ORCID Profile
0000-0002-4601-8586
Current Organisation
University of Groningen
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Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1989
DOI: 10.1007/BF02624412
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1989
DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(89)90091-8
Abstract: A convenient method employing a commercially available apparatus for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of RNase T1 resistant oligonucleotides using ultrathin gels has been developed. The methodology overcomes problems commonly associated with the establishment of good, bubble-free, fusion of the first and second dimension gels. The use of ultrathin gels results in autoradiograms with well resolved oligonucleotide spots.
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 1990
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-1-241
Abstract: The 5' non-coding region of the genomes of 11 isolates of Murray Valley encephalitis virus from Australia and Papua New Guinea were examined by primer extension sequencing. Although the 5' non-coding region of all isolates was found to be highly conserved, three isolates were significantly different in that they contained extra uridine residues. Two of these isolates from Papua New Guinea contained an extra uridine residue, nominally positioned after nucleotide 54, which was absent from all but one of the Australian isolates tested. This isolate (OR 156) contained a further uridine residue at the same site. These results provide further support for earlier observations on the genetic relationships between these isolates, in particular that OR 156 is more closely related to the Papua New Guinea strains than to the Australian strains.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 21-02-2022
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 13-01-2021
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 07-1995
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-76-7-1637
Abstract: The complete nucleotide sequence of the RNA genome of Jembrana disease virus (JDV), a lentivirus that causes an acute disease syndrome in Bali cattle (Bos javanicus), is reported. In addition to the gag, pol and env genes and flanking long terminal repeats (LTRs) that characterize all retroviruses, a number of accessory genes represented by small multiply spliced ORFs in the central and 3'-terminal regions of the genome, including tat and rev that are typical of lentiviruses, were identified. The genome of JDV was 7732 bp in length, 750 bp smaller than the genome of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) strain BIV127. A striking feature of the genome was the many deletions relative to BIV127, the largest of which were 471 bp from the env gene and 157 bp from the U3 (promoter) region in the LTR. There were also several insertions of up to 33 bp in the JDV genome relative to BIV127 found in the env gene and small ORFs that overlap env. Other significant genomic differences between JDV and BIV127 included changes to cis-acting sequences throughout the genome such as promoter and enhancer sequences in the LTR, the trans-activation response region, splice sites and frameshift sequences alterations to the gag precursor protein cleavage sites and thus the processed products loss of the vpw and vpy ORFs and amino acid changes in all coding regions. The significance of these changes is discussed in relation to the differences in pathogenicity between JDV and BIV.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1991
DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(91)90110-L
Abstract: The design of oligonucleotides used for hybridisation studies often utilises available sequence information of the type strain of a particular virus. If hybridisation studies, using such oligonucleotides, are carried out with field isolates of the same virus, the problem of base pair mismatches and consequent difficulties in detection may arise. This study examined the effect of base pair mismatches on the hybridisation between membrane-bound Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE) RNA derived from various strains and deliberately mismatched oligonucleotide probes. Under conditions of very low stringency, probes containing up to 5 mismatches were able to detect MVE RNA, but not yeast RNA. Under washing conditions of increased stringency, hybridisation could be detected between MVE virus RNA and probes with only 3 to 4 mismatches. However, the extent of this interaction was dependent on the number and type of mismatches and their relative sequence position.
