ORCID Profile
0000-0002-0920-6844
Current Organisations
National Research University Higher School of Economics
,
Institute of Spectroscopy
,
James Cook University
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Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 20-06-2022
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.J8NLKKYPWL5R/V1
Abstract: The purpose of this SOP is to outline the materials and processes required to perform a human landing catch (HLC) of adult mosquitoes. Description: HLC consists of collectors catching any mosquitoes that are attracted to them. Kerr (1933) working in West Africa was largely responsible for developing the HLC method, with has been widely used and is considered the gold standard method. Target species and physiological states: Captures host-seeking females of many species. Entomological surveillance indicators: Adult vector occurrence and density as well as adult vector behaviour (human biting rate, biting time, biting location). Advantage: Is one of the only tools that can effectively estimate human biting rate, biting times and location. The equipment and supplies are inexpensive and portable. Disadvantage: This method is labour intensive. There is a risk that field staff may become infected with mosquito-borne diseases. To mitigate the risk of malaria anti-malarial prophylaxis is provided regarding arboviruses, HLC should not be done during times of known arbovirus transmission. Results depend on the collectors’ skill and on the attraction a person exerts on mosquitoes. S le period: Catches are performed hourly across a 12 h or 24 h period, usually overnight. Data: Total number of host-seeking females per s ling effort (by species). When necessary, field data is merged with the results of subsequent laboratory analyses.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-08-2008
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 10-02-2022
DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PNTD.0009848
Abstract: Across the Pacific, and including in the Solomon Islands, outbreaks of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are increasing in frequency, scale and impact. Outbreaks of mosquito-borne disease have the potential to overwhelm the health systems of small island nations. This study mapped the seroprevalence of dengue, Zika, chikungunya and Ross River viruses in 5 study sites in the Solomon Islands. Serum s les from 1,021 participants were analysed by ELISA. Overall, 56% of participants were flavivirus-seropositive for dengue (28%), Zika (1%) or both flaviviruses (27%) and 53% of participants were alphavirus-seropositive for chikungunya (3%), Ross River virus (31%) or both alphaviruses (18%). Seroprevalence for both flaviviruses and alphaviruses varied by village and age of the participant. The most prevalent arboviruses in the Solomon Islands were dengue and Ross River virus. The high seroprevalence of dengue suggests that herd immunity may be a driver of dengue outbreak dynamics in the Solomon Islands. Despite being undetected prior to this survey, serology results suggest that Ross River virus transmission is endemic. There is a real need to increase the diagnostic capacities for each of the arboviruses to support effective case management and to provide timely information to inform vector control efforts and other outbreak mitigation interventions.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-05-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-02-2014
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 08-2008
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Date: 07-01-2015
DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENTO-010814-021206
Abstract: The major malaria vectors of the Southwest Pacific belong to a group of closely related mosquitoes known as the Anopheles punctulatus group. The group comprises 13 co-occurring species that either are isomorphic or carry overlapping morphological features, and today several species remain informally named. The advent of species-diagnostic molecular tools in the 1990s permitted a new raft of studies into the newly differentiated mosquitoes of this group, and these have revealed five species as the region's primary malaria vectors: An. farauti, An. hinesorum, An. farauti 4, An. koliensis, and An. punctulatus. Species' distributions are now well established across Papua New Guinea, northern Australia, and the Solomon Archipelago, but little has been documented thus far in eastern Indonesia. As each species reveals significant differences in distribution and biology, the relative paucity of knowledge of their biology or ecology in relation to malaria transmission is brought into clearer focus. Only three of the species have undergone some form of spatial or population genetics analyses, and this has revealed striking differences in their genetic signatures throughout the region. This review compiles and dissects the key findings for this important mosquito group and points to where future research should focus to maximize the output of field studies in developing relevant knowledge on these malaria vectors.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2009
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 07-03-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-03-2016
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Date: 21-09-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-02-2013
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-07-2022
DOI: 10.1186/S12936-022-04240-4
Abstract: Effective control of infectious diseases is facilitated by informed decisions that require accurate and timely diagnosis of disease. For malaria, improved access to malaria diagnostics has revolutionized malaria control and elimination programmes. However, for COVID-19, diagnosis currently remains largely centralized and puts many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) at a disadvantage. Malaria and COVID-19 are infectious diseases that share overlapping symptoms. While the strategic responses to disease control for malaria and COVID-19 are dependent on the disease ecologies of each disease, the fundamental need for accurate and timely testing remains paramount to inform accurate responses. This review highlights how the roll-out of rapid diagnostic tests has been fundamental in the fight against malaria, primarily within the Asia Pacific and along the Greater Mekong Subregion. By learning from the successful elements of malaria control programmes, it is clear that improving access to point-of-care testing strategies for COVID-19 will provide a suitable framework for COVID-19 diagnosis in not only the Asia Pacific, but all malarious countries. In malaria-endemic countries, an integrated approach to point-of-care testing for COVID-19 and malaria would provide bi-directional benefits for COVID-19 and malaria control, particularly due to their paralleled likeness of symptoms, infection control strategies and at-risk in iduals. This is especially important, as previous disease pandemics have disrupted malaria control infrastructure, resulting in malaria re-emergence and halting elimination progress. Understanding and combining strategies may help to both limit disruptions to malaria control and support COVID-19 control.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2019
DOI: 10.1186/S12936-019-3049-7
Abstract: In the Solomon Island, the dominant malaria vector, Anopheles farauti , is highly anthropophagic and increasingly exophilic and early biting. While long-lasting insecticide-treated nets remain effective against An. farauti , supplemental vector control strategies will be needed to achieve malaria elimination. Presently, the only World Health Organization recommended supplemental vector control strategy is larval source management (LSM). Effective targeted larval source management requires understanding the associations between abiotic, chemical and biological parameters of larval habitats with the presence or density of vector larvae. Potential and actual An. farauti larval habitats were characterized for presence and density of larvae and associated abiotic, chemical and biological parameters. A third of all s led potential habitats harboured An. farauti larvae with 80% of An. farauti positive habitats being in three habitat classifications (sw s/lagoons, transient pools and man-made holes). Large sw s were the most abundant positive habitats surveyed (43% of all An. farauti positive habitats). Habitats with An. farauti larvae were significantly associated with abiotic (pH, nitrate, ammonia and phosphate concentrations and elevated temperature) and biotic (predators) parameters. Large sw s and lagoons are the largest and most abundant An. farauti habitats in the Solomon Islands. Positive habitats were more frequently associated with the presence of predators (vertebrates and invertebrates) and higher water temperatures. Cohabitation with predators is indicative of a complex habitat ecosystem and raises questions about the potential of biological control as an effective control strategy. Increased presence of An. farauti with higher water temperature suggests a potential explanation for the coastal distribution of this species which is not found inland at elevated altitudes where temperatures would be cooler.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-03-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-05-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-11-2018
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-11-2021
DOI: 10.1093/JME/TJAA242
