ORCID Profile
0000-0002-4900-6855
Current Organisation
University of Western Australia
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In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Psychology | Personality, Abilities and Assessment | Psychological Methodology, Design And Analysis | Biological Psychology (Neuropsychology, Psychopharmacology, Physiological Psychology) | Sensory Processes, Perception and Performance | Learning, Memory, Cognition And Language
Expanding Knowledge in Psychology and Cognitive Sciences | Behavioural and cognitive sciences |
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2021
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-07-2017
DOI: 10.1007/S11065-017-9353-5
Abstract: Several neuropsychological dimensions are correlated with functional outcome (e.g., ability to return to family and community roles) following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Commonly investigated neuropsychological dimensions include verbal memory, visuo-spatial construction, set-shifting, generativity, and processing speed. Unfortunately, small s le sizes across relevant studies have contributed to inconsistent results. Furthermore, no studies have concurrently measured all of the candidate neuropsychological predictors, most of which are known to be inter-correlated. Thus, the unique predictive effects associated with the candidate predictors in TBI recovery have never been investigated. Consequently, this study used both meta-analysis and multiple regression to statistically evaluate neuropsychological candidate predictors across two outcome variables (1) the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E) and (2) the Disability Rating Scale (DRS). Seven studies met inclusion criteria. Based on the meta-analyses, the following neuropsychological dimensions were found to be correlated with the GOS-E: immediate verbal memory (r = .43, 95% CI [.27, .58]), delayed verbal memory (r = .43, 95% CI [.21, .61]), visuo-spatial construction (r = .29, 95% CI [.15, .53]), set-shifting (r = -.31, 95% CI [-.45, -.15], and generativity (r = .44, 95% CI [.32, .54]). By contrast, only one neuropsychological dimension was found to be significantly related to the DRS (generativity: r = -.21, 95% CI [-.39, -.01]). Multiple regression on the GOS-E relevant meta-analytically derived correlation matrix determined that all neuropsychological dimensions were significant predictors of the GOS-E (multiple R
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2004
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2020
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-08-2019
DOI: 10.1002/AUR.2198
Abstract: The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) is a psychometric scale that is commonly used to assess autistic-like traits and behaviors expressed by neurotypical in iduals. A potential strength of the AQ is that it provides subscale scores that are specific to certain dimensions associated with autism such as social difficulty and restricted interests. However, multiple psychometric evaluations of the AQ have led to substantial disagreement as to how many factors exist in the scale, and how these factors are defined. These challenges have been exacerbated by limitations in study designs, such as insufficient s le sizes as well as a reliance on Pearson, rather than polychoric, correlations. In addition, several proposed models of the AQ suggest that some factors are uncorrelated, or negatively correlated, which has ramifications for whether total-scale scores are meaningfully interpretable-an issue not raised by previous work. The aims of the current study were to provide: (a) guidance as to which models of the AQ are viable for research purposes, and (b) evidence as to whether total-scale scores are adequately interpretable for research purposes. We conducted a comprehensive series of confirmatory factor analyses on 11 competing AQ models using two large s les drawn from an undergraduate population (n = 1,702) and the general population (n = 1,280). Psychometric evidence largely supported using the three-factor model described by Russell-Smith et al. [Personality and In idual Differences 51(2), 128-132 (2011)], but did not support the use of total-scale scores. We recommend that researchers consider using AQ subscale scores instead of total-scale scores. Autism Res 2020, 13: 45-60. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: We examined 11 different ways of scoring subscales in the popular Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire in two large s les of participants (i.e., general population and undergraduate students). We found that a three-subscale model that used "Social Skill," "Patterns/Details," and "Communication/Mindreading" subscales was the best way to examine specific types of autistic traits in the AQ. We also found some weak associations between the three subscales-for ex le, being high on the "Patterns/Details" subscale was not predictive of scores on the other subscales. This means that meaningful interpretation of overall scores on the AQ is limited.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-02-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S11065-021-09484-6
Abstract: Alexithymia is the inability to identify and describe one's own emotions. Some research suggests that organic alexithymia may occur after acquired brain injury (ABI). However, the results in the literature are inconsistent, when comparisons are made against healthy controls. Furthermore, a precise estimate of alexithymia prevalence in the ABI population has not yet been reported. Consequently, this meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence and characteristics of alexithymia in ABI, as measured by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20). Based on 22 unique ABI s les, a series of random-effects meta-analyses estimated moderate to large positive effect sizes (i.e., greater alexithymia in ABI s les) for the TAS-20 total scale (Hedges' g = 1.00, 95% CI [0.75, 1.35]), as well as the subscales: difficulty identifying feelings (Hedges' g = 0.92, 95% CI [0.66, 1.17]), difficulty describing feelings (Hedges' g = 0.69, 95% CI [0.50, 0.87]) and externally oriented thinking (Hedges' g = 0.75, 95% CI [0.64, 0.85]). Furthermore, a meta-regression identified a larger effect size (TAS-20 total scale score) for traumatic brain injury (TBI) s les, in comparison to non-TBI s les. Finally, the prevalence of clinically significant levels of alexithymia (TAS-20 total scale ≥ 68.4 i.e., two SDs above the general population mean) in ABI patients was estimated at 15.2%. We interpreted the results to suggest that ABI may have a substantial negative impact on affective processing abilities and, thus, comprehensive assessment of emotional functioning deficits following ABI should be considered by practitioners.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 17-05-2021
