ORCID Profile
0000-0001-5509-265X
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Research Topics
In Research Link Australia (RLA), "Research Topics" refer to ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes. These topics are either sourced from ANZSRC FOR and SEO codes listed in researchers' related grants or generated by a large language model (LLM) based on their publications.
Top 5 Research Topics
ANZSRC Field of Research (FoR)
Materials Engineering | Metals and Alloy Materials | Manufacturing Processes and Technologies (excl. Textiles) | Alloy Materials | Physical Metallurgy | Aerospace Materials | Manufacturing Engineering | Simulation And Modelling | Medical Devices | Automotive Engineering Materials | Ceramics | Manufacturing Engineering not elsewhere classified | Precision Engineering | Polymers | Materials Engineering not elsewhere classified | Nanomanufacturing | Innovation and Technology Management | Pyrometallurgy | Machining | Flexible Manufacturing Systems |
ANZSRC Socio-Economic Objective (SEO)
Fabricated Metal Products not elsewhere classified | Basic Metal Products (incl. Smelting, Rolling, Drawing and Extruding) not elsewhere classified | Basic Iron and Steel Products | Metal Castings | Basic Aluminium Products | Aluminium | Ceramics | Materials performance and processes | Structural metal products | Other non-ferrous metals (e.g. copper,zinc) | Chemical sciences | Physical sciences | Expanding Knowledge in Technology | Energy Conservation and Efficiency in Transport | Polymeric materials (e.g. paints) | Industrial Instruments | Industrial Machinery and Equipment | Medical Instruments | Structural Metal Products | Expanding Knowledge in Engineering | Basic Copper Products | Coated Metal and Metal-Coated Products
Related Links
Publications
Improved prediction of the grain size of aluminum alloys that includes the effect of cooling rate
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2008
A new approach to nuclei identification and grain refinement in titanium alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2019
Grain-refinement mechanisms in titanium alloys
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2008
Abstract: Despite the importance of the prior-β grain structure in determining the properties of titanium-based alloys, there are few published studies on methods of controlling the size of these grains in commercial alloys. The existing research raises questions about the relative importance of solute elements in grain-refining mechanisms, particularly the common alloying elements of aluminum and vanadium. The effect of these elements was investigated by producing a series of castings in a nonconsumable arc-melting furnace, and the results were interpreted with the aid of available phase-diagram information and solute-based models of grain refinement. A small reduction in grain size was obtained with increasing solute additions however, this was not expected from the theoretical analysis. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
Grain coarsening of magnesium alloys by beryllium
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2004
Potency of high-intensity ultrasonic treatment for grain refinement of magnesium alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2008
Ultrasonic Processing of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloys
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 16-10-2018
DOI: 10.3390/MA11101994
Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of UltraSonic Treatment (UST) on a range of Al–Mg alloys. Previous research was carried out on single magnesium compositions. However, the amount and type of the alloy addition are known to affect the grain size even under UST, and the aim of this study was to determine whether or not alloy composition plays a similar role in the case of Al–Mg alloys. By testing binary Al–Mg alloys cast under regular casting conditions and under the presence of an ultrasonic field, it was found that while the addition of Mg solute is important, the amount of solute has little effect when UST is applied. It was observed that the grain size was barely affected by extra solute additions in this condition. This is due to the application of UST during solidification, which resulted in a dramatic reduction in the size of the nucleation free zone thus promoting many more successful nucleation events. Acoustic streaming is proposed as the main cause of this reduction in grain size.
