ORCID Profile
0000-0002-3512-8843
Current Organisation
University of New South Wales
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Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 02-03-2016
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 15-05-2023
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU23-3877
Abstract: Variability of building height induces flow heterogeneity and directly controls the depth of the roughness sub-layer, the strength of mutual sheltering, and the overlapping of urban canopy flow, which poses challenges for accurate modeling. Large-eddy simulations over 96 building arrays with varying density, height variability (standard deviation of building height), and horizontal arrangements were conducted to reveal the impact on the urban flow. Results demonstrate a strong non-local building effect on the flow due to height variability, where flow around high buildings possesses high wind speed, dispersive momentum flux, and other distinctive flow patterns, whereas around low buildings, the flow pattern is less unique. The complex flow behavior is beyond the capacity of the current multi-layer urban canopy model (MLUCM) where turbulent constants and drag effects were considered in a simplified way. The increased height variability and urban density also blur the interface of urban canopy, further making MLUCM estimates model constants heavily based on a clear urban canopy inappropriate. Based on the original model, we comprehensively tested potential contributing factors such as the estimation of displacement height, height-dependent drag coefficients, and the extended roughness sublayer. The modified model provides a better overall agreement with the LES results, especially above the mean building height where the prediction of the extended urban canopy layer is largely improved.&
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 13-09-2021
DOI: 10.3389/FENVS.2021.720323
Abstract: The spatial variability of land cover in cities results in a heterogeneous urban microclimate, which is often not represented with regulatory meteorological sensor networks. Crowdsourced sensor networks have the potential to address this shortcoming with real-time and fine-grained temperature measurements across cities. We use crowdsourced data from over 500 citizen weather stations during summer in Sydney, Australia, combined with 100-m land use and Local Climate Zone (LCZ) maps to explore intra-urban variabilities in air temperature. Sydney presents unique drivers for spatio-temporal variability, with its climate influenced by the ocean, mountainous topography, and erse urban land use. Here, we explore the interplay of geography with urban form and fabric on spatial variability in urban temperatures. The crowdsourced data consists of 2.3 million data points that were quality controlled and compared with reference data from five synoptic weather stations. Crowdsourced stations measured higher night-time temperatures, higher maximum temperatures on warm days, and cooler maximum temperatures on cool days compared to the reference stations. These differences are likely due to siting, with crowdsourced weather stations closer to anthropogenic heat emissions, urban materials with high thermal inertia, and in areas of reduced sky view factor. Distance from the coast was found to be the dominant factor impacting the spatial variability in urban temperatures, with diurnal temperature range greater for sensors located inland. Further differences in urban temperature could be explained by spatial variability in urban land-use and land-cover. Temperature varied both within and between LCZs across the city. Crowdsourced nocturnal temperatures were particularly sensitive to surrounding land cover, with lower temperatures in regions with higher vegetation cover, and higher temperatures in regions with more impervious surfaces. Crowdsourced weather stations provide highly relevant data for health monitoring and urban planning, however, there are several challenges to overcome to interpret this data including a lack of metadata and an uneven distribution of stations with a possible socio-economic bias. The sheer number of crowdsourced weather stations available can provide a high-resolution understanding of the variability of urban heat that is not possible to obtain via traditional networks.