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 09-1993
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-9-1765
Abstract: A virus causing Jembrana disease in Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) was demonstrated to have characteristics of a retrovirus. Reverse transcriptase activity was detected in virus purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopic examination of tissue from the affected cattle indicated that the virus matured by C-type budding through the plasma membrane and into intracytoplasmic vacuoles of cells in lymphoid tissue, with the formation of circular enveloped virus particles ranging in diameter from 96 to 124 nm with an eccentric nucleoid. Western immunoblotting using sera from recovered animals demonstrated virus proteins of M(r) 100K, 45K, 42K, 33K, 26K, 16K and 14K. The 26K protein of Jembrana disease virus cross-reacted in Western blots with the 26K capsid protein of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV). The apparent morphogenesis, protein structure and antigenic relationship with BIV suggested the virus was a lentivirus.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-1994
DOI: 10.1007/BF01321074
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-1991
DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(91)90180-8
Abstract: A novel approach was used to select the most suitable antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) and elution conditions for immunoaffinity purification of the NS1 protein of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE). Crude NS1 protein was subjected to a variety of chemical conditions produced by common elution buffers, and tested with a panel of NS1-specific mAbs by ELISA to determine which buffers denatured antigenic epitopes. Buffers that caused least structural damage to NS1 epitopes were tested by ELISA for dissociation of NS1-mAb complexes adsorbed to the solid phase. For each mAb analysed, the conditions required to break the mAb-NS1 complex on the solid phase were similar to those required to release antigen bound to mAb-sepharose beads. From these results we selected an appropriate antibody for affinity purification of the non-structural viral protein NS1 on CNBr-activated sepharose columns. Elution at pH 11.5 yielded good recoveries of highly pure and antigenically intact NS1 dimer. The results demonstrate that the appropriate ligand and optimal elution conditions can be rapidly determined generally by immunoassay in microtitre plates.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-1999
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1135(98)00297-1
Abstract: A highly sensitive and specific PCR (MB-PCR) was used in preliminary studies to detect M. bovis in milk s les to investigate its association with high somatic cell count (SCC), an indicator of subclinical mastitis and one of the factors in down grading the quality of milk. A total of 186 and 167 herds were tested with 43% and 62% of herds positive for M. bovis in Victoria and North Queensland, respectively. The quarter milks from 52 cows with persistently high SCC were tested by MB-PCR and culture to investigate the association of M. bovis with major mastitis pathogens (MMP). M. Bovis was detected in 77% of cows of which 19% alone had M. bovis without any other bacteria, 17% had M. bovis in combination with major mastitis pathogens and 40% had M. bovis in combination with non-major mastitis pathogens. We believe that M. bovis is widespread in dairy cattle and has the potential to produce disease alone or to predispose the udder to disease caused by major mastitis and environmental pathogens. These studies have revealed a hitherto unrecognised high prevalence of M. bovis in dairy cattle in North Queensland and Victoria in Australia. These initial studies also give a clear association between M. bovis and elevated somatic cell counts.
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 08-1988
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-69-8-1903
Abstract: The genomes of 21 isolates of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE) from Australia and Papua New Guinea were characterized and compared using RNase T1 oligonucleotide fingerprinting. Most Australian isolates grouped in clusters that were linked with a similarity coefficient of greater than 75%, indicating substantial homogeneity. Two isolates grouped as a cluster that linked with other isolates at a level of 67%. These two isolates, one from the north and one from the south-east of Australia were very similar and could demonstrate the movement of MVE between these areas. This notion is substantiated by genetic homogeneity of isolates from the Kimberley region and from south-eastern Australia. One Australian isolate (OR 156) and the Papua New Guinea isolate (MK 6684) were substantially different from each other as well as from the other isolates. No evidence was found for a poly(A) tract in the genome of MVE.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 25-02-2023
DOI: 10.1177/17454999231159469
Abstract: Despite years of investigation on international students’ adjustment, cultural distance and cultural intelligence, the definitions of and the relationship between these concepts are not yet sufficiently well established. This article further explores the three concepts and their possible interrelations. We propose a hypothesized model that considers subjectively perceived cultural distance (PCD) a variable of specific importance, and wherein we assume that the relationship between PCD and international students’ adjustment is moderated by students’ cultural intelligence (CQ). Our model aims to better explain the dynamics between these variables it posits that students’ CQ level will affect whether and how PCD may influence international students’ psychological, sociocultural and academic adjustment in the host country. Consequently, the model offers several implications for future research and possible interventions to support international students’ adjustment in higher education.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 03-03-2021