The Accurate Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficient and its Evolution with Time During High Pressure Die Casting of Al-9 %Si-3 %Cu and Mg-9 %Al-1 %Zn Alloys
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2007
New approach to analysis of grain refinement
Publisher: Maney Publishing
Date: 06-2007
Phase Stability of Dross Particles in Hot-Dip Zn-55wt%Al-1.6wt%Si Galvanizing Bath
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 31-01-2023
DOI: 10.3390/MA16031211
Abstract: Dross in a Zn-55wt%Al-1.6wt%Si metal coating bath is a mixture of bath metal and the quaternary intermetallic phase τ5c-Al20Fe5Si2(+Zn). Understanding the properties and formation of dross in a hot-dip Al-Zn galvanizing bath at the processing temperature (~600 °C) is critical for improving the production quality of steel sheet coating. However, dross analysis is usually conducted at room temperature with dross s les taken from the hot-dip bath and it is not known how representative these s les are of the phase(s) existing at high temperature. Using in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), the crystal lattice and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the intermetallic phase have been determined in the temperature range of 30 °C to 660 °C. Phase formation and phase stability of the intermetallic phase in the dross powder have been determined, providing fundamental knowledge for optimizing the production and quality of steel sheet coating.
The mechanism of grain refinement of titanium by silicon
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2008
The effect of aluminium content on the eutectic morphology of high pressure die cast magnesium–aluminium alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2010
Hot Tear Susceptibility of Al-Mg-Si-Fe Alloys with Varying Iron Contents
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 11-12-2012
The shear behaviour of partially solidified Al–Si–Cu alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2000
A review of the origin of equiaxed grains during solidification under mechanical stirring, vibration, electromagnetic, electric-current, and ultrasonic treatments
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2023
Porous Titanium Scaffolds Fabricated by Metal Injection Moulding for Biomedical Applications
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 09-2018
DOI: 10.3390/MA11091573
Abstract: Biocompatible titanium scaffolds with up to 40% interconnected porosity were manufactured through the metal injection moulding process and the space holder technique. The mechanical properties of the manufactured scaffold showed a high level of compatibility with those of the cortical human bone. Sintering at 1250 °C produced scaffolds with 36% porosity and more than 90% interconnected pores, a compressive yield stress of 220 MPa and a Young’s modulus of 7.80 GPa, all suitable for bone tissue engineering. Increasing the sintering temperature to 1300 °C increased the Young’s modulus to 22.0 GPa due to reduced porosity, while reducing the sintering temperature to 1150 °C lowered the yield stress to 120 MPa, indicative of insufficient sintering. Electrochemical studies revealed that s les sintered at 1150 °C have a higher corrosion rate compared with those at a sintering temperature of 1250 °C. Overall, it was concluded that sintering at 1250 °C yielded the most desirable results.
The Effect of Alloy Content on the Grain Refinement of Aluminium Alloys
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2013
A yttrium-containing high-temperature titanium alloy additively manufactured by selective electron beam melting
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-2015
Identifying the Stages during Ultrasonic Processing that Reduce the Grain Size of Aluminum with Added Al3Ti1B Master Alloy
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 29-05-2017
Grain Refinement of Magnesium Alloys: A Review of Recent Research, Theoretical Developments, and Their Application
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 08-11-2012
Mechanism for grain refinement of magnesium alloys by superheating
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2007
A Rationale for the Acoustic Monitoring of Surface Deformation in Ti6Al4V Alloys during Machining
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2007
Effect of manganese on grain refinement of Mg–Al based alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2006
Characteristic zirconium-rich coring structures in Mg–Zr alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2002
Grain Refinement of Aluminium Alloys: Recent Developments in Predicting the As‐Cast Grain Size of Alloys Refined by Al‐Ti‐B Master Alloys
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2014
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Long Ti-6Al-4V Rods Additively Manufactured by Selective Electron Beam Melting Out of a Deep Powder Bed and the Effect of Subsequent Hot Isostatic Pressing
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-05-2015
Subsurface Deformation After Dry Machining of Grade 2 Titanium
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2008
Role of ultrasonic treatment, inoculation and solute in the grain refinement of commercial purity aluminium
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 29-08-2017
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-017-10354-6
Abstract: The present study investigates the influence of ultrasonic treatment on the grain refinement of commercial purity aluminium with a range of Al3Ti1B master alloy additions. When the aluminium contains the smallest amount of added master alloy, ultrasonics caused significant additional grain refinement compared to that provided by the master alloy alone. However, the influence of ultrasonics on grain size reduces with increasing addition of the master alloy which adds additional TiB 2 particles and Ti solute with each incremental addition. Applying the Interdependence model to analyse the experimentally measured grain sizes revealed that the results of this study and those from similar experiments on an Al-2Cu alloy were consistent when the alloy compositions are converted to their growth restriction factors ( Q) and that increasing Q had a major effect on reducing grain size and increasing grain number density. Compared with the application of ultrasonic treatment where an order of magnitude increase in the grain number density is achieved, an increase in the Ti content over the range of master alloy additions, causes the grain number density to increase by approximately three times.