Abstract: The global distribution of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is rapidly expanding which has contributed to the emergence and re-emergence of dengue and chikungunya outbreaks. Improvements in vector surveillance are necessary to facilitate optimized, evidence-based vector control operations. Current trapping technology used to target Ae. albopictus and other Aedes species for vector surveillance are limited in both scale and scope, thus novel tools are required. Here, we evaluated the Male Aedes Sound Trap (MAST) for its capacity to s le male Ae. albopictus. Aims of this study were twofold: 1) to determine the most effective frequency for capturing male Ae. albopictus and 2) to investigate fine-scale variations in male Ae. albopictus abundance. MASTs which produced sound lure frequencies between 500 and 650 Hz captured significantly more male Ae. albopictus than those with sound lure frequencies set to 450 Hz. Further, the higher sound lure frequency of 700 Hz significantly reduced catches relative to 650 Hz. MASTs placed in woodland habitats captured significantly more male Ae. albopictus than MASTs placed near houses. These results provide baseline information for optimizing sound lure frequencies and placement of the MAST to s le male Ae. albopictus in remote areas.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-01-2015
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Date: 02-06-2009
DOI: 10.3354/AB00156
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-11-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S12936-020-03494-0
Abstract: Vector surveillance provides critical data for decision-making to ensure that malaria control programmes remain effective and responsive to any threats to a successful control and elimination programme. The quality and quantity of data collected is dependent on the s ling tools and laboratory techniques used which may lack the sensitivity required to collect relevant data for decision-making. Here, 40 vector control experts were interviewed to assess the benefits and limitations of the current vector surveillance tools and techniques. In addition, experts shared ideas on “blue sky” indicators which encompassed ideas for novel methods to monitor presently used indicators, or to measure novel vector behaviours not presently measured. Algorithms for deploying surveillance tools and priorities for understanding vector behaviours are also needed for collecting and interpreting vector data. The available tools for s ling and analysing vectors are often h ered by high labour and resource requirements (human and supplies) coupled with high outlay and operating costs and variable tool performance across species and geographic regions. The next generation of surveillance tools needs to address the limitations of present tools by being more sensitive, specific and less costly to deploy to enable the collection and use of epidemiologically relevant vector data to facilitate more proactive vector control guidance. Ideas and attributes for Target Product Profiles (TPPs) generated from this analysis provide targets for research and funding to develop next generation tools. More efficient surveillance tools and a more complete understanding of vector behaviours and populations will provide a basis for more cost effective and successful malaria control. Understanding the vectors’ behaviours will allow interventions to be deployed that target vulnerabilities in vector behaviours and thus enable more effective control. Through defining the strengths and weaknesses of the current vector surveillance methods, a foundation and initial framework was provided to define the TPPs for the next generation of vector surveillance methods. The draft TTPs presented here aim to ensure that the next generation tools and technologies are not encumbered by the limitations of present surveillance methods and can be readily deployed in low resource settings.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2019
DOI: 10.1186/S12936-019-3041-2
Abstract: Maintaining the effectiveness of the currently recommended malaria vector control interventions while integrating new interventions will require monitoring key recommended indicators to identify threats to effectiveness including physiological and behavioural resistance to insecticides. Country metadata on vector surveillance and control activities was collected using an online survey by National Malaria Control Programmes or partner organization officials. Country and regional surveillance activities were analysed for alignment with indicators for priority vector surveillance objectives recommended by the World Health Organization. Surveillance activities were also compared for countries in the E2020 (eliminating countries) and countries with more intense transmission. Significant differences in monitoring priority vector indicators between Africa and Asia-Pacific country programmes were found as well as differences between countries approaching elimination and those controlling malaria. Gaps were found between vector data collected and country management strategies (i.e., for insecticide resistance management and integrated vector control strategies) and for making programmatic decisions on surveillance and control using vector surveillance data. Significant opportunities exist for increasing vector data collection on priority indicators and using these data for national programmatic decisions for both proactive insecticide resistance management and enhancing vector control.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-02-2013
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Date: 2009
DOI: 10.1071/AM09006
Abstract: Identification of habitat variables that are associated with patch occupancy can provide a solid foundation for conservation, especially when habitats and landscapes are affected by human activities. As a case study to investigate the importance of landscape complementation and habitat quality for conservation, we examined the habitat preferences of a vulnerable native rodent, the false water rat (Xeromys myoides Thomas). In this study, results from surveys for animal presence and recording of habitat attributes in localities in south-east Queensland showed that X. myoides prefers a habitat with a wide mangrove zone of short mangroves and a high percentage of relatively tall vegetation cover in the sedge/saltmarsh zone. The absence of X. myoides from areas of likely habitat at a large scale can be attributed, at least in part, to the local habitat variables that overrode predictions based at a large scale. The findings suggest that availability of suitable habitat is a factor limiting the distribution and abundance of X. myoides. It is clear that landscape complementation influences patch occupancy and should be an essential consideration for conservation programs.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-03-2012
Abstract: Control of mosquitoes that transmit malaria has been the mainstay in the fight against the disease, but alternative methods are required in view of emerging insecticide resistance. Entomopathogenic fungi are candidate alternatives, but to date, few trials have translated the use of these agents to field-based evaluations of their actual impact on mosquito survival and malaria risk. Mineral oil-formulations of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were applied using five different techniques that each exploited the behaviour of malaria mosquitoes when entering, host-seeking or resting in experimental huts in a malaria endemic area of rural Tanzania. Survival of mosquitoes was reduced by 39-57% relative to controls after forcing upward house-entry of mosquitoes through fungus treated baffles attached to the eaves or after application of fungus-treated surfaces around an occupied bed net (bed net strip design). Moreover, 68 to 76% of the treatment mosquitoes showed fungal growth and thus had sufficient contact with fungus treated surfaces. A population dynamic model of malaria-mosquito interactions shows that these infection rates reduce malaria transmission by 75-80% due to the effect of fungal infection on adult mortality alone. The model also demonstrated that even if a high proportion of the mosquitoes exhibits outdoor biting behaviour, malaria transmission was still significantly reduced. Entomopathogenic fungi strongly affect mosquito survival and have a high predicted impact on malaria transmission. These entomopathogens represent a viable alternative for malaria control, especially if they are used as part of an integrated vector management strategy.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 16-10-2015
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 12-2003
Abstract: Laboratory bioassays were conducted on the efficacy of a water-dispersible granule (WG) formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis variety israelensis (VectoBac WG active ingredient [AI]: 3,000 Bti international toxic units [ITU]/mg) against third instars of six common Australian mosquito species, Aedes aegypti (L.), Ochlerotatus vigilax (Skuse), Ochlerotatus notoscriptus (Skuse), Culex sitiens Wiedemann, Culex annulirostris Skuse, and Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The normal model for log-linear mortality data was used to determine laboratory 48-h LC50 and LC95 values. The target mosquito species tested were extremely sensitive to the VectoBac WG formulation, with the most sensitive species (Cx. annulirostris and Cx. quinquefasciatus, LC95 value of 0.019 ppm) being twice as susceptible as the most tolerant (Oc. notoscriptus, LC95 value of 0.037 ppm). Cx. annulirostris was selected as a target species for a small-plot evaluation of VectoBac WG and VectoBac 12 aqueous solution (AS) ([AI]: 1,200 Bti ITU/mg) efficacy over time, in freshwater in southeastern Queensland, Australia. Replicated cohorts of caged third instars were exposed weekly to six concentrations of WG formulation (0.004-0.13 ppm) and three concentrations of the 12AS formulation (0.04-0.13 ppm). In water with high organic content, treatment concentrations of 0.008 ppm WG and 0.04 ppm 12AS and above produced significant larval control (> or = 96%) at 48 h posttreatment, with no residual control at week 1. Water quality was not affected by treatment with either formulation.