Abstract: This study investigates differences in academic satisfaction among undergraduate international students studying at international branch c uses (IBCs) and their home c uses, considering student stage of study, gender, and institution. It draws on data from 2,145 undergraduate international students enrolled at four home c uses and their six affiliated IBCs that responded to the 2018 International Student Barometer (ISB). Results indicate that international students studying at IBCs were significantly less satisfied with their academic experience—including constructs of academic and teaching quality, academic environment, and academic engagement—than international students studying at the associated home c uses. Results have important implications for how institutions carry out internationalization amid uncertain times in particular, ensuring that the unique experiences of students are understood and considered in the planning and provision of transnational education.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-1997
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1135(96)01343-0
Abstract: Seeds of wheat cultivar Bologna were treated with a low-pressure, inductively coupled, radio frequency oxygen plasma. E-mode and H-mode plasma at the real powers of 25 and 275 W, respectively, was used at treatment times of 0.1-300 s. Plasma affected seed surface chemistry, determined by XPS, and surface topography, visualized by SEM. The combined effects of functionalization and etching modified seed surface wettability. The water contact angle (WCA) exponentially decreased with treatment time and correlated with the product of discharge power and treatment time well. Super-hydrophilicity was seen at a few 1000 Ws, and the necessary condition was over 35 at.% of surface oxygen. Wettability also correlated well with O-atom dose, where super-hydrophilicity was seen at 10
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Date: 06-1993
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.67.6.3576-3585.1993
Abstract: The RNase T1 maps of 80 isolates of Ross River virus from different regions of mainland Australia and the Pacific Islands were compared. Four different clusters of isolates with greater than an estimated 5 to 6% ersity at the nucleotide level were found. There was a pattern of differences between eastern and western Australian strains however, the pattern was disturbed by overlaps and incursants. Pacific Islands isolates belonged to the eastern Australian topotype. Our findings suggest that certain genetic types of Ross River virus predominate in different geographical regions. In contrast, populations of other important Australian arboviruses (Murray Valley encephalitis, Kunjin, and Sindbis viruses) are distributed across the Australian continent as minor variants of one strain. Our data also show that in one region, strains of Ross River virus with identical RNase T1 maps circulate during both years when epidemics occur and years when they do not. This finding suggests that Ross River virus epidemics are not dependent on the introduction or evolution of new strains of the virus. Two strains, belonging to the eastern Australian topotype, were isolated in Western Australia. It is likely that viremic humans or possibly domestic livestock travelling by aircraft were responsible for this movement.
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Date: 1982
DOI: 10.1159/000225628
Abstract: Short-term cultures of cells from human rain tumours have been reported to synthesise RNA particles of density in the range characteristic of C type RNA retroviruses, with associated DNA polymerase activity. Fresh tumour cells obtained from 6 children with astrocytoma and 7 children with medulloblastoma, together with one s le of normal brain tissue and normal leukocytes from brain tumour patients were assayed by several characteristics for the primate retrovirus. 1 or 6 (17%) astrocytomas and 4 of 7 (57%) medulloblastomas released RNA particles which banded in sucrose gradients at a density of 1.16-1.18 g/cm3 together with a short segment of DNA, which was eliminated by prior ribonuclease treatment and two proteins of 28k and 16k daltons. These findings were compatible with the presence of a primate retrovirus. Immune coprecipitation of 125I-labelled proteins from the 1.16-1.18 g/cm3 gradient region failed to show any reactivity with antisera to p28 core antigens or the p70 reverse transcriptase antigens of simian sarcoma virus, baboon endogenous virus or Mason Pfizer virus. Assays for DNA polymerase activity in culture supernatant fluid showed only a low amount of activity with template preferences not characteristic of the retroviral reverse transcriptase enzyme.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Date: 15-07-2019
Abstract: This study uses a quantitative approach drawing on data from the International Student Barometer ( N = 5,242) to investigate the relationship between integration, nationality, and self-reported satisfaction among Chinese, Indian, and South Korean undergraduate international students studying in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia. Results indicate that nationalities vary significantly in satisfaction levels, with Indian students more satisfied than Chinese or South Korean students. Furthermore, integration is predictive of satisfaction, and academic integration has a greater impact on satisfaction than does social integration. Compellingly, academic and social integration help explain the association between nationality and satisfaction. This study demonstrates that academic and social integration partly accounts for differences in satisfaction among nationalities, opening avenues for future research with practical implications for universities.
