Simon Reid

Pyrrhocoricin as a potential drug delivery vehicle for Cryptosporidium parvum

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2008

DOI: 10.1016/J.EXPPARA.2008.02.005

Abstract: This study analysed the intracellular delivery capacity of insect derived pyrrhocoricin with a peptide cargo in Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro using fluorescence microscopy. Results revealed that pyrrhocoricin was capable of acting as a delivery vehicle in transducing peptides across the parasite cell membrane for multiple life-cycle stages. The successful transduction may aid in target validation and the delivery of future peptide-based drugs against this important human pathogen.

Implementing the United Nations’ sustainable development goals for water and beyond in Australia: A proposed systems approach

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 02-01-2018

DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2018.1481563

Molecular characterization of native Australian trypanosomes in quokka (Setonix brachyurus) populations from Western Australia

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2016

DOI: 10.1016/J.PARINT.2015.12.005

Abstract: The quokka, Setonix brachyurus, is a vulnerable, small marsupial endemic to Western Australia. Blood s les were collected from quokkas from three different geographical locations Two Peoples Bay, Bald Island and Rottnest Island. The overall prevalence of trypanosomes by nested PCR at the 18S ribosomal RNA gene was 57.3% (63/110) with prevalences of 91.4%, 85.3% and 4.9% respectively for Two Peoples Bay, Bald Island and Rottnest Island. Phylogenetic analysis conducted on 47 18S PCR positives identified two Trypanosoma copemani genotypes, with T. copemani genotype B, the most prevalent genotype infecting quokka populations from the three locations with an overall prevalence of 51.8% (24/47) compared to 34% for T. copemani genotype A (16/47). The overall prevalence of mixed T. copemani genotype A and B infections was 14.9% (7/47). Phylogenetic analysis of 26 quokka isolates at the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) locus, largely supported the 18S analysis but identified a mixed infection in one quokka isolate (Q4112-4117 from Two Peoples Bay). T. copemani genotype B has previously only been isolated from quokkas and the Gilbert's potoroo whereas T. copemani genotype A has a wide host range and may be pathogenic. Further work is required to determine the clinical impact of T. copemani on marsupial populations.

Species Traits and Hotspots Associated with Ross River Virus Infection in Nonhuman Vertebrates in South East Queensland

Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc

Date: 2020

DOI: 10.1089/VBZ.2020.2648

Incidence and epidemiological features of dengue in Sabah, Malaysia

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 11-05-2020

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PNTD.0007504

Zoonotic infection by Cryptosporidium fayeri IVgA10G1T1R1 in a Western Australian human

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 17-01-2021

DOI: 10.1111/ZPH.12806

Transmission cycles of Giardia duodenalis in dogs and humans in Temple communities in Bangkok—A critical evaluation of its prevalence using three diagnostic tests in the field in the absence of a gold

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 08-2009

DOI: 10.1016/J.ACTATROPICA.2009.03.006

Abstract: The prevalence and associated risk factors for Giardia duodenalis in canine and human populations in Temple communities of Bangkok, Thailand were determined by evaluating three common diagnostic methods utilised to detect Giardia, namely zinc sulphate flotation and microscopy, an immunofluoresence antibody test and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the SSU-rDNA gene. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity together with the negative and positive predictive values of each test were evaluated in the absence of a gold standard using a Bayesian approach. The median estimates of the prevalence of infection with G. duodenalis in dogs and humans in Thailand were 56.8% (95% PCI, 30.4%, 77.7%) and 20.3% (95% PCI, 7.3%, 46.3%) respectively. PCR and immunofluorescence antibody tests (IFAT) were the most accurate tests overall with diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 97.4% (95% PCI, 88.5%, 99.9%) and 56.2% (95% PCI, 40.4%, 82.9%) for the PCR and 61.8% (95% PCI, 40.8%, 99.1%) and 94.7% (95% PCI, 87.4%, 99.1%) for IFAT respectively Three cycles, anthroponotic, zoonotic and dog-specific cycles of G. duodenalis were shown to be operating among the human and canine populations in these Temple communities in Bangkok, supporting the role of the dog as a potential reservoir for Giardia infections in humans.

The innate resistance of Trypanosoma copemani to human serum

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.EXPPARA.2015.03.022

Abstract: Trypanosoma copemani is known to be infective to a variety of Australian marsupials. Characterisation of this parasite revealed the presence of stercorarian-like life-cycle stages in culture, which are similar to T. rangeli and T. cruzi. The blood incubation infectivity test (BIIT) was adapted and used to determine if T. copemani, like T. cruzi and T. rangeli, has the potential to grow in the presence of human serum. To eliminate any effects of anticoagulants on the complement system and on human high density lipoprotein (HDL), only fresh whole human blood was used. Trypanosoma copemani was observed by microscopy in all human blood cultures from day 5 to day 19 post inoculation (PI). The mechanism for normal human serum (NHS) resistance in T. copemani is not known. The results of this study show that at least one native Australian trypanosome species may have the potential to be infective for humans.

A survey of Angiostrongylus species in definitive hosts in Queensland

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.IJPPAW.2015.06.003

Conservation Values and Risk of Handling Bats: Implications for One Health Communication

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 07-08-2018

DOI: 10.1007/S10393-018-1356-Z

Abstract: Flying-foxes provide critical ecosystem services, but their role as hosts to zoonotic pathogens may undermine conservation support. We surveyed 214 residents of Cairns, Australia, regarding their perceptions about health risks associated with flying-foxes and support for flying-fox conservation. Greater likelihood of handling a flying-fox was associated with lower knowledge about risks, greater conservation support, and environmental organization membership. Respondents less likely to seek medical attention after a minor scratch tended to be younger, unemployed and perceive lower risk. In iduals who support flying-fox conservation should be one group targeted in One Health communication integrating health and conservation messages.