DOI: 10.1186/S13229-021-00445-7
Abstract: Traits and characteristics qualitatively similar to those seen in diagnosed autism spectrum disorder can be found to varying degrees in the general population. To measure these traits and facilitate their use in autism research, several questionnaires have been developed that provide broad measures of autistic traits [e.g. Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ)]. However, since their development, our understanding of autism has grown considerably, and it is arguable that existing measures do not provide an ideal representation of the trait dimensions currently associated with autism. Our aim was to create a new measure of autistic traits that reflects our current understanding of autism, the Comprehensive Autism Trait Inventory (CATI). In Study 1, 107 pilot items were administered to 1166 in iduals in the general population and exploratory factor analysis of responses used to create the 42-item CATI comprising six subscales: Social Interactions , Communication , Social Camouflage , Repetitive Behaviours , Cognitive Rigidity , and Sensory Sensitivity . In Study 2, the CATI was administered to 1119 new in iduals and confirmatory factor analysis used to verify the factor structure. The AQ and BAPQ were administered to validate the CATI, and additional autistic participants were recruited to compare the predictive ability of the measures. In Study 3, to validate the CATI subscales, the CATI was administered to 202 new in iduals along with existing valid measures qualitatively similar to each CATI subscale. The CATI showed convergent validity at both the total-scale ( r ≥ .79) and subscale level ( r ≥ .68). The CATI also showed superior internal reliability for total-scale scores ( α = .95) relative to the AQ ( α = .90) and BAPQ ( α = .94), consistently high reliability for subscales ( α .81), greater predictive ability for classifying autism (Youden’s Index = .62 vs .56–.59), and demonstrated measurement invariance for sex. Analyses of predictive ability for classifying autism depended upon self-reported diagnosis or identification of autism. The autistic s le was not large enough to test measurement invariance of autism diagnosis. The CATI is a reliable and economical new measure that provides observations across a wide range of trait dimensions associated with autism, potentially precluding the need to administer multiple measures, and to our knowledge, the CATI is also the first broad measure of autistic traits to have dedicated subscales for social camouflage and sensory sensitivity.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2016
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 18-07-2020
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to examine a single-anagram, a double-anagram, and multi-anagram versions of the Anagram Persistence Task (APT) for factorial validity, reliability, and convergent validity. Additionally, a battery of intelligence tests was administered to examine convergent validity. Based on an unrestricted factor analysis, two factors were uncovered from the 14 anagram (seven very difficult and seven very easy) response times: test-taking persistence and verbal processing speed. The internal consistency reliabilities for the single-anagram, double-anagram, and multi-anagram (seven difficult anagrams) measures were .42, .85, and .86, respectively. Furthermore, all three versions of the APT correlated positively with intelligence test performance ( r ≈ .22). However, the double-anagram and multi-anagram versions also evidenced negative, nonlinear effects with intelligence test performance ( r ≈ −.15), which suggested the possibility of testee adaptation. Taking psychometrics and administration time into consideration, simultaneously, the double-anagram version of the APT may be regarded as preferred.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-06-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2023
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 30-10-2023
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 18-08-2023
DOI: 10.1177/09567976231184886
Abstract: Grandiose narcissism is defined as increased motivation for status and viewing oneself as entitled and superior to others. We hypothesized that these tendencies might be associated with basal levels of testosterone because testosterone is considered the most social hormone—driving dominance and the motivation to achieve social status. We distinguished between two facets of grandiose narcissism: agentic (i.e., the tendency to self-promotion in order to win others’ admiration and social influence) and antagonistic (i.e., a reactive strategy used to restore threatened status). In 283 adult men, we examined the association between these facets of narcissism and blood-tested and self-reported testosterone levels. Agentic narcissism—the default narcissistic strategy—was positively associated with both testosterone indicators. Moreover, self-reported and objectively measured testosterone were positively correlated. These findings extend previous work by showing that the facets of narcissism have distinct hormonal underpinnings.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2005
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2022
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 15-10-2021
DOI: 10.1111/JOCA.12417
Abstract: Financial literacy is often measured with only three to five questions, suggesting challenges with achieving respectable levels of internal consistency reliability. Based on our review, we found financial literacy tests composed of three and five test questions yielded mean reliability estimates of 0.40 ( k = 7 N = 167,075) and 0.54 ( k = 8 N = 57,937), respectively: values less than minimally acceptable for even exploratory research. Based on our more comprehensive review of 52 s les and a variety of financial literacy tests (3–45 questions), researchers are recommended to measure financial literacy with a minimum of 13–15 questions. Finally, we conclude that the potential impact of financial literacy on various outcome variables has been underestimated substantially in many previous investigations, as the relatively low levels of internal consistency reliability in the financial literacy test scores attenuated the obtained effects estimated from the observed scores.