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Date: 2013
DOI: 10.1155/2013/287934
Abstract: The Hong Kong Standard Chartered Marathon, held annually, is one of the most popular international marathon events. Its primarily urban environmental setting characterized by high-density urban areas, semienclosed tunnels, and suspension bridges, together with the herds of runners, has an influence on the microclimate along the marathon course. This study focused on assessing and comparing variations in temperature and vapour pressure (vis-à-vis relative humidity) against the crowd of runners, or the herd effects, in two different environmental settings along the marathon course: semienclosed (a tunnel) versus open space (a suspension bridge). A series of small iButtons were deployed at strategic locations along the course to undertake minute-by-minute measurements of temperature and relative humidity. It was found that herd effects of varying degrees were present in both semienclosed and open settings. Various environmental differences also played a role in ameliorating or lifying the climatological effects of the herd of runners. Our study suggests that microclimate variations in different environmental settings and crowd conditions could have an impact on runners. This new knowledge can inform the design of marathon routes. It also establishes the feasibility of employing the iButton logging sensors for widespread deployment and monitoring of meteorological situations.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-11-2012
DOI: 10.1007/S00484-012-0608-9
Abstract: Thermal comfort is a major issue in cities and it is expected to change in the future due to the changing climate. The objective of this paper is to use the universal thermal comfort index (UTCI) to compare the outdoor thermal comfort in Hong Kong in the past (1971-2000) and the future (2046-2065 and 2081-2100). The future climate of Hong Kong was determined by the general circulation model (GCM) simulations of future climate scenarios (A1B and B1) established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Three GCMs were chosen, GISS-ER, GFDL-CM2.1 and MRI-CGCM2.3.2, based on their performance in simulating past climate. Through a statistical downscaling procedure, the future climatic variables were transferred to the local scale. The UTCI is calculated by four predicted climate variables: air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and solar radiation. After a normalisation procedure, future UTCI profiles for the urban area of Hong Kong were created. Comparing the past UTCI (calculated by observation data) and future UTCI, all three GCMs predicted that the future climate scenarios have a higher mode and a higher maximum value. There is a shift from 'No Thermal Stress' toward 'Moderate Heat Stress' and 'Strong Heat Stress' during the period 2046-2065, becoming more severe for the later period (2081-2100). Comparing the two scenarios, B1 exhibited similar projections in the two time periods whereas for A1B there was a significant difference, with both the mode and maximum increasing by 2°C from 2046-2065 to 2081-2100.
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 12-2019
Abstract: Social, technological and climatic changes will transform the way energy is consumed over the 21st century, with important implications for energy networks and greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we develop a method to efficiently explore climate-energy interactions under various scenarios of climate, urban infrastructure and technological change. We couple the Urban Climate and Energy Model with the Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model as a full-height single column driven with a series of global climate model simulations in an ensemble approach. The framework is evaluated against observations, then a series of century-scale simulations are undertaken to examine projected climate change impacts on electricity and gas demand in the temperate/ oceanic climate of Melbourne, Australia. With air-conditioning ownership remaining at early 21st century levels, and in the absence of other changes, climate change under radiative forcing RCP 8.5 increases peak electricity demand by 10%, and decreases peak gas demand by 22% between 2000 and 2100. However, if projected increases in air-conditioning ownership are considered, peak electricity demand increases by 84%, surpassing peak gas demand in the second half of the century. These findings highlight the complex nature of changes facing energy networks. Changes will be location and scenario dependent.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 06-2021
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 08-05-2018
Abstract: Abstract. Internationally, severe wildfires are an escalating problem likely to worsen given projected changes to climate. Hazard reduction burns (HRBs) are used to suppress wildfire occurrences, but they generate considerable emissions of atmospheric fine particulate matter, which depend upon prevailing atmospheric conditions, and can degrade air quality. Our objectives are to improve understanding of the relationships between meteorological conditions and air quality during HRBs in Sydney, Australia. We identify the primary meteorological covariates linked to high PM2.5 pollution (particulates 2.5 µm in diameter) and quantify differences in their behaviours between HRB days when PM2.5 remained low versus HRB days when PM2.5 was high. Generalised additive mixed models were applied to continuous meteorological and PM2.5 observations for 2011–2016 at four sites across Sydney. The results show that planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) and total cloud cover were the most consistent predictors of elevated PM2.5 during HRBs. During HRB days with low pollution, the PBLH between 00:00 and 07:00 LT (local time) was 100–200 m higher than days with high pollution. The PBLH was similar during 10:00–17:00 LT for both low and high pollution days, but higher after 18:00 LT for HRB days with low pollution. Cloud cover, temperature and wind speed reflected the above pattern, e.g. mean temperatures and wind speeds were 2 ∘C cooler and 0.5 m s−1 lower during mornings and evenings of HRB days when air quality was poor. These cooler, more stable morning and evening conditions coincide with nocturnal westerly cold air drainage flows in Sydney, which are associated with reduced mixing height and vertical dispersion, leading to the build-up of PM2.5. These findings indicate that air pollution impacts may be reduced by altering the timing of HRBs by conducting them later in the morning (by a matter of hours). Our findings support location-specific forecasts of the air quality impacts of HRBs in Sydney and similar regions elsewhere.
