Shaun Collin

Volumetric analysis and morphological assessment of the ascending olfactory pathway in an elasmobranch and a teleost using diceCT

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 09-2020

DOI: 10.1007/S00429-020-02127-1

Retinal Topography in Two Species of Baleen Whale (Cetacea: Mysticeti)

Publisher: S. Karger AG

Date: 2018

DOI: 10.1159/000495285

Abstract: Little is known about the visual systems of large baleen whales (Mysticeti: Cetacea). In this study, we investigate eye morphology and the topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in two species of mysticete, Bryde’s whale ( i Balaenoptera edeni /i ) and the humpback whale ( i Megaptera novaeanglia /i ). Both species have large eyes characterised by a thickened cornea, a heavily thickened sclera, a highly vascularised fibro-adipose bundle surrounding the optic nerve at the back of the eye, and a reflective blue-green tapetum fibrosum. Using stereology and retinal whole mounts, we estimate a total of 274,268 and 161,371 RGCs in the Bryde’s whale and humpback whale retinas, respectively. Both species have a similar retinal topography, consisting of nasal and temporal areas of high RGC density, suggesting that having higher visual acuity in the anterior and latero-caudal visual fields is particularly important in these animals. The temporal area is larger in both species and contains the peak RGC densities (160 cells mm sup –2 /sup in the humpback whale and 200 cells mm sup –2 /sup in Bryde’s whale). In the Bryde’s whale retina, the two high-density areas are connected by a weak centro-ventral visual streak, but such a specialisation is not evident in the humpback whale. Measurements of RGC soma area reveal that although the RGCs in both species vary substantially in size, RGC soma area is inversely proportional to RGC density, with cells in the nasal and temporal high-density areas being relatively more homogeneous in size compared to the RGCs in the central retina and the dorsal and ventral retinal periphery. Some of the RGCs were very large, with soma areas of over 2,000 µm sup /sup . Using peak RGC density and eye axial diameter (Bryde’s whale: 63.5 mm humpback whale: 48.5 mm), we estimated the peak anatomical spatial resolving power in water to be 4.8 cycles/degree and 3.3 cycles/degree in the Bryde’s whale and the humpback whale, respectively. Overall, our findings for these two species are very similar to those reported for other species of cetaceans. This indicates that, irrespective of the significant differences in body size and shape, behavioural ecology and feeding strategy between mysticetes and odontocetes (toothed whales), cetacean eyes are adapted to vision in dim light and adhere to a common “bauplan” that evolved prior to the ergence of the two cetacean parvorders (Odontoceti and Mysticeti) over 30 million years ago.

The soundscape of the Anthropocene ocean

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Date: 05-02-2021

DOI: 10.1126/SCIENCE.ABA4658

Abstract: Sound travels faster and farther in water than in air. Over evolutionary time, many marine organisms have come to rely on sound production, transmission, and reception for key aspects of their lives. These important behaviors are threatened by an increasing cacophony in the marine environment as human-produced sounds have become louder and more prevalent. Duarte et al. review the importance of biologically produced sounds and the ways in which anthropogenically produced sounds are affecting the marine soundscape. Science , this issue p. eaba4658

The effect of underwater sounds on shark behaviour

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 06-05-2019

DOI: 10.1038/S41598-019-43078-W

Abstract: The effect of sound on the behaviour of sharks has not been investigated since the 1970s. Sound is, however, an important sensory stimulus underwater, as it can spread in all directions quickly and propagate further than any other sensory cue. We used a baited underwater camera rig to record the behavioural responses of eight species of sharks (seven reef and coastal shark species and the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias ) to the playback of two distinct sound stimuli in the wild: an orca call sequence and an artificially generated sound. When sounds were playing, reef and coastal sharks were less numerous in the area, were responsible for fewer interactions with the baited test rigs, and displayed less ‘inquisitive’ behaviour, compared to during silent control trials. White sharks spent less time around the baited camera rig when the artificial sound was presented, but showed no significant difference in behaviour in response to orca calls. The use of the presented acoustic stimuli alone is not an effective deterrent for C. carcharias . The behavioural response of reef sharks to sound raises concern about the effects of anthropogenic noise on these taxa.