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium genotypes in pre and post-weaned pigs in Australia

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 07-2008

DOI: 10.1016/J.EXPPARA.2008.04.009

Abstract: A total of 289 pig faecal s les were collected from pre-weaned and post-weaned piglets and sows from 1 indoor and 3 outdoor piggeries located in the south-west region of Western Australia and screened at the 18S rRNA locus for the presence of Cryptosporidium. An overall prevalence of 22.1% (64/289) was identified. Cryptosporidium was more prevalent in post-weaned animals (p<0.05) 32.7% (51/156) versus 10.6% (13/123) for pre-weaned animals. Sequence analysis identified Cryptosporidium suis in all pre-weaned isolates genotyped (7/13). In post-weaned pigs that were genotyped (n=38), the non-zoonotic Cryptosporidium species, pig genotype II was identified in 32 s les and C. suis in 6 s les. The zoonotic species Cryptosporidium parvum was not detected, suggesting that domestic pigs do not pose a significant public health risk. Pig genotype II was significantly (p<0.05) associated with 'normal' stools, indicating an asymptomatic nature in the porcine host.

Microsatellite typing and population structuring of Trypanosoma evansi in Mindanao, Philippines

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 06-2012

DOI: 10.1016/J.VETPAR.2011.12.010

Abstract: Trypanosoma evansi, a blood-borne protozoan parasite with an extensive geographical range is the causative agent of the livestock disease known as surra. A total of 140 out of 179 T. evansi isolates collected between 2006 and 2007 from 44 villages (comprising of 16 reported surra outbreaks) in 3 provinces (Agusan del Sur (ADS), Surigao del Sur (SDS) and Agusan del Norte (ADN)) in Mindanao, Philippines were each successfully genotyped using a suite of 7 polymorphic microsatellites. The study identified 16 multi locus genotypes (MLG) within the T. evansi isolates and evidence of the spread of surra outbreaks from one village to another, most likely due to the movement of infected animals. Genotyping provided evidence of population sub-structuring with 3 populations (I, II and III (only 1 isolate)) identified. The most abundant population was II, which was the predominant population in ADS and SDS (p=0.022). In addition, buffalo mortality was statistically higher in outbreak areas associated with isolates from population I (13.6%) than with isolates from population II (6.9%) (p=0.047). The present study has highlighted the utility of microsatellite loci to improve understanding of the epidemiology of T. evansi and in tracking surra outbreaks.

Comparison of three cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in Western Australia: 2003, 2007 and 2011

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 05-07-2018

DOI: 10.1017/S0950268818001607

Abstract: Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that causes the diarrhoeal disease, cryptosporidiosis. Although many species have been identified, the majority of human disease worldwide is caused by two species Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis. In Australia, data from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) show that cryptosporidiosis outbreaks occur every few years. To better understand the transmission, trends and nature of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in Western Australia, epidemiological and genomic data from three cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in 2003, 2007 and 2011 were reviewed. The 2007 outbreak was the largest ( n = 607) compared with the outbreaks in 2003 ( n = 404) and 2011 ( n = 355). All three outbreaks appeared to have occurred predominantly in the urban metropolitan area (Perth), which reported the highest number of case notifications increases in case notifications were also observed in rural and remote areas. Children aged 0–4 years and non-Aboriginal people comprised the majority of notifications in all outbreaks. However, in the 2003 and 2007 outbreaks, a higher proportion of cases from Aboriginal people was observed in the remote areas. Molecular data were only available for the 2007 ( n = 126) and 2011 ( n = 42) outbreaks, with C. hominis the main species identified in both outbreaks. Subtyping at the glycoprotein 60 ( gp60 ) locus identified subtype IbA10G2 in 46.3% and 89.5% of C. hominis isolates typed, respectively, in the 2007 and 2011 outbreaks, with the IdA15G1 subtype was identified in 33.3% of C. hominis isolates typed in the 2007 outbreak. The clustering of cases with the IdA15G1 subtype in the remote areas suggests the occurrence of a concurrent outbreak in remote areas during the 2007 outbreak, which primarily affected Aboriginal people. Both the C. hominis IbA10G2 and IdA15G1 subtypes have been implicated in cryptosporidiosis outbreaks worldwide its occurrence indicates that the mode of transmission in both the 2007 and 2011 outbreaks was anthroponotic. To better understand the epidemiology, sources and transmission of cryptosporidiosis in Australia, genotyping data should routinely be incorporated into national surveillance programmes.

Trypanosoma irwini n. sp (Sarcomastigophora: Trypanosomatidae) from the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 07-2009

DOI: 10.1017/S0031182009006313

Abstract: The morphology and genetic characterization of a new species of trypanosome infecting koalas ( Phascolarctos cinereus ) are described. Morphological analysis of bloodstream forms and phylogenetic analysis at the 18S rDNA and gGAPDH loci demonstrated this trypanosome species to be genetically distinct and most similar to Trypanosoma bennetti , an avian trypanosome with a genetic distance of 0·9% at the 18S rDNA and 10·7% at the gGAPDH locus. The trypanosome was detected by 18S rDNA PCR in the blood s les of 26 out of 68 (38·2%) koalas studied. The aetiological role of trypanosomes in koala disease is currently poorly defined, although infection with these parasites has been associated with severe clinical signs in a number of koalas. Based on biological and genetic characterization data, this trypanosome species infecting koalas is proposed to be a new species Trypanosome irwini n. sp.

Investigations into human serum sensitivity expressed by stocks of Trypanosoma brucei evansi

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2010

DOI: 10.1016/J.IJPARA.2009.11.009

Abstract: Trypanosoma brucei evansi, a widely distributed species of trypanosome infecting different livestock species in many countries in Africa, Asia and South America, has recently been reported as a pathogen causing a case of human trypanosomiasis in India. To date, there is little information regarding the natural resistance of animal-infective stocks of T. b. evansi to normal human serum (NHS). In this study, we investigated the degree of sensitivity to NHS of 15 stocks of T. b. evansi from different geographical origins and found that 10 of the stocks were completely susceptible to the action of NHS parasites disappeared from the blood of infected mice within a few hours and the mice remained free from infection for more than 1 month. The remaining five stocks were partially resistant to NHS although parasites initially disappeared from the circulation more than 50% of the mice showed relapse infection 10-18 days later. Studies on one stock, T. b. evansi STIB 810, showed that the changes in parasitaemia in the infected mice were correlated with the amount of NHS inoculated (correlation factor -0.584 and P=0.001). When this stock was passaged 25 times in mice in the presence of NHS it was found that the trypanosomes' serum resistance increased compared with the parent stock from which they were derived 40% of the passaged parasites survived after in vitro incubation with 50% NHS for 7h, while only 1% of in idual trypanosomes of the parent stock survived under the same conditions. These findings show, to our knowledge for the first time, that human serum sensitivity varies amongst stocks of T. b. evansi, that some of them naturally display resistance to NHS and that, furthermore, T. b. evansi serum resistance can be increased by sub-passage in the presence of NHS.