Observation and Prediction of the Hot Tear Susceptibility of Ternary Al-Si-Mg Alloys
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-05-2012
Grain Refinement of an Al-2 wt%Cu Alloy by Al3Ti1B Master Alloy and Ultrasonic Treatment
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 03-2016
The effect of boron on the refinement of microstructure in cast cobalt alloys
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-03-2011
DOI: 10.1557/JMR.2011.21
Investigation into the effect of nucleation parameters on grain formation during solidification using a cellular automaton-finite control volume method
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-2008
Abstract: A cellular automation (CA) model has successfully been used to model the development of microstructure of an aluminum alloy during solidification to produce detailed structure maps for the solidified alloys. More recently, the application of CA models to practical castings/solidification conditions has attracted increasing research interest. However, the determination of the calculation parameters of any model associated with nucleation is difficult. Accordingly, this work investigates the detailed effect of the six parameters of nucleation on microstructure formation and morphology as well as the grain size by cellular automaton-finite control volume method (CAFVM). The nucleation parameters can be determined or estimated by comparing the calculated and experimental results, which enables a more practical prediction of the microstructure (morphology and grain size).
Suppression of Cu3Sn in the Sn-10Cu peritectic alloy by the addition of Ni
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2018
Understanding the refinement of grains in laser surface remelted Al–Cu alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
Controlling the microstructure and properties of wire arc additive manufactured Ti–6Al–4V with trace boron additions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2015
Introduction to the Interdependence Theory of Grain Formation and its Application to Aluminium, Magnesium and Titanium Alloys
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 06-2011
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/MSF.690.206
Abstract: The Interdependence Theory is a theoretical description of grain formation that links heterogeneous nucleation to grain growth early in the initial transient of a previously nucleated grain. Thus nucleation is the result of a repeating cycle of growth and nucleation events moving towards the thermal centre of a casting. The principles of this theory are introduced and then the Interdependence equation that embodies the Interdependence Theory, is applied to the prediction of experimental grain size data for aluminium, magnesium and titanium-based alloy systems.
Recent advances in grain refinement of light metals and alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2016
On grain coarsening and refining of the Mg–3Al alloy by Sm
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2016
Beryllium as a grain refiner in titanium alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2009
Case studies in aluminium casting alloys
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2011
On the Solute Diffusion Length in the Interdependence Model: Dendritic versus Non-Dendritic Interface
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 08-2015
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/MSF.828-829.461
Abstract: The Interdependence model currently uses an analytical expression for a moving planar interface to calculate the solute diffusion length designated as x’ dl in the model. Upon nucleation within an alloy melt (i.e. when the solid embryo starts to grow), the interface grows with a spherical front which then breaks down into a dendritic interface. The time required for this breakdown is a subject for separate research. In this paper, we explore the validity of using a planar interface in the early stages of nucleation and growth of metal alloys as used in the Interdependence model. The diffusion field ahead of a planar interface, in theory, has an exponentially changing composition of infinite length. In the Interdependence model, x’ dl is assumed to be where this exponentially decreasing composition profile in the liquid ahead of the interface (for k 1) reduces to within 1% of a quantity proportional to the nominal alloy composition, C 0 , far from the interface. A numerical solidification model, μMatIC, is used to simulate the growth of a single grain with a dendritic interface in 2D and 3D. The numerical model is capable of generating the solute profile ahead of the growing grain which is used to evaluate the solute diffusion length that can be compared with the results obtained from the planar interface model. The comparisons were made with both 1% and 0.1% cut-off criteria. The results indicate that the 1% assumption being used in the planar front diffusion length calculation is a good approximation for the Interdependence model.