Convergence of Olfactory Inputs within the Central Nervous System of a Cartilaginous and a Bony Fish: An Anatomical Indicator of Olfactory Sensitivity

Publisher: S. Karger AG

Date: 2020

DOI: 10.1159/000510688

Abstract: The volume of the olfactory bulbs (OBs) relative to the brain has been used previously as a proxy for olfactory capabilities in many vertebrate taxa, including fishes. Although this gross approach has predictive power, a more accurate assessment of the number of afferent olfactory inputs and the convergence of this information at the level of the telencephalon is critical to our understanding of the role of olfaction in the behaviour of fishes. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy to assess the number of first-order axons within the olfactory nerve (ON) and the number of second-order axons in the olfactory peduncle (OP) in established model species within cartilaginous (brownbanded bamboo shark, i Chiloscyllium punctatum /i [CP]) and bony (common goldfish, i Carassius auratus /i [CA]) fishes. The total number of axons varied from a mean of 18.12 ± 7.50 million in the ON to a mean of 0.38 ± 0.21 million in the OP of CP, versus 0.48 ± 0.16 million in the ON and 0.09 ± 0.02 million in the OP of CA. This resulted in a convergence ratio of approximately 50:1 and 5:1, respectively, for these two species. Based on astroglial ensheathing, axon type (unmyelinated [UM] and myelinated [M]) and axon size, we found no differentiated tracts in the OP of CP, whereas a lateral and a medial tract (both of which could be sub ided into two bundles or areas) were identified for CA, as previously described. Linear regression analyses revealed significant differences not only in axon density between species and locations (nerves and peduncles), but also in axon type and axon diameter ( i /i & #x3c 0.05). However, UM axon diameter was larger in the OPs than in the nerve in both species ( i /i = 0.005), with no significant differences in UM axon diameter in the ON ( i /i = 0.06) between species. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the neuroanatomical organisation of the ascending olfactory pathway in two fish taxa and a quantitative anatomical comparison of the summation of olfactory information. Our results support the assertion that relative OB volume is a good indicator of the level of olfactory input and thereby a proxy for olfactory capabilities.

Perceptual rivalry across animal species

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 06-2020

DOI: 10.1002/CNE.24939

The auditory system of cartilaginous fishes

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 04-02-2022

DOI: 10.1007/S11160-022-09698-8

Retinal Ganglion Cell Distribution and Spatial Resolving Power in Deep-Sea Lanternfishes (Myctophidae)

Publisher: S. Karger AG

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1159/000365960

Abstract: Topographic analyses of retinal ganglion cell density are very useful in providing information about the visual ecology of a species by identifying areas of acute vision within the visual field (i.e. areas of high cell density). In this study, we investigated the neural cell distribution in the ganglion cell layer of a range of lanternfish species belonging to 10 genera. Analyses were performed on wholemounted retinas using stereology. Topographic maps were constructed of the distribution of all neurons and both ganglion and amacrine cell populations in 5 different species from Nissl-stained retinas using cytological criteria. Amacrine cell distribution was also examined immunohistochemically in 2 of the 5 species using anti-parvalbumin antibody. The distributions of both the total neuron and the amacrine cell populations were aligned in all of the species examined, showing a general increase in cell density toward the retinal periphery. However, when the ganglion cell population was topographically isolated from the amacrine cell population, which comprised up to 80% of the total neurons within the ganglion cell layer, a different distribution was revealed. Topographic maps of the true ganglion cell distribution in 18 species of lanternfishes revealed well-defined specializations in different regions of the retina. Different species possessed distinct areas of high ganglion cell density with respect to both peak density and the location and/or shape of the specialized acute zone (i.e. elongated areae ventro-temporales, areae temporales and large areae centrales). The spatial resolving power was calculated to be relatively low (varying from 1.6 to 4.4 cycles per degree), indicating that myctophids may constitute one of the less visually acute groups of deep-sea teleosts. The ersity in retinal specializations and spatial resolving power within the family is assessed in terms of possible ecological functions and evolutionary history.