Differences in the occurrence and epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in Western Australia (2002 − 2012)

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2017

DOI: 10.1016/J.MEEGID.2017.05.018

Retrospective analysis of Cryptosporidium species in Western Australian human populations (2015–2018), and emergence of the C. hominis IfA12G1R5 subtype

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2019

DOI: 10.1016/J.MEEGID.2019.05.018

Abstract: Cryptosporidium species are a major cause of diarrhoea worldwide. In the present study, a retrospective analysis of 109 microscopically Cryptosporidium-positive faecal specimens from Western Australian patients, collected between 2015 and 2018 was conducted. Sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA and the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene loci identified four Cryptosporidium species: C. hominis (86.2%, 94/109), C. parvum (11.0%, 12/109), C. meleagridis (1.8%, 2/109) and C. viatorum (0.9%, 1/109). Subtyping at the gp60 locus identified a total of 11 subtypes including the emergence of the previously rare C. hominis IfA12G1R5 subtype in 2017 as the dominant subtype (46.7%, 21/45). This subtype has also recently emerged as the dominant subtype in the United States but the reasons for its emergence are unknown. This is also the first report of C. viatorum in humans in Australia and a novel subtype (XVaA3g) was identified in the one positive patient.

Student reflections on an interdisciplinary pandemics course utilising systems thinking

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 26-08-2022

DOI: 10.1002/HPJA.646

Abstract: The complexity and uncertainty of the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need to change training of public health professionals in higher education by shifting from siloed specialisations to interdisciplinary collaboration. At the end of 2020 and 2021, public health professionals collaboratively designed and delivered, a week-long intensive course-Public Health in Pandemics. The aim of this research study was to understand whether the use of systems thinking in the design and delivery of the course enabled students to grasp the interdisciplinary nature of contemporary health promotion and public health practice. Two focus group interviews (n = 5 and 3/47) and a course opinion survey (n = 11/47) were utilised to gather information from students regarding experiences and perceptions of course design and delivery, and to determine if students felt better able to understand the complex nature of pandemics and pandemic responses. Students provided positive feedback on the course and believed that the course design and delivery assisted in understanding the complex nature of health problems and the ways in which health promotion and public health practitioners need to work across sectors with erse disciplines for pandemic responses. The use of an integrated interdisciplinary approach to course design and delivery enabled students used systems thinking to understand the complexity in preparing for and responding to a pandemic. This approach may have utility in preparing an agile, iterative and adaptive health promotion and public health workforce more capable of facing the challenges and complexity in public health.

Infection control practices employed within small animal veterinary practices-A systematic review.

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 31-05-2019

DOI: 10.1111/ZPH.12589

Abstract: Effective infection control (IC) provides a safe environment for staff, clients and animals of veterinary practices by reducing the risk of nosocomial and zoonotic infections, which are associated with increased hospital stays, costs, morbidity and mortality. An equally important issue arising from nosocomial infection is the loss of trust between the client and the veterinary practice that has potential negative impacts on the veterinary practice in terms of economic risk and the well-being of staff. Furthermore, an emerging and significant threat, in this context, is antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this systematic review was to critically review published reports that documented current IC practices and evaluated interventions to improve IC practices. A systematic literature search using ten databases to identify papers published over a 20-year period (February 1996 to February 2016) was conducted for studies that met the inclusion criteria. Included studies were assessed using the PRISMA and STROBE-Vet statements. A total of 14 of 1,615 identified studies met our inclusion criteria. Infection control practices included hand hygiene, sharps handling, environmental cleaning, personal protective equipment and personnel vaccination. Descriptive studies were the predominant research design for assessing IC compliance. Only three studies were interventions. Compliance with IC protocols was poor and only marginally increased with multimodal educational c aigns. There was significant variation in the implementation of IC by veterinary staff. Workplaces that had IC policies, management support and a staff member supporting their implementation were more likely to embrace good IC. Infection control data in veterinary practices were inconsistently reported and collected. Clearly defining IC and determining prevalence of these practices within the veterinary field is important given the limited research in this area. Further, developing and implementing educational c aigns for this sector is needed.

The economic impact of pig-associated parasitic zoonosis in Northern Lao PDR.

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 16-02-2013

DOI: 10.1007/S10393-013-0821-Y

Abstract: The parasitic zoonoses human cysticercosis (Taenia solium), taeniasis (other Taenia species) and trichinellosis (Trichinella species) are endemic in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). This study was designed to quantify the economic burden pig-associated zoonotic disease pose in Lao PDR. In particular, the analysis included estimation of the losses in the pork industry as well as losses due to human illness and lost productivity. A Markov-probability based decision-tree model was chosen to form the basis of the calculations to estimate the economic and public health impacts of taeniasis, trichinellosis and cysticercosis. Two different decision trees were run simultaneously on the model's human cohort. A third decision tree simulated the potential impacts on pig production. The human capital method was used to estimate productivity loss. The results found varied significantly depending on the rate of hospitalisation due to neurocysticerosis. This study is the first systematic estimate of the economic impact of pig-associated zoonotic diseases in Lao PDR that demonstrates the significance of the diseases in that country.