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 03-1991
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-3-573
Abstract: Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus strain OR2 was serially passaged on Vero cells to establish a persistent infection which was maintained for over 300 days. Supernatants from infected cells protected Vero cells from c.p.e. and caused up to a 95% reduction of wild-type virus yield. These protective and interfering effects suggest that defective interfering (DI) particles are responsible for the establishment and maintenance of the MVE virus persistent infection. The persistently infected cell supernatant preparations shared several features with DI particle preparations from other viral systems, such as their lification to detectable levels after two to four passages of virus. However, results from this study suggest that DI particles of MVE virus differ from other studied systems in that they are able to affect only moderately the yield of infectious wild-type virus. The genetic drift of the parental virus during the course of a long term persistent infection in vitro appears to be minimal.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1997
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 1995
DOI: 10.1016/S0042-6822(95)80018-2
Abstract: Previous studies have found Kunjin (KUN) virus isolates from within Australia to be genetically homogenous and that the envelope protein of the type strain (MRM61C) was unglycosylated and lacked a potential glycosylation site. We investigated the extent of antigenic variation between KUN virus isolates from Australia and Sarawak using an immunoperoxidase assay and a panel of six monoclonal antibodies. The glycosylation status of the E protein of each virus was also determined by N glycosidase F (PNGase F) digestion and limited sequence analysis. The results showed that KUN viruses isolated within Australia oscillated between three antigenic types defined by two epitopes whose expression was influenced by passage history and host cell type. In contrast an isolate from Sarawak formed a stable antigenic type that was not influenced by passage history and was distinct from all Australian isolates. PNGase F digestions of KUN isolates indicated that 19 of the 33 viruses possessed a glycosylated E protein. Nucleotide sequence of the 5' third of the E gene of selected KUN isolates revealed that a single base change in PNGase F sensitive strains changed the tripeptide N-Y-F (amino acids 154-156 of the published sequence) to the potential glycosylation site N-Y-S. Further analysis revealed that passage history also had a significant influence on glycosylation.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-1995
DOI: 10.1016/0928-0197(95)00009-W
Abstract: Ross River virus (RRV) is a mosquito borne alphavirus that has been found in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Islands. It is aetiological agent of epidemic polyarthritis, a debilitating illness whose symptoms are arthritis, arthralgia, lethargy, rash and fever which may persist for weeks or months. Diagnosis is made on a serological basis, but in many cases is presumptive rather than definite. To apply the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detection of RRV in human sera to assess its suitability for application in disease diagnosis. Sensitivity of the nested RT-PCR assay was determined by detection of virus of known titre diluted in uninfected serum. Clinical serum s les from patients serologically diagnosed of having RRV infection were tested by nested RT-PCR to assess its diagnostic value. Sensitivity of the nested RT-PCR assay was determined to be detection of 0.01 PFU of virus stock in 100 mul serum. Clinical s les tested showed that 10 of 26 (38%) serum s les with low or negative (non-diagnostic) virus-specific antibody titres were PCR-positive, whereas all 22 specimens with high antibody titres were PCR-negative. PCR positivity was unaffected by repeated freezing and thawing of s les. While PCR cannot replace serology as a means of RRV diagnosis, it may be useful in conjunction with serological testing, particularly for forming definitive diagnoses in those s les with low (inconclusive) antibody titres. It is faster and more sensitive than virus isolation by tissue culture, and could also prove useful in investigations of disease pathogenesis.