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Date: 02-01-2015
Abstract: Control of mosquito vectors has historically proven to be an effective means of eliminating malaria. Human malaria is transmitted only by mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles , but not all species within the genus, or even all members of each vector species, are efficient malaria vectors. Variation in vectorial capacity for human malaria among Anopheles mosquito species is determined by many factors, including behavior, immunity, and life history. This variation in vectorial capacity suggests an underlying genetic/genomic plasticity that results in variation of key traits determining vectorial capacity within the genus. Sequencing the genome of Anopheles gambiae , the most important malaria vector in sub-Saharan Africa, has offered numerous insights into how that species became highly specialized to live among and feed upon humans and how susceptibility to mosquito control strategies is determined. Until very recently, similar genomic resources have not existed for other anophelines, limiting comparisons to in idual genes or sets of genomic markers with no genome-wide data to investigate attributes associated with vectorial capacity across the genus. We sequenced and assembled the genomes and transcriptomes of 16 anophelines from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America, spanning ~100 million years of evolution and chosen to represent a range of evolutionary distances from An. gambiae , a variety of geographic locations and ecological conditions, and varying degrees of vectorial capacity. Genome assembly quality reflected DNA template quality and homozygosity. Despite variation in contiguity, the assemblies were remarkably complete and searches for arthropod-wide single-copy orthologs generally revealed few missing genes. Genome annotation supported with RNA sequencing transcriptomes yielded between 10,738 and 16,149 protein-coding genes for each species. Relative to Drosophila, the closest dipteran genus for which equivalent genomic resources exist, Anopheles exhibits a dynamic genomic evolutionary profile. Comparative analyses show a fivefold faster rate of gene gain and loss, elevated gene shuffling on the X chromosome, and more intron losses in Anopheles . Some determinants of vectorial capacity, such as chemosensory genes, do not show elevated turnover but instead ersify through protein-sequence changes. We also document evidence of variation in important reproductive phenotypes, genes controlling immunity to Plasmodium malaria parasites and other microbes, genes encoding cuticular and salivary proteins, and genes conferring metabolic insecticide resistance. This dynamism of anopheline genes and genomes may contribute to their flexible capacity to take advantage of new ecological niches, including adapting to humans as primary hosts. Anopheline mosquitoes exhibit a molecular evolutionary profile very distinct from Drosophila , and their genomes harbor strong evidence of functional variation in traits that determine vectorial capacity. These 16 new reference genome assemblies provide a foundation for hypothesis generation and testing to further our understanding of the erse biological traits that determine vectorial capacity. The maximum likelihood molecular phylogeny of all sequenced anophelines and two mosquito outgroups was constructed from the aligned protein sequences of 1085 single-copy orthologs. Shapes between branch termini and species names indicate vector status and are colored according to geographic ranges depicted on the map.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-2009
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 17-11-2020
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-58727/V3
Abstract: Background Solving the problem of malaria requires a highly skilled workforce with robust infrastructure, financial backing and sound programme management coordinated by a strategic plan. Here, the capacity of National Malaria Control Programmes (NMCPs) was analysed to identify the strengths and weaknesses underpinning implementation of vector surveillance and control activities by the core elements of programme capacity, being strategic frameworks, financing, human resources, logistics and infrastructure, and information systems. Results Across nearly every country surveyed, the vector surveillance programmes were h ered by a lack of capacity and capability. Only 8 % of NMCPs reported having sufficient capacity to implement vector surveillance. In contrast, 57 %, 56 % and 28 % of NMCPs had the capacity to implement long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying (IRS) and larval source management (LSM) activities, respectively. Largely underlying this was a lack of up-to-date strategic plans that prioritize vector surveillance and include frameworks for decision-making and action. Conclusions Strategic planning and a lack of well-trained entomologists heavily h er vector surveillance. Countries on the path to elimination generally had more operational/field staff compared to countries at the stage of control, and also were more likely to have an established system for staff training and capacity building. It is unlikely that controlling countries will make significant progress unless huge investments also go towards increasing the number and capacity of programmatic staff.
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 10-11-2020
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-58727/V2
Abstract: Background: Solving the problem of malaria requires a highly skilled workforce with robust infrastructure, financial backing and sound program management coordinated by a strategic plan. Here the capacity of National Malaria Control Programs (NMCPs) was analysed to identify the strengths and weaknesses underpinning implementation of vector surveillance and control activities by the core elements of program capacity, being strategic frameworks, financing, human resources, logistics and infrastructure, and information systems. Results: Across nearly every country surveyed, the vector surveillance programs were h ered by a lack of capacity and capability. Only 8 % of NMCPs reported having sufficient capacity to implement vector surveillance. In contrast, 57 %, 56 % and 28 % of NMCPs had the capacity to implement long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying (IRS) and larval source management (LSM) activities, respectively. Largely underlying this was a lack of up-to-date strategic plans that prioritise vector surveillance and include frameworks for decision making and action. Conclusions: Strategic planning and a lack of well-trained entomologists heavily h er vector surveillance. Countries on the path to elimination generally had more operational/field staff compared to countries at the stage of control, and also were more likely to have an established system for staff training and capacity building. It is unlikely that controlling countries will make significant progress unless huge investments also go towards increasing the number and capacity of programmatic staff.