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Date: 16-09-2016
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 31-07-2020
DOI: 10.1029/2020GL088893
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 07-05-2008
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2021
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 25-09-2012
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 10-2022
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 16-03-2022
DOI: 10.3389/FCLIM.2022.792730
Abstract: Despite numerous studies examining terrestrial or marine heatwaves independently, little work has investigated potential associations between these two types of extreme events. Examination of a limited number of past events suggests that certain co-occurring terrestrial and marine heatwaves have common drivers. Co-occurring events may also interact via local land-sea interactions, thereby altering the likelihood of these events. This study explores possible links between adjacent coastal marine and terrestrial heatwaves around Australia using observation and reanalysis data. We find a significant increase in the number of terrestrial heatwave days in the presence of an adjacent co-occurring marine heatwave along the coastal belt of Australia. In most regions, this increase persists at least 150 km inland. This suggests that processes operating beyond the narrow coastal belt are important in most regions. We also show that synoptic conditions driving a terrestrial heatwave in three locations around Australia are conducive for warming the ocean, which would increase the likelihood of a marine heatwave occurring. However, ocean state must also be conducive to reach MHW conditions. Our findings suggest that co-occurring terrestrial and marine heatwaves co-occur more frequently than chance would dictate, and that large scale synoptics may be conducive to both coastal terrestrial and marine heatwaves.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 03-2017
Abstract: Abstract. Intercomparison studies of models simulating the partitioning of energy over urban land surfaces have shown that the heat storage term is often poorly represented. In this study, two implicit discrete schemes representing heat conduction through urban materials are compared. We show that a well-established method of representing conduction systematically underestimates the magnitude of heat storage compared with exact solutions of one-dimensional heat transfer. We propose an alternative method of similar complexity that is better able to match exact solutions at typically employed resolutions. The proposed interface conduction scheme is implemented in an urban land surface model and its impact assessed over a 15-month observation period for a site in Melbourne, Australia, resulting in improved overall model performance for a variety of common material parameter choices and aerodynamic heat transfer parameterisations. The proposed scheme has the potential to benefit land surface models where computational constraints require a high level of discretisation in time and space, for ex le at neighbourhood/city scales, and where realistic material properties are preferred, for ex le in studies investigating impacts of urban planning changes.
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 15-05-2023
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU23-10461
Abstract: Urban heat is a local scale warming effect associated with urban areas where most of the world's population live. Due to the scarcity of air temperature (Ta) data, urban heat studies have been mostly focused on Land Surface Temperature (LST) extracted from satellite imagery and a quantitative understanding of how LST interacts with Ta within a city is still lacking. Using crowdsourced weather station data in Sydney, Australia, combined with high resolution satellite images and urban datasets (such as Local Climate Zone (LCZ) and building-level urban data), we explore the interaction between Ta and LST, and their intra-urban variabilities during different seasons. We found that LST and Ta have different characteristics and their dependency varies by season and LCZ. When exploring the relationship between Ta, LST, and variables describing the urban structure, such as building fraction, the correlation between LST and urban structure was stronger and more seasonal dependent than the Ta-urban form relationship. Moreover, stronger correlations between LST and Ta were observed in the less built-up areas within the city. We also found that the determinants of LST variability are different from the contributing factors of Ta. These findings provide new insights for quantitatively investigating surface and canopy urban heat and their relationship with land cover, providing fit-for-purpose information to mitigate the adverse effects of urban overheating at local and global scales.&
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2008
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-05-2006
DOI: 10.1002/JOC.1332
Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Date: 26-02-2023
DOI: 10.5194/EGUSPHERE-EGU23-10421