Ontogenetic Shifts in Brain Organization in the Bluespotted Stingray Neotrygon kuhlii (Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae)

Publisher: S. Karger AG

Date: 2017

DOI: 10.1159/000455223

Abstract: Fishes exhibit lifelong neurogenesis and continual brain growth. One consequence of this continual growth is that the nervous system has the potential to respond with enhanced plasticity to changes in ecological conditions that occur during ontogeny. The life histories of many teleost fishes are composed of a series of distinct stages that are characterized by shifts in diet, habitat, and behavior. In many cases, these shifts correlate with changes in overall brain growth and brain organization, possibly reflecting the relative importance of different senses and locomotor performance imposed by the new ecological niches they encounter throughout life. Chondrichthyan (cartilaginous) fishes also undergo ontogenetic shifts in habitat, movement patterns, diet, and behavior, but very little is known about any corresponding shifts in the size and organization of their brains. Here, we investigated postparturition ontogenetic changes in brain-body size scaling, the allometric scaling of seven major brain areas (olfactory bulbs, telencephalon, diencephalon, optic tectum, tegmentum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata) relative to the rest of the brain, and cerebellar foliation in a chondrichthyan, i.e., the bluespotted stingray i Neotrygon kuhlii. /i We also investigated the unusual morphological asymmetry of the cerebellum in this and other batoids. As in teleosts, the brain continues to grow throughout life, with a period of rapid initial growth relative to body size, before slowing considerably at the onset of sexual maturity. The olfactory bulbs and the cerebellum scale with positive allometry relative to the rest of the brain, whereas the other five brain areas scale with varying degrees of negative allometry. None of the major brain areas showed the stage-specific differences in rates of growth often found in teleosts. Cerebellar foliation also increases at a faster rate than overall brain growth. We speculate that changes in the olfactory bulbs and cerebellum could reflect increased olfactory and locomotor capabilities, which may be associated with ontogenetic shifts in diet, habitat use, and activity patterns, as well as shifts in behavior that occur with the onset of sexual maturity. The frequency distributions of the three cerebellar morphologies exhibited in this species best fit a 2:1:1 (right-sided:left-sided:intermediate) distribution, mirroring previous findings for another stingray species.

Evidence for Sleep in Sharks and Rays: Behavioural, Physiological, and Evolutionary Considerations

Publisher: S. Karger AG

Date: 2020

DOI: 10.1159/000504123

Abstract: Sleep is widespread across the animal kingdom. However, most comparative sleep data exist for terrestrial vertebrates, with much less known about sleep in hibians, bony fishes, and invertebrates. There is an absence of knowledge on sleep in cartilaginous fishes. Sharks and rays are amongst the earliest vertebrates, and may hold clues to the evolutionary history of sleep and sleep states found in more derived animals, such as mammals and birds. Here, we review the literature concerning activity patterns, sleep behaviour, and electrophysiological evidence for sleep in cartilaginous (and bony) fishes following an exhaustive literature search that found more than 80 relevant studies in laboratory and field environments. Evidence for sleep in sharks and rays that respire without swimming is preliminary evidence for sleep in continuously swimming fishes is currently absent. We discuss ways in which the latter group might sleep concurrent with sustained movement, and conclude with suggestions for future studies in order to provide more comprehensive data on when, how, and why sharks and rays sleep.

Retinal Morphology and Visual Specializations in Three Species of Chimaeras, the Deep-Sea R. pacifica and C. lignaria, and the Vertical Migrator C. milii (Holocephali)

Publisher: S. Karger AG

Date: 2018

DOI: 10.1159/000490655

Abstract: The majority of holocephalans live in the mesopelagic zone of the deep ocean, where there is little or no sunlight, but some species migrate to brightly lit shallow waters to reproduce. This study compares the retinal morphology of two species of deep-sea chimaeras, the Pacific spookfish ( i Rhinochimaera pacifica /i ) and the Carpenter’s chimaera ( i Chimaera lignaria /i ), with the elephant shark ( i Callorhinchus milii /i ), a vertical migrator that lives in the mesopelagic zone but migrates to shallow water to reproduce. The two deep-sea chimaera species possess pure rod retinae with long photoreceptor outer segments that might serve to increase visual sensitivity. In contrast, the retina of the elephant shark possesses rods, with an outer-segment length significantly shorter (a mean of 34 µm) than in the deep-sea species, and cones, and therefore the potential for color vision. The retinal ganglion cell distribution closely follows that of the photoreceptor populations in all three species, but there is a lower peak density of these cells in both deep-sea species (215–275 cells/mm sup /sup vs. 769 cells/mm sup /sup in the elephant shark), which represents a significant increase in the convergence of visual information (summation ratio) from photoreceptors to ganglion cells. It is evident that the eyes of deep-sea chimaeras have increased sensitivity to detect objects under low levels of light, but at the expense of both resolution and the capacity for color vision. In contrast, the elephant shark has a lower sensitivity, but the potential for color discrimination and a higher visual acuity.