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 15-03-2011
DOI: 10.1108/00197851111108908
Abstract: This paper aims to describe a new measure of employee motivational fit, namely the Genos employee motivation assessment (GEMA), its predictive validity and use in learning and organizational development activities. Within three different organizations, employees completed GEMA via an online web survey system. Correlation analyses were then performed with a series of job performance and employee engagement data. Motivational fit (i.e. the degree of alignment between what an in idual is motivated by and experiences in their work), within four areas measured by GEMA (namely, role fit, management fit, team fit, and organization fit), were found to be associated with average predictive validity correlation coefficients equal to 0.46, .073, 0.67, and 0.52, respectively. Statistical analyses at the in idual level would be beneficial in future research. Additionally, whether motivational fit can be improved via learning and/or organizational development interventions, and whether such improvement leads to corresponding improvements in performance and engagement remains to be determined. Intervention initiatives designed to improve motivational fit need to be designed and tested. The findings of this study suggest that successful interventions may result in improvements in job performance and employee engagement. This paper will be of interest to professionals in recruitment, learning and organizational development interested in the improvement of job performance and employee engagement. This is the first study to examine the validity of GEMA scores and to propose the potential use of motivational fit as an intervention medium to improve these areas.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 26-03-2013
Abstract: Although nearly all domain experts agree that carbon dioxide emissions are altering the world’s climate, segments of the public remain unconvinced by the scientific evidence. Internet blogs have become a platform for denial of climate change, and bloggers have taken a prominent role in questioning climate science. We report a survey of climate-blog visitors to identify the variables underlying acceptance and rejection of climate science. Our findings parallel those of previous work and show that endorsement of free-market economics predicted rejection of climate science. Endorsement of free markets also predicted the rejection of other established scientific findings, such as the facts that HIV causes AIDS and that smoking causes lung cancer. We additionally show that, above and beyond endorsement of free markets, endorsement of a cluster of conspiracy theories (e.g., that the Federal Bureau of Investigation killed Martin Luther King, Jr.) predicted rejection of climate science as well as other scientific findings. Our results provide empirical support for previous suggestions that conspiratorial thinking contributes to the rejection of science. Acceptance of science, by contrast, was strongly associated with the perception of a consensus among scientists.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-2021
DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2021.1877549
Abstract: In 1995, Kirsch and colleagues published an influential meta-analysis (k = 20,
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2018
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2007
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-11-2021
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-06-2006
DOI: 10.1002/ACP.1213
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-03-2020
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2005
DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.233
Abstract: This investigation uncovered several substantial errors in the confirmatory factor analysis results reported by J. D. Mayer, P. Salovey, D. R. Caruso, and G. Sitarenios (see record 2003-02341-015). Specifically, the values associated with the close-fit indices (normed fit index, Tucker-Lewis Index, and root-mean-square error of approximation) are inaccurate. A reanalysis of the Mayer et al. subscale intercorrelation matrix provided accurate values of the close-fit indices, which resulted in different evaluations of the models tested by J. D. Mayer et al. Contrary to J. D. Mayer et al., the 1-factor model and the 2-factor model did not provide good fit. Although the 4-factor model was still considered good fitting, the non-constrained 4-factor model yielded a non-positive definite matrix, which was interpreted to be due to the fact that two of the branch-level factors (Perceiving and Facilitating) were collinear, suggesting that a model with 4 factors was implausible.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2004
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-10-2013
DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1720
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1080/00223890802484126
Abstract: Exploratory factor analytic (EFA) studies frequently conclude with the recommendation that future research should attempt to confirm the exploratively identified factor model solution via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In this article, I describe partial CFA (PCFA) as a technique to help researchers justify the recommendation of testing via CFA an EFA-derived model. Based on a Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992) facet correlation matrix, the Five-factor model was examined via PCFA and was found not to be appropriate for testing via CFA. I conclude that researchers should supplement an EFA with a PCFA if there is an interest in eventually attempting to confirm the exploratively derived factor model via CFA.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2021
Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing Group
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/A000181
Abstract: Researchers have the implicit option of calculating internal consistency reliability (coefficient α) for total scale scores derived from multidimensional inventories based on either the inter-item correlation matrix (item unit-level) or the inter-subscale correlation matrix (subscale unit-level). It is demonstrated that item unit-level and subscale unit-level reliability estimates often erge substantially in practice. Specifically, the item unit-level reliability estimation is often larger than the corresponding subscale unit-level estimate. It is recommended that if researchers calculate total scale score reliability at the item unit-level, then a model-based approach to the estimation of internal consistency reliability (i.e., omega hierarchical) should be applied, when the underlying model is multidimensional. If omega hierarchical cannot be applied for any particular reason, it is recommended that total scale score reliabilities be calculated at the subscale unit-level of analysis, not the item unit-level.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2022
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2020
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 27-01-2012
DOI: 10.1108/00197851211193372