The non-human reservoirs of Ross River virus: a systematic review of the evidence

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 19-03-2018

DOI: 10.1186/S13071-018-2733-8

Limiting swimming pool outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis – the roles of regulations, staff, patrons and research

Publisher: IWA Publishing

Date: 10-11-2016

DOI: 10.2166/WH.2016.160

Abstract: Cryptosporidium is the leading cause of swimming pool outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Transmission occurs through the ingestion of oocysts that are passed in the faeces of an infected person or animal when an accidental faecal release event occurs. Cryptosporidium parasites present specific challenges for infection control as oocysts are highly resistant to chlorine levels used for pool disinfection, infected in iduals can shed large numbers of oocysts, there is a long incubation period and shedding of oocysts occurs even after symptom resolution. The purposes of this review are to identify key barriers to limiting swimming pool-associated outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis and to outline needs for research and collaboration to advance co-ordinated management practices. We reviewed swimming pool-associated cryptosporidiosis outbreaks, disinfection teachniques, current regulations and the role of staff and patrons. Key barriers to limiting swimming pool-associated outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis are a lack of uniform national and international standards, poor adherence and understanding of regulations governing staff and patron behaviour, and low levels of public knowledge and awareness.

Risk factors for human leptospirosis following flooding: A meta-analysis of observational studies

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 29-05-2019

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0217643

Qualitative Causal Loop Diagram: One Health Model Conceptualizing Brucellosis in Jordan

Publisher: MDPI AG

Date: 12-08-2023

DOI: 10.3390/SYSTEMS11080422

Abstract: Background: Brucellosis is a serious public health problem distributed worldwide. Jordan has one of the highest incidences of brucellosis globally, mostly caused by infection with Brucella melitensis, which is associated with small, ruminant animals such as sheep. Sheep are an important livestock species in Jordan where there is a high value is placed on keeping animals at home. The incidence of human brucellosis rapidly increased following the Syrian conflict, in association with the resettlement of displaced people. Methods: A systems thinking (ST) approach was applied to develop a model to explain the dynamics of brucellosis in Jordan. A causal loop diagram (CLD) was developed to visualize and conceptualize interactions and feedback between several factors involved in sheep husbandry, animal and human health, and livestock trading systems. The CLD was constructed using information from published literature, historical governmental reports, policy documents and media coverage regarding brucellosis in Jordan. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews with erse stakeholders were conducted to elicit information on their understanding of critical factors associated with brucellosis. Results: The CLD demonstrated that brucellosis transmission in Jordan is driven by sheep husbandry practices like livestock movement/trading and the management of symptomatic animals (those suffering abortion). Five dimensions were identified to be associated with brucellosis transmission: human infection consumers traders and markets and livestock infection and control. Conclusion: The development of a CLD to explain brucellosis transmission in Jordan provides a better understanding of and reveals the multi-sectoral nature of the problem. The need for a multi-sectoral approach for effective brucellosis management in Jordan is clear from the five dimensions identified.

Seroprevlance of Coxiella burnetii among abattoir and slaughterhouse workers: A meta-analysis

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 12-2018

DOI: 10.1016/J.ONEHLT.2018.09.002

Comparative pathogenesis of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus mackerrasae and Angiostrongylus cantonensis in murine and guinea pig models of human infection

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 09-06-2016

DOI: 10.1017/S003118201600069X

Abstract: This study investigated comparatively the pathogenicity of experimental infection of mice and guinea pigs, with Angiostrongylus mackerrasae and the closely related species A. cantonensis . Time course analyses showed that A. mackerrasae causes eosinophilic meningitis in these hosts, which suggests that the species has the potential to cause meningitis in humans and domestic animals. Both A. mackerrasae and the genetically similar A. cantonensis caused eosinophilic meningitis in mice at two time points of 14 and 21 days post infection (dpi). The brain lesions in mice infected with A. mackerrasae were more granulomatous in nature and the parasites were more likely to appear degenerate compared with lesions caused by A. cantonensis . This may indicate that the mouse immune system eliminates A. mackerrasae infection more effectively. The immunologic responses of mice infected with the two Angiostrongylus species was compared by assessing ex vivo stimulated spleen derived T cells and cytokines including interferon-gamma, interleukin 4 and interleukin 17 on 14 and 21 dpi. The results were similar for mice infected with A. cantonensis and A. mackerrasae . Serum from the infected animals with either A. cantonensis or A. mackerrasae recognized total soluble antigen of A. cantonensis female worms on Western blot.

Exploring governance for a One Health collaboration for leptospirosis prevention and control in Fiji: Stakeholder perceptions, evidence, and processes

Publisher: Wiley

Date: 30-03-2018

DOI: 10.1002/HPM.2521

Abstract: Fiji has a high burden of leptospirosis, with endemic infection and epidemic outbreaks with high mortality, often associated with flooding and cyclones. As a zoonosis, leptospirosis control requires interventions in sectors beyond the usual control of health-in Fiji, the dairy and sugar industries, and water and sanitation and rodent control in communities. This paper presents the findings of qualitative research to inform policy around governance for a One Health multisectoral approach to leptospirosis control. Key informants from relevant government agencies and industry organizations were interviewed in late 2014, and the interviews analyzed and triangulated with documentary analysis. The analysis identified 5 themes: perceptions of the impact of leptospirosis, governance processes, models for collaboration, leptospirosis control, and preferred leadership for leptospirosis management. Data were limited, with poor communication between ministries, and limited awareness of leptospirosis outside outbreaks. Collaboration during outbreaks was positive but not sustained in endemic periods. Mechanism for enhanced collaboration was developed for endemic and outbreak situations. The findings informed a One Health governance approach to leptospirosis, framed within a National Strategic Plan, with a specific National Action Plan for Leptospirosis. The process provides a research based One Health template for application to other zoonotic diseases.

Target validation of the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) gene in Cryptosporidium using Phylomer® peptides

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.EXPPARA.2014.11.003

Abstract: Cryptosporidiosis, a gastroenteric disease characterised mainly by diarrheal illnesses in humans and mammals is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium. Treatment options for cryptosporidiosis are limited, with the current therapeutic nitazoxanide, only partly efficacious in immunocompetent in iduals. The parasite lacks de novo purine synthesis, and is exclusively dependant on purine salvage from its host. Inhibition of the inosine 5' monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), a purine salvage enzyme that is essential for DNA synthesis, thereby offers a potential drug target against this parasite. In the present study, a yeast-two-hybrid system was used to identify Phylomer peptides within a library constructed from the genomes of 25 phylogenetically erse bacteria that targeted the IMPDH of Cryptosporidium parvum (IMPcp) and Cryptosporidium hominis (IMPch). We identified 38 unique interacting Phylomers, of which, 12 were synthesised and screened against C. parvum in vitro. Two Phylomers exhibited significant growth inhibition (81.2-83.8% inhibition P < 0.05), one of which consistently exhibited positive interactions with IMPcp and IMPch during primary and recapitulation yeast two-hybrid screening and did not interact with either of the human IMPDH proteins. The present study highlightsthe potential of Phylomer peptides as target validation tools for Cryptosporidium and other organisms and diseases because of their ability to bind with high affinity to target proteins and disrupt function.