Pushing the limits of photoreception in twilight conditions: The rod-like cone retina of the deep-sea pearlsides

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Date: 03-11-2017

DOI: 10.1126/SCIADV.AAO4709

Abstract: Deep-sea fishes evolved an unconventional visual system to optimize vision in twilight conditions.

The Central Nervous System of Jawless Vertebrates: Encephalization in Lampreys and Hagfishes

Publisher: S. Karger AG

Date: 2017

DOI: 10.1159/000455183

Abstract: L reys and hagfishes are the sole surviving representatives of the early agnathan (jawless) stage in vertebrate evolution, which has previously been regarded as the least encephalized group of all vertebrates. Very little is known, however, about the extent of interspecific variation in relative brain size in these fishes, as previous studies have focused on only a few species, even though l reys exhibit a variety of life history traits. While some species are parasitic as adults, with varying feeding behaviors, others (nonparasitic species) do not feed after completing their macrophagous freshwater larval phase. In addition, some parasitic species remain in freshwater, while others undergo an anadromous migration. On the basis of data for postmetamorphic in iduals representing approximately 40% of all l rey species, with representatives from each of the three families, the aforementioned differences in life history traits are reflected in variations in relative brain size. Across all l reys, brain mass increases with body mass with a scaling factor or slope (α) of 0.35, which is less than those calculated for different groups of gnathostomatous (jawed) vertebrates (α = 0.43-0.62). When parasitic and nonparasitic species are analyzed separately, with phylogeny taken into account, the scaling factors of both groups (parasitic α = 0.43, nonparasitic α = 0.45) approach those of gnathostomes. The relative brain size in fully grown adults of parasitic species is, however, less than that of the adults of nonparasitic species, paralleling differences between fully grown adults and recently metamorphosed in iduals of anadromous species. The average degree of encephalization is found in anadromous parasitic l reys and might thus represent the ancestral condition for extant l reys. These results suggest that the degree of encephalization in l reys varies according to both life history traits and phylogenetic relationships.

Enhanced short-wavelength sensitivity in the blue-tongued skink Tiliqua rugosa

Publisher: The Company of Biologists

Date: 06-2022

DOI: 10.1242/JEB.244317

Abstract: Despite lizards using a wide range of colour signals, the limited variation in photoreceptor spectral sensitivities across lizards suggests only weak selection for species-specific, spectral tuning of photoreceptors. Some species, however, have enhanced short-wavelength sensitivity, which probably helps with the detection of signals rich in ultraviolet and short wavelengths. In this study, we examined the visual system of Tiliqua rugosa, which has an ultraviolet/blue tongue, to gain insight into this species' visual ecology. We used electroretinograms, opsin sequencing and immunohistochemical labelling to characterize whole-eye spectral sensitivity and the elements that shape it. Our findings reveal that T. rugosa expresses all five opsins typically found in lizards (SWS1, SWS2, RH1, RH2 and LWS) but possesses greatly enhanced short-wavelength sensitivity compared with other diurnal lizards. This enhanced short-wavelength sensitivity is characterized by a broadening of the spectral sensitivity curve of the eye towards shorter wavelengths while the peak sensitivity of the eye at longer wavelengths (560 nm) remains similar to that of other diurnal lizards. While an increased abundance of SWS1 photoreceptors is thought to mediate elevated ultraviolet sensitivity in a couple of other lizard species, SWS1 photoreceptor abundance remains low in this species. Instead, our findings suggest that short-wavelength sensitivity is driven by multiple factors which include a potentially red-shifted SWS1 photoreceptor and the absence of short-wavelength-absorbing oil droplets. Examining the coincidence of enhanced short-wavelength sensitivity with blue tongues among lizards of this genus will provide further insight into the co-evolution of conspecific signals and whole-eye spectral sensitivity.