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 24-08-2020
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-58727/V1
Abstract: Background Solving the problem of malaria requires a highly skilled workforce with supporting infrastructure, financial backing and sound program management coordinated by a strategic plan. Here the capacity of NMCPs was analysed to identify the strengths and weaknesses underpinning implementation of vector surveillance and control activities by the core elements of program capacity, being strategic frameworks, financing, human resources, logistics and infrastructure, and information systems. Results Across nearly every country surveyed, the vector surveillance programs were h ered by a lack of capacity and capability. Only 8% of NMCPs reported having sufficient capacity to implement vector surveillance. In contrast, 57%, 56% and 28% of NMCPs had the capacity to implement LLINs, IRS and LSM activities, respectively. Largely underlying this was a lack of up-to-date strategic plans that prioritise vector surveillance and include frameworks for decision making and action. Conclusions Strategic planning and a lack of well-trained entomologists most heavily limited vector surveillance. Eliminating countries generally had more operational/field staff compared to controlling countries, and also were more likely to have an established system for staff training and capacity building. It is unlikely that controlling countries will make significant progress unless huge investments also go towards increasing the number and capacity of programmatic staff.
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 20-06-2022
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.14EGN7RO6V5D/V1
Abstract: This SOP describes the materials and methods to perform larval surveys of anopheline mosquitoes. Description: Larval s ling involves capturing immature mosquitoes from aquatic habitats. Target species and physiological states: Captures larvae and/or pupae of many species. Entomological surveillance indicators: Larval s ling is used for the full range of immature vector indices, and in addition, larvae can be reared and used as specimens for insecticide resistance bioassays. Advantage: The equipment and supplies and inexpensive and portable. Disadvantage: Larval s ling is a poor indicator of adult production. This method it is labour intensive to use and requires trained staff as it can be difficult identify larvae to species. Experience is important as the more s les a person does, the better at larval surveys one becomes. Cryptic habitats are easily missed. Data: Total number of larvae and pupae per aquatic habitat or dipping effort. Larvae can be recorded by early or late instars. Alternatively, presence or absence at each site can be recorded. When necessary, field data is merged with the results of subsequent laboratory analyses.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-05-2012
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-01-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2010
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 20-06-2022
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.CBNXSMFN
Abstract: This SOP describes the materials and methods to perform larval surveys of anopheline mosquitoes. Description: Larval s ling involves capturing immature mosquitoes from aquatic habitats. Target species and physiological states: Captures larvae and/or pupae of many species. Entomological surveillance indicators: Larval s ling is used for the full range of immature vector indices, and in addition, larvae can be reared and used as specimens for insecticide resistance bioassays. Advantage: The equipment and supplies and inexpensive and portable. Disadvantage: Larval s ling is a poor indicator of adult production. This method it is labour intensive to use and requires trained staff as it can be difficult identify larvae to species. Experience is important as the more s les a person does, the better at larval surveys one becomes. Cryptic habitats are easily missed. Data: Total number of larvae and pupae per aquatic habitat or dipping effort. Larvae can be recorded by early or late instars. Alternatively, presence or absence at each site can be recorded. When necessary, field data is merged with the results of subsequent laboratory analyses.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-11-2018
Publisher: Society of Southwestern Entomologists
Date: 11-01-2021
DOI: 10.3958/059.045.0420
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-10-2018
Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Date: 02-09-2015
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-04-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-11-2019
DOI: 10.1186/S13071-019-3815-Y
Abstract: The ecology of many mosquitoes, including Anopheles farauti , the dominant malaria vector in the southwest Pacific including the Solomon Islands, remains inadequately understood. Studies to map fine scale vector distributions are biased when trapping techniques use lures that will influence the natural movements of mosquitoes by attracting them to traps. However, passive collection methods allow the detailed natural distributions of vector populations by sex and physiological states to be revealed. The barrier screen, a passive mosquito collection method along with human landing catches were used to record An. farauti distributions over time and space in two Solomon Island villages from May 2016 to July 2017. Temporal and spatial distributions of over 15,000 mosquitoes, including males as well as unfed, host seeking, blood-fed, non-blood fed and gravid females were mapped. These spatial and temporal patterns varied by species, sex and physiological state. Sugar-fed An. farauti were mostly collected between 10–20 m away from houses with peak activity from 18:00 to 19:00 h. Male An. farauti were mostly collected greater than 20 m from houses with peak activity from 19:00 to 20:00 h. Anopheles farauti subpopulations, as defined by physiological state and sex, are heterogeneously distributed in Solomon Island villages. Understanding the basis for these observed heterogeneities will lead to more accurate surveillance of mosquitoes and will enable spatial targeting of interventions for greater efficiency and effectiveness of vector control.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-10-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2010
DOI: 10.1016/J.ACTATROPICA.2010.05.001
Abstract: Some soil-dwelling entomopathogenic fungi that are widely used in pest control are also able to reduce the survival of adult mosquito vectors under laboratory conditions. However, there is still little information about the naturally occurring fungal pathogens affecting culicid mosquitoes. As such, we hypothesized that fungi that already kill mosquitoes in realistic domestic environments could be effective against these vectors in human habitations. A simple, inexpensive, handmade, cylindrical kiln-fired clay pot (30 cm height, 24 cm inner diameter, 0.8-1cm wall thickness) was modified into a trapping device for resting adult mosquitoes and to s le fungus-infected moribund and dead in iduals. The entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium muscarium was isolated from a dead culicid mosquito collected with this trap in southeastern Tanzania. This isolate is the first L. muscarium reported to occur naturally on adult culicids in Tanzania and was found to be pathogenic also to adults of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions. The trapping device confirmed its efficacy to s le mosquito-specific fungi in domestic locations and that the isolated fungus might have potential for mosquito control.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-06-2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-09-2011
Abstract: The main vector of malaria in Solomon Islands is Anopheles farauti , which has a mainly coastal distribution. In Northern Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, high densities of An. farauti are supported by large brackish streams, which in the dry season are dammed by localized sand migration. The factors controlling the high larval productivity of these breeding sites have not been identified. Accordingly the influence of environmental factors on the presence and density of An. farauti larvae was assessed in three large naturally dammed streams. Larval sites were mapped and anopheline larvae were collected monthly for 12 months (July 2007 to June 2008) from three streams using standard dippers. Larval collections were made from 10 locations spaced at 50 m intervals along the edge of each stream starting from the coast. At each collection point, floating filamentous algae, aquatic emergent plants, sun exposure, and salinity were measured. These environmental parameters along with rainfall were correlated with larval presence and density. The presence and abundance of An. farauti larvae varied between streams and was influenced by the month of collection, and distance from the ocean ( p 0.001). Larvae were more frequently present and more abundant within 50 m of the ocean during the dry season when the streams were dammed. The presence and density of larvae were positively associated with aquatic emergent plants (presence: p = 0.049 density: p = 0.001). Although filamentous algae did not influence the presence of larvae, this factor did significantly influence the density of larvae (p 0.001). Rainfall for the month prior to s ling was negatively associated with both larval presence and abundance (p 0.001), as high rainfall flushed larvae from the streams. Salinity significantly influenced both the presence (p = 0.002) and density (p = 0.014) of larvae, with larvae being most present and abundant in brackish water at 10‰ seawater. This study has demonstrated that the presence and abundance An. farauti larvae are influenced by environmental factors within the large streams. Understanding these parameters will allow for targeted cost effective implementation of source reduction and larviciding to support the frontline malaria control measures i.e. indoor residual spraying (IRS) and distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs).