Global health security and universal health coverage: Understanding convergences and divergences for a synergistic response

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 30-12-2020

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0244555

Abstract: Global health security (GHS) and universal health coverage (UHC) are key global health agendas which aspire for a healthier and safer world. However, there are tensions between GHS and UHC strategy and implementation. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between GHS and UHC using two recent quantitative indices. We conducted a macro-analysis to determine the presence of relationship between GHS index (GHSI) and UHC index (UHCI). We calculated Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination. Analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25 with a 95% level of confidence. There is a moderate and significant relationship between GHSI and UHCI (r = 0.662, p .001) and in idual indices of UHCI (maternal and child health and infectious diseases: r = 0.623 (p .001) and 0.594 (p .001), respectively). However, there is no relationship between GHSI and the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) index (r = 0.063, p .05). The risk of GHS threats a significant and negative correlation with the capacity for GHS (r = -0.604, p .001) and the capacity for UHC (r = -0.792, p .001). The aspiration for GHS will not be realized without UHC hence, the tension between these two global health agendas should be transformed into a synergistic solution. We argue that strengthening the health systems, in tandem with the principles of primary health care, and implementing a “One Health” approach will progressively enable countries to achieve both UHC and GHS towards a healthier and safer world that everyone aspires to live in.

The potential impact of native Australian trypanosome infections on the health of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 27-04-2011

DOI: 10.1017/S0031182011000369

Abstract: Whole blood collected from koalas admitted to the Australian Zoo Wildlife Hospital (AZWH), Beerwah, QLd, Australia, during late 2006–2009 was tested using trypanosome species-specific 18S rDNA PCRs designed to lify DNA from Trypanosoma irwini, T. gilletti and T. copemani . Clinical records for each koala s led were reviewed and age, sex, blood packed cell volume (PCV), body condition, signs of illness, blood loss, trauma, chlamydiosis, bone marrow disease, koala AIDS and hospital admission outcome (‘survival’ / ‘non-survival’) were correlated with PCR results. Overall 73·8% (439/595) of the koalas were infected with at least 1 species of trypanosome. Trypanosoma irwini was detected in 423/595 (71·1%), T. gilletti in 128/595 (21·5%) and T. copemani in 26/595 (4·4%) of koalas. Mixed infections were detected in 125/595 (21%) with co-infections of T. irwini and T. gilletti (101/595, 17%) being most common. There was a statistical association between infection with T. gilletti with lower PCV values and body condition scores in koalas with signs of chlamydiosis, bone marrow disease or koala AIDS. No association between T. gilletti infection and any indicator of health was observed in koalas without signs of concurrent disease. This raises the possibility that T. gilletti may be potentiating other disease syndromes affecting koalas.

Vector of Trypanosoma copemani identified as Ixodes sp.

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 26-04-2011

DOI: 10.1017/S0031182011000497

Abstract: A total of 41 ticks were collected from 15 quokkas on Bald Island and 2 ticks from a Gilbert's potoroo from Two Peoples Bay. Three species of Ixodid ticks Ixodes australiensis, Ixodes hirsti and Ixodes myrmecobii were identified on the quokkas known to have a high prevalence of Trypanosoma copemani . Tick faeces from ticks isolated from 8 in idual quokkas and a Gilbert's potoroo were examined with one identified as positive for trypanosomes. Faecal examination revealed trypanosomes similar to in vitro life-cycle stages of T. copemani . In total 12 ticks were dissected and trypanosomes found in sections of their midgut and haemolymph, 49 and 117 days after collection. Tick faeces, salivary glands and midguts from I. australiensis were screened using an 18S rRNA PCR with lification seen only from the midguts. Sequencing showed 100% homology to T. copemani (genotype A) and 99·9% homology to the wombat (AII) isolate of T. copemani . Trypanosomes were only detected in I. australiensis as neither I. hirsti nor I. myrmecobii survived the initial 30-day storage conditions. We therefore identify a vector for T. copemani as I. australiensis and, given the detection of trypanosomes in the faeces, suggest that transmission is via the faecal-oral route.

Detection of Trypanosoma evansi in camels using PCR and CATT/T. evansi tests in Kenya

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 10-2004

DOI: 10.1016/J.VETPAR.2004.06.029

Malaria and soil-transmitted intestinal helminth co-infection and its effect on anemia: a meta-analysis

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

Date: 11-2013

DOI: 10.1093/TRSTMH/TRT086

Abstract: This study aimed to synthesize available evidence on the extent of malaria and soil-transmitted intestinal helminth (STH) co-infections in people living in endemic countries and to explore the effect of interactions between malaria and STHs on anemia. We searched relevant studies in electronic databases up to March 2013. Studies comparing malaria and STH co-infected patients with those not co-infected were included and the effect estimates were pooled using a random-effects model. We identified 30 studies for meta-analyses of which 17 were cross-sectional design. The majority of included studies (80%) were carried out in African countries. Among pregnant women, those infected with hookworm were found to have higher association with malaria infection compared with those without (summary OR: 1.36 95% CI: 1.17-1.59 I(2): 0%). Among non-pregnant adults, the summary OR of the association between anemia and the combined malaria and STH was 2.91 (1.38-6.14). The summary OR of the association between anemia and malaria alone was 1.53 (0.97-2.42), while the association between anemia and STH alone was 0.28 (0.04-1.95). There is no good evidence to support a different effect of malaria and STH on anemia. A subgroup analysis showed a higher risk of malaria infection in the primigravidae (summary OR: 1.61 95% CI: 1.3-1.99 I(2): 0%). In conclusion, the malaria-STH co-infection was variable with complex outcomes on anemia.

