’ and their leaders’ goal orientations (learning, performance approach, and performance avoidance) on knowledge sharing using s les from design teams in two companies in China. Our results show that team leaders’ learning goal orientation plays a critical moderating role. Specifically, team leaders’ learning goal orientation strengthens the positive relationship between team members’ learning orientation and knowledge sharing positively moderates the relationship between team members’ performance approach orientation and knowledge sharing and weakens the negative relationship between team members’ performance avoidance orientation and knowledge sharing. Team leaders’ performance approach orientation demonstrates a positive moderating effect when there is congruence between the performance approach orientation of leaders and members. Finally, team leaders’ performance avoidance orientation negatively moderates the relationship between team members’ learning and performance approach orientation on knowledge sharing. This research enhances our understanding of the conditions under which knowledge sharing occurs among team members, using the lens of Trait Activation Theory.
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 18-10-2018
Abstract: Firms engaged in international business necessarily make predictions about the business environments in which they operate or seek to enter, on the basis of which they make a number of strategic decisions. The purpose of this paper is to consider the difficulties there are in making accurate predictions and how the process might be improved. The paper examines predictions made in 2007 by ‘China experts’ about what the Chinese business environment would look like in 2017. Their predictions were accurate in respect of around two-thirds of the issues they were asked to consider. This paper focuses on the one-third of issues about which they were wide of the mark and examine the likely reasons. The predictions of the 2007 study were accurate in respect of around two-thirds of the issues the China experts on the Delphi panel were asked to consider. The reason that they were wide of the mark on about one-third of issues could be attributed to two main factors: the 2008/2009 Global Financial Crisis and the appointment in 2013 of Xi Jinping as the President of China. These events precipitated changes in direction in the Chinese business environment that had not been (and could not have been) anticipated by the Delphi panel. Very few Delphi studies have been subject to a follow-up examination of the accuracy of their predictions. This paper contributes a discussion the various methodologies that firms can use to improve their forecasts of international business environments.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 18-11-2021
DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198861171.001.0001
Abstract: China’s extraordinary economic development is explained in large part by the way it innovates. This book explains how it innovates, which has important implications not only for China but also for the rest of the world. Contrary to widely held views, China’s innovation machine is not created and controlled by an all-powerful government. Instead, it is a complex, interdependent system composed of hundreds of millions of elements, involving bottom-up innovation driven by innovators and entrepreneurs and highly pragmatic and adaptive top-down policy. Using case studies of leading firms and industries, statistics, and policy analysis, the book argues that China’s innovation machine is similar to a natural ecosystem. Innovations in technology, organization, and business model resemble genetic mutations which are random, self-serving and isolated initially, but the best fitting are selected by the market and their impacts are lified by the innovation machine. This machine draws on China’s massive number of manufacturers, supply chains, innovation clusters, and digitally literate population, connected through supersized digital platforms. China’s innovation suffers from a lack of basic research and reliance upon certain critical technologies from overseas its scale (size) and scope ( ersity) possess attributes that make it self-correcting and stronger in the face of challenges. China’s innovation machine is most effective in a policy environment where the market prevails policy intervention plays a significant role when market mechanisms are premature or fail. The book concludes that the future success of China’s innovation will depend on continuing policy pragmatism, mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and the development of the ‘new infrastructures’.
Publisher: Inderscience Publishers
Date: 2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-08-2019
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-02-2023
Abstract: A firm’s embedding structures in a technology competition network can influence its propensity for innovation ambidexterity. Using PCT (patent cooperation treaty) patent data of wind energy companies between 2010 and 2019, we adopted social network analysis and fixed-effects panel negative binomial regression to examine the impacts of network structural features on firm innovation ambidexterity. The results show that competitor-weighted centrality contributes to a firm’s propensities for both incremental and radical green innovation. In contrast, a firm’s embeddedness in small-world clusters can moderate the effect of the firm’s competitor-weighted centrality positively on its incremental innovation but negatively on its radical innovation. The study makes three theoretical contributions. First, it enriches the understanding of how the competition network affects innovation ambidexterity. Second, it provides new insights into the relationship between competition network structures and technology innovation strategy. Finally, it contributes to bridging the research on the social embeddedness perspective and green innovation literature. The findings of this study have important implications for enterprises in the wind energy sector regarding how competitive relationships affect green technology innovation. The study underscores the importance of considering the competitiveness of a firm’s rivals and the embedded structural features when devising green innovation strategies.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2007
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 04-2007
Abstract: This article addresses some fundamental methodological issues confronting management researchers undertaking research in China. Among other things, it considers the following: cultural factors that might impact on what is a researchable question s ling issues difficulties in developing valid research instruments problems pertaining to data collection and the challenges of data interpretation. While the issues are by no means unique to China, there are a number of matters that require special attention in the Chinese context. Failure to consider such methodological problems might potentially call into question the findings of otherwise important management studies. Specific recommendations are provided as to how these challenges can be successfully dealt with.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-05-2019
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 07-02-2017
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 22-10-2020
DOI: 10.1017/MOR.2020.35
Abstract: This article studies the latent mechanisms underlying the non-linear correlation between a firm's relative innovation orientation of exploration vs exploitation and performance. We also investigate the moderating effects of cluster relationships on this relationship. Using a s le of 638 SMEs in four industry clusters in Tianjin, China, we confirm an inverted U-shaped correlation between a firm's relative innovation orientation and performance, and explicate the latent mechanisms underlying such an inverted U shape. We find that the number and strength of a firm's cluster relationships can moderate this inverted U-shaped curve: the former moves the turning point of the inverted U shape toward exploratory orientation, and the latter moves the turning point toward exploitative orientation. For improved performance, we discuss appropriate innovation balancing strategies for cluster firms with different cluster relationships, and optimal cluster strategies under different innovation-balancing conditions. This study adds to the increasing scholarly effort on latent mechanisms behind U-shaped relationships and moderating effects on such relationships in management research.
Publisher: Academy of Management
Date: 2016
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Date: 16-12-2013
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2011
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 23-08-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2021
No related grants have been discovered for Marina Zhang.