Abstract: & & Sydney& #8217 s population is predicted to grow by 30% within twenty years, most of which is slated for the semi-rural fringes. The resulting urbanisation will adversely impact temperature and air quality in these areas of rapid population growth. Currently there are few meteorological and air quality observational sites to adequately monitor the effects of this increased urbanisation on local weather and air quality. This poster will discuss the development of a citizen science project- Schools Weather and Air Quality (SWAQ), which installed meteorology and air quality sensors in schools across Sydney. The sites complement existing networks to target regions lacking monitoring sites e.g., urban growth areas on the rural fringe. Students analyse this research quality data in science, maths, and geography curriculum-aligned classroom activities. The data is freely available online to the public and researchers, enabling everyone to visualize the data and the current weather and air quality at each school& #039 s location. SWAQ& #8217 s data has been published on TERN- Australia& #8217 s Terrestrial Ecosystem Network. The data has been used to assess spatial variability in particulate pollution during Sydney& #8217 s black summer wildfires, and the relationship between air pollution and meteorological variables with respect to the built environment and local geography. SWAQ& #8217 s success in citizen engagement was recognized as a 2021 Australian Eureka Prize for Innovation in Citizen Science finalist.& & &
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 11-2021
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 07-2008
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2008.03.005
Abstract: Changes in climate systems are increasing heat wave frequency and air stagnation, both conditions associated with exacerbating poor air quality and of considerable public health concern. Heat and air pollution advisory systems are in place in many cities for early detection and response to reduce health consequences, or severity of adverse conditions. Whereas the ability to forecast heat waves and/or air pollution episodes has become increasingly sophisticated and accurate, little is known about the effectiveness of advisories in altering public behavior. Air quality and meteorological conditions were measured during advisory and control days in Portland, OR and Houston, TX in 2005 and 2006 and 1962 subjects were interviewed by telephone about their perception and response to these conditions. Elevated ambient temperatures were accurately recognized regardless of air conditioning use in Portland, respondents resorted to active cooling behavior (AC, fan, etc.), while in Houston no such change was observed. More heat-related symptoms were reported in Portland compared to Houston, probably due to low air conditioning use in the northwest. One-third of study participants were aware of air quality advisories but only approximately 10-15% claimed to have changed activities during such an episode. Not the advisory, however, drove their behavior change, but rather the perception of poor air quality, which was not related to PM(2.5) or ozone measurements. Messages are not reaching the public during potentially hazardous weather and air quality conditions. Climatic forecasts are increasingly predictive but public agencies fail to mount an appropriate outreach response.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 14-09-2022
DOI: 10.1038/S41598-022-19431-X
Abstract: Cities with different background climates experience different thermal environments. Many studies have investigated land cover effects on surface urban heat in in idual cities. However, a quantitative understanding of how background climates modify the thermal impact of urban land covers remains elusive. Here, we characterise land cover and their impacts on land surface temperature (LST) for 54 highly populated cities using Landsat-8 imagery. Results show that urban surface characteristics and their thermal response are distinctly different across various climate regimes, with the largest difference for cities in arid climates. Cold cities show the largest seasonal variability, with the least seasonality in tropical and arid cities. In tropical, temperate, and cold climates, normalised difference built-up index (NDBI) is the strongest contributor to LST variability during warm months followed by normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), while normalised difference bareness index (NDBaI) is the most important factor in arid climates. These findings provide a climate-sensitive basis for future land cover planning oriented at mitigating local surface warming.
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 06-07-2022
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 27-04-2022
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 20-05-2017
DOI: 10.1002/JOC.4770
Publisher: Wiley
Date: 02-02-2017
DOI: 10.1002/JOC.5001
Publisher: American Meteorological Society
Date: 02-2018
Abstract: Global warming, in combination with the urban heat island effect, is increasing the temperature in cities. These changes increase the risk of heat stress for millions of city dwellers. Given the large populations at risk, a variety of mitigation strategies have been proposed to cool cities—including strategies that aim to reduce the ambient air temperature. This paper uses common heat stress metrics to evaluate the performance of several urban heat island mitigation strategies. The authors found that cooling via reducing net radiation or increasing irrigated vegetation in parks or on green roofs did reduce ambient air temperature. However, a lower air temperature did not necessarily lead to less heat stress because both temperature and humidity are important factors in determining human thermal comfort. Specifically, cooling the surface via evaporation through the use of irrigation increased humidity—consequently, the net impact on human comfort of any cooling was negligible. This result suggests that urban cooling strategies must aim to reduce ambient air temperatures without increasing humidity, for ex le via the deployment of solar panels over roofs or via cool roofs utilizing high albedos, in order to combat human heat stress in the urban environment.