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-01-2013
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 03-08-2010
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 06-02-2023
DOI: 10.3390/V15020450
Abstract: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an arboviral, encephalitogenic, zoonotic flavivirus characterized by its complex epidemiology whose transmission cycle involves reservoir and lifying hosts, competent vector species and optimal environmental conditions. Although typically endemic in Asia and parts of the Pacific Islands, unprecedented outbreaks in both humans and domestic pigs in southeastern Australia emphasize the virus’ expanding geographical range. To estimate areas at highest risk of JEV transmission in Australia, ecological niche models of vectors and waterbirds, a s le of piggery coordinates and feral pig population density models were combined using mathematical and geospatial mapping techniques. These results highlight that both coastal and inland regions across the continent are estimated to have varying risks of enzootic and/or epidemic JEV transmission. We recommend increased surveillance of waterbirds, feral pigs and mosquito populations in areas where domestic pigs and human populations are present.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-02-2012
Abstract: We study collective excitations in a helical electron liquid on a surface of three-dimensional topological insulator. Electron in helical liquid obeys Dirac-like equation for massless particles and direction of its spin is strictly determined by its momentum. Due to this spin-momentum locking, collective excitations in the system manifest themselves as coupled charge- and spin-density waves. We develop quantum field-theoretical description of spin-plasmons in helical liquid and study their properties and internal structure. Value of spin polarization arising in the system with excited spin-plasmons is calculated. We also consider the scattering of spin-plasmons on magnetic and nonmagnetic impurities and external potentials, and show that the scattering occurs mainly into two side lobes. Analogies with Dirac electron gas in graphene are discussed. PACS : 73.20.Mf 73.22.Lp 75.25.Dk.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 04-2009
DOI: 10.1603/029.102.0207
Abstract: Aerial applications of granular insecticides are preferable because they can effectively penetrate vegetation, there is less drift, and no loss of product due to evaporation. We aimed to 1) assess the field efficacy ofVectoBac G to control Aedes vigilax (Skuse) in saltmarsh pools, 2) develop a stochastic-modeling procedure to monitor application quality, and 3) assess the distribution of VectoBac G after an aerial application. Because ground-based studies with Ae. vigilax immatures found that VectoBac G provided effective control below the recommended label rate of 7 kg/ha, we trialed a nominated aerial rate of 5 kg/ha as a case study. Our distribution pattern modeling method indicated that the variability in the number of VectoBac G particles captured in catch-trays was greater than expected for 5 kg/ha and that the widely accepted contour mapping approach to visualize the deposition pattern provided spurious results and therefore was not statistically appropriate. Based on the results of distribution pattern modeling, we calculated the catch tray size required to analyze the distribution of aerially applied granular formulations. The minimum catch tray size for products with large granules was 4 m2 for Altosid pellets and 2 m2 for VectoBac G. In contrast, the minimum catch-tray size for Altosid XRG, Aquabac G, and Altosand, with smaller granule sizes, was 1 m2. Little gain in precision would be made by increasing the catch-tray size further, when the increased workload and infrastructure is considered. Our improved methods for monitoring the distribution pattern of aerially applied granular insecticides can be adapted for use by both public health and agricultural contractors.
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 22-04-2020
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2012
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Date: 10-2019
DOI: 10.1101/790097
Abstract: Mosquitoes are important vectors for pathogens of humans and other vertebrate animals. Some aspects of adult mosquito behavior and mosquito ecology play an important role in determining the capacity of vector populations to transmit pathogens. Here, we re-examine factors affecting the transmission of pathogens by mosquitoes using a new approach. Unlike most previous models, this framework considers the behavioral states and state transitions of adult mosquitoes through a sequence of activity bouts. We developed a new framework for in idual-based simulation models called MBITES (Mosquito Bout-based and In idual-based Transmission Ecology Simulator). In MBITES, it is possible to build models that simulate the behavior and ecology of adult mosquitoes in exquisite detail on complex resource landscapes generated by spatial point processes. We also developed an ordinary differential equation model which is the Kolmogorov forward equations for models developed in MBITES under a specific set of simplifying assumptions. While infection of the mosquito and pathogen development are one possible part of a mosquito’s state, that is not the main focus. Using extensive simulation using some models developed in MBITES, we show that vectorial capacity can be understood as an emergent property of simple behavioral algorithms interacting with complex resource landscapes, and that relative density or sparsity of resources and the need to search can have profound consequences for mosquito populations’ capacity to transmit pathogens.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 18-05-2011
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-2019
DOI: 10.1186/S12936-019-2975-8
Abstract: Mosquito saliva elicits immune responses in humans following mosquito blood feeding. Detection of human antibodies recognizing the Anopheles gambiae salivary gland protein 6 (gSG6) or the gSG6-P1 peptide in residents of Africa, South America and Southeast Asia suggested the potential for these antibodies to serve as a universal marker to estimate human biting rates. Validating the utility of this approach requires concurrent comparisons of anopheline biting rates with antibodies to the gSG6 protein to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the assay for monitoring changes in vector populations. This study investigated whether seroprevalence of anti-gSG6 antibodies in humans reflected the relative exposure to Anopheles farauti bites in the Solomon Islands as estimated from sympatric human landing catches. Human biting rates by An. farauti were estimated by landing catches at 10 s ling sites in each of 4 villages during the wet and dry seasons. Human serum s les from these same villages were also collected during the wet and dry seasons and analysed for antibody recognition of the gSG6 antigen by the Luminex xMAP © platform. Antibody titres and prevalence were compared to HLCs at the s ling sites nearest to participants’ residences for utility of anti-gSG6 antibodies to estimate human exposure to anopheline bites. In this study in the Solomon Islands only 11% of people had very high anti-gSG6 antibody titres, while other in iduals did not recognize gSG6 despite nightly exposures of up to 190 bites by An. farauti . Despite clear spatial differences in the human biting rates within and among villages, associations between anti-gSG6 antibody titres and biting rates were not found. Few studies to date have concurrently measured anopheline biting rates and the prevalence of human antibodies to gSG6. The lack of association between anti-gSG6 antibody titres and concurrently measured human biting rates suggests that the assay for human anti-gSG6 antibodies lacks sufficient sensitivity to be a biomarker of An. farauti exposure at an epidemiologically relevant scale. These findings imply that an improvement in the sensitivity of serology to monitor changes in anopheline biting exposure may require the use of saliva antigens from local anophelines, and this may be especially true for species more distantly related to the African malaria vector An. gambiae .