Effect of ultrasonic treatment on the alloying and grain refinement efficiency of a Mg – Zr master alloy added to magnesium at hypo- and hyper-peritectic compositions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
Heterogeneous nuclei size in magnesium–zirconium alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2004
Effects of boron on microstructure in cast titanium alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2008
Hot Tearing in Aluminium‐Copper Alloys
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 03-2013
Real time synchrotron X-ray observations of solidification in hypoeutectic Al–Si alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2013
Effect of Oxygen on the β-Grain Size of Cast Titanium
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 06-2010
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/MSF.654-656.1472
Abstract: Grain refinement of titanium alloys during solidification is believed to have many benefits for processing and properties. Recent work has emphasized the importance of solute elements in grain refining cast titanium and it was demonstrated that the growth restriction factor is useful for predicting the grain refining effectiveness of solute elements in titanium. Despite oxygen being the major impurity element present in titanium alloys and having been previously identified as a theoretical growth restricting solute, its effect as a β-grain refiner is still unexplored. This paper investigates the effect of oxygen on the grain size in cast titanium alloys.
Modeling of grain refinement: Part III. Al–7Si–0.3Mg aluminum alloy
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-2008
Abstract: Following Part I [X. Yao, et al., J. Mater. Res. 23 (5), 1282 (2008)] and Part II [X. Yao, et al., J. Mater. Res. 23 (5), 1292 (2008)] the cellular automation–finite control volume method (CAFVM) model was used to study the grain formation and microstructure morphology resulting from solidification of a commercial Al–Si–Mg alloy with Al–Ti–B grain refiner additions. The model incorporates the effect of the introduced solute Ti and the alloying elements of Si and Mg on the growth restriction factor, constitutional undercooling, and nucleation parameters. With respect to grain refinement, it is found that the alloying elements, Si and Mg, play a role that is similar to Ti qualitatively while different quantitatively. Accordingly, a concept of “equivalent solute” determined by phase diagram parameters such as the solute partitioning coefficient and the liquidus slope is proposed to clarify the effect of each solute in the alloy on grain formation during solidification. Based on the calculations and on comparison to the experimental data, a possible mechanism of grain refinement in this alloy system is proposed.
Uptake of iron and its effect on grain refinement of pure magnesium by zirconium
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 05-2004
Peritectic phase formation kinetics of directionally solidifying Sn-Cu alloys within a broad growth rate regime
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2021
Tensile Properties and Fracture Behaviour of Biodegradable Iron–Manganese Scaffolds Produced by Powder Sintering
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 14-05-2019
DOI: 10.3390/MA12101572
Abstract: Powder sintering at 1200 °C for 180 min was used to produce Fe–Mn based alloys with tensile properties and an elastic modulus suitable for biodegradable implant applications. The effect of the addition of manganese on the microstructure, tensile properties and fracture behaviour of the Fe–Mn alloys was investigated. The Fe–35Mn alloy with a microstructure dominated by the Austenite phase showed the best set of tensile properties, including ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus, suitable for orthopaedic implant applications. The fracture surface of the Fe–35Mn alloy showed signs of complex multimode fracture behaviour, consisting of interconnected pores and large segments with signs of ductile fracture, including the presence of dimples as well as micro-voids.