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Date: 07-2023
DOI: 10.1029/2022MS003287
Abstract: Urban heterogeneity, such as the variation of street layouts, building shapes, and building heights, cannot be fully represented by density parameters commonly used in idealized urban environmental analyses. To address this shortcoming and better model flow fields over complex urban neighborhoods, we propose two novel descriptive geometric parameters, alignedness and building facet entropy, which quantify the connectivity of inter‐building spaces along the prevailing wind direction and the variation of building facet orientations, respectively. We then conducted large eddy simulations over 101 urban layouts, including realistic urban configurations with uniform building height as well as idealized building arrays with variable heights, and evaluated the resulting bulk flow properties. Urban canopy flow over realistic neighborhoods resembles staggered building arrays for low urban densities but becomes similar to aligned configurations beyond λ p ∼ 0.25 where the realistic flow is less sensitive to changes in density. We further show that compared to traditional density parameters (such as plan and frontal area densities), the mean alignedness, a measure of connectivity of flow paths in street canyons, better predicts canopy‐averaged flow properties. Furthermore, for realistic urban flow, the dispersive momentum flux shows a clear increasing trend with building density, and a decreasing trend with alignedness, which is in contrast with idealized cases that exhibit no clear trend. This distinct behavior further highlights the necessity of evaluating flow over realistic urban layouts for flow parameterization. This study provides an improved method of describing urban layouts for flow characterization that can be applied in neighborhood‐scale urban canopy parameterization.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 2016
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 30-03-2022
DOI: 10.1038/S41597-022-01205-9
Abstract: High-quality, standardized urban canopy layer observations are a worldwide necessity for urban climate and air quality research and monitoring. The Schools Weather and Air Quality (SWAQ) network was developed and distributed across the Greater Sydney region with a view to establish a citizen-centred network for investigation of the intra-urban heterogeneity and inter-parameter dependency of all major urban climate and air quality metrics. The network comprises a matrix of eleven automatic weather stations, nested with a web of six automatic air quality stations, stretched across 2779 km 2 , with average spacing of 10.2 km. Six meteorological parameters and six air pollutants are recorded. The network has a focus on Sydney’s western suburbs of rapid urbanization, but also extends to many eastern coastal sites where there are gaps in existing regulatory networks. Observations and metadata are available from September 2019 and undergo routine quality control, quality assurance and publication. Metadata, original datasets and quality-controlled datasets are open-source and available for extended academic and non-academic use.
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 26-09-2007
DOI: 10.1007/S00484-006-0053-8
Abstract: This paper takes an air mass approach to investigating the influence of weather on pollen concentrations in the atmosphere in Sydney, Australia, by producing a synoptic classification of pollen concentrations measured in the Sydney Basin. This synoptic classification has been produced using multivariate statistical techniques including principal component analysis and cluster analysis, to assign days into meteorologically homogenous categories. Surface and upper air meteorological data for warm months (October-March) over a 10-year period were used as input into the statistical analyses. Eleven synoptic categories were found in Sydney during the warm months. Pollen concentrations for the total pollen load and five in idual families measured over a 3.5-year period have been investigated for each of the synoptic categories. High pollen concentrations during the warm months in Sydney are found to be influenced by the presence of a region of low surface pressure located to the south of the continent, bringing fast dry westerly gradient winds to Sydney. It is envisaged that these results will be important from a pollen forecast and associated public health perspective.