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present research on the relationship between the emotional intelligence (EI) of managers and levels of engagement amongst their direct reports. The findings are discussed in terms of a business case for EI development as a strategy to improve employment brand, talent retention and productivity. Within three different organisations, employees completed an assessment of their engagement and the EI of their manager via an online web survey system. Correlation analyses were then performed with the data. The EI of managers was found to meaningfully correlate with employee engagement scores. A substantial amount of the variability in direct report engagement scores was accounted for by managers' EI. Future research needs to establish whether the EI of managers correlates with direct report engagement scores whilst controlling for direct reports' EI. Additionally, whether employee engagement scores improve as a result of improvements in managers' EI needs to be examined. Organisations may be able to improve their employment brand, talent retention and productivity by developing the EI of management. This paper is the first to report on the empirical relationship between managers' EI and employee engagement. It will be of interest to those who are challenged with the task of improving leadership and employee engagement more broadly.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 21-08-2019
DOI: 10.1111/BJOP.12342
Abstract: Prospective mate characteristics such as kindness, intelligence, easygoingness, and physical attraction are ranked consistently highly by both men and women. However, rank measurement does not allow for determinations of what level of a mate characteristic is rated most desirable. Based on a more informative percentile scale measurement approach, it was reported recently that mean desirability ratings of IQ in a prospective partner peaked at the 90th percentile, with a statistically significant reduction from the 90th to the 99th percentiles. The purpose of this investigation was to replicate the recently reported non-linear desirability effect associated with IQ, in addition to the evaluation of three other valued mate characteristics: easygoing, kindness, and physical attraction. Based on a s le of 214 young adults, it was found that all four mate characteristics peaked at the 90th percentile. However, the IQ and easygoing mean desirability ratings evidenced statistically significant mean reductions across the 90th to the 99th percentiles, whereas kindness and physical attraction did not. Finally, the objectively and subjectively assessed intelligence of the participants was not found to be associated with the participants' desirability ratings of IQ. We interpreted the results to be consistent with a broadly conceptualized threshold hypothesis, which states that the perceived benefits of valued mate characteristics may not extend beyond a certain point. However, mate characteristics such as intelligence and easygoing become somewhat less attractive at very elevated levels, at least based on preference ratings, for reasons that may be biological and/or psycho-social in nature.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2021
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Date: 10-2019
Abstract: Objectives : To examine the associations between physical activity duration and intensity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and executive function in older adults. Methods : Data from 99 cognitively normal adults (age = 69.10 ± 5.1 years n = 54 females) were used in the current study. Physical activity (intensity and duration) was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and fitness was measured by analysis of maximal aerobic capacity, VO 2 peak. Executive function was measured comprehensively, including measures of Shifting, Updating, Inhibition, Generativity, and Nonverbal Reasoning. Results : Higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with better performance on Generativity ( B = .55 95% confidence interval [.15, .97]). No significant associations were found between self-reported physical activity intensity/duration and executive functions. Discussion : To our knowledge, this study is the first to identify an association between fitness and Generativity. Associations between physical activity duration and intensity and executive function requires further study, using objective physical activity measures and longitudinal observations.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 31-05-2021
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2003
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.4514223
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2017
DOI: 10.1037/XHP0000265
Abstract: We can discriminate and recognize many faces, despite their visual similarity. In idual differences in this ability have been linked to 2 face coding mechanisms: adaptive norm-based coding of identity and holistic coding. However, it is not yet known whether these mechanisms are distinct. Nor is it known whether they make unique contributions to face recognition ability because no studies have measured the operation of both these mechanisms in the same in iduals. We measured in idual differences in both the strength of adaptive norm-based coding (with a face identity aftereffect task) and holistic coding (with a composite face task). For the first time, we show that these 2 mechanisms are positively and moderately associated and that each makes significant unique contributions to unfamiliar face recognition ability (Cambridge Face Memory Test [CMFT]). Importantly, these relationships were face-specific. We also show that the combined contribution of these mechanisms to face recognition performance is significantly larger than the contribution of nonface recognition memory, consistent with the view that face recognition relies on the operation of face-sensitive mechanisms. Overall, our results raise intriguing questions regarding what these mechanisms may have in common, and what other mechanisms support face recognition performance. (PsycINFO Database Record
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 05-10-2021
DOI: 10.1177/17470218211048986
Abstract: Research has consistently shown that misinformation can continue to affect inferential reasoning after a correction. This phenomenon is known as the continued influence effect (CIE). Recent studies have demonstrated that CIE susceptibility can be predicted by in idual differences in stable cognitive abilities. Based on this, it was reasoned that CIE susceptibility ought to have some degree of stability itself however, this has never been tested. The current study aimed to investigate the temporal stability of retraction sensitivity, arguably a major determinant of CIE susceptibility. Participants were given parallel forms of a standard CIE task 4 weeks apart, and the association between testing points was assessed with an intra-class correlation coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis. Results suggested that retraction sensitivity is relatively stable and can be predicted as an in idual-differences variable. These results encourage continued in idual-differences research on the CIE and have implications for real-world CIE intervention.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-04-2021
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-03-2021
DOI: 10.1007/S11065-021-09501-8