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 10-1989
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-70-10-2819
Abstract: The genomes of 22 isolates of Kunjin virus (KUN) from Australia were characterized and compared using RNase T1 oligonucleotide fingerprinting. The results show that all isolates belonged to one topotype, the distribution of which covered the entire Australian continent. This finding is similar to that of Murray Valley encephalitis virus, but in contrast to the results reported for some other flaviviruses such as Saint Louis encephalitis virus.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2000
DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200002)43:2<365::AID-ANR16>3.0.CO;2-E
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 1992
Abstract: Detection of viral RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) requires the prior reverse transcription of the viral RNA. In order to minimise the number of manual manipulations required for processing large numbers of s les, we attempted to design a system whereby all the reagents required for both reverse transcription and lification can be added to one tube and a single, non-interrupted thermal cycling program performed. Whilst attempting to set up such a one-tube system with Taq polymerase (Taq Biotech International) and avian myoblastosis virus (AMV) reverse transcriptase (RT), we noticed a substantial decrease in the sensitivity of detection of viral RNA. Investigation of this phenomenon has revealed direct interference of RT with Taq polymerase. Evidence supporting this conclusion includes the following observations: (1) increasing the ratio of Taq to RT improves sensitivity (2) adding non-homologous RNA improves sensitivity (3) RT that has been heat inactivated prior to Taq addition does not exert this effect (4) the effect is not sequence restricted (5) the Mg2+ ions are not sequestered by RT. In addition, the effect is not limited to AMV RT, Moloney murine leukaemia virus RT also affects Taq activity.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-1994
DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(94)90054-X
Abstract: A sensitive nested RT-PCR that can be carried out in a single tube is described. The sensitivity of this system was determined, and compared to that of a single round of PCR, and a single round of PCR followed by hybridisation with a radiolabelled oligonucleotide probe. We found that with the one-tube nested RT-PCR we were able to detect 0.1 pfu/ml of Ross River virus. The nested RT-PCR was 100-times more sensitive than a single round of RT-PCR followed by hybridisation, and 10,000-times more sensitive than a single round of RT-PCR alone. This system provides a sensitive detection of Ross River virus, and can be adapted for detection of RNA from any source. The test material is added to a single tube at the outset, and by subsequent addition of two sets of reagents, the entire nested RT-PCR can be carried out in the same tube. This system has maximum sensitivity, minimises risk of contamination, and is amenable to automation.
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 1998
DOI: 10.3354/DAO034177
Abstract: Beginning in 1994, farms in northern Australia experienced a higher than normal mortality rate in 12 to 15 g prawns from growout ponds. The farmers named this problem mid-crop mortality syndrome (MCMS). Intramuscular injection of filtered (450 nm), cell-free extracts of moribund prawns from these ponds killed healthy prawns between 5 to 30 d post-injection. A 20 nm virus was visualized by electron microscopy from a 1.4 g ml-1 band recovered from caesium chloride gradients of extracts from the moribund prawns. DNA was extracted from this band, restriction enzyme digested and ligated into pGEM7zf(+) vector. A digoxigenin-labelled polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated, gene probe was subsequently prepared by lifying an inserted sequence (approximately 2 kb) of one selected clone specific for the virus. Specimens of the moribund prawns stained positively by in situ DNA hybridization in endodermal tissues, including the apical ends of hepatopancreatic tubules, the midgut and hindgut caecae, the midgut, and the hindgut folds. In prawns that showed haemocytic enteritis, some haemocytes in the affected midgut showed limited staining. The positively-staining cells showed no cytolysis. In prawns injected with cell-free viral extracts, additional tissues were positive by probe analysis, including strong staining in the male reproductive tract, specifically in the terminal oule and the medial vas deferens. Limited staining also occurred in the ovary and in both the stromal matrix and spheroid cells of the lymphoid organ. It was evident that the infection was enteric by natural pathways and systemic by injection. Historical specimens of Penaeus monodon experimentally infected with spawner-isolated mortality virus (SMV) were probe-positive in exactly the same pattern as the naturally and experimental MCMS prawns. Altogether, the evidence suggested that the MCMS agent was a parvo-like virus very similar or identical to SMV.