The effect of ultrasonic treatment on the mechanisms of grain formation in as-cast high purity zinc
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2018
The Contribution of Constitutional Supercooling to Nucleation and Grain Formation
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 20-05-2015
Effect of Alloy Composition on the Dendrite Arm Spacing of Multicomponent Aluminum Alloys
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 23-02-2010
Improved biodegradable magnesium alloys through advanced solidification processing
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
Surface alloying of AZ91E alloy by Al–Zn packed powder diffusion coating
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2011
Metal injection moulding of titanium and titanium alloys: Challenges and recent development
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2017
Ultrasonic Processing for Structure Refinement: An Overview of Mechanisms and Application of the Interdependence Theory
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 28-09-2019
DOI: 10.3390/MA12193187
Abstract: Research on ultrasonic treatment (UST) of aluminium, magnesium and zinc undertaken by the authors and their collaborators was stimulated by renewed interest internationally in this technology and the establishment of the ExoMet program of which The University of Queensland (UQ) was a partner. The direction for our research was driven by a desire to understand the UST parameters that need to be controlled to achieve a fine equiaxed grain structure throughout a casting. Previous work highlighted that increasing the growth restriction factor Q can lead to significant refinement when UST is applied. We extended this approach to using the Interdependence model as a framework for identifying some of the factors (e.g., solute and temperature gradient) that could be optimised in order to achieve the best refinement from UST for a range of alloy compositions. This work confirmed established knowledge on the benefits of both liquid-only treatment and the additional refinement when UST is applied during the nucleation stage of solidification. The importance of acoustic streaming, treatment time and settling of grains were revealed as critical factors in achieving a fully equiaxed structure. The Interdependence model also explained the limit to refinement obtained when nanoparticle composites are treated. This overview presents the key results and mechanisms arising from our research and considers directions for future research.
Modeling of grain refinement: Part I. Effect of the solute titanium for aluminum
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-2008
Abstract: Over the past few decades, the grain refinement of Al alloys has been extensively investigated theoretically and experimentally. However, the relative importance of the parameters that contribute to grain refinement still remains unclear and is likely to be dependent on specific solidification conditions. This paper aims to investigate the mechanisms by which Ti, a common grain-refining addition in commercial-purity aluminum (CP), contributes to grain refinement using a cellular automaton—finite control volume method (CAFVM). CAFVM is used to model the grain formation and microstructure morphology under different conditions, e.g., with and without refiners, for Al alloys. In this Part I, the effect of adding solute of Ti on grain formation through its effect on growth restriction, constitutional undercooling, and the formation of extra-potential particles are taken into account in the calculations. It is shown that the calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.
Modeling of grain refinement: Part II. Effect of nucleant particles—TiB2 additions for aluminum
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 05-2008
Abstract: Following the discussion of modeling grain refinement in Part I, [X. Yao, et al., J. Mater. Res. 23 (5), 1282, the effect of Al–Ti–B master alloy additions on grain formation in commercial-purity (CP) aluminum was investigated. The characteristics of the addition particles as applicable to the model are presented. The effect of adding TiB 2 particles, the introduction of extra particles by reactions in the melt, and the effect of adding extra solute Ti are all modeled. The distribution of the potential particles and its effect on grain formation was also modeled to establish the relationship between the grain size and microstructure morphology and the additive characteristics. The calculated results are comparable with experimental data. Accordingly, possible mechanisms of grain refinement with Al–Ti–B refiners were proposed.
Segregation and grain refinement in cast titanium alloys
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-2009
Abstract: The growth restriction factor is a parameter derived from binary phase diagrams and is a useful predictor for the grain refining response when a solute is added to a base alloy. This work investigates the relevance of growth restriction theory to titanium alloys where solidification rates are an order of magnitude faster than previous studies in aluminum- and magnesium-based systems. In particular, the segregation of Fe and Cr in titanium is investigated and the effects on grain size studied. It was found that the Scheil equation reasonably modeled solidification of titanium where cooling rates approach 120 °C/s, and the growth restriction factors for Fe and Cr were useful in predicting prior-β grain refinement. However, it was found that caution must be used when calculating growth restriction factors from binary phase diagrams.