Visual Specializations in Five Sympatric Species of Stingrays from the Family Dasyatidae

Publisher: S. Karger AG

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.1159/000381091

Abstract: The eyes of five ray species i (Taeniura lymma /i , i Neotrygon kuhlii /i , i Pastinachus atrus /i , i Himantura uarnak /i and i Urogymnus asperrimus) /i from the same taxonomic family (Dasyatidae) and the same geographic region (Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia) were studied to identify differences in retinal specializations that may reflect niche specialization. The topographic distributions of photoreceptors (rods and all cones) and ganglion cells were assessed and used to identify localized peaks in cell densities that indicate specializations for acute vision. These data were also used to calculate summation ratios of photoreceptors to ganglion cells in each species and estimate the anatomical spatial resolving power of the eye. Subtle differences in the distribution of retinal neurons appear to be related to the ecology of these closely related species of stingrays. The main specialization in the retinal cell density distribution is the dorsal streak that allows these animals to scan the substrate for potential prey. The blue-spotted fantail ray, i T. lymma /i , showed the highest peak density of rods (86,700 rods mm sup -2 /sup ) suggesting a specialization for scotopic vision. The highest peak density of cones (9,970 cones mm sup -2 /sup ) was found in i H. uarnak, /i and the highest peak density of ganglion cells (4,500 cells mm sup -2 /sup ) was found in i P. atrus /i . The proportion of rods to cones in the dorsal streak was higher in the two smaller species (12.5-14:1 in i T. lymma /i and i N. kuhlii /i ) than the larger stingrays (6-8:1 in i P. atrus /i , i H. uarnak /i and i U. asperrimus /i ). Visual specializations in different sympatric species are subtle but may reflect specializations to specific ecological niches.

Visual opsin expression and morphological characterization of retinal photoreceptors in the pouched lamprey ( Geotria australis ,

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 30-12-2020

DOI: 10.1002/CNE.25092

Abstract: L reys are extant members of the agnathan (jawless) vertebrates that erged ~500 million years ago, during a critical stage of vertebrate evolution when image-forming eyes first emerged. Among l rey species assessed thus far, the retina of the southern hemisphere pouched l rey, Geotria australis, is unique, in that it possesses morphologically distinct photoreceptors and expresses five visual photopigments. This study focused on determining the number of different photoreceptors present in the retina of G. australis and whether each cell type expresses a single opsin class. Five photoreceptor subtypes were identified based on ultrastructure and differential expression of one of each of the five different visual opsin classes (lws, sws1, sws2, rh1, and rh2) known to be expressed in the retina. This suggests, therefore, that the retina of G. australis possesses five spectrally and morphologically distinct photoreceptors, with the potential for complex color vision. Each photoreceptor subtype was shown to have a specific spatial distribution in the retina, which is potentially associated with changes in spectral radiance across different lines of sight. These results suggest that there have been strong selection pressures for G. australis to maintain broad spectral sensitivity for the brightly lit surface waters that this species inhabits during its marine phase. These findings provide important insights into the functional anatomy of the early vertebrate retina and the selection pressures that may have led to the evolution of complex color vision.

Spectral Tuning in the Eyes of Deep-Sea Lanternfishes (Myctophidae): A Novel Sexually Dimorphic Intra-Ocular Filter

Publisher: S. Karger AG

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.1159/000371652

Abstract: Deep-sea fishes possess several adaptations to facilitate vision where light detection is pushed to its limit. Lanternfishes (Myctophidae), one of the world's most abundant groups of mesopelagic fishes, possess a novel and unique visual specialisation, a sexually dimorphic photostable yellow pigmentation, constituting the first record of a visual sexual dimorphism in any non-primate vertebrate. The topographic distribution of the yellow pigmentation across the retina is species specific, varying in location, shape and size. Spectrophotometric analyses reveal that this new retinal specialisation differs between species in terms of composition and acts as a filter, absorbing maximally between 356 and 443 nm. Microspectrophotometry and molecular analyses indicate that the species containing this pigmentation also possess at least 2 spectrally distinct rod visual pigments as a result of a duplication of the i Rh1 /i opsin gene. After modelling the effect of the yellow pigmentation on photoreceptor spectral sensitivity, we suggest that this unique specialisation acts as a filter to enhance contrast, thereby improving the detection of bioluminescent emissions and possibly fluorescence in the extreme environment of the deep sea. The fact that this yellow pigmentation is species specific, sexually dimorphic and isolated within specific parts of the retina indicates an evolutionary pressure to visualise prey redators/mates in a particular part of each species' visual field.