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-02-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 28-07-2021
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-021-94656-W
Abstract: The epidemiology of human malaria differs considerably between and within geographic regions due, in part, to variability in mosquito species behaviours. Recently, the WHO emphasised stratifying interventions using local surveillance data to reduce malaria. The usefulness of vector surveillance is entirely dependent on the biases inherent in the s ling methods deployed to monitor mosquito populations. To understand and interpret mosquito surveillance data, the frequency of use of malaria vector collection methods was analysed from a georeferenced vector dataset ( 10,000 data records), extracted from 875 manuscripts across Africa, the Americas and the Asia-Pacific region. Commonly deployed mosquito collection methods tend to target anticipated vector behaviours in a region to maximise s le size (and by default, ignoring other behaviours). Mosquito collection methods targeting both host-seeking and resting behaviours were seldomly deployed concurrently at the same site. A balanced s ling design using multiple methods would improve the understanding of the range of vector behaviours, leading to improved surveillance and more effective vector control.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-06-2021
DOI: 10.1186/S12936-021-03779-Y
Abstract: The Solomon Islands has made significant progress in the control of malaria through vector control, access and use of improved diagnostics and therapeutic drugs. As transmission is reduced there is a need to understand variations in transmission risk at the provincial and village levels to stratify control methods. A cross-sectional survey of malaria in humans was conducted in the Solomon Islands during April 2018. Nineteen villages across 4 provinces were included. The presence of Plasmodium species parasites in blood s les was detected using PCR. Blood s les were analysed from 1,914 participants. The prevalence of DNA of Plasmodium falciparum was 1.2 % (n = 23) and for Plasmodium vivax was 1.5 % (n = 28). 22 % (n = 5/23) of P. falciparum DNA positive participants were febrile and 17 % of P. vivax DNA positive participants (n = 5/28). The prevalence of both P. falciparum and P. vivax was extremely spatially heterogeneous. For P. falciparum , in particular, only 2 small foci of transmission were identified among 19 villages. Plasmodium falciparum infections were uniformly distributed across age groups. Insecticide-treated bed net use the night prior to the survey was reported by 63 % of participants and significantly differed by province. Malaria transmission across the Solomon Islands has become increasingly fragmented, affecting fewer villages and provinces. The majority of infections were afebrile suggesting the need for strong active case detection with radical cure with primaquine for P. vivax . Village-level stratification of targeted interventions based on passive and active case detection data could support the progress towards a more cost-effective and successful elimination programme.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 15-03-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-03-2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-04-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-020-63994-6
Abstract: Malaria transmission after universal access and use of malaria preventive services is known as residual malaria transmission. The concurrent spatial-temporal distributions of people and biting mosquitoes in malaria endemic villages determines where and when residual malaria transmission occurs. Understanding human and vector population behaviors and movements is a critical first step to prevent mosquito bites to eliminate residual malaria transmission. This study identified where people in the Solomon Islands are over 24-hour periods. Participants (59%) were predominantly around the house but not in their house when most biting by Anopheles farauti , the dominant malaria vector, occurs. While 84% of people slept under a long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net (LLIN), on average only 7% were under an LLIN during the 18:00 to 21:00 h peak mosquito biting period. On average, 34% of participants spend at least one night away from their homes each fortnight. Despite high LLIN use while sleeping, most human biting by An. farauti occurs early in the evening before people go to sleep when people are in peri-domestic areas (predominantly on verandas or in kitchen areas). Novel vector control tools that protect in iduals from mosquito bites between sundown and when people sleep are needed for peri-domestic areas.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date: 2014
DOI: 10.1603/ME13143
Abstract: The long-term efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) depends on both the physical condition of the net and the residual activity of the insecticide. This study focused on monitoring these parameters in Olyset nets (Sumitomo Chemical Co., Osaka, Japan) (n = 101) that had been used for 1-3 yr in Tafea Province, Vanuatu. Net usage and frequency of washing was ascertained by questionnaire the nets were assessed with regards to cleanliness and damage owing to holes. Insecticide efficacy was determined with cone bioassays using Anophelesfarauti Laveran. Net usage was high and 86.1% (87 of 101) of villages stated that they used the net every night. Washing of nets was low (11.9%, 12 of 101), and most nets (79.2%, 80 of 101) were considered dirty. Most nets were damaged (73.4% had holes), and 22.8% (23 of 101) had large holes (>200 cm2). The 24-h mortality of An. farauti exposed to nets aged 1-2 yr was 79.4%, while the mortality for nets 3 yr of age was significantly lower at 73.7%. There was no difference in the insecticidal activity of clean compared with dirty nets (mean 24-h mortality: Clean = 76.7%, Dirty = 77.1%). Although the majority of nets had holes, the physical condition of 8.9-22.8% of nets was altered so severely to potentially affect efficacy. Although the 3-yr-old nets would still be providing significant levels of insecticidal and personal protection, consideration should be given to replacing nets >3 yr old.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-03-2016
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Date: 09-02-2012
Publisher: InTech
Date: 24-07-2013
DOI: 10.5772/55999
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-11-2020
DOI: 10.1186/S12936-020-03493-1
Abstract: Solving the problem of malaria requires a highly skilled workforce with robust infrastructure, financial backing and sound programme management coordinated by a strategic plan. Here, the capacity of National Malaria Control Programmes (NMCPs) was analysed to identify the strengths and weaknesses underpinning the implementation of vector surveillance and control activities by the core elements of programme capacity, being strategic frameworks, financing, human resources, logistics and infrastructure, and information systems. Across nearly every country surveyed, the vector surveillance programmes were h ered by a lack of capacity and capability. Only 8% of NMCPs reported having sufficient capacity to implement vector surveillance. In contrast, 57%, 56% and 28% of NMCPs had the capacity to implement long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying (IRS) and larval source management (LSM) activities, respectively. Largely underlying this was a lack of up-to-date strategic plans that prioritize vector surveillance and include frameworks for decision-making and action. Strategic planning and a lack of well-trained entomologists heavily h er vector surveillance. Countries on the path to elimination generally had more operational/field staff compared to countries at the stage of control, and also were more likely to have an established system for staff training and capacity building. It is unlikely that controlling countries will make significant progress unless huge investments also go towards increasing the number and capacity of programmatic staff.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 31-05-2017
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2010
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 24-06-2019
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-09-2010
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2014
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 27-08-2010
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 27-08-2020
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-62921/V1