Heterogeneous nucleation of pure Al on MgO single crystal substrate accompanied by a MgAl2O4 buffer layer
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2018
Alloying of pure magnesium with Mg 33.3 wt-%Zr master alloy
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 02-2003
Grain structure control during metal 3D printing by high-intensity ultrasound
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 09-01-2020
DOI: 10.1038/S41467-019-13874-Z
Abstract: Additive manufacturing (AM) of metals, also known as metal 3D printing, typically leads to the formation of columnar grain structures along the build direction in most as-built metals and alloys. These long columnar grains can cause property anisotropy, which is usually detrimental to component qualification or targeted applications. Here, without changing alloy chemistry, we demonstrate an AM solidification-control solution to printing metallic alloys with an equiaxed grain structure and improved mechanical properties. Using the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V as a model alloy, we employ high-intensity ultrasound to achieve full transition from columnar grains to fine (~100 µm) equiaxed grains in AM Ti-6Al-4V s les by laser powder deposition. This results in a 12% improvement in both the yield stress and tensile strength compared with the conventional AM columnar Ti-6Al-4V. We further demonstrate the generality of our technique by achieving similar grain structure control results in the nickel-based superalloy Inconel 625, and expect that this method may be applicable to other metallic materials that exhibit columnar grain structures during AM.
Techniques for the preparation and examination of partially reduced oxides
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-1985
Latest Developments in Understanding the Grain Refinement of Cast Titanium
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 04-2009
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/MSF.618-619.315
Abstract: Grain refinement of cast titanium alloys is believed to have many benefits. However, literature on how to control and manipulate β-grain size during the solidification of cast components is scarce. This paper discusses the current state of research in grain refining practices in cast titanium alloys.
Promoting the columnar to equiaxed transition and grain refinement of titanium alloys during additive manufacturing
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 04-2019
Grain Refinement and Hot Tearing of Aluminium Alloys - How to Optimise and Minimise
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 10-2009
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/MSF.630.213
Abstract: Grain refinement and hot tearing are important key factors affecting the quality of castings. There have been substantial advances in the understanding of both of these phenomena over the last two decades. The paper discusses strategies for obtaining the lowest cost grain refiner addition and provides an explanation for how the refinement of equiaxed grains leads to a reduction in hot tear susceptibility. However, it also provides a warning that adding more grain refiner may not be better for reducing hot tear susceptibility. Alloy factors affecting hot tearing are also discussed. Finally, a list of six key considerations is provided to help casthouse and foundry engineers when trying to optimise grain refinement and reduce hot tearing.
An analytical model for constitutional supercooling-driven grain formation and grain size prediction
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 05-2010
The effect of solute on ultrasonic grain refinement of magnesium alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2010
The effect of the melt thermal gradient on the size of the constitutionally supercooled zone
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 03-2016
Simulation of convective flow and thermal conditions during ultrasonic treatment of an Al-2Cu alloy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2017
A New Analytical Approach to Reveal the Mechanisms of Grain Refinement
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 09-2007
The Grain Refinement of Al-Si Alloys and the Cause of Si Poisoning: Insights Revealed by the Interdependence Model
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 06-2014
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/MSF.794-796.161
Abstract: Recent work has extended the Interdependence Model to the prediction of grain size of aluminium alloys when refined by Al-Ti-B master alloys. The relative contribution of Ti solute and TiB 2 particles to the as-cast grain size was determined indicating the optimum level of addition required to provide cost effective use of master alloy. This paper quantifies the effect of Al5Ti1B master alloy additions on the grain size of Al-Si alloys. The Al-Si system is a special case where additions of Si above a few percent poison grain refinement resulting in larger grain sizes. Consideration of the complicating effect of Si poisoning on the prediction of the grain size of these alloys and possible approaches to dealing with these complications are presented.