A process for developing multisectoral strategies for zoonoses: the case of leptospirosis in Fiji

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 22-08-2017

DOI: 10.1186/S12889-017-4673-1

An analysis of Australia’s national action plan on antimicrobial resistance using a governance framework

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 24-07-2023

DOI: 10.1007/S10389-023-02029-6

Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance is a global health crisis which undermines the effectiveness of current modern therapeutics against microbial infections and demands effective governance at all levels to effectively address the challenge. The aim of the study was to analyse Australia’s National Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance using a governance framework to facilitate discussion on the state of implementation. A governance framework was used to facilitate the systematic analysis of Australia’s National Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance through iterative coding of activities listed within the working documents. From the analysis, 1435 codes were created in congruence with the governance framework. The Australian National Action Plan was aligned with the Global Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance in scope of objectives. The most frequent code was research and innovation ( n = 180, 12.5%). The least frequent theme discussed was equity. No strategic vision or objectives were outlined within any of the documents to measure implementation progress. Overall, Australia’s governance on AMR has demonstrated siloed implementation with an absence of strategic objectives to measure progress. Governance structure, surveillance and mechanisms for stakeholder participation have been identified as potential actionable points for AMR strategy refinement that can improve overall accountability towards progress.

A review of national action plans on antimicrobial resistance: strengths and weaknesses

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Date: 23-06-2022

DOI: 10.1186/S13756-022-01130-X

Abstract: The World Health Organization developed the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a priority because of the increasing threat posed to human health, animal health and agriculture. Countries around the world have been encouraged to develop their own National Action Plans (NAPs) to help combat AMR. The objective of this review was to assess the content of the NAPs and determine alignment with the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance using a policy analysis approach. National Action Plans were accessed from the WHO Library and systematically analysed using a policy analysis approach for actors, process, context and content. Information was assessed using a ‘traffic light’ system to determine agreeance with the five WHO Global Action Plans objectives. A total of 78 NAPs (70 WHO approved, eight not approved) from the five global regions were analysed. National action plans which provided more information regarding the consultative process and the current situation regarding AMR allowed greater insight to capabilities of the country. Despite the availability of guidelines to inform the development of the plans, there were many differences between plans with the content of information provided. High income countries indicated greater progression with objectives achievement while low and middle-income countries presented the need for human and financial resources. The national action plans provide an overview of activities underway to combat AMR globally. This analysis reveals how disconnected the process has been and how little information is being gathered globally.

Investigation of the morphological diversity of the potentially zoonoticTrypanosoma copemaniin quokkas and Gilbert's potoroos

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 10-07-2015

DOI: 10.1017/S0031182015000785

Abstract: Trypanosomes are blood-borne parasites that can cause severe disease in both humans and animals, yet little is known of the pathogenicity and life-cycles of trypanosomes in native Australian mammals. Trypanosoma copemani is known to be infective to a variety of Australian marsupials and has recently been shown to be potentially zoonotic as it is resistant to normal human serum. In the present study, in vivo and in vitro examination of blood and cultures from Australian marsupials was conducted using light microscopy, immunofluorescence, scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Promastigote, sphaeromastigote and amastigote life-cycle stages were detected in vivo and in vitro . Novel trypanosome-like stages were also detected both in vivo and in vitro representing an oval stage, an extremely thin stage, an adherent stage and a tiny round stage. The tiny round and adherent stages appeared to adhere to erythrocytes causing potential haematological damage with clinical effects similar to haemolytic anaemia. The present study shows for the first time that trypomastigotes are not the only life-cycle stages circulating within the blood stream of trypanosome infected Australian native marsupials and provides insights into possible pathogenic mechanisms of this potentially zoonotic trypanosome species.

Preserving new anthelmintics: A simple method for estimating faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) confidence limits when efficacy and/or nematode aggregation is high

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 05-2012

DOI: 10.1016/J.VETPAR.2011.11.049

Abstract: As it has been 30 years since a new anthelmintic class was released, it is appropriate to review management practices aimed at slowing the development of anthelmintic resistance to all drug classes. Recommendations to delay anthelmintic resistance, provide refugia and the use of a simulation model were reviewed to find optimum treatment strategies that maintain nematode control. Simulated Australian conditions indicated that a common successful low-risk treatment program was a rapid rotation between a "triple-combination" product (benzimidazole+levamisole+abamectin) and a new high-efficacy drug (monepantel). Where Haemonchus contortus was a threat, moxidectin was required at critical times because of its persistent activity against this parasite. Leaving up to 4% of adult sheep untreated provided sufficient "refugia" for non-selected worms to reduce the risk of selecting for anthelmintic resistance without compromising nematode control. For a new anthelmintic, efficacy estimated by faecal egg count reduction (FECR) is likely to be at or close to 100%, however using current methods the 95% confidence limits (CL) for 100% are incorrectly determined as 100%. The fewer eggs counted pre-treatment, the more likely an estimate of 100% will occur, particularly if the true efficacy is >90%. A novel way to determine the lower-CL (LCL) for 100% efficacy is to reframe FECR as a binomial proportion, i.e. define: n and x as the total number of eggs counted (rather than eggs per gram of faeces) for all pre-treatment and post-treatment animals, respectively p the proportion of resistant eggs is p = x/n and percent efficacy is 100 ×(1-p) (assuming equal treatment group sizes and detection levels, pre- and post-treatment). The LCL is approximated from the cumulative inverse beta distribution by: 95%LCL=100 ×(1-(BETAINV(0.975, x+1, n-x+1))). This method is simpler than the current method, independent of the number of animals tested, and demonstrates that for 100% efficacy at least 37 eggs (not eggs per gram) need to be counted pre-treatment before the LCL can exceed 90%. When nematode aggregation is high, this method can be usefully applied to efficacy estimates lower than 100%, and in this case the 95% upper-CL (UCL) can be estimated by: 95% UCL = 100 ×(1((BETAINV(0.025, x+1, n-x+1))), with the LCL approximated as described above. A simulation study to estimate the precision and accuracy of this method found that the more conservative 99%CL was optimum in this case 0.975 and 0.025 are replaced by 0.995 and 0.005 to estimate the LCL and UCL, respectively.