Ontogenetic Changes in Retinal Ganglion Cell Distribution and Spatial Resolving Power in the Brown-Banded Bamboo Shark <b><i>Chiloscyllium punctatum</i></b> (Elasmobranchii)

Publisher: S. Karger AG

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1159/000361036

Abstract: The development of the visual system in b /b anamniotic vertebrates is a continual process, allowing for ontogenetic changes in retinal topography and spatial resolving power. We examined the number and distribution of retinal ganglion cells in wholemounted retinae throughout the protracted embryonic development (∼5 months) of a chondrichthyan, i.e. the brown-banded bamboo shark i Chiloscyllium punctatum, /i from the beginning of retinal cell differentiation (approximately halfway through embryogenesis) to adulthood. We also identified and quantified the number of apoptosed cells within the ganglion cell layer to evaluate the contribution of apoptosis to changes in retinal topography. i C. punctatum /i undergoes rapid changes in ganglion cell distribution during embryogenesis, where high levels of apoptosis, especially around the retinal periphery, result in relative increases in ganglion cell density in the central retina which progressively extend nasally and temporally to form a meridional band at hatching. After hatching, i C. punctatum /i forms and maintains a horizontal streak, showing only minor changes in topography during growth, with basal levels of apoptosis. The total number of retinal ganglion cells reaches 547,881 in adult sharks, but the mean (3,228 cells·mm sup -2 /sup ) and peak (4,983 cells·mm sup -2 /sup ) retinal ganglion cell densities are highest around the time of hatching. Calculated estimates of spatial resolving power, based on ganglion cell spacing (assuming a hexagonal mosaic) and assessment of the focal length from cryosections of the eye, increase from 1.47 cycles·degree sup -1 /sup during embryogenesis to 4.29 cycles·degree sup -1 /sup in adults. The increase in spatial resolving power across the retinal meridian would allow this species to hunt and track faster, more mobile prey as it reaches maturity.

Underwater hearing in sea snakes (Hydrophiinae): first evidence of auditory evoked potential thresholds

Publisher: The Company of Biologists

Date: 15-07-2019

DOI: 10.1242/JEB.198184

Abstract: The viviparous sea snakes (Hydrophiinae) are a secondarily aquatic radiation of more than 60 species that possess many phenotypic adaptations to marine life. However, virtually nothing is known of the role and sensitivity of hearing in sea snakes. This study investigated the hearing sensitivity of the fully marine sea snake Hydrophis stokesii by measuring auditory evoked potential (AEP) audiograms for two in iduals. AEPs were recorded from 40 Hz (the lowest frequency tested) up to 600 Hz, with a peak in sensitivity identified at 60 Hz (163.5 dB re. 1 µPa or 123 dB re. 1 µm s−2). Our data suggest that sea snakes are sensitive to low-frequency sounds but have relatively low sensitivity compared with bony fishes and marine turtles. Additional studies are required to understand the role of sound in sea snake life history and further assess these species' vulnerability to anthropogenic noise.

Comparative Brain Morphology of the Greenland and Pacific Sleeper Sharks and its Functional Implications

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 11-07-2019

DOI: 10.1038/S41598-019-46225-5

Abstract: In cartilaginous fishes, variability in the size of the brain and its major regions is often associated with primary habitat and/or specific behavior patterns, which may allow for predictions on the relative importance of different sensory modalities. The Greenland ( Somniosus microcephalus ) and Pacific sleeper ( S . pacificus ) sharks are the only non-lamnid shark species found in the Arctic and are among the longest living vertebrates ever described. Despite a presumed visual impairment caused by the regular presence of parasitic ocular lesions, coupled with the fact that locomotory muscle power is often depressed at cold temperatures, these sharks remain capable of capturing active prey, including pinnipeds. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), brain organization of S . microcephalus and S . pacificus was assessed in the context of up to 117 other cartilaginous fish species, using phylogenetic comparative techniques. Notably, the region of the brain responsible for motor control (cerebellum) is small and lacking foliation, a characteristic not yet described for any other large-bodied ( m) shark. Further, the development of the optic tectum is relatively reduced, while olfactory brain regions are among the largest of any shark species described to date, suggestive of an olfactory-mediated rather than a visually-mediated lifestyle.