Publisher: Inderscience Publishers
Date: 2022
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-1983
DOI: 10.1007/BF01314897
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-1985
DOI: 10.1038/ICB.1985.12
Abstract: Serum, eye secretions, post-nasal swabs, external ear swabs and middle ear effusions (MEE) were collected from 131 Australian Aboriginal children with chronic otitis media with effusion (COME). The children were all resident in a trachoma endemic region. Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered from the MEE of 2 children. Probable bacterial pathogens were isolated from 34 (12.7%) ears. The remainder were sterile (52.4%) or contained normal skin flora (34.9%). Serum and secretions were examined by the microimmunofluorescent technique for the presence, titre and serotype of anti-chlamydial antibody. Antibody, predominantly of the C serotype, was found in a high percentage of sera (80%) and secretions (approximately 50%). This serotype is associated with ocular trachoma. It is concluded that C. trachomatis is associated with COME among some Aboriginal children in this trachoma endemic area.
Publisher: Microbiology Society
Date: 1995
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-76-1-189
Abstract: Jembrana disease virus, the cause of an acute, severe disease in Bali (Bos javanicus) cattle in Indonesia was recently identified as a retrovirus, and possibly a lentivirus. We have produced sequence data representing 598 bp of the pol gene, lified by PCR from viral cDNA using broadly reactive universal primers for retroviruses and more specific genus-reactive primers for lentiviruses. When the sequence data were compared with that of known lentiviruses and other bovine retroviruses, the closest alignment was with bovine immunodeficiency-like lentivirus (BIV), showing 74% nucleotide sequence identity. This confirmed that JDV is a lentivirus and that it is distinguishable from BIV. The pathogenesis of Jembrana disease is most unusual for a lentivirus infection and differs markedly from that reported for BIV infection.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-1992
DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(92)90084-Q
Abstract: A sensitive, single tube reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol for the detection of Ross River virus (RRV) is described. All components necessary for both reverse transcription and PCR were combined in a single tube, and reverse transcription and PCR carried out sequentially in a single, non-interrupted thermal cycling program. The antisense oligonucleotide from the two primers selected for use in the PCR also served to prime specifically for the reverse transcription. The 549 bp product was detected by electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. The detection limit using this system was 18 fg of purified viral RNA or 1.3 pfu of whole virus. Greater sensitivity cannot reasonably be expected unless a more sensitive method than electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining is used for PCR product detection, such as nested PCR or hybridisation with labelled probe. This PCR detection system will be adapted for detection of RRV in mosquito populations for virus surveillance programs.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-1995
Abstract: We examined the molecular epidemiology and evolution of Ross River (RR) virus in Australia and the Pacific Islands. Nucleotide sequences of the E2 and E3 genes of five RR virus strains revealed remarkable conservation between 1959 and 1989 with a maximum ergence of only 3.3%. Sequence data from a 505-base pair fragment of the E2 gene from 51 additional strains showed that RR virus has erged genetically into three separate groups although at least 95% sequence homology was still maintained between all 56 strains. Each genetic type predominates in a particular geographic region of Australia and can be broadly defined as occurring in the western, northeastern, and southeastern regions of Australia. However, some RR virus strains did not follow this pattern of geographic distribution indicating movement of virus by the travel of viremic humans or livestock across the continent. The Pacific Islands isolates all belong to the southeastern genotype. These findings suggest genetic ergence and independent evolution of RR virus within geographically isolated enzootic foci however, selective pressures maintain high nucleotide conservation in nature.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 1995
DOI: 10.1007/BF01309729
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2019
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 09-1979
Abstract: Semliki Forest virus (SFV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), coxsackievirus B4, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) were added to human milk, which was then subjected to treatments that approximated those required for the decontamination or storage of milk. Boiling was the only treatment that eliminated these viruses from the milk. Pasteurization (at 62.5 C for 30 min) did destroy CMV, but the other viruses could still be detected. All of the viruses except HSV-1 were detectable after the contaminated milk s les had been stored at -15 C for 10 days. SFV, HSV-1, and CMV were also decreased by lipid antiviral activity, which was present in 78% of s les that were obtained on day 5 postpartum. Naturally excreted CMV was detected at the highest levels in milk that lacked this antiviral factor this CMV also survived freezing for 10 days. Thus, whereas the lipid antiviral activity decreased the level of enveloped viruses, whether they were added to or naturally excreted into human milk, further reduction in the levels of these viruses required heat treatment.
No related grants have been discovered for Robert Coelen.