Titanium sponge as a source of native nuclei in titanium alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2020
A model of grain refinement incorporating alloy constitution and potency of heterogeneous nucleant particles
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2001
Towards understanding grain nucleation under Additive Manufacturing solidification conditions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2020
Modelling of grain size transition with alloy concentration in solidified Al–Si alloys
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 21-08-2007
Grain refinement of hypoeutectic Al-7wt.%Si alloy induced by an Al–V–B master alloy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2020
Evaluation of the BEASY program using linear and piecewise linear approaches for the boundary conditions
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 11-2004
The cold-rolling behaviour of AZ31 tubes for fabrication of biodegradable stents
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2014
DOI: 10.1016/J.JMBBM.2014.07.026
Abstract: Mg alloys are receiving considerable attention for biomedical stents due to their combination of good mechanical properties and high biodegradability. Cold rolling is necessary to process Mg alloy tubes before final drawing and fabrication of the magnesium stents. In this paper, cold-rolled tubes were subjected to a cross-sectional reduction rate (ε) of up to 19.7%, and were further processed at various ratios of wall-thickness to diameter reduction (Q) from 0 to 2.24 with a constant ε of 19.7%. The results show that the cold-rolled tubes exhibited a rise in ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and a reduction in elongation as ε increased from 5.5% to 19.7%. UTS, YS and elongation decreased when Q was increased from 0 to 2.24. Mechanical twinning was observed and analysed. Extension twins increased with increasing ε and were almost saturated at a ε of 16.5%. Extension twins play an important role in determining the evolution of mechanical behaviour in the case of increasing ε, whilst contraction/double twins and secondary extension twins have a large effect on mechanical behaviour in the case of varying Q. The results indicate that the proportions and types of twins play a major role in determining the mechanical behaviour of the AZ31 tubes.
A comparative study of the role of solute, potent particles and ultrasonic treatment during solidification of pure Mg, Mg–Zn and Mg–Zr alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
Effect of solute on the growth rate and the constitutional undercooling ahead of the advancing interface during solidification of an alloy and the implications for nucleation
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 10-2006
Abstract: A framework is presented for modeling the nucleation in the constitutionally supercooled liquid ahead of the advancing solid/liquid interface. The effects of temperature gradient, imposed velocity, slope of liquidus, and initial concentration have been taken into account in this model by considering the effect of interface retardation, which is caused by solute buildup at the interface. Furthermore, the effect of solute concentration on the chemical driving force for nucleation has been considered in this model. The model is used for describing the nucleation of Al–Si and Al–Cu alloys. It was found that the solute of Si has a significant impact on the chemical driving force for nucleation in Al–Si alloys whereas Cu has almost no effect in Al–Cu alloys.
Investigating the morphological effects of solute on the β-phase in as-cast titanium alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-2019
Evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties during fabrication of mini-tubes from a biomedical β-titanium alloy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2015
DOI: 10.1016/J.JMBBM.2014.11.013
Abstract: The processing of Ti-25Nb-3Mo-3Zr-2Sn tubes with outside diameters of 5.6-8.0 mm and wall-thicknesses of 0.7-1.0 mm were investigated in order to study the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties and their impact on the processing of the tubes. The annealed small tubes with single β phase microstructures exhibit double yielding during tensile tests. The onset of martensitic phase transformation was observed to occur after the lowest point of the strain hardening. Cold rolling also activates the formation of the stress induced martensitic α″ phase. Its volume fraction increased with increasing ε. The rate of strain hardening and the modulus of the tubes are related to the stress induced transformation of the β phase to the α″ phase. The stress induced α″ slightly improves the yield strength of the tubes at low levels of strain. However, larger strains result in grain growth during annealing, which diminishes the mechanical properties.
The Interdependence Theory: The relationship between grain formation and nucleant selection
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2011
Real-time synchrotron x-ray observations of equiaxed solidification of aluminium alloys and implications for modelling
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 11-06-2015
Titanium as an endogenous grain-refining nucleus
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 28-02-2010
Processing considerations for cast Ti–25Nb–3Mo–3Zr–2Sn biomedical alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2011
AMC-SC1: A New Magnesium Alloy Suitable for Powertrain Applications
Publisher: SAE International
Date: 03-03-2003
DOI: 10.4271/2003-01-1365
Grain nucleation and formation in Mg–Zr alloys
Publisher: Maney Publishing
Date: 08-2009
Laser Welding of Titanium and its Alloys for Medical Applications: Current Knowledge and Future Direction
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 04-2009
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/MSF.618-619.291
Abstract: This paper outlines the current state of research into laser welding of titanium and its alloys for medical applications. The differences that exist between the medical and other industries are described and a direction for advancing research in this field is proposed.