Enhanced short-wavelength sensitivity in the blue-tongued skink, Tiliqua rugosa

Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Date: 27-03-2022

DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.25.485754

Abstract: The complex visually mediated behaviors of diurnal lizards are enabled by a retina typically containing five types of opsins with the potential for tetrachromatic color vision. Despite lizards using a wide range of color signals, the limited variation in photoreceptor spectral sensitivities across lizards suggests only weak selection for species-specific, spectral tuning of photoreceptors. Some species, however, have enhanced short wavelength sensitivity, which likely helps with the detection of signals rich in ultraviolet and short wavelengths. In this study, we examined the visual system of Tiliqua rugosa , which has a UV/blue tongue, to determine the spectral sensitivity of the eye and to gain insight into this species’ visual ecology. Electroretinograms coupled with spectral stimulation showed peak sensitivity at 560 nm with high similarity to other lizards at wavelengths greater than 530 nm. However, at shorter wavelengths, sensitivity is enhanced leading to a spectral sensitivity curve that is 28 nm broader (full width at half height) than other lizards studied so far. The width of the curve is partially explained by a population of photoreceptors that respond more strongly to low temporal frequencies with possible peaks in sensitivity between 460 and 470 nm suggesting that they are SWS2 photoreceptors. The lack of a peak in sensitivity at 360 nm at low temporal frequencies and under a monochromatic light that suppresses the response of LWS photoreceptors, suggests that the SWS1 photoreceptors are red-shifted. In addition, the yellow and green oil droplets that are common in other diurnal lizards appear to be missing and instead, only transparent and pale-yellow oil droplets are present. LWS photoreceptors are likely paired with pale-yellow oil droplets to produce LWS photoreceptors with wider spectral sensitivity curves than in other lizards. Opsin sequencing reveals SWS1, SWS2, RH1, RH2 and LWS opsin genes that are very similar to the visual opsins detected in the green anole, Anolis carolinensis , suggesting there is little change in the spectral sensitivity of photoreceptors compared to other diurnal lizards. Since we only obtained a partial sequence of the SWS1 opsin, we were unable to determine whether amino acid substitution at tuning sites could have played a role in red-shifting the SWS1 photoreceptor spectral sensitivity. Photoreceptor densities are typically higher in central and ventral retinal regions than in the dorsal retina suggesting that higher spatial s ling is necessary at eye level and above the animal than on the ground. However, the SWS1 photoreceptors do not follow this pattern potentially due to their low abundance making them less relevant to high acuity visual tasks. Our findings demonstrate that there are possibly multiple mechanisms acting synergistically in the visual system of T. rugosa to enhance short wavelength sensitivity between 360 and 530 nm. While it is tempting to suggest that this is an adaptation to facilitate the detection of the blue tongues of conspecifics, additional experiments are necessary to determine its ecological relevance. Color vision and the distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in T. rugosa

Behavioural sleep in two species of buccal pumping sharks ( Heterodontus portusjacksoni and Cephaloscyllium isabellum )

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 16-07-2020

DOI: 10.1111/JSR.13139

The effect of ecological factors on eye morphology in the western rainbowfish, Melanotaenia australis

Publisher: The Company of Biologists

Date: 2020

DOI: 10.1242/JEB.223644

Abstract: Ecological factors such as spatial habitat complexity and diet can explain variation in visual morphology, but few studies have sought to determine whether visual specialisation can occur among populations of the same species. We used a small Australian freshwater fish (the western rainbowfish, Melanotaenia australis) to determine whether populations showed variation in eye size and eye position, and whether this variation could be explained by environmental (light availability, turbidity) and ecological (predation risk, habitat complexity, invertebrate abundance) variables. We investigated three aspects of eye morphology, (1) eye size relative to body size, (2) pupil size relative to eye size, and (3) eye position in the head, for fish collected from 14 sites in a major river catchment in northwest Western Australia. We found significant variation among populations in all three measures of eye morphology, but no effect of sex on eye size or eye position. Variation in eye diameter and eye position was best explained by the level of habitat complexity. Specifically, fish occurring in habitats with low complexity (i.e. open water) tended to have smaller, more dorsally-located eyes, than those occurring in more complex habitats (i.e. vegetation present). The size of the pupil relative to the size of the eye was most influenced by the presence of surrounding rock formations fish living in gorge habitats had significantly smaller pupils (relative to eye size) than those occupying semi-gorge sites or open habitats. Our findings reveal that different ecological and environmental factors contribute to habitat-specific visual specialisations within a species.