Abstract: Apathy and depression are common sequelae of acquired brain injury (ABI). Apathy is a syndrome characterized by diminished motivation and purposeful behaviours. Depression is a mood disorder featuring sadness, worthlessness, anhedonia and suicidal ideation. Both are associated negatively with activities of daily living (ADL), the skills required to fulfil basic and complex physical needs. However, the current literature's results are inconsistent and based on relatively small s le sizes. Furthermore, the unique and combined effects of apathy and depression as predictors of ADL have not yet been estimated. This is important, as both may have implications for planning rehabilitation after an ABI. Consequently, we aimed to estimate the association between apathy, depression and ADL in the stroke and traumatic brain injured population via meta-analysis and meta-analytic path-analysis. Based on the meta-analyses (N = 1,166 to N = 1,389), we estimated the following statistically significant bivariate effects: depression and apathy (r = .53, 95% CI: .42/.63), depression and ADL (r = -.27, 95% CI: -.43/-.11), apathy and ADL (r = -.41, 95% CI: -.51/-.31). A meta-analytic mediation model found that depression had a significant indirect effect onto ADL (β = -.17, 95% CI: -.26/-.09), while apathy had a significant direct effect (β = -.34, 95% CI: -.48/-.19) onto ADL (model R
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.4362704
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2022
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAD.2022.01.091
Abstract: Alexithymia is a multidimensional personality trait comprised of difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings, and externally orientated thinking. The assessment of alexithymia in people with acquired brain injury (ABI) is of clinical interest because alexithymia is linked to poor psychosocial functioning and community reintegration after ABI. To date, alexithymia measures have not been psychometrically investigated/validated in an ABI s le, restricting confident empirical work in this area. We aimed to fill this gap by assessing the psychometric properties of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) in adults with ABI and determining whether the alexithymia construct manifests similarly in ABI s les compared to the general community. The PAQ and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 were administered to an ABI s le (N = 350) and a community s le (N = 1012). Factor structure, measurement invariance, internal consistency reliability, and concurrent/discriminant validity were explored. Our confirmatory factor analysis of the PAQ supported the intended five-factor correlated model as the best solution, where items loaded well onto the five intended subscales. This factor structure was invariant across ABI and community s les. Good reliability and concurrent and discriminant validity were also established. The PAQ is a self-report measure and may be impacted by insight deficits known to occur after ABI. Our data suggests that the PAQ has good validity and reliability as a measure of alexithymia. The latent structure of alexithymia manifests similarly in ABI and community s les. This study provides the first psychometric foundation for confident assessment of alexithymia in ABI.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2018
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 09-2013
DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2013.804398
Abstract: Previous confirmatory factor analytic research that has examined the factor structure of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) has endorsed either higher order models or oblique factor models that tend to amalgamate both general factor and index factor sources of systematic variance. An alternative model that has not yet been examined for the WAIS-IV is the bifactor model. Bifactor models allow all subtests to load onto both the general factor and their respective index factor directly. Bifactor models are also particularly amenable to the estimation of model-based reliabilities for both global composite scores (ω h ) and subscale/index scores (ω s ). Based on the WAIS-IV normative s le correlation matrices, a bifactor model that did not include any index factor cross loadings or correlated residuals was found to be better fitting than the conventional higher order and oblique factor models. Although the ω h estimate associated with the full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) scores was respectably high (.86), the ω s estimates associated with the WAIS-IV index scores were very low (.13 to .47). The results are interpreted in the context of the benefits of a bifactor modeling approach. Additionally, in light of the very low levels of unique internal consistency reliabilities associated with the index scores, it is contended that clinical index score interpretations are probably not justifiable.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2018
Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing Group
Date: 2010
DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/A000041
Abstract: In this investigation, a series of progressively more complex factor models was tested based on self-report and rater-report data derived from the workplace version of the Genos Emotional Intelligence Inventory (Genos EI). Based on a total s le of 4775 in idual self-reports and 6848 rater-reports, a theoretically derived higher-order 7-factor model of emotional intelligence (EI) was found to be adequately well-fitting, in comparison to a competing global EI single-factor model and a five-factor model of EI. Internal consistency reliabilities associated with the total scale scores were approximately .95 and the subscale score reliabilities were approximately .80. The results are interpreted as largely supportive of a 7-factor model of EI as measured by Genos EI in both self- and rater-report formats.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2019
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2017
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 11-08-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2020
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 12-2006
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 10-02-2018
DOI: 10.1111/BJOP.12288
Abstract: A positive correlation between self-reported test-taking motivation and intelligence test performance has been reported. Additionally, some financial incentive experimental evidence suggests that intelligence test performance can be improved, based on the provision of financial incentives. However, only a small percentage of the experimental research has been conducted with adults. Furthermore, virtually none of the intelligence experimental research has measured the impact of financial incentives on test-taking motivation. Consequently, we conducted an experiment with 99 adult volunteers who completed a battery of intelligence tests under two conditions: no financial incentive and financial incentive (counterbalanced). We also measured self-reported test-taking importance and effort at time 1 and time 2. The financial incentive was observed to impact test-taking effort statistically significantly. By contrast, no statistically significant effects were observed for the intelligence test performance scores. Finally, the intelligence test scores were found to correlate positively with both test-taking importance (r