Effect of iron on grain refinement of high-purity Mg–Al alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2004
Practical Considerations on the Application of Ultrasonic Treatment to Mg-Al Shape Castings
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 07-2013
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/MSF.765.255
Abstract: This paper investigates the use of ultrasonic treatment on the grain refinement of Mg-Al alloys in castings similar to commercial gravity castings. It shows that it is a very effective form of grain refinement but it is limited spatially and by the advancing solidification front if partially-solidified product is washed into the die. It was found that the best way to obtain a homogeneous fine grain size through-out the casting was to combine a grain refining addition, SiC, with ultrasonic treatment during the initial stages of solidification.
Settling of undissolved zirconium particles in pure magnesium melts
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2001
Influence of Chemical Composition of Mg Alloys on Surface Alloying by Diffusion Coating
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 04-01-2012
Enhanced Heterogeneous Nucleation by Pulsed Magneto‐Oscillation Treatment of Liquid Aluminum Containing Al3Ti1B Additions
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-03-2015
The role of ultrasonic treatment in refining the as-cast grain structure during the solidification of an Al–2Cu alloy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 12-2014
A real-time synchrotron X-ray study of primary phase nucleation and formation in hypoeutectic Al–Si alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2015
Grain Morphology of As-Cast Wrought Aluminium Alloys
Publisher: Japan Institute of Metals
Date: 2011
Grain refinement in laser remelted Mg-3Nd-1Gd-0.5Zr alloy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2020
Morphological features of interfacial intermetallics and interfacial reaction rate in Al-11Si-2.5Cu-(0.15/0.60)Fe cast alloy/die steel couples
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 2004
Ultrasound Assisted Casting of an AM60 Based Metal Matrix Nanocomposite, Its Properties, and Recyclability
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date: 22-09-2017
DOI: 10.3390/MET7100388
Native grain refinement of magnesium alloys
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 03-0003
Machining of Titanium Alloys with and without Coolant
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 06-2011
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/MSF.690.481
Abstract: Machining titanium is challenging due to its low thermal conductivity which results in very high temperatures at the tool/workpiece interface and in addition there is a tendency for titanium to react with most cutting materials, resulting in surface and subsurface deformation in the workpiece. This paper investigates the relationship between vibration and surface deformation that occurs while machining commercially pure titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy materials under both wet and dry machining conditions. The results have demonstrated that vibration monitoring (normalised peak frequency litude) can be used as a predictive tool for optimising the surface quality of the machined workpiece. Twinning plays a prominent role in the subsurface of the machined Grade 2 material.
The Breakdown of dense iron layers on wustite in CO/Co2 and H2/H2O systems
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 12-1985
DOI: 10.1007/BF02667525
Grain refinement of wire arc additively manufactured titanium by the addition of silicon
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2017
A practical method for identifying intermetallic phase particles in aluminium alloys by electron probe microanalysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 08-2001
A Brief History of the Grain Refinement of Cast Light Alloys
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Date: 07-2013
DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/MSF.765.123
Abstract: The development of grain refinement technologies began in the 1930s in response to the need to improve the mechanical properties of as-cast components. Commercial grain refining technologies were developed by industrial and experimental trials often with good success including the production of effective master alloys. In parallel, researchers developed theories to explain the mechanisms of refinement in order to improve the efficiency of refiners and develop new better performing grain refining master alloys. This research continues today. Here we briefly present the history of these developments. It is shown that many developments in our understanding were based on assumptions arising from experimental and industrial observations and the prevailing solidification theories of the time.
Solidification of Cast Magnesium Alloys
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-2014
The Loss of Dissolved Zirconium in Zirconium-Refined Magnesium Alloys after Remelting
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 13-08-2009
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