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Date: 06-2021
Abstract: Heatwaves have implications for human health and ecosystem function. Over cities, the impacts of a heatwave event may be compounded by urban heat, where temperatures over the urban area are higher than their rural surroundings. Coastal cities often rely upon sea breezes to provide temporary relief. However, topographic features contributing to the development of Foehn-like conditions can offset the cooling influence of sea breezes. Using convection-permitting simulations (⩽4 km) we examine the potential for both mechanisms to influence heatwave conditions over the large coastal city of Sydney, Australia that is bordered by mountains. Heatwave onset in the hot period of January–February 2017 often coincides with a hot continental flow over the mountains into the city. The temperature difference between the coast and the urban–rural interface can reach 15.79 °C. Further, the urban heat island contributes on average an additional 1 °C in the lowest 1 km of the atmosphere and this often extends beyond the city limits. The cumulative heat induced by the urban environment reaches 10 °C over the city and 3 °C over adjacent inland areas. Strong sea breezes are important for heat dispersion with city temperature gradients reducing to within 1 °C. The resolution permits a comparison between urban types and reveals that the diurnal cycle of temperature, moisture content and wind are sensitive to the urban type. Here we show that convection permitting simulations can resolve the interaction between local breezes and the urban environment that are not currently resolved in coarser resolution models.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2004
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date: 22-01-2008
DOI: 10.1007/S00484-007-0138-Z
Abstract: Exposure to extremely hot weather has been associated with increased mortality. Temporal Synoptic Index is an effective method used to analyze the relationship between mortality and combined weather factors. The aim of this study is to examine the short-term effect of ambient heat on mortality in Sydney during the warmest 6-month period (October-March) for the years 1993-2001. Eleven synoptic categories were related to daily mortality rates in Sydney. Two distinctive warm categories were associated with significantly higher mortality rates. Hot, dry and relatively rare Synoptic Category 7 (SC7) days showed the highest daily mortality rates, followed by warm and humid SC3 days, which occurred more frequently. Increased mortality was more pronounced among the elderly population, and gender-stratified analysis showed women to be more vulnerable. Mortality on the day of the weather event was higher than 1 or 2 days after the adverse synoptic situation. Ozone and particulate matter smaller than 10 microm were found at high concentrations in SC3 and SC7, respectively, but their impact on mortality was not clear. The population of Sydney was found to be vulnerable to high temperatures, with a lower susceptibility than those of some cities in the USA and Europe.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 02-2022
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Date: 06-07-2022
DOI: 10.3389/FENVS.2022.866398
Abstract: In urban climate studies, datasets used to describe urban characteristics have traditionally taken a class-based approach, whereby urban areas are classified into a limited number of typologies with a resulting loss of fidelity. New datasets are becoming increasingly available that describe the three-dimensional structure of cities at sub-metre micro-scale resolutions, resolving in idual buildings and trees across entire continents. These datasets can be used to accurately determine local characteristics without relying on classes, but their direct use in numerical weather and climate modelling has been limited by their availability, and because they require processing to conform to the required inputs of climate models. Here, we process building-resolving datasets across large geographical extents to derive city-descriptive parameters suitable as common model inputs at resolutions more appropriate for local or meso-scale modelling. These parameter values are then compared with the ranges obtained through the class-based Local Climate Zone framework. Results are presented for two case studies, Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, as open access data tables for integration into urban climate models, as well as codes for processing high-resolution and three-dimensional urban datasets. We also provide an open access 300 m resolution building morphology and surface cover dataset for the Sydney metropolitan region (approximately 5,000 square kilometres). The use of building resolving data to derive model inputs at the grid scale better captures the distinct heterogenetic characteristics of urban form and fabric compared with class-based approaches, leading to a more accurate representation of cities in climate models. As consistent building-resolving datasets become available over larger geographical extents, we expect bottom-up approaches to replace top-down class-based frameworks.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Date: 09-2020
Start Date: 2015
End Date: 2018
Funder: NSW Environmental Trust
View Funded ActivityStart Date: 2017
End Date: 2020
Funder: Department of Industry, Innovation and Science
View Funded Activity