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-11-2020
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-02-2023
DOI: 10.1007/S12144-023-04351-4
Abstract: Little research has examined the association between general figure closure speed, a stratum I ability within the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence, and face-specific closure ability an important consideration, as some research suggests face processing is independent of other abilities. Additionally, figure closure ability (general and face) may correlate negatively with trait-autism, due to theorised autism-related difficulties in global processing. Therefore, in addition to developing a psychometrically robust short-form Mooney face detection task, we administered the Gestalt Figure Completion Test and the Autism Spectrum Quotient to a s le of 263 general community adults. We found convergent validity between face-specific and general figure closure ability ( r = .44, 95%CI:[.30, .58]). Furthermore, based on a latent variable model, general figure closure ability was directly, and face-specific figure closure ability indirectly, negatively associated with trait-autism (i.e., nonverbal communication). We conclude that face detection ability evidences convergent validity with general figure closure ability and can be measured reliably in less than four minutes. Finally, a general, rather than face-specific, figure closure process may tap more directly into autism-like nonverbal communication ability, supporting the notion that global processing abilities of non-face objects may better reflect the requirements to ‘fill in the gaps’ in social contexts.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 09-2005
Abstract: Past attempts to model via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) intersubtest covariation have used an oblique factor or a higher order modeling approach. The attempts have failed to yield adequate model fit, based on current CFA recommendations. Using the WAIS-R standardization data, it is demonstrated that the WAIS-R can be better conceptualized as measuring a first-order general factor and three orthogonal group-level factors. The results are discussed in relation to Verbal and Performance Intelligence scoring and failed attempts to find relationships between VIQ/PIQ difference scores and external criteria. Because Arithmetic and Digit Span did not share any variance with the other VIQ subtests, independent of General Intelligence, clinicians should reconsider interpreting a VIQ score that includes information from Arithmetic and Digit Span in nonclinical populations. Researchers are encouraged to model intelligence factors as nested factor models, considering their superior model fit, and the increased clarity in the interpretations of relationships between IQ indices and criteria.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 18-12-2019
Abstract: The Digit Span subscale (Digit Span Forward, Backward, and Sequencing combined composite) internal inconsistency reliability has been reported at .93, based on a coefficient known as stratified coefficient alpha. With accessible ex les, we demonstrate that stratified coefficient alpha can deviate substantially from a model-based internal consistency reliability that represents an underlying dimension, that is, omega hierarchical. Next, we simulated item-level Digit Span subscale data to correspond very closely to the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–fourth edition normative s le. Based on omega hierarchical, we estimated the internal consistency reliability associated with the Digit Span subscale scores at .74. In light of the results, clinicians are cautioned against interpreting Digit Span subscale scores. Instead, interpretations should probably be restricted to the Digit Span Forward, Digit Span Backward, and Digit Span Sequencing test scores. Finally, we offer suggestions for improvement to achieve higher levels of Digit Span subscale score reliability.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2009
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 09-2015
DOI: 10.1017/IOP.2015.59
Abstract: Relying on work described by Jackson (2003), Ree, Carretta, and Teachout (2015) recommended researchers use the first unrotated principal component associated with a principal components analysis (PCA) to estimate the strength of a general factor. Arguably, such a recommendation is based on rather old work. Furthermore, it is not a method that can be relied on to yield an accurate solution. For ex le, it is well known that the first component extracted from a correlation matrix of the Wechsler intelligence subtests is biased toward the verbal comprehension subtests (Ashton, Lee, & Vernon, 2001).
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2006
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2019
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 02-2006
Abstract: Although some research has examined the factorial nature of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (MAB), none has tested hypotheses relevant to both oblique and orthogonal models via confirmatory factor analysis. Thus, in this investigation, a series of models was tested, which compared the model fit of both oblique/higher order models against a completely orthogonal first-order factor model (i.e., nested factor model). Based on a s le of 3,121 in iduals, the intersubscale covariation within the MAB was demonstrated to be captured most accurately by a nested factor model, which consisted of a first-order general factor, a first-order Verbal Intelligence factor, and a first-order Performance Intelligence factor. There was also evidence to suggest that Arithmetic did not share any variance with any Verbal Intelligence factor, independently of the general factor. The results are discussed in light of the advantages of modeling factors as completely first-order, orthogonal models in the area of intelligence research, for the purposes of archiving satisfactory model fit, as well as obtaining less ambiguous associations between intelligence factors and external criteria.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 2015
DOI: 10.1037/PAS0000105
Abstract: Historically, Digit Span has been regarded as a relatively poor indicator of general intellectual functioning (g). In fact, Wechsler (1958) contended that beyond an average level of Digit Span performance, there was little benefit to possessing a greater memory span. Although Wechsler's position does not appear to have ever been tested empirically, it does appear to have become clinical lore. Consequently, the purpose of this investigation was to test Wechsler's contention on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition normative s le (N = 1,800 ages: 16 - 69). Based on linear and nonlinear contrast analyses of means, as well as linear and nonlinear bifactor model analyses, all 3 Digit Span indicators (LDSF, LDSB, and LDSS) were found to exhibit primarily linear associations with FSIQ/g. Thus, the commonly held position that Digit Span performance beyond an average level is not indicative of greater intellectual functioning was not supported. The results are discussed in light of the increasing evidence across multiple domains that memory span plays an important role in intellectual functioning.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2023