The functional anatomy of the cornea of the Shorthead lamprey, Mordacia mordax (Mordaciidae, Agnatha): A comparison between downstream and upstream migrants

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 16-01-2023

DOI: 10.1002/JMOR.21552

Abstract: The Shorthead l rey Mordacia mordax (Mordaciidae, Agnatha) represents one of the earliest stages of vertebrate evolution. This study investigates the ultrastructural anatomy of the cornea, iris and anterior chamber in the eyes of this species in both the downstream and upstream migrant phases of its protracted lifecycle to assess the morphological and quantitative changes associated with growth, corneal function and vision. Using light and both scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the cornea is found to be ided into dermal and scleral components separated by a mucoid layer. A range of distinguishing corneal features are compared in the two adult phases of the lifecycle, including epithelial microprojections, mucus‐secreting epithelial cells, the number, thickness, formation and level of branching and anastomosing of collagen lamellae, the type and distribution of vertical sutures, the structure of the mucoid layer and annular ligament and the number and distribution of a large number of basement membranes throughout the cornea. Significant differences are found between the two phases, which are thought to reflect adaptations to the variable environmental conditions encountered throughout this species' lifecycle. The study provides insights into the evolutionary pressures on extant representatives of the earliest stages in the evolution of the vertebrate eye.

diceCT: A Valuable Technique to Study the Nervous System of Fish

Publisher: Society for Neuroscience

Date: 29-05-2020

DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0076-20.2020

Abstract: Contrast-enhanced X-ray imaging provides a non-destructive and flexible approach to optimizing contrast in soft tissues, especially when incorporated with Lugol’s solution (aqueous I 2 KI), a technique currently referred to as diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT). This stain exhibits high rates of penetration and results in excellent contrast between and within soft tissues, including the central nervous system. Here, we present a staining method for optimizing contrast in the brain of a cartilaginous fish, the brownbanded bamboo shark, Chiloscyllium punctatum , and a bony fish, the common goldfish, Carassius auratus , using diceCT. The aim of this optimization procedure is to provide suitable contrast between neural tissue and background tissue(s) of the head, thereby facilitating digital segmentation and volumetric analysis of the central nervous system. Both species were scanned before staining and were rescanned at time (T) intervals, either every 48 h ( C. punctatum ) or every 24 h ( C. auratus ), to assess stain penetration and contrast enhancement. To compare stain intensities, raw X-ray CT data were reconstructed using air and water calibration phantoms that were scanned under identical conditions to the s les. Optimal contrast across the brain was achieved at T = 240 h for C. punctatum and T = 96 h for C. auratus . Higher resolution scans of the whole brain were obtained at the two optimized staining times for all the corresponding specimens. The use of diceCT provides a new and valuable tool for visualizing differences in the anatomic organization of both the central and peripheral nervous systems of fish.

Energy conservation characterizes sleep in sharks

Publisher: The Royal Society

Date: 03-2022

DOI: 10.1098/RSBL.2021.0259

Abstract: Sharks represent the earliest group of jawed vertebrates and as such, they may provide original insight for understanding the evolution of sleep in more derived animals. Unfortunately, beyond a single behavioural investigation, very little is known about sleep in these ancient predators. As such, recordings of physiological indicators of sleep in sharks have never been reported. Reduced energy expenditure arising from sustained restfulness and lowered metabolic rate during sleep have given rise to the hypothesis that sleep plays an important role for energy conservation. To determine whether this idea applies also to sharks, we compared metabolic rates of draughtsboard sharks ( Cephaloscyllium isabellum ) during periods ostensibly thought to be sleep, along with restful and actively swimming sharks across a 24 h period. We also investigated behaviours that often characterize sleep in other animals, including eye closure and postural recumbency, to establish relationships between physiology and behaviour. Overall, lower metabolic rate and a flat body posture reflect sleep in draughtsboard sharks, whereas eye closure is a poorer indication of sleep. Our results support the idea for the conservation of energy as a function of sleep in these basal vertebrates.

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Funder: Australian Research Council

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Funder: Australian Research Council

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Funder: Australian Research Council