Abstract: Background Vector surveillance provides critical data for decision-making to ensure that malaria control programs remain effective and responsive to any threats to effectiveness. The quality and quantity of is dependent on the s ling tools and laboratory techniques used which may lack the sensitivity required to collect relevant data for decision-making. Here, 40 vector control experts were interviewed to assess the benefits and limitations of the current vector surveillance tools and techniques. In addition, experts shared ideas on “blue sky” indicators which encompassed ideas for novel methods to monitor presently used indicators, to measure novel vector behaviours not presently measured, algorithms for deploying surveillance tools and priorities for understanding vector behaviours critical for collecting and interpreting vector data. Results . The available tools for s ling and analysing vectors are often h ered by high labour and resource requirements (human and supplies) coupled with high outlay and operating costs and variable tool performance across species and geographic regions vector. The next generation of surveillance tools needs to address the limitations of our present tools by being more sensitive, specific and less costly to deploy to enable the collection and use of epidemiologically relevant vector data to facilitate more proactive vector control guidance. Ideas and attributes for Target Product Profiles (TPPs) generated from this analysis provide targets for research and funding to develop next generation tools. Conclusions . More efficient surveillance tools and a more complete understanding of vector behaviours and populations will provide a basis for more cost effective and successful malaria control by better enabling intervention to be selected that align with vulnerabilities in vector behaviours and thus enable more effective control. Through defining the strengths and weaknesses of the current vector surveillance methods, a foundation and initial framework was provided to define the TPPS for the next generation of vector surveillance methods. The TTPs presented here aim to ensure that the next generation tools and technologies are not encumbered by the limitations of our present surveillance methods, and can be readily deployed in low resource settings.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-09-2011
Abstract: In 2009, Santa Isabel Province in the Solomon Islands embarked on a malaria elimination programme. However, very little is known in the Province about the anopheline fauna, which species are vectors, their bionomics and how they may respond to intensified intervention measures. The purpose of this study was to provide baseline data on the malaria vectors and to ascertain the possibility of successfully eliminating malaria using the existing conventional vector control measures, such as indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN). Entomological surveys were undertaken during October 2009. To determine species composition and distribution larval surveys were conducted across on the whole island. For malaria transmission studies, adult anophelines were s led using human landing catches from two villages - one coastal and one inland. Five Anopheles species were found on Santa Isabel: Anopheles farauti, Anopheles hinesorum , Anopheles lungae, Anopheles solomonis , and Anopheles nataliae . Anopheles hinesorum was the most widespread species. Anopheles farauti was abundant, but found only on the coast. Anopheles punctulatus and Anopheles koliensis were not found. Anopheles farauti was the only species found biting in the coastal village, it was incriminated as a vector in this study it fed early in the night but equally so indoors and outdoors, and had a low survival rate. Anopheles solomonis was the main species biting humans in the inland village, it was extremely exophagic, with low survival rates, and readily fed on pigs. The disappearance of the two major vectors, An. punctulatus and An. koliensis , from Santa Isabel and the predominance of An. hinesorum , a non-vector species may facilitate malaria elimination measures. Anopheles farauti was identified as the main coastal vector with An. solomonis as a possible inland vector. The behaviour of An. solomonis is novel as it has not been previously found biting humans in any numbers. Both species appear to be short-lived, a characteristic that will limit their transmission potential. The early night feeding behaviour and a degree of outdoor biting seen in An. farauti and particularly in An. solomonis will require that their response to IRS and LLIN be closely monitored. In coastal villages, where large, favourable breeding sites allow for high numbers of An. farauti may require the addition of larval control to achieve elimination.
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 20-06-2022
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.EWOV1N1BYGR2/V1
Abstract: This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes the materials and methods to perform surveys of immature mosquitoes in container habitats (generally Aedes species). This SOP uses information from documents referenced. Description: Larval s ling involves capturing immature mosquitoes from aquatic habitats. Target species and physiological states: Captures larvae and/or pupae of many species. Entomological surveillance indicators: Larval s ling is used for the full range of immature vector indices, and in addition, larvae can be reared and used as specimens for insecticide resistance bioassays. Advantage: The equipment and supplies and inexpensive and portable. Disadvantage: Larval s ling is a poor indicator of adult production. Larval surveys are labour intensive and require well trained staff. Experience is important as the more s ling a person does, the better at larval surveys one becomes. Cryptic habitats are easily missed. It can be difficult identify larvae to the species level. Data: Total number of larvae and pupae per aquatic habitat or dipping effort. Larvae can be recorded by early or late instars. Alternatively, presence or absence at each site can be recorded. When necessary, field data is merged with the results of subsequent laboratory analyses.
Publisher: Research Square Platform LLC
Date: 17-11-2020
DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-62921/V2
Abstract: Background Vector surveillance provides critical data for decision-making to ensure that malaria control programs remain effective and responsive to any threats to a successful control and elimination program. The quality and quantity of data collected is dependent on the s ling tools and laboratory techniques used which may lack the sensitivity required to collect relevant data for decision-making. Here, 40 vector control experts were interviewed to assess the benefits and limitations of the current vector surveillance tools and techniques. In addition, experts shared ideas on “blue sky” indicators which encompassed ideas for novel methods to monitor presently used indicators, or to measure novel vector behaviours not presently measured. Algorithms for deploying surveillance tools and priorities for understanding vector behaviours are also needed for collecting and interpreting vector data. Results . The available tools for s ling and analysing vectors are often h ered by high labour and resource requirements (human and supplies) coupled with high outlay and operating costs and variable tool performance across species and geographic regions vector. The next generation of surveillance tools needs to address the limitations of our present tools by being more sensitive, specific and less costly to deploy to enable the collection and use of epidemiologically relevant vector data to facilitate more proactive vector control guidance. Ideas and attributes for Target Product Profiles (TPPs) generated from this analysis provide targets for research and funding to develop next generation tools. Conclusions . More efficient surveillance tools and a more complete understanding of vector behaviours and populations will provide a basis for more cost effective and successful malaria control. Understanding the vectors’ behaviours will allow interventions to be deployed that target vulnerabilities in vector behaviours and thus enable more effective control. Through defining the strengths and weaknesses of the current vector surveillance methods, a foundation and initial framework was provided to define the TPPS for the next generation of vector surveillance methods. The draft TTPs presented here aim to ensure that the next generation tools and technologies are not encumbered by the limitations of our present surveillance methods and can be readily deployed in low resource settings.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 19-03-2011
DOI: 10.1007/S00436-011-2318-3
Abstract: The viability of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) eggs over time and the ovicidal activity of Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Cordycipitaceae) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) were investigated. Eggs were incubated in soil or leaf litter for up to 12 weeks at 26°C and 75%, 86% or >98% relative humidity (RH). Eggs were treated topically with M. anisopliae ICIPE-30 or B. bassiana I93-825 conidia in either water or oil-in-water formulations. Survival of eggs whether treated or not with fungus was similar, and untreated eggs generally did not survive longer than 2 weeks regardless of the substrate or humidity tested. After a minimal 5-day exposure, M. anisopliae at 5 × 10(6) conidia/cm(2) clearly reduced the number of larvae. The efficacy of the fungus increased when it was oil-in-water formulated, and eclosion was completely prevented regardless of the conidial concentration (10(5)-10(7) conidia/cm(2)) after a 10-day exposure in soils at >98% RH. Treatment of eggs with B. bassiana, however, failed to reduce the number of eclosing larvae. This is the first demonstration of the ovicidal activity by M. anisopliae against either A. gambiae s. s. or A. arabiensis and the results underline the potential of this fungus against anopheline mosquitoes.