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 2003
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 14-11-2007
DOI: 10.1080/00223890701629730
Abstract: Alexithymia represents an in idual difference dimension characterized by difficulties identifying emotions, difficulties describing emotions, and a utilitarian approach to thinking. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20 Bagby, Parker, & Taylor, 1994) is a frequently used inventory to measure alexithymia, and although several studies have examined the factor structure of the TAS-20, a number of issues remain unresolved. Specifically, the severely unbalanced item-keyed nature of the TAS-20 has been suggested to limit the interpretation of the substantive Externally Oriented Thinking (EOT) factor. Further, it has also been suggested that the EOT factor may be better represented by 2 oblique factors. A review of the TAS-20 confirmatory factory analysis (CFA) literature has suggested that some improvement in CFA strategies could possibly be afforded by using a nested factors modeling approach. Based on a s le of 355 participants, we demonstrated that the TAS-20 was better represented by a nested factors model with 5 substantive factors. A novel, latent variable approach to estimating internal consistency reliability revealed that the subscales within the TAS-20 were associated with unacceptably low levels of reliability independently of the global alexithymia factor. Although there was some CFA evidence to suggest the plausibility of a negatively keyed factor, a thorough examination of the items in question offered an alternative interpretation. Further development of the TAS-20']s Externally Oriented Thinking subscale is encouraged.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Date: 07-2022
DOI: 10.1037/DEV0001360
Abstract: Working memory is an often studied and important psychological construct. The growth of working memory capacity (WMC) in childhood is described as linear. Average adult WMC is estimated as either four or five "chunks." Using latent curve models of data from a measure of digit span backward that was administered longitudinally to a large s le representative of the native-English-speaking U.S. kindergarten population in 2011, we found that WMC growth in childhood is curvilinear. It shows an increasing yet decelerating pattern. Scoring rules (e.g., requiring 50% or 75% of trials correct) influence age-based estimates, but WMCs have likely been underestimated in children, and the average adult WMC of five is more plausible than four, as measured by digit span backward. Developmental WMC estimates, such as those reported in this research, may help others develop prescriptive learning interventions for children and understand its growth and decline across the life span. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing Group
Date: 2006
DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001.27.2.73
Abstract: Past confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) research that has examined the factor structure of the WAIS-III has only investigated the more popular models, such as oblique factors and/or higher-order models. In contrast, CFA modeling based on nested factors modeling has been neglected. Consequently, this study investigated the model fit of various WAIS-III nested factors models, in comparison to the more traditional higher-order models. Based on the WAIS-III standardization s le, the results associated with the nested factors modeling indicated that Digit Span, Arithmetic, and Letter-Number Sequencing did not share any variance with VIQ, independently of “g.” Further, across all age groups, there was only very weak evidence in favor of the plausibility of a Perceptual Organization (PO) factor, independently of a general factor. The results are discussed in light of the distinction between modeling “g” as a higher-order factor and a first-order factor. Researchers are encouraged to model the subtests of intelligence batteries as nested factor models, because of their tendency to be associated with greater model fit, as well the possibility to obtain less ambiguous factor loading estimates and their associated statistical significance.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Date: 22-09-2022
DOI: 10.1017/S1355617721001132
Abstract: Exercise has been found to be important in maintaining neurocognitive health. However, the effect of exercise intensity level remains relatively underexplored. Thus, to test the hypothesis that self-paced high-intensity exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness (peak aerobic capacity VO 2peak ) increase grey matter (GM) volume, we examined the effect of a 6-month exercise intervention on frontal lobe GM regions that support the executive functions in older adults. Ninety-eight cognitively normal participants (age = 69.06 ± 5.2 years n = 54 female) were randomised into either a self-paced high- or moderate-intensity cycle-based exercise intervention group, or a no-intervention control group. Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging and fitness assessment pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, and 12-months post-intervention. The intervention was found to increase fitness in the exercise groups, as compared with the control group ( F = 9.88, p = .001). Changes in pre-to-post-intervention fitness were associated with increased volume in the right frontal lobe ( β = 0.29, p = 0.036, r = 0.27), right supplementary motor area ( β = 0.30, p = 0.031, r = 0.29), and both right ( β = 0.32, p = 0.034, r = 0.30) and left gyrus rectus ( β = 0.30, p = 0.037, r = 0.29) for intervention, but not control participants. No differences in volume were observed across groups. At an aggregate level, six months of self-paced high- or moderate-intensity exercise did not increase frontal GM volume. However, experimentally-induced changes in in idual cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with frontal GM volume in our s le of older adults. These results provide evidence of in idual variability in exercise-induced fitness on brain structure.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2018
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 26-03-2015
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2003
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 13-08-2015
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-02-2017
DOI: 10.1111/PSYP.12846
Abstract: Past literature has proposed that empathy consists of two components: cognitive and affective empathy. Error monitoring mechanisms indexed by the error-related negativity (ERN) have been associated with empathy. Studies have found that a larger ERN is associated with higher levels of empathy. We aimed to expand upon previous work by investigating how error monitoring relates to the independent theoretical domains of cognitive and affective empathy. Study 1 (N = 24) explored the relationship between error monitoring mechanisms and subcomponents of empathy using the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy and found no relationship. Study 2 (N = 38) explored the relationship between the error monitoring mechanisms and overall empathy. Contrary to past findings, there was no evidence to support a relationship between error monitoring mechanisms and scores on empathy measures. A subsequent meta-analysis (Study 3, N = 125) summarizing the relationship across previously published studies together with the two studies reported in the current paper indicated that overall there was no significant association between ERN and empathy and that there was significant heterogeneity across studies. Future investigations exploring the potential variables that may moderate these relationships are discussed.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 02-10-2013