Morphological and molecular characterization of Trypanosoma copemani n. sp. (Trypanosomatidae) isolated from Gilbert's potoroo (Potorous gilbertii) and quokka (Setonix brachyurus)

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 06-05-2009

DOI: 10.1017/S0031182009005927

Abstract: Little is known of the prevalence and life-cycle of trypanosomes in mammals native to Australia. Native Australian trypanosomes have previously been identified in marsupials in the eastern states of Australia, with one recent report in brush-tailed bettongs ( Bettongia penicillata ), or woylie in Western Australia in 2008. This study reports a novel Trypanosoma sp. identified in blood smears, from 7 critically endangered Gilbert's potoroos ( Potorous gilbertii ) and 3 quokkas ( Setonix brachyurus ) in Western Australia. Trypanosomes were successfully cultured in vitro and showed morphological characteristics similar to members of the subgenus Herpetosoma . Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences identified 2 different novel genotypes A and B that are closely related to trypanosomes previously isolated from a common wombat ( Vombatus ursinus ) in Victoria, Australia. The new species is proposed to be named Trypanosoma copemani n. sp.

Identification of zoonotic Giardia genotypes in marsupials in Australia

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2008

DOI: 10.1016/J.EXPPARA.2008.05.002

Abstract: A total of 421 fecal s les from a variety of captive and wild marsupial hosts in Western Australia, Victoria and South Australia were screened for the presence of Giardia species/genotypes using PCR and sequence analysis of a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene. Giardia spp. were identified in 13.4% (28/209) of s les from captive marsupials and 13.7% (29/212) of s les from wild marsupials. Sequence analysis at the 18S locus identified the zoonotic Giardia duodenalis Genotypes A and B in both captive and wild marsupials. Eight isolates were typed as genotype B3 and B4 at the gdh locus, although 7/8 were typed as genotype A at the 18S rRNA locus. The possible reasons for this discordance are discussed. This is the first report of genotype B and only the second report of genotype A in marsupials. As some of the genotype B isolates were identical to human-derived Giardia gdh sequences, these results suggest that marsupials in catchments may pose a public health risk and therefore warrant further investigation.

Nursing experiences in antimicrobial optimisation in the intensive care unit: A convergent analysis of a national survey

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2023

DOI: 10.1016/J.AUCC.2022.09.005

Abstract: Recent evidence highlights the need for an interdisciplinary approach to antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). Nursing involvement in optimising antimicrobials in the intensive care unit (ICU) remains understudied. The objective of this study was to explore nurses' perceptions and experiences of antimicrobial optimisation or stewardship in ICUs in Australia. An anonymous web-based survey was deployed nationally in early 2021 through two ICU nursing networks. Associations between survey responses were analysed descriptively and by using nonparametric tests (with statistical significance established at p ≤ 0.05). Free-text survey responses underwent qualitative thematic analysis. Interpretation and reporting of quantitative and qualitative data were integrated. A total of 226 ICU nurses completed the survey. The majority (197/226 87%) responded that lack of education limits engagement in AMS. Only 13% (30/226) reported the presence of AMS education and training for nurses in their ICUs. Only about half (108/226 48%) of the nurses were confident to question prescribers when they considered that the antimicrobial prescribed was unnecessary, with nurses in senior roles more likely to do so than nurses providing bedside care (p < 0.05). Gaps in education (including unfamiliarity with AMS roles), noninclusive antimicrobial discussions, moral distress, and potential workload burden were seen as potential barriers/challenges to engagement. The multifactorial barriers identified that inhibit nurses from performing AMS tasks could be addressed by strengthening interprofessional education at all levels and by applying practical AMS interventions that are inclusive for nursing participation. A purposeful culture change that fosters psychological safety and collaborative practice is paramount to supporting nurses in these roles.

Novel trypanosome Trypanosoma gilletti sp. (Euglenozoa: Trypanosomatidae) and the extension of the host range of Trypanosoma copemani to include the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Date: 21-07-2010

DOI: 10.1017/S0031182010000971

Abstract: Trypanosoma irwini was previously described from koalas and we now report the finding of a second novel species, T. gilletti , as well as the extension of the host range of Trypanosoma copemani to include koalas. Phylogenetic analysis at the 18S rDNA and gGAPDH loci demonstrated that T. gilletti was genetically distinct with a genetic distance (± s.e .) at the 18S rDNA locus of 2·7±0·5% from T. copemani (wombat). At the gGAPDH locus, the genetic distance (± s.e. ) of T. gilletti was 8·7±1·1% from T. copemani (wombat). Trypanosoma gilletti was detected using a nested trypanosome 18S rDNA PCR in 3/139 (∼2%) blood s les and in 2/29 (∼7%) spleen tissue s les from koalas whilst T. irwini was detected in 72/139 (∼52%) blood s les and T. copemani in 4/139 (∼3%) blood s les from koalas. In addition, naturally occurring mixed infections were noted in 2/139 (∼1·5%) of the koalas tested.

Giardia genotypes in pigs in Western Australia: Prevalence and association with diarrhea

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 04-2009

DOI: 10.1016/J.EXPPARA.2009.01.008

Abstract: Little is known of the prevalence of Giardia species and genotypes in pre- and post-weaned domestic pigs. In the present study, a total of 297 pig faecal s les were screened for the presence of Giardia by PCR and genotyped. An overall prevalence of 31.1% (90/289) (25.8, 36.5 CI) was detected. Giardia was detected in 17% (23/123) (11.8-25.6 CI) of pre-weaned piglet faecal s les and 41% (64/156) (33.3-48.7 CI) post-weaned faecal s les analysed. Sequence analysis identified assemblage A and E in pre- and post-weaned pigs. Assemblage F was identified in one post-weaned pig. Assemblage E was the most prevalent assemblage detected.