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 17-06-2022
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.14EGN7R4PV5D/V1
Abstract: The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is to outline the materials and processes required to assemble, deploy and service an ovitrap. Description: Ovitraps provide an attractive egg-laying habitat for gravid Aedes females that use containers for oviposition (egg-laying). Ovitraps were initially developed for detecting the presence of Aedes aegypti during the US Aedes aegypti Eradication Program which began in 1964 (Fay and Eliason 1965). This trap is a small, black, bucket or cup which holds waterwith organic infusion added. A wooden paddle acts as an ovistrip on which Aedes will lay eggs. This ovistrip is placed into the bucket for oviposition by Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Target species and physiological states: Eggs of species that commonly oviposit in containers. Entomological surveillance indicators: Ovitraps can be used to indicate the occurrence of Aedes vector species in an area, and eggs can be reared to adults and used as specimens for insecticide resistance bioassays. Advantage: The benefits of using ovitraps are that they are c inexpensive and easy to use. Disadvantage: Egg hatching and species identification requires laboratory space and trained staff. Additionally, ovitraps may not be useful as direct indicators of population sizes or disease risk due to confounding influences from competing larval habitats. S le period: Usually 5 – 7 days at a time no longer or the ovitraps may become productive larval habitats to produce adult mosquitoes. Data: The total number of traps with eggs, or the total number eggs per trap. When necessary, field data is merged with the results of subsequent laboratory analyses.
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 22-11-2022
DOI: 10.3390/TROPICALMED7120393
Abstract: Recent Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) outbreaks in southeastern Australia have sparked interest into epidemiological factors surrounding the virus’ novel emergence in this region. Here, the geographic distribution of mosquito species known to be competent JEV vectors in the country was estimated by combining known mosquito occurrences and ecological drivers of distribution to reveal insights into communities at highest risk of infectious disease transmission. Species distribution models predicted that Culex annulirostris and Culex sitiens presence was mostly likely along Australia’s eastern and northern coastline, while Culex quinquefasciatus presence was estimated to be most likely near inland regions of southern Australia as well as coastal regions of Western Australia. While Culex annulirostris is considered the dominant JEV vector in Australia, our ecological niche models emphasise the need for further entomological surveillance and JEV research within Australia.
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 07-03-2013
Abstract: Many malaria vector mosquitoes in Africa have an extreme preference for feeding on humans. This specialization allows them to sustain much higher levels of transmission than elsewhere, but there is little understanding of the evolutionary forces that drive this behaviour. In Tanzania, we used a semi-field system to test whether the well-documented preferences of the vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) for cattle and humans, respectively, are predicted by the fitness they obtain from host-seeking on these species relative to other available hosts. Mosquito fitness was contrasted, when humans were fully exposed and when they were protected by a typical bednet. The fitness of both vectors varied between host species. The predicted relationship between host preference and fitness was confirmed in An. arabiensis , but not in An. gambiae s.s., whose fitness was similar on humans and other mammals. Use of typical, imperfect bednets generated only minor reductions in An. gambiae s.s. feeding success and fitness on humans, but was predicted to generate a significant reduction in the lifetime reproductive success of An. arabiensis on humans relative to cows. This supports the hypothesis that such human-protective measures could additionally benefit malaria control by increasing selection for zoophily in vectors.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-04-2013
Publisher: ZappyLab, Inc.
Date: 19-05-2022
DOI: 10.17504/PROTOCOLS.IO.KQDG3PB67L25/V1
Abstract: The purpose of this SOP is to outline the materials and processes required to perform pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs) inside rooms or houses to collect indoor resting mosquitoes.PSCs are commonly called knockdown spray catches. Description:Pyrethrum spray catches is a standard method of catching mosquitoes resting inside houses and animal shelters. It is usually an efficient method, but its efficacy depends on the house construction. Briefly, it involves spraying the interior of the structure with an adulticide to knock down any resting mosquitoes. The mosquitoes are then collected of white sheets placed on the ground. Target species and physiological states: Captures resting adults of both sexes and many species. Entomological surveillance indicators: Adult vector occurrence, density and resting location. Advantage:Pyrethrum spray catches are cheap and relatively simple to perform. Disadvantage:Pyrethrum spray catches are labour intensive and require trained staff and while make it efficient to capture resting mosquitoes, specific information on where the mosquitoes are resting (how high on a wall) are not available from this technique. This technique may not work for Aedes species resting under furniture covered by collection sheets. S ling period: Collections should take during period of minimum flight activity. For Anopheles mosquitoes, preferably in the early morning. Data:Total number of resting mosquitoes per s ling effort (by species and sex).
Publisher: The Royal Society
Date: 09-03-2011
Abstract: Understanding the endogenous factors that drive the population dynamics of malaria mosquitoes will facilitate more accurate predictions about vector control effectiveness and our ability to destabilize the growth of either low- or high-density insect populations. We assessed whether variation in phenotypic traits predict the dynamics of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes, the most important vectors of human malaria. Anopheles gambiae dynamics were monitored over a six-month period of seasonal growth and decline. The population exhibited density-dependent feedback, with the carrying capacity being modified by rainfall (97% w AIC c support). The in idual phenotypic expression of the maternal ( p = 0.0001) and current ( p = 0.040) body size positively influenced population growth. Our field-based evidence uniquely demonstrates that in idual fitness can have population-level impacts and, furthermore, can mitigate the impact of exogenous drivers (e.g. rainfall) in species whose reproduction depends upon it. Once frontline interventions have suppressed mosquito densities, attempts to eliminate malaria with supplementary vector control tools may be attenuated by increased population growth and in idual fitness.
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: No location found
Location: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location: Russian Federation
Start Date: 2010
End Date: 2011
Funder: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2018
End Date: 2019
Funder: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2020
End Date: 2022
Funder: Department of Health, Queensland
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2020
End Date: 2022
Funder: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
View Funded Activity