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 02-12-2020
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0243053
Abstract: Working memory (WM) is a system for maintenance of and access to a limited number of goal-relevant representations in the service of higher cognition. Because of its limited capacity, WM requires interference-control processes, allowing us to avoid being distracted by irrelevant information. Recent research has proposed two interference-control processes, which are conceptually similar: (1) an active, item-wise removal process assumed to remove no-longer relevant information from WM, and (2) an inhibitory process assumed to suppress the activation of distractors against competing, goal-relevant representations. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the tasks used to assess removal and inhibition measure the same interference-control construct. Results showed acceptable to good reliabilities for nearly all measures. Similar to previous studies, a structural equation modeling approach identified a reliable latent variable of removal. However, also similar to some previous studies, no latent variable of inhibition could be established. This was the case even when the correlation matrix used to compute the latent variable of inhibition was disattenuated for imperfect reliability. Critically, the in idual measures of inhibition were unrelated to the latent variable of removal. These results provide tentative support for the notion that removal is not related to the interference-control processes assessed in inhibition tasks. This suggests that the removal process should be conceptualized as a process independent of the concept of inhibition, as proposed in computational WM models that implement removal as the “unbinding” of a WM item from the context in which it occurred.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2018
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 05-04-2023
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0283951
Abstract: Misinformation can continue to influence reasoning after correction this is known as the continued influence effect (CIE). Theoretical accounts of the CIE suggest failure of two cognitive processes to be causal, namely memory updating and suppression of misinformation reliance. Both processes can also be conceptualised as subcomponents of contemporary executive function (EF) models specifically, working-memory updating and prepotent-response inhibition. EF may thus predict susceptibility to the CIE. The current study investigated whether in idual differences in EF could predict in idual differences in CIE susceptibility. Participants completed several measures of EF subcomponents, including those of updating and inhibition, as well as set shifting, and a standard CIE task. The relationship between EF and CIE was then assessed using a correlation analysis of the EF and CIE measures, as well as structural equation modelling of the EF-subcomponent latent variable and CIE latent variable. Results showed that EF can predict susceptibility to the CIE, especially the factor of working-memory updating. These results further our understanding of the CIE’s cognitive antecedents and provide potential directions for real-world CIE intervention.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2005
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 03-11-2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2003
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 11-2013
DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2013.816717
Abstract: Paulhus (1984) proposed a 2-factor model of socially desirable responding (SDR) and created the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) to capture the 2 dimensions: self-deceptive enhancement and impression management. However, the 2-factor model has yet to be supported via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the BIDR. Paulhus and Reid (1991) proposed a revised model of SDR, which bifurcated the self-deceptive enhancement dimension into 2 factors: self-deceptive enhancement (SDE positively keyed items) and self-deceptive denial (SDD negatively keyed items). Thus, it was considered useful to test the revised SDR model on the BIDR, as this might have implications for the manner in which the BIDR should be scored. Additionally, as the BIDR subscales might be positively correlated, it was considered useful from a both a theoretical and practical perspective to test the possibility that the BIDR might measure a general SDR process. Based on a s le of 466 adults, Paulhus and Reid's revised model of SDR was largely supported when tested via CFA on a bifactor model, which included a first-order general SDR factor and 2 nested factors. Thus, applied researchers might consider using total BIDR composite scores, a self-deceptive enhancement composite score (positively keyed items), and impression management composite scores. However, ideally, researchers would use a bifactor model to test substantive hypotheses, as the bifactor model partitions true score variance into unique sources, which facilitates less ambiguous interpretations of effects.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2007
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2023
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2005
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2023
Publisher: Emerald
Date: 03-02-2012
DOI: 10.1108/13527601211195655
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine statistically the efficacy of an emotional intelligence (EI) training program on sales performance and emotional intelligence in a group of salespeople. An experimental, repeated measures/between‐groups design was used (training group ( n =29) and a control group ( n =21)). The dependent variables were sales performance, self‐report EI and rater‐report EI. The data were analysed based on a series of split‐plot ANOVAS. Rater‐reported EI correlated with sales performance at r =0.32. The EI training group also demonstrated increases in both self‐ and rater‐report EI equal to approximately a Cohen's d =−0.45, in comparison to the control group. Finally, the EI training group outperformed the control group by approximately 9 per cent ( p .05) in sales performance. The long‐term beneficial effects of the EI training program on sales performance are not known. Human resource practitioners and coaches may consider implementing an EI training program to facilitate performance in sales people. This is the first study to examine the effects of an EI training program using a rigorous experimental methodology and an objective measure of sales performance.
Start Date: 03-2019
End Date: 03-2023
Amount: $360,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2008
End Date: 12-2012
Amount: $244,000.00
Funder: Australian Research Council
View Funded Activity