One Health research and training in Australia and New Zealand

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

Date: 2016

DOI: 10.3402/IEE.V6.33799

Abstract: This review was performed to create a repository of information on One Health research and training in Australia and New Zealand (ANZ). The review sought to determine 1) how many training activities there are in ANZ, 2) how much research on zoonotic diseases is undertaken by multidisciplinary teams, and 3) how collaborative and integrated they are. There are few opportunities for training in One Health in ANZ. The majority require enrolment in a postgraduate degree programme, and there is only one postgraduate level course that is also available for continuing professional development (CPD). Of the broad range of One Health research performed in ANZ, the majority is performed by teams with limited disciplinary ersity, although ersity is improving. Progress has been made in building collaboration between human, animal, and environmental health professions. However, the lack of clearly defined competencies and agreed purpose for One Health may be impeding collaboration.

Efficacy and Safety of Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for Treatment of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Endemic Countries: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies

Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Date: 03-12-2013

DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0078819

Emergence of neural angiostrongyliasis in eastern Australia

Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc

Date: 03-2015

DOI: 10.1089/VBZ.2014.1622

Abstract: Despite an apparent increase in cases of angiostrongyliasis in humans and animals in Australia, the epidemiology of infection with the two species of Angiostrongylus that co-exist in this country, namely A. cantonensis and A. mackerrasae, is poorly understood. This knowledge gap is particularly important with respect to A. mackerrasae, a species evidently native to Australia, as its ability to cause disease in humans is unknown. Likewise, there is little information on the roles of native and introduced species of rodents and molluscs as hosts of Angiostrongylus species in Australia. This review focuses on the gaps in the knowledge about the two species, highlighting the need for epidemiological and pathogenesis studies on the native lungworm A. mackerrasae.

How would high priority pests be reported in the Western Australian grains industry?

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.CROPRO.2015.10.005

Can general surveillance detect high priority pests in the Western Australian Grains Industry?

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2015

DOI: 10.1016/J.CROPRO.2015.10.004

Associations Between Ross River Virus Infection in Humans and Vector-Vertebrate Community Ecology in Brisbane, Australia

Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc

Date: 09-2020

DOI: 10.1089/VBZ.2019.2585

Q fever vaccine efficacy and occupational exposure risk in Queensland, Australia: A retrospective cohort study

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 09-2020

DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2020.08.006

Evaluation of ELISA coupled with Western blot as a surveillance tool for Trichinella infection in wild boar (Sus scrofa)

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 2014

DOI: 10.1016/J.VETPAR.2013.10.012

Abstract: Trichinella surveillance in wildlife relies on muscle digestion of large s les which are logistically difficult to store and transport in remote and tropical regions as well as labour-intensive to process. Serological methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) offer rapid, cost-effective alternatives for surveillance but should be paired with additional tests because of the high false-positive rates encountered in wildlife. We investigated the utility of ELISAs coupled with Western blot (WB) in providing evidence of Trichinella exposure or infection in wild boar. Serum s les were collected from 673 wild boar from a high- and low-risk region for Trichinella introduction within mainland Australia, which is considered Trichinella-free. Sera were examined using both an 'in-house' and a commercially available indirect-ELISA that used excretory-secretory (E/S) antigens. Cut-off values for positive results were determined using sera from the low-risk population. All wild boar from the high-risk region (352) and 139/321 (43.3%) of the wild boar from the low-risk region were tested by artificial digestion. Testing by Western blot using E/S antigens, and a Trichinella-specific real-time PCR was also carried out on all ELISA-positive s les. The two ELISAs correctly classified all positive controls as well as one naturally infected wild boar from Gabba Island in the Torres Strait. In both the high- and low-risk populations, the ELISA results showed substantial agreement (k-value=0.66) that increased to very good (k-value=0.82) when WB-positive only s les were compared. The results of testing sera collected from the Australian mainland showed the Trichinella seroprevalence was 3.5% (95% C.I. 0.0-8.0) and 2.3% (95% C.I. 0.0-5.6) using the in-house and commercial ELISA coupled with WB respectively. These estimates were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the artificial digestion estimate of 0.0% (95% C.I. 0.0-1.1). Real-time PCR testing of muscle from seropositive animals did not detect Trichinella DNA in any mainland animals, but did reveal the presence of a second larvae-positive wild boar on Gabba Island, supporting its utility as an alternative, highly sensitive method in muscle examination. The serology results suggest Australian wildlife may have been exposed to Trichinella parasites. However, because of the possibility of non-specific reactions with other parasitic infections, more work using well-defined cohorts of positive and negative s les is required. Even if the specificity of the ELISAs is proven to be low, their ability to correctly classify the small number of true positive sera in this study indicates utility in screening wild boar populations for reactive sera which can be followed up with additional testing.

In vitro analysis of the TAT protein transduction domain as a drug delivery vehicle in protozoan parasites

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2008

DOI: 10.1016/J.EXPPARA.2007.08.019

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to analyse the capability of HIV-1 derived TAT protein transduction domain (PTD) fused with Green Fluorescent Protein (TAT-GFP) as a delivery vehicle into a range of protozoan parasites. Successful transduction of native purified TAT-GFP was observed by fluorescent microscopy in Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis, and Neospora caninum. The ability to transduce peptides and other cargo into protozoan parasites, will greatly assist in the delivery of future peptide-based drugs and target validation peptides.

Knowledge, perceptions and experiences of nurses in antimicrobial optimization or stewardship in the intensive care unit

Publisher: Elsevier BV

Date: 03-2021

DOI: 10.1016/J.JHIN.2020.12.003

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0349255

Start Date: 12-2003

End Date: 12-2008

Amount: $310,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment And Facilities - Grant ID: LE0668536

Start Date: 2006

End Date: 12-2006

Amount: $485,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0219617

Start Date: 07-2002

End Date: 12-2004

Amount: $379,493.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Linkage Projects - Grant ID: LP0561974

Start Date: 12-2005

End Date: 12-2010

Amount: $355,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Special Research Initiatives - Grant ID: SR0354888

Start Date: 01-2004

End Date: 02-2004

Amount: $30,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council

Research Networks - Grant ID: RN0460368

Start Date: 09-2004

End Date: 08-2009

Amount: $1,500,000.00

Funder: